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</a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: yùntú; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: yün-t'u) is a Chinese <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonological</a> model, tabulating the <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllables</a> of the series of <a href="/wiki/Rime_dictionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Rime dictionaries">rime dictionaries</a> beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Qieyun" title="Qieyun">Qieyun</a> (601) by their <a href="/wiki/Syllable_onset" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable onset">onsets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhyme" title="Rhyme">rhyme</a> groups, <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tones</a> and other properties. The method gave a significantly more precise and systematic account of the sounds of those dictionaries than the previously used <a href="/wiki/Fanqie" title="Fanqie">fǎnqiè</a> analysis, but many of its details remain obscure. The phonological system that is implicit in the rime dictionaries and analysed in the rime tables is known as <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a>, and is the traditional starting point for efforts to recover the sounds of early forms of Chinese. Some authors distinguish the two layers as Early and Late Middle Chinese respectively. The earliest rime tables are associated with Chinese <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> monks, who are believed to have been inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> syllable charts in the <a href="/wiki/Siddham_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddham script">Siddham script</a> they used to study the language. The oldest extant rime tables are the 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Yunjing" title="Yunjing">Yunjing</a> ('mirror of rhymes') and <a href="/wiki/Qiyin_l%C3%BCe" title="Qiyin lüe">Qiyin lüe</a> ('summary of the seven sounds'), which are very similar, and believed to derive from a common prototype. Earlier fragmentary documents describing the analysis have been found at <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a>, suggesting that the tradition may date back to the late <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>. Some scholars, such as the Swedish linguist <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Karlgren" title="Bernhard Karlgren">Bernhard Karlgren</a>, use the French spelling rime for the categories described in these works, to distinguish them from the concept of poetic rhyme.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranner20062-1">[1]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rime_table&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Qieyun" title="Qieyun">Qieyun</a>, produced by Lu Fayan (陸法言; Lù Fǎyán) in 601, was a <a href="/wiki/Rime_dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Rime dictionary">rime dictionary</a>, serving as a guide to the recitation of literary texts and an aid in the composition of verse. It quickly became popular during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, leading to a series of revised and expanded editions, the most important of which was the <a href="/wiki/Guangyun" title="Guangyun">Guangyun</a> (1008). In these dictionaries, characters were grouped first by the <a href="/wiki/Four_tones_(Middle_Chinese)" title="Four tones (Middle Chinese)">four tones</a>, and then into rhyme groups. Each rhyme group was subdivided into groups of homophonous characters, with the pronunciation of each given by a <a href="/wiki/Fanqie" title="Fanqie">fanqie</a> formula, a pair of familiar characters indicating the sounds of the initial and final parts of a syllable respectively. The dictionaries typically used several characters for each initial or final.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198824–25-2">[2]</a> The fanqie method of indicating pronunciation made the dictionaries awkward to use. The děngyùnxué (等韻學 'study of classified rhymes') was a more sophisticated analysis of the Qieyun pronunciations, initially developed by Chinese Buddhist monks who were studying <a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Indian linguistics</a>. A tantalizing glimpse of this tradition is offered by fragments from <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a>. A fragment held by the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a> (Or.8210/S.512) simply lists 30 initial consonants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1970206–207-3">[3]</a> Another document includes three fragments attributed to a monk called Shǒuwēn (守溫), who may have lived as early as the 9th century. These fragments do not contain tables, but describe the phonological analysis that underlies them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198828–29-4">[4]</a> The oldest known rhyme tables are a version of the <a href="/wiki/Yunjing" title="Yunjing">Yunjing</a> published with prefaces dated 1161 and 1203, and the <a href="/wiki/Qiyin_l%C3%BCe" title="Qiyin lüe">Qiyin lüe</a>, which was included in the 1161 encyclopedia <a href="/wiki/Tongzhi_(encyclopedia)" title="Tongzhi (encyclopedia)">Tongzhi</a>. The two are very similar, and are believed to be derived from a single version pre-dating the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter199241–42-5">[5]</a> The tables were accompanied by a body of teachings known as ménfǎ (門法 'school precepts'), including rules for placing fanqie spellings that did not conform to the system within the tables.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoblin2006a114–115-6">[6]</a> Later rhyme tables were more elaborate. The Sìshēng děngzǐ (四聲等子) was probably created during the Northern Song, and explicitly introduced broad rhyme classes (shè 攝), which were previously implicit in the ordering of the tables.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1970206–207-3">[3]</a> The preface of the Qièyùn zhĭzhǎngtú (切韻指掌圖) is dated 1203, in the Southern Song.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoblin2006b125-7">[7]</a> In this work the tables are restructured with separate columns for each of the 36 initials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter199243-8">[8]</a> The Jīng shǐ zhèng yīn Qièyùn zhǐnán (經史正音切韻指南), produced by Liú Jiàn (劉鑑) in 1336, was the basis for one of the two sets of rime tables at the front of the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangxi dictionary">Kangxi dictionary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1970206–207-3">[3]</a> The Yunjing was lost in China for several centuries. The Qieyun zhizhangtu, incorrectly attributed to the 11th century scholar <a href="/wiki/Sima_Guang" title="Sima Guang">Sima Guang</a>, was believed to be the oldest of the rime tables, and was used in the earliest reconstruction efforts. However, in the 1880s several versions of the Yunjing were discovered in Japan. Comparison with the Qiyin lüe showed that they were based on a common model, of which the other rime tables were later refinements. All recent reconstruction work has been based on the Yunjing. The Fù Sòng Yǒnglù (覆宋永禄) edition of 1564 is considered the most reliable, and is the basis of all reproductions in circulation.<a href="#cite_note-9">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoblin2006b123–124-10">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rime_table&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_historical_phonology" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese historical phonology">Chinese historical phonology</a></div> In the medieval rime dictionaries, characters were organized into rhyme groups (韵 yùn), with 193 groups in the Qieyun, growing to 206 in the Guangyun. The order of the rhyme groups within each tone implies a correspondence between rhyme groups across the <a href="/wiki/Four_tones_(Middle_Chinese)" title="Four tones (Middle Chinese)">four tones</a>. Thus for each rhyme group with an -m, -n or -ng coda in the level tone there are typically corresponding rhyme groups with the same coda in the rising and departing tones, and a corresponding rhyme group in the <a href="/wiki/Entering_tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Entering tone">entering tone</a> with a -p, -t or -k coda respectively.<a href="#cite_note-11">[b]</a> In contrast, syllables with vocalic codas typically had corresponding rhyme groups only in the level, rising and departing tones. There were also four departing tone rhyme groups with -j codas that had no counterparts in the other tones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter199233–35-12">[10]</a> The rime tables were solely concerned with the pronunciation of syllables of these rime dictionaries, and do not contain dictionary-like material such as definitions. Similarly, where a group of characters are recorded as <a href="/wiki/Homophone" title="Homophone">homophones</a> in the rime dictionaries, typically only one will occur in a rime table.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranner20063-13">[11]</a> A rime table book presents these distinct syllables in a number of tabular charts, each devoted to one or more sets of parallel rhyme groups across the tones. The preface to Qieyun indicates that it represented a compromise between northern and southern reading pronunciations from the late <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and Southern dynasties</a> period.<a href="#cite_note-14">[c]</a> Most linguists now believe that no single dialect contained all the distinctions it recorded, but that each distinction did occur somewhere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198824–25-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter199235–38-15">[12]</a> The rime tables were compiled centuries later in the time of a new standard, and many of the distinctions in the Qieyun would have been meaningless to the compilers. <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Pulleyblank" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Pulleyblank">Edwin Pulleyblank</a> has argued that the tables contain enough evidence to reconstruct the speech of that later period. He calls this language Late Middle Chinese (LMC) in contrast to the Early Middle Chinese of the Qieyun, and argues that it was the standard speech of the imperial capital <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a> in the late <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>. His reconstruction accounts for most of the distinctions in modern varieties of Chinese (except <a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a>), as well as layers of Chinese loanwords, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kan-on" title="Kan-on">Kan-on</a> layer of <a href="/wiki/Sino-Japanese_vocabulary" title="Sino-Japanese vocabulary">Sino-Japanese vocabulary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1970-16">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1971-17">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1984-18">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tables">Tables</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rime_table&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tables">edit</a>]</div> Each chart of the Yunjing is labelled as either "open" (開; kāi ) or "closed" (合; hé). The corresponding terms in the Qiyin lüe are "heavy" (重; zhòng) and "light" (輕; qīng).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank198473-19">[16]</a> The open/closed distinction is interpreted to indicate the absence or presence of lip rounding (often transcribed as -w- or -u-). Some Guangyun rhyme groups include syllables of both kinds, and thus span two charts, while others are purely "open" or "closed", and thus fit within one chart. Charts are grouped together in broad rhyme classes (攝; shè), each characterized as either "inner" (內; nèi) or "outer" (外; wài), thought to be related to vowel heights, contrasting <a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">close vowels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">open vowels</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198831–32-20">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter199242-21">[18]</a> For example, the first of the 43 charts of the Yùnjìng is shown below (the Arabic numerals are modern annotations): <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yunjing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Yunjing.jpg/700px-Yunjing.jpg" decoding="async" width="700" height="443" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Yunjing.jpg/1050px-Yunjing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Yunjing.jpg/1400px-Yunjing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="1108" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> The five big characters on the right-hand side read Nèi zhuǎn dìyī kāi (內轉第一開). In the Yùnjìng, each chart is called a zhuǎn (lit. 'turn'). The characters indicate that the chart is the first (第一) one in the book, and that the syllables of this chart are "inner" (內) and "open" (開). The columns of each table classify syllables according to their initial consonant (shēngmǔ 聲母 lit. 'sound mother'), with syllables beginning with a <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> considered to have a "zero initial". Initials are classified according to <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">place of articulation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">labials</a> (chún 脣 'lip'), <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolars</a> (shé 舌 'tongue'), <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velars</a> (yá 牙 'back tooth'), <a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">affricates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sibilant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibilant consonant">sibilants</a> (chǐ 齒 "front tooth"), and laryngeals (hóu 喉 'throat'). The values of the last category remain controversial.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">manner of articulation</a>: voiceless (qīng 清 'clear'), voiceless aspirated (cìqīng 次清 'secondary clear'), voiced (zhuó 濁 'muddy') or <a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">nasal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">liquid</a> (qīngzhuó 清濁 'clear muddy').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198830–31-22">[19]</a></li></ul> The order of the places and manners roughly match that of <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, providing further evidence of inspiration from Indian phonology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranner20069–10-23">[20]</a> Each table had 16 rows, with a group of four rows for each of the four tones of the <a href="/wiki/Qieyun" title="Qieyun">Qieyun</a>. The above chart covers four parallel Guangyun rhyme groups, the level-toned 東 dōng, the rising-toned 董 dǒng, the departing-toned 送 sòng, and the entering-toned 屋 wū (which in Middle Chinese ended in -k, the entering tone counterpart of -ng). Within each tone group are four rows known as děng (等 'class', 'grade' or 'group'), which <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Karlgren" title="Bernhard Karlgren">Bernhard Karlgren</a> translated as "divisions" while other linguists prefer "grades". They are usually denoted by Roman numerals I to IV. Their meaning remains the most controversial aspect of rime table phonology, but is believed to indicate <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalization</a> (transcribed as the presence or absence of -j- or -i-), <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex</a> features, <a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">phonation</a>, vowel quality (high vs. low or front vs. back) or some combination of these.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198831–32-20">[17]</a> Other scholars view them not as phonetic categories but formal devices exploiting distributional patterns in the Qieyun to achieve a compact presentation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranner200615,_32–34-24">[21]</a> The symbol <big>○</big> indicates that that particular syllable does not occur. <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qieyun_Zhizhangtu_table_02.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Qieyun_Zhizhangtu_table_02.png/700px-Qieyun_Zhizhangtu_table_02.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Qieyun_Zhizhangtu_table_02.png/1050px-Qieyun_Zhizhangtu_table_02.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Qieyun_Zhizhangtu_table_02.png/1400px-Qieyun_Zhizhangtu_table_02.png 2x" data-file-width="1491" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption>Table 2 of the Qieyun zhizhangtu, a merger of the first two tables (東 dōng and 冬 dōng rhymes) of the Yunjing</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Karlgren" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Karlgren">Bernard Karlgren</a> noticed that classes of finals from the rime dictionaries were placed in different rows of the rime tables. As three classes of final occurred in the first, second and fourth rows respectively, he named them finals of divisions I, II and IV. The remaining finals he called "division-III finals" because they occurred in the third row of the tables. Some of these (the "pure" division-III finals) occurred only in that row, while others (the "mixed" finals) could also occur in the second or fourth rows with some initials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranner200624-25">[22]</a> Later workers noted that in the so-called <a href="/wiki/Chongniu" title="Chongniu">chóngniǔ</a> rhyme groups, 支 zhī, 脂 zhī, 祭 jì, 宵 xiāo, 鹽 yán, 侵 qīn, 仙 xiān and 真 zhēn, a consistent distinction within each rhyme group in the rime books is reflected in the rime tables by dividing the rhyme group between rows 2 and 4, often in adjacent tables.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter199275-26">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Li_Rong_(linguist)" title="Li Rong (linguist)">Li Rong</a>, in a systematic comparison of the rhyme tables with a recently discovered early edition of the Qieyun, identified seven classes of finals. The table below lists the combinations of initial and final classes that occur in the Qieyun, with the row of the rime tables in which each combination was placed:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranner200625-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter199263–81-28">[25]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2">div. I </th> <th rowspan="2">div. II </th> <th colspan="4">"division-III" finals </th> <th rowspan="2">div. IV </th></tr> <tr> <th>indep.</th> <th>mixed</th> <th colspan="2">chongniu </th></tr> <tr style="border-top: 2px solid #aaa;"> <th colspan="2">Labials </th> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>3</td> <td>3</td> <td>4</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr style="border-top: 2px solid #aaa;"> <th>Dental </th> <th rowspan="2">stops </th> <td>1</td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"></td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"></td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"></td> <td style="background-color:#ddd" colspan="2"></td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Retroflex </th> <td style="background-color:#ddd"></td> <td>2</td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"></td> <td>3</td> <td colspan="2">3</td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"> </td></tr> <tr style="border-top: 2px solid #aaa;"> <th colspan="2">Lateral </th> <td>1</td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"></td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"></td> <td>3</td> <td colspan="2">3</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr style="border-top: 2px solid #aaa;"> <th>Dental </th> <th rowspan="3">sibilants </th> <td>1</td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"></td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"></td> <td>4</td> <td colspan="2">4</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Palatal </th> <td style="background-color:#ddd"></td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"></td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"></td> <td>3</td> <td colspan="2">3</td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Retroflex </th> <td style="background-color:#ddd"></td> <td>2</td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"></td> <td>2</td> <td colspan="2">2</td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"> </td></tr> <tr style="border-top: 2px solid #aaa;"> <th colspan="2">Velars </th> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>3</td> <td>3</td> <td>4</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr style="border-top: 2px solid #aaa;"> <th colspan="2">Laryngeals </th> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>3</td> <td>3</td> <td>4</td> <td>4 </td></tr></tbody></table> The mixed and chongniu finals, though designated as division-III finals, are spread across rows 2 and 4 as well as row 3 of the tables. To handle these cases, a distinction is made between the row that the homophone class is placed in and the "division" of its final. This article distinguishes rows by <a href="/wiki/Arabic_numeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic numeral">Arabic numerals</a> 1 2 3 4 and divisions by <a href="/wiki/Roman_numeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman numeral">Roman numerals</a> I II III IV. In addition, division-II and division-IV finals occur only in "outer" shè. This distribution is the foundation of the compact tabular presentation of rime dictionary syllables. For example, the dental and retroflex stop initials are combined in a single group in a rime table, with the rows distinguishing the different Qieyun initials, and the three groups of sibilant initials are similarly combined. In a similar fashion different finals may occupy different rows of the same chart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranner200632–33-29">[26]</a> The Guangyun rhyme groups (here illustrated in the level tone, except where a group occurs only in the departing tone) are distributed across the 43 charts of the Yunjing and Qiyin lüe as follows: <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">shè 攝 </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">LMC<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1984233–236-30">[27]</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2">Chart 轉 </th> <th scope="col" colspan="4">Division 等 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col">Open </th> <th scope="col">Closed </th> <th scope="col">I </th> <th scope="col">II </th> <th scope="col">III </th> <th scope="col">IV </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" align="left">通 tōng (inner)</td> <td rowspan="2">-əwŋ/k </td> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td>東 dōng</td> <td colspan="3">東 dōng </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>2</td> <td>冬 dōng</td> <td colspan="3">鍾 zhōng </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">江 jiāng (outer)</td> <td>-awŋ/k </td> <td colspan="2">3</td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"></td> <td>江 jiāng</td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"></td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" align="left">止 zhǐ (inner)</td> <td rowspan="4">-i </td> <td>4</td> <td>5</td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"></td> <td colspan="3">支 zhī </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>7</td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"></td> <td colspan="3">脂 zhī </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td></td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"></td> <td colspan="3">之 zhī </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>10</td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"></td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"></td> <td>微 wēi, 廢 fèi<a href="#cite_note-moved_departing-31">[d]</a></td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" align="left">遇 yù (inner)</td> <td rowspan="2">-ǝ </td> <td>11</td> <td></td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"></td> <td colspan="3">魚 yú </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>12</td> <td>模 mú</td> <td colspan="3">虞 yú </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" align="left">蟹 xiè (outer)</td> <td rowspan="3">-aj </td> <td>13</td> <td></td> <td>咍 hāi</td> <td rowspan="2">皆 jiē, 夬 guài<a href="#cite_note-moved_departing-31">[d]</a></td> <td rowspan="2">祭 jì<a href="#cite_note-just_departing-32">[e]</a></td> <td rowspan="2">齊 qí </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>14</td> <td>灰 huī </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>16</td> <td>泰 jì<a href="#cite_note-just_departing-32">[e]</a></td> <td>佳 jiā</td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"></td> <td>祭 jì<a href="#cite_note-just_departing-32">[e]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" align="left">臻 zhēn (outer)</td> <td rowspan="4">-ən/t </td> <td>17</td> <td></td> <td>痕 hén</td> <td>臻 zhēn<a href="#cite_note-33">[f]</a></td> <td>真 zhēn</td> <td>真 zhēn </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>18</td> <td>魂 hún</td> <td colspan="3">諄 zhūn </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td></td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"></td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"></td> <td>欣 xīn</td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>20</td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"></td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"></td> <td>文 wén</td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" align="left">山 shān (outer)</td> <td rowspan="3">-an/t </td> <td>21</td> <td>22</td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"></td> <td>山 shān</td> <td>元 yuán</td> <td>仙 xiān </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td></td> <td>寒 hán</td> <td rowspan="2">刪 shān</td> <td rowspan="2">仙 xiān</td> <td rowspan="2">先 xiān </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>24</td> <td>桓 huán </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" align="left">效 xiào (outer)</td> <td rowspan="2">-aw </td> <td>25</td> <td></td> <td>豪 háo</td> <td>肴 yáo</td> <td>宵 xiāo</td> <td>蕭 xiāo </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>26</td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"></td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"></td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"></td> <td>宵 xiāo </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" align="left">果 guǒ (inner)</td> <td rowspan="2">-a </td> <td>27</td> <td></td> <td>歌 gē</td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"></td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"></td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>28</td> <td>戈 hū</td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"></td> <td>戈 hū</td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">假 jiǎ (outer)</td> <td>-aː </td> <td>29</td> <td>30</td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"></td> <td>麻 má</td> <td colspan="2">麻 má </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">宕 dàng (inner)</td> <td>-aŋ/k </td> <td>31</td> <td>32</td> <td>唐 táng</td> <td colspan="3">陽 yáng </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" align="left">梗 gěng (outer)</td> <td rowspan="2">-ajŋ/k </td> <td>33</td> <td>34</td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"></td> <td>庚 gēng</td> <td>庚 gēng</td> <td>清 qīng </td></tr> <tr> <td>35</td> <td>36</td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"></td> <td>耕 gēng</td> <td>清 qīng</td> <td>青 qīng </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">流 liú (inner)</td> <td>-əw </td> <td>37</td> <td></td> <td>侯 hóu</td> <td colspan="3">尤 yóu, 幽 yōu </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">深 shēn (inner)</td> <td>-əm/p </td> <td></td> <td>38</td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"></td> <td colspan="3">侵 qīn </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" align="left">咸 xián (outer)</td> <td rowspan="3">-am/p </td> <td>39</td> <td></td> <td>覃 tán</td> <td>咸 xián</td> <td>鹽 yán</td> <td>添 tiān </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>40</td> <td>談 tán</td> <td>銜 xián</td> <td>嚴 yán</td> <td>鹽 yán </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>41</td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"></td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"></td> <td>凡 fán</td> <td style="background-color:#ddd"> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">曾 zēng (inner)</td> <td>-əŋ/k </td> <td>42</td> <td>43</td> <td>登 dēng</td> <td colspan="3">蒸 zhēng </td></tr></tbody></table> In some cases, the Guangyun already reflected the open/closed distinction with separate rhyme groups, while in others they were included in the same group. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thirty-six_initials">Thirty-six initials</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rime_table&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Thirty-six initials">edit</a>]</div> The earliest documentary records of the rime table tradition, the Dunhuang fragments, contain lists of 30 initials, each named after an exemplary character. This was later expanded to a standard set of 36 in the preface of the Yunjing, the major addition being a series of <a href="/wiki/Labiodental" class="mw-redirect" title="Labiodental">labiodental</a> fricatives split from the labial series:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1970206–207-3">[3]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yunjing_-_36_initials.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Yunjing_-_36_initials.png/700px-Yunjing_-_36_initials.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="527" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Yunjing_-_36_initials.png/1050px-Yunjing_-_36_initials.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Yunjing_-_36_initials.png/1400px-Yunjing_-_36_initials.png 2x" data-file-width="3131" data-file-height="2356" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> Tables of the Yunjing have only 23 columns, with one group of columns each for labials, coronals and sibilants, with the different types placed in different rows of the tables. Some later tables such as the Qieyun zhizhangtu have 36 columns, one for each of the 36 initials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter199243-8">[8]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <caption>The 36 initials, with LMC values<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank199110-34">[28]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">Tenuis</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>清 </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">Aspirate</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">次清 </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Voiced</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">濁 </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">Sonorant</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">清濁 </th> <th scope="col">Tenuis <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">清 </th> <th scope="col">Voiced <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">濁 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labials</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">脣 </th> <th scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">重唇音 "heavy lip" </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">幫 p-</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">滂 pʰ-</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">並 pɦ-</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">明 m-</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">輕唇音 "light lip"<a href="#cite_note-not_Dunhuang-36">[g]</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">非 f-</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">敷 f-<a href="#cite_note-39">[h]</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">奉 fɦ-</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">微 ʋ-<a href="#cite_note-40">[i]</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">Coronals</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">舌 </th> <th scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">舌頭音 "tongue-head" </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">端 t-</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">透 tʰ-</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">定 tɦ-</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">泥 n-</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">舌上音 "tongue up" </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">知 tr-</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">徹 trʰ-</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">澄 trɦ-</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">娘 nr-<a href="#cite_note-not_Dunhuang-36">[g]</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">半舌音 "half tongue" </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">來 l-</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">Sibilants</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">齒 </th> <th scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">齒頭音 "tooth-head" </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">精 ts-</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">清 tsʰ-</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">從 tsɦ-</td> <td></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">心 s-</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">邪 sɦ- </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">正齒音 "true front-tooth"<a href="#cite_note-42">[j]</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">照 tʂ-</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">穿 tʂʰ-</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">牀 (t)ʂɦ-<a href="#cite_note-44">[k]</a></td> <td></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">審 ʂ-</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">禪 ʂɦ- </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">半齒音 "half front-tooth" </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">日 r-<a href="#cite_note-45">[l]</a></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velars</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">牙 </th> <th scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">牙音 "back-tooth" </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">見 k-</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">溪 kʰ-</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">群 kɦ-</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">疑 ŋ-</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Laryngeals</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">喉 </th> <th scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">喉音 "throat" </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">影 ʔ-</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">喻 ʜ-</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">曉 x-</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">匣 xɦ- </td></tr></tbody></table> The 36 initials were so influential that it was not until 1842 that it was discovered (by <a href="/wiki/Chen_Li_(scholar)" title="Chen Li (scholar)">Chen Li</a>) that the initials of the Qieyun were slightly different.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter199254-46">[34]</a> There is some variation in the transcription of the initials <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">影 and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">喻. The table above uses ⟨ʔ⟩ and ⟨ʜ⟩. Other conventions are ⟨ʼ⟩ vs nothing, ⟨ʼ⟩ vs ⟨ʼʼ⟩, and <a href="/wiki/Mid_dot" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid dot">mid dot</a> ⟨·⟩ vs ⟨ʼ⟩. These conventions carry over to other scripts of the Sinological tradition, such as <a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rime_table&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> This edition is so named because it was published in the <a href="/wiki/Eiroku" title="Eiroku">Eiroku</a> (永禄) era, pronounced in Chinese as Yǒnglù. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> These tones differ from the <a href="/wiki/Four_tones" class="mw-redirect" title="Four tones">four tones</a> of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Standard Chinese">Modern Standard Chinese</a>, though related tone systems are retained by many southern languages. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> For translations of the Qieyun preface, see <a href="#CITEREFBaxter1992">Baxter (1992)</a>, pp. 35–36 and <a href="#CITEREFRamsey1989">Ramsey (1989)</a>, pp. 116–117. </li> <li id="cite_note-moved_departing-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-moved_departing_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-moved_departing_31-1">b</a> This departing tone rhyme group has no parallel in other tones, and was moved to the unused entering tone row of another table to save space. </li> <li id="cite_note-just_departing-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-just_departing_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-just_departing_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-just_departing_32-2">c</a> This departing tone rhyme group has no parallel in other tones. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> This division-III rhyme group occurs only in the level and entering tones, with 3 retroflex sibilant initials (which are placed in the second row of the tables). Many authors treat it as part of the 真 group. </li> <li id="cite_note-not_Dunhuang-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-not_Dunhuang_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-not_Dunhuang_36-1">b</a> These initials were not included in the lists of 30 initials in the Dunhuang fragments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoblin2006a105-35">[29]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> This initial was probably indistinguishable from 非 at the LMC stage, but was retained to record its origin from a different Qieyun initial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank198469-37">[30]</a> A distinction between [f] and [fʰ] would be unusual, but the two initials might have been distinguished at an earlier phase as affricates [pf] and [pfʰ].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter199248-38">[31]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> An unusual initial; shows up today as either [w], [v] (or [ʋ]), or [m]. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Two series of <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal</a> sibilants were distinguished in the Qieyun, but combined in the list of 36 initials. In the rime tables, retroflex sibilants are placed on the second row and palatal sibilants on the third.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter199253-41">[32]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> This initial was not included in the lists of 30 initials in the Dunhuang fragments,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoblin2006a105-35">[29]</a> and was probably not phonemically distinct from 禪 ʂɦ by that time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1970222–223-43">[33]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Originally a palatal nasal; generally shows up today as [ʐ] (or [ɻ]), [ʑ], [j], [z], or [ɲ]. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rime_table&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rime_table&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranner20062-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranner20062_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBranner2006">Branner (2006)</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198824–25-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman198824–25_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman198824–25_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorman1988">Norman (1988)</a>, pp. 24–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1970206–207-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1970206–207_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1970206–207_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1970206–207_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1970206–207_3-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFPulleyblank1970">Pulleyblank (1970)</a>, pp. 206–207. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198828–29-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman198828–29_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorman1988">Norman (1988)</a>, pp. 28–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter199241–42-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter199241–42_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaxter1992">Baxter (1992)</a>, pp. 41–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoblin2006a114–115-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoblin2006a114–115_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoblin2006a">Coblin (2006a)</a>, pp. 114–115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoblin2006b125-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoblin2006b125_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoblin2006b">Coblin (2006b)</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter199243-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter199243_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter199243_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaxter1992">Baxter (1992)</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoblin2006b123–124-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoblin2006b123–124_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoblin2006b">Coblin (2006b)</a>, pp. 123–124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter199233–35-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter199233–35_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaxter1992">Baxter (1992)</a>, pp. 33–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranner20063-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranner20063_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBranner2006">Branner (2006)</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter199235–38-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter199235–38_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaxter1992">Baxter (1992)</a>, pp. 35–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1970-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1970_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPulleyblank1970">Pulleyblank (1970)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1971-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1971_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPulleyblank1971">Pulleyblank (1971)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1984-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1984_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPulleyblank1984">Pulleyblank (1984)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank198473-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank198473_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPulleyblank1984">Pulleyblank (1984)</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198831–32-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman198831–32_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman198831–32_20-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorman1988">Norman (1988)</a>, pp. 31–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter199242-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter199242_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaxter1992">Baxter (1992)</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman198830–31-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman198830–31_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorman1988">Norman (1988)</a>, pp. 30–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranner20069–10-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranner20069–10_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBranner2006">Branner (2006)</a>, pp. 9–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranner200615,_32–34-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranner200615,_32–34_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBranner2006">Branner (2006)</a>, pp. 15, 32–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranner200624-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranner200624_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBranner2006">Branner (2006)</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter199275-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter199275_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaxter1992">Baxter (1992)</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranner200625-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranner200625_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBranner2006">Branner (2006)</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter199263–81-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter199263–81_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaxter1992">Baxter (1992)</a>, pp. 63–81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBranner200632–33-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBranner200632–33_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBranner2006">Branner (2006)</a>, pp. 32–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1984233–236-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1984233–236_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPulleyblank1984">Pulleyblank (1984)</a>, pp. 233–236. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank199110-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank199110_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPulleyblank1991">Pulleyblank (1991)</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoblin2006a105-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoblin2006a105_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoblin2006a105_35-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoblin2006a">Coblin (2006a)</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank198469-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank198469_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPulleyblank1984">Pulleyblank (1984)</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter199248-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter199248_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaxter1992">Baxter (1992)</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter199253-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter199253_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaxter1992">Baxter (1992)</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1970222–223-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPulleyblank1970222–223_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPulleyblank1970">Pulleyblank (1970)</a>, pp. 222–223. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaxter199254-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaxter199254_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaxter1992">Baxter (1992)</a>, p. 54. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rime_table&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBaxter1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/William_H._Baxter" title="William H. Baxter">Baxter, William H.</a> (1992), A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology, Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs, vol. 64, Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-012324-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-012324-1"><bdi>978-3-11-012324-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Old+Chinese+Phonology&rft.place=Berlin+and+New+York&rft.series=Trends+in+Linguistics%3A+Studies+and+Monographs&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-3-11-012324-1&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARime+table" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranner2006" class="citation cs2">Branner, David Prager (2006), "What are rime tables and what do they mean?", in Branner, David Prager (ed.), The Chinese Rime Tables: Linguistic Philosophy and Historical-Comparative Phonology, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 1–34, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fcilt.271.01bra">10.1075/cilt.271.01bra</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-4785-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-4785-8"><bdi>978-90-272-4785-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+are+rime+tables+and+what+do+they+mean%3F&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Rime+Tables%3A+Linguistic+Philosophy+and+Historical-Comparative+Phonology&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=1-34&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fcilt.271.01bra&rft.isbn=978-90-272-4785-8&rft.aulast=Branner&rft.aufirst=David+Prager&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARime+table" class="Z3988"> See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brannerchinese.com/publications/Branner_Corrigenda_Rime_Tables.pdf">List of Corrigenda</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoblin2006a" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Weldon_South_Coblin" class="mw-redirect" title="Weldon South Coblin">Coblin, Weldon South</a> (2006a), "Reflections on the Shǒuwēn fragments", in Branner, David Prager (ed.), The Chinese Rime Tables: Linguistic Philosophy and Historical-Comparative Phonology, Current Issues in Linguistic Theory, vol. 271, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 99–122, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fcilt.271.08cob">10.1075/cilt.271.08cob</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-4785-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-4785-8"><bdi>978-90-272-4785-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reflections+on+the+Sh%C7%92uw%C4%93n+fragments&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Rime+Tables%3A+Linguistic+Philosophy+and+Historical-Comparative+Phonology&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=Current+Issues+in+Linguistic+Theory&rft.pages=99-122&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fcilt.271.08cob&rft.isbn=978-90-272-4785-8&rft.aulast=Coblin&rft.aufirst=Weldon+South&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARime+table" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoblin2006b" class="citation cs2">——— (2006b), "Zhāng Línzhī on the Yùnjìng", in Branner, David Prager (ed.), The Chinese Rime Tables: Linguistic Philosophy and Historical-Comparative Phonology, Current Issues in Linguistic Theory, vol. 271, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 123–150, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fcilt.271.09cob">10.1075/cilt.271.09cob</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-4785-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-4785-8"><bdi>978-90-272-4785-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zh%C4%81ng+L%C3%ADnzh%C4%AB+on+the+Y%C3%B9nj%C3%ACng&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Rime+Tables%3A+Linguistic+Philosophy+and+Historical-Comparative+Phonology&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=Current+Issues+in+Linguistic+Theory&rft.pages=123-150&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fcilt.271.09cob&rft.isbn=978-90-272-4785-8&rft.aulast=Coblin&rft.aufirst=Weldon+South&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARime+table" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman1988" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Norman_(sinologist)" title="Jerry Norman (sinologist)">Norman, Jerry</a> (1988), Chinese, Cambridge Language Surveys, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29653-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29653-3"><bdi>978-0-521-29653-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese&rft.series=Cambridge+Language+Surveys&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29653-3&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARime+table" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulleyblank1970" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Pulleyblank" title="Edwin G. Pulleyblank">Pulleyblank, Edwin George</a> (1970), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/~asiamajor/pdf/1970/1970-197.pdf">"Late Middle Chinese, Part I"</a> (PDF), Asia Major, 15: 197–239.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Major&rft.atitle=Late+Middle+Chinese%2C+Part+I&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=197-239&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Pulleyblank&rft.aufirst=Edwin+George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ihp.sinica.edu.tw%2F~asiamajor%2Fpdf%2F1970%2F1970-197.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARime+table" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulleyblank1971" class="citation cs2">——— (1971), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/~asiamajor/pdf/1971/1971-121.pdf">"Late Middle Chinese, Part II"</a> (PDF), Asia Major, 16: 121–166.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Major&rft.atitle=Late+Middle+Chinese%2C+Part+II&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=121-166&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Pulleyblank&rft.aufirst=Edwin+George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ihp.sinica.edu.tw%2F~asiamajor%2Fpdf%2F1971%2F1971-121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARime+table" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulleyblank1984" class="citation cs2">——— (1984), Middle Chinese: a study in historical phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0192-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0192-8"><bdi>978-0-7748-0192-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+Chinese%3A+a+study+in+historical+phonology&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-0192-8&rft.aulast=Pulleyblank&rft.aufirst=Edwin+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARime+table" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulleyblank1991" class="citation cs2">——— (1991), Lexicon of reconstructed pronunciation in early Middle Chinese, late Middle Chinese, and early Mandarin, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0366-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0366-3"><bdi>978-0-7748-0366-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lexicon+of+reconstructed+pronunciation+in+early+Middle+Chinese%2C+late+Middle+Chinese%2C+and+early+Mandarin&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-0366-3&rft.aulast=Pulleyblank&rft.aufirst=Edwin+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARime+table" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamsey1989" class="citation cs2">Ramsey, S. Robert (1989), The Languages of China, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01468-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01468-5"><bdi>978-0-691-01468-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Languages+of+China&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-691-01468-5&rft.aulast=Ramsey&rft.aufirst=S.+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARime+table" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rime_table&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Branner, David Prager (2000), "The rime-table system of formal Chinese phonology", in Auroux, Sylvain; Koerner, E. F. K.; Niederehe, Hans-Josef; Versteegh, Kees (eds.), History of the Language Sciences, Walter de Gruyter, pp. 46–55, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-011103-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-011103-9"><bdi>3-11-011103-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+rime-table+system+of+formal+Chinese+phonology&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Language+Sciences&rft.pages=46-55&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=3-11-011103-9&rft.aulast=Branner&rft.aufirst=David+Prager&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARime+table" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">——— (2021), "Rime tables", in Chen, Jack W.; Detwyler, Anatoly; Liu, Xiao; Nugent, Christopher M. B.; Rusk, Bruce (eds.), Literary Information in China, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 65–77, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-19552-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-19552-2"><bdi>978-0-231-19552-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rime+tables&rft.btitle=Literary+Information+in+China&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=65-77&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-231-19552-2&rft.aulast=Branner&rft.aufirst=David+Prager&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARime+table" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rime_table&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E5%88%87%E9%9F%BB%E6%8C%87%E6%8E%8C%E5%9C%96_(%E5%9B%9B%E9%83%A8%E5%8F%A2%E5%88%8A%E6%9C%AC)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:zh:切韻指掌圖 (四部叢刊本)">Qieyun zhizhangtu</a></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E5%88%87%E9%9F%B5%E6%8C%87%E6%8E%8C%E5%9C%96_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:zh:切韵指掌圖 (四庫全書本)">Qieyun zhizhangtu</a></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Fragments prefiguring the rime tables, found at <a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a>: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://idp.bl.uk/database/oo_loader.a4d?pm=Or.8210%2FS.512">British Library Or.8210/S.512</a>: 《歸三十字母例》 "Guī sānshí zìmǔ lì" (30 initials), a fragment collected by <a href="/wiki/Aurel_Stein" title="Aurel Stein">Aurel Stein</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://idp.bl.uk/database/oo_loader.a4d?pm=Pelliot+chinois+2012">Bibliothèque nationale de France Pelliot chinois 2012</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b83015671">BNF link</a>): a scroll containing the <a href="/wiki/Shouwen" title="Shouwen">Shouwen</a> fragments (on the reverse side from the drawing) collected by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Pelliot" title="Paul Pelliot">Paul Pelliot</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Scanned books at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/02077186.cn">Yunjing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/06058579.cn">parts 34–36</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/06058580.cn">37–38</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tongzhi_(encyclopedia)" title="Tongzhi (encyclopedia)">Tongzhi</a> encyclopedia – the Qiyin lüe comprises parts 36 and 37</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28%E5%88%87%E9%9F%BB%E6%8C%87%E6%8E%8C%E5%9C%96%29">Qieyun zhizhangtu</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/06079628.cn">Preface</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangxi dictionary">Kangxi dictionary</a>, including rime tables</li></ul></li> <li>Scanned books at the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Text_Project" title="Chinese Text Project">Chinese Text Project</a>: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctext.org/library.pl?if=en&res=80898">Yunjing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctext.org/library.pl?if=en&res=80949">Qieyun zhizhangtu</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctext.org/library.pl?if=en&res=78843">Qieyun zhinan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctext.org/library.pl?if=en&res=77358">Kangxi dictionary</a> (Tongwen Shuju edition), with rime tables in the preface</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.gen-vn527736">Qieyun zhizhangtu</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia" title="National Library of Australia">National Library of Australia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebook.lib.cuhk.edu.hk/ebook/chrb_all/001095300_2/reader.html">Sisheng dengzi</a>, scan at the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_University_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chinese University of Hong Kong">Chinese University of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dylansung.tripod.com/chinese/rhymetable.htm">Rhyme Tables</a>, Dylan W.H. Sung</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rime_table&oldid=1241511704">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rime_table&oldid=1241511704</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_lexicography" title="Category:Chinese lexicography">Chinese lexicography</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rhyme" title="Category:Rhyme">Rhyme</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Middle_Chinese" title="Category:Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Traditional_Chinese_phonology" title="Category:Traditional Chinese phonology">Traditional Chinese phonology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_simplified_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text">Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_traditional_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text">Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_locally_defined" title="Category:Commons category link is locally defined">Commons category link is locally defined</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 August 2024, at 15:49 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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