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<span>Theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification_of_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_of_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classification of methods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification_of_methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification of methods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification_of_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Type_of_radiative_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type_of_radiative_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Type of radiative energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Type_of_radiative_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nature_of_the_interaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nature_of_the_interaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Nature of the interaction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nature_of_the_interaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Type_of_material" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type_of_material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Type of material</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Type_of_material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Atoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Atoms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molecules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molecules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Molecules</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molecules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crystals_and_extended_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crystals_and_extended_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Crystals and extended materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crystals_and_extended_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Nuclei</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Spectroscopy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektroskopie" title="Spektroskopie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Spektroskopie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مطيافية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مطيافية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espectroscopia" title="Espectroscopia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Espectroscopia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektroskopiya" title="Spektroskopiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Spektroskopiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3" title="বর্ণালীবীক্ষণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বর্ণালীবীক্ষণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Спектраскапія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Спектраскапія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Спектроскопия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Спектроскопия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektroskopija" title="Spektroskopija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Spektroskopija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espectrosc%C3%B2pia" title="Espectroscòpia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Espectroscòpia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Спектроскопи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Спектроскопи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektroskopie" title="Spektroskopie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Spektroskopie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sbectrosgopeg" title="Sbectrosgopeg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sbectrosgopeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektroskopi" title="Spektroskopi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Spektroskopi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="تاسپيكتريت – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تاسپيكتريت" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektroskopie" title="Spektroskopie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spektroskopie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektroskoopia" title="Spektroskoopia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Spektroskoopia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Φασματοσκοπία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φασματοσκοπία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espectroscopia" title="Espectroscopia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Espectroscopia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektroskopio" title="Spektroskopio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Spektroskopio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espektroskopia" title="Espektroskopia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Espektroskopia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%81%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="طیف‌شناسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طیف‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopie" title="Spectroscopie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Spectroscopie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speictrim%C3%A9adracht" title="Speictriméadracht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Speictriméadracht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espectroscopia" title="Espectroscopia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Espectroscopia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EA%B4%91%ED%95%99" title="분광학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="분광학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Սպեկտրասկոպիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սպեկտրասկոպիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80" title="स्पेक्ट्रोस्कोपी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्पेक्ट्रोस्कोपी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektroskopija" title="Spektroskopija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Spektroskopija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektroskopio" title="Spektroskopio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Spektroskopio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektroskopi" title="Spektroskopi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Spektroskopi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spettroscopia" title="Spettroscopia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Spettroscopia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94" title="ספקטרוסקופיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספקטרוסקופיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ರೋಹಿತ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರೋಹಿತ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Спектроскопия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Спектроскопия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Спектроскопия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Спектроскопия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektroskopija" title="Spektroskopija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Spektroskopija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektroskopie" title="Spektroskopie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Spektroskopie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektroskopija" title="Spektroskopija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Spektroskopija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spetruscupia" title="Spetruscupia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Spetruscupia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektroszk%C3%B3pia" title="Spektroszkópia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Spektroszkópia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Спектроскопија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Спектроскопија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BF%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF" title="സ്പെൿട്രോസ്കോപ്പി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്പെൿട്രോസ്കോപ്പി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektroskopi" title="Spektroskopi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Spektroskopi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopie" title="Spectroscopie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spectroscopie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE" title="वर्ण आवृत्तिक्रमापक विधा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="वर्ण आवृत्तिक्रमापक विधा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%85%89%E6%B3%95" title="分光法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="分光法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektroskopi" title="Spektroskopi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Spektroskopi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektroskopi" title="Spektroskopi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Spektroskopi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espectroscopia" title="Espectroscopia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Espectroscopia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xincalalii" title="Xincalalii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Xincalalii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektroskopiya" title="Spektroskopiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Spektroskopiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80" title="ਸਪੈਕਟਰੋਸਕੋਪੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਪੈਕਟਰੋਸਕੋਪੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektroskopia" title="Spektroskopia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Spektroskopia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espectroscopia" title="Espectroscopia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Espectroscopia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopie" title="Spectroscopie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Spectroscopie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Спектроскопия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Спектроскопия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EF%BB%83%EF%AF%BF%EF%BB%92_%EF%BA%91%EF%AF%BF%EF%BB%A8%EF%AF%BD" title="ﻃﯿﻒ ﺑﯿﻨﯽ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ﻃﯿﻒ ﺑﯿﻨﯽ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Spectroscopy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektroskopia" title="Spektroskopia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Spektroskopia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektroskopija" title="Spektroskopija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Spektroskopija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Спектроскопија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Спектроскопија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektroskopija" title="Spektroskopija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Spektroskopija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A9ktroskopi" title="Spéktroskopi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Spéktroskopi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektroskopia" title="Spektroskopia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Spektroskopia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektroskopi" title="Spektroskopi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Spektroskopi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espektroskopya" title="Espektroskopya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Espektroskopya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="நிறமாலையியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிறமாலையியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5" title="สเปกโทรสโกปี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สเปกโทรสโกปี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektroskopi" title="Spektroskopi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Spektroskopi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Спектроскопія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Спектроскопія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%81_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="طیف بینی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="طیف بینی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BB%95_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Phổ học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phổ học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espektroskopiya" title="Espektroskopiya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Espektroskopiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E8%B0%B1%E5%AD%A6" title="光谱学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="光谱学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A2" title="ספעקטראסקאפיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ספעקטראסקאפיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%E1%BA%B9%CC%81ktr%C3%B3sk%C3%B3p%C3%AC" title="Spẹ́ktróskópì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Spẹ́ktróskópì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C%E5%AD%B8" title="光譜學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="光譜學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E8%B0%B1%E5%AD%A6" title="光谱学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="光谱学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q483666#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Study involving matter and electromagnetic radiation</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Spectroscopy" title="Special:EditPage/Spectroscopy">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Spectroscopy%22">"Spectroscopy"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Spectroscopy%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Spectroscopy%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Spectroscopy%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Spectroscopy%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Spectroscopy%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Light_dispersion_of_a_mercury-vapor_lamp_with_a_flint_glass_prism_IPNr%C2%B00125.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Light_dispersion_of_a_mercury-vapor_lamp_with_a_flint_glass_prism_IPNr%C2%B00125.jpg/220px-Light_dispersion_of_a_mercury-vapor_lamp_with_a_flint_glass_prism_IPNr%C2%B00125.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Light_dispersion_of_a_mercury-vapor_lamp_with_a_flint_glass_prism_IPNr%C2%B00125.jpg/330px-Light_dispersion_of_a_mercury-vapor_lamp_with_a_flint_glass_prism_IPNr%C2%B00125.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Light_dispersion_of_a_mercury-vapor_lamp_with_a_flint_glass_prism_IPNr%C2%B00125.jpg/440px-Light_dispersion_of_a_mercury-vapor_lamp_with_a_flint_glass_prism_IPNr%C2%B00125.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2309" data-file-height="2818" /></a><figcaption>An example of spectroscopy: a <a href="/wiki/Prism_(optics)" title="Prism (optics)">prism</a> analyses white light by <a href="/wiki/Dispersion_(optics)" title="Dispersion (optics)">dispersing</a> it into its component colors.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Spectroscopy</b> is the field of study that measures and interprets <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crouch-Skoog-Holler2007_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crouch-Skoog-Holler2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In narrower contexts, spectroscopy is the precise study of <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a> as generalized from <a href="/wiki/Visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">visible light</a> to all bands of the electromagnetic spectrum. </p><p>Spectroscopy, primarily in the electromagnetic spectrum, is a fundamental exploratory tool in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">materials science</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, allowing the composition, physical structure and electronic structure of matter to be investigated at the atomic, <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecular</a> and macro scale, and over <a href="/wiki/Distance_measures_(cosmology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Distance measures (cosmology)">astronomical distances</a>. </p><p>Historically, spectroscopy originated as the study of the wavelength dependence of the absorption by gas phase matter of visible light dispersed by a <a href="/wiki/Prism_(optics)" title="Prism (optics)">prism</a>. Current applications of spectroscopy include <a href="/wiki/Biomedical_spectroscopy" title="Biomedical spectroscopy">biomedical spectroscopy</a> in the areas of <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissue</a> analysis and <a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">medical imaging</a>. <a href="/wiki/Matter_wave" title="Matter wave">Matter waves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_wave" title="Acoustic wave">acoustic waves</a> can also be considered forms of radiative energy, and recently <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">gravitational waves</a> have been associated with a spectral signature in the context of the <a href="/wiki/LIGO" title="LIGO">Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory</a> (LIGO).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectroscopy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Introduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spectroscopy is a branch of science concerned with the <a href="/wiki/Spectrum" title="Spectrum">spectra</a> of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a> as a function of its wavelength or frequency measured by <a href="/wiki/Spectrograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectrograph">spectrographic</a> equipment, and other techniques, in order to obtain information concerning the structure and properties of matter.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spectral measurement devices are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Spectrometers" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectrometers">spectrometers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spectrophotometers" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectrophotometers">spectrophotometers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spectrograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectrograph">spectrographs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spectral_analyzer" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectral analyzer">spectral analyzers</a>. Most spectroscopic analysis in the laboratory starts with a sample to be analyzed, then a light source is chosen from any desired range of the light spectrum, then the light goes through the sample to a dispersion array (diffraction grating instrument) and captured by a <a href="/wiki/Photodiode" title="Photodiode">photodiode</a>. For astronomical purposes, the telescope must be equipped with the light dispersion device. There are various versions of this basic setup that may be employed. </p><p>Spectroscopy began with <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> splitting light with a prism; a key moment in the development of modern <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, it was originally the study of visible light that we call <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a> that later under the studies of <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a> came to include the entire <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although color is involved in spectroscopy, it is not equated with the color of elements or objects that involve the absorption and reflection of certain electromagnetic waves to give objects a sense of color to our eyes. Rather spectroscopy involves the splitting of light by a prism, diffraction grating, or similar instrument, to give off a particular discrete line pattern called a "spectrum" unique to each different type of element. Most elements are first put into a gaseous phase to allow the spectra to be examined although today other methods can be used on different phases. Each element that is diffracted by a prism-like instrument displays either an absorption spectrum or an emission spectrum depending upon whether the element is being cooled or heated.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until recently all spectroscopy involved the study of line spectra and most spectroscopy still does.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vibrational spectroscopy is the branch of spectroscopy that studies the spectra.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the latest developments in spectroscopy can sometimes dispense with the dispersion technique. In biochemical spectroscopy, information can be gathered about biological tissue by absorption and light scattering techniques. Light scattering spectroscopy is a type of reflectance spectroscopy that determines tissue structures by examining elastic scattering.<sup id="cite_ref-link.aps.org_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-link.aps.org-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In such a case, it is the tissue that acts as a diffraction or dispersion mechanism. </p><p>Spectroscopic studies were central to the development of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>, because the first useful atomic models described the spectra of hydrogen, which include the <a href="/wiki/Bohr_model" title="Bohr model">Bohr model</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation" title="Schrödinger equation">Schrödinger equation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Matrix_mechanics" title="Matrix mechanics">Matrix mechanics</a>, all of which can produce the spectral lines of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, therefore providing the basis for discrete quantum jumps to match the discrete hydrogen spectrum. Also, <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a>'s explanation of <a href="/wiki/Blackbody_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackbody radiation">blackbody radiation</a> involved spectroscopy because he was comparing the wavelength of light using a photometer to the temperature of a <a href="/wiki/Black_Body" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Body">Black Body</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spectroscopy is used in <a href="/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry">physical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Analytical_chemistry" title="Analytical chemistry">analytical chemistry</a> because <a href="/wiki/Atoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Atoms">atoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molecules" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecules">molecules</a> have unique spectra. As a result, these spectra can be used to detect, identify and quantify information about the atoms and molecules. Spectroscopy is also used in <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_spectroscopy" title="Astronomical spectroscopy">astronomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a> on Earth. Most research <a href="/wiki/Telescopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Telescopes">telescopes</a> have spectrographs. The measured spectra are used to determine the chemical composition and <a href="/wiki/Physical_property" title="Physical property">physical properties</a> of <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_objects" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical objects">astronomical objects</a> (such as their <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>, density of elements in a star, <a href="/wiki/Velocity" title="Velocity">velocity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_holes" class="mw-redirect" title="Black holes">black holes</a> and more).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An important use for spectroscopy is in biochemistry. Molecular samples may be analyzed for species identification and energy content.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory">Theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectroscopy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The underlying premise of spectroscopy is that light is made of different wavelengths and that each wavelength corresponds to a different frequency. The importance of spectroscopy is centered around the fact that every element in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a> has a unique light spectrum described by the frequencies of light it emits or absorbs consistently appearing in the same part of the electromagnetic spectrum when that light is diffracted. This opened up an entire field of study with anything that contains atoms. Spectroscopy is the key to understanding the atomic properties of all matter. As such spectroscopy opened up many new sub-fields of science yet undiscovered. The idea that each atomic element has its unique spectral signature enabled spectroscopy to be used in a broad number of fields each with a specific goal achieved by different spectroscopic procedures. The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a> maintains a public Atomic Spectra Database that is continually updated with precise measurements.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The broadening of the field of spectroscopy is due to the fact that any part of the electromagnetic spectrum may be used to analyze a sample from the infrared to the ultraviolet telling scientists different properties about the very same sample. For instance in chemical analysis, the most common types of spectroscopy include atomic spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy, <a href="/wiki/Raman_spectroscopy" title="Raman spectroscopy">Raman spectroscopy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance">nuclear magnetic resonance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), the theory behind it is that frequency is analogous to <a href="/wiki/Resonance" title="Resonance">resonance</a> and its corresponding resonant frequency. Resonances by the frequency were first characterized in mechanical systems such as <a href="/wiki/Pendulums" class="mw-redirect" title="Pendulums">pendulums</a>, which have a frequency of motion noted famously by <a href="/wiki/Galileo" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo">Galileo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_of_methods">Classification of methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectroscopy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classification of methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Taste_of_ESPRESSO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/A_Taste_of_ESPRESSO.jpg/220px-A_Taste_of_ESPRESSO.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/A_Taste_of_ESPRESSO.jpg/330px-A_Taste_of_ESPRESSO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/A_Taste_of_ESPRESSO.jpg/440px-A_Taste_of_ESPRESSO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>A huge diffraction grating at the heart of the ultra-precise <a href="/wiki/ESPRESSO" title="ESPRESSO">ESPRESSO</a> spectrograph.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Spectroscopy is a sufficiently broad field that many sub-disciplines exist, each with numerous implementations of specific spectroscopic techniques. The various implementations and techniques can be classified in several ways. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Type_of_radiative_energy">Type of radiative energy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectroscopy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Type of radiative energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The types of spectroscopy are distinguished by the type of radiative energy involved in the interaction. In many applications, the spectrum is determined by measuring changes in the intensity or frequency of this energy. The types of radiative energy studied include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">Electromagnetic radiation</a> was the first source of energy used for spectroscopic studies. Techniques that employ electromagnetic radiation are typically classified by the wavelength region of the spectrum and include <a href="/wiki/Microwave_spectroscopy" title="Microwave spectroscopy">microwave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terahertz_spectroscopy_and_technology" title="Terahertz spectroscopy and technology">terahertz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">infrared</a>, <a href="/wiki/Near-infrared_spectroscopy" title="Near-infrared spectroscopy">near-infrared</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet%E2%80%93visible_spectroscopy" title="Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy">ultraviolet-visible</a>, <a href="/wiki/X-ray_spectroscopy" title="X-ray spectroscopy">x-ray</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gamma_spectroscopy" title="Gamma spectroscopy">gamma</a> spectroscopy.</li> <li>Particles, because of their <a href="/wiki/Matter_wave" title="Matter wave">de Broglie waves</a>, can also be a source of radiative energy. Both <a href="/wiki/Electron_spectroscopy" title="Electron spectroscopy">electron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutron_spectroscopy" title="Neutron spectroscopy">neutron spectroscopy</a> are commonly used. For a particle, its <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> determines its wavelength.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrogram" title="Spectrogram">Acoustic spectroscopy</a> involves radiated pressure waves.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_mechanical_analysis" title="Dynamic mechanical analysis">Dynamic mechanical analysis</a> can be employed to impart radiating energy, similar to acoustic waves, to solid materials.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nature_of_the_interaction">Nature of the interaction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectroscopy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nature of the interaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The types of spectroscopy also can be distinguished by the nature of the interaction between the energy and the material. These interactions include:<sup id="cite_ref-Crouch-Skoog-Holler2007_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crouch-Skoog-Holler2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absorption_spectroscopy" title="Absorption spectroscopy">Absorption spectroscopy</a>: Absorption occurs when energy from the radiative source is absorbed by the material. Absorption is often determined by measuring the fraction of energy transmitted through the material, with absorption decreasing the transmitted portion.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emission_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Emission spectroscopy">Emission spectroscopy</a>: Emission indicates that radiative energy is released by the material. A material's <a href="/wiki/Blackbody_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackbody spectrum">blackbody spectrum</a> is a spontaneous emission spectrum determined by its temperature. This feature can be measured in the infrared by instruments such as the atmospheric emitted radiance interferometer.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emission can also be induced by other sources of energy such as <a href="/wiki/Flame_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Flame spectroscopy">flames</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spark_(fire)" title="Spark (fire)">sparks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc" title="Electric arc">electric arcs</a> or electromagnetic radiation in the case of <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_spectroscopy" title="Fluorescence spectroscopy">fluorescence</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastic_scattering" title="Elastic scattering">Elastic scattering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reflectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflectivity">reflection</a> spectroscopy determine how incident radiation is reflected or scattered by a material. <a href="/wiki/Crystallography" title="Crystallography">Crystallography</a> employs the scattering of high energy radiation, such as x-rays and electrons, to examine the arrangement of atoms in proteins and solid crystals.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impedance_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Impedance spectroscopy">Impedance spectroscopy</a>: Impedance is the ability of a medium to impede or slow the transmittance of energy. For <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optical</a> applications, this is characterized by the <a href="/wiki/Index_of_refraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of refraction">index of refraction</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inelastic_scattering" title="Inelastic scattering">Inelastic scattering</a> phenomena involve an exchange of energy between the radiation and the matter that shifts the wavelength of the scattered radiation. These include <a href="/wiki/Raman_scattering" title="Raman scattering">Raman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compton_scattering" title="Compton scattering">Compton scattering</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coherent_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Coherent spectroscopy">Coherent</a> or resonance spectroscopy are techniques where the radiative energy couples two quantum states of the material in a <a href="/wiki/Coherence_(physics)" title="Coherence (physics)">coherent</a> interaction that is sustained by the radiating field. The coherence can be disrupted by other interactions, such as particle collisions and energy transfer, and so often require high intensity radiation to be sustained. <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy">Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy</a> is a widely used resonance method, and <a href="/wiki/Ultrafast_laser_spectroscopy" title="Ultrafast laser spectroscopy">ultrafast laser spectroscopy</a> is also possible in the infrared and visible spectral regions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_spectroscopy" title="Nuclear spectroscopy">Nuclear spectroscopy</a> are methods that use the properties of specific <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">nuclei</a> to probe the <a href="/wiki/Local_structure" title="Local structure">local structure</a> in matter, mainly <a href="/wiki/Condensed_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Condensed matter">condensed matter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a> in liquids or frozen liquids and bio-molecules.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_logic_spectroscopy" title="Quantum logic spectroscopy">Quantum logic spectroscopy</a> is a general technique used in <a href="/wiki/Ion_traps" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion traps">ion traps</a> that enables precision spectroscopy of ions with internal structures that preclude <a href="/wiki/Laser_cooling" title="Laser cooling">laser cooling</a>, state manipulation, and detection. <a href="/wiki/Quantum_logic" title="Quantum logic">Quantum logic</a> operations enable a controllable ion to exchange information with a co-trapped ion that has a complex or unknown electronic structure.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Type_of_material">Type of material</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectroscopy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Type of material"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spectroscopic studies are designed so that the <a href="/wiki/Radiant_energy" title="Radiant energy">radiant energy</a> interacts with specific types of matter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Atoms">Atoms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectroscopy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Atoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Welsbach_Figure_IV_spektroskopische-lytischen-chemie-21.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Welsbach_Figure_IV_spektroskopische-lytischen-chemie-21.pdf/page1-220px-Welsbach_Figure_IV_spektroskopische-lytischen-chemie-21.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Welsbach_Figure_IV_spektroskopische-lytischen-chemie-21.pdf/page1-330px-Welsbach_Figure_IV_spektroskopische-lytischen-chemie-21.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Welsbach_Figure_IV_spektroskopische-lytischen-chemie-21.pdf/page1-440px-Welsbach_Figure_IV_spektroskopische-lytischen-chemie-21.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="1304" /></a><figcaption>Atomic spectra comparison table, from "Spektroskopische Methoden der analytischen Chemie" (1922).</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Atomic_spectroscopy" title="Atomic spectroscopy">Atomic spectroscopy</a> was the first application of spectroscopy. <a href="/wiki/Atomic_absorption_spectroscopy" title="Atomic absorption spectroscopy">Atomic absorption spectroscopy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_emission_spectroscopy" title="Atomic emission spectroscopy">atomic emission spectroscopy</a> involve visible and ultraviolet light. These absorptions and emissions, often referred to as atomic spectral lines, are due to <a href="/wiki/Atomic_structure#Energy_levels" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic structure">electronic transitions</a> of outer shell electrons as they rise and fall from one electron orbit to another. Atoms also have distinct x-ray spectra that are attributable to the excitation of inner shell electrons to excited states. </p><p>Atoms of different elements have distinct spectra and therefore atomic spectroscopy allows for the identification and quantitation of a sample's elemental composition. After inventing the spectroscope, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bunsen" title="Robert Bunsen">Robert Bunsen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Kirchhoff" title="Gustav Kirchhoff">Gustav Kirchhoff</a> discovered new elements by observing their emission spectra. Atomic absorption lines are observed in the solar spectrum and referred to as <a href="/wiki/Fraunhofer_lines" title="Fraunhofer lines">Fraunhofer lines</a> after their discoverer. A comprehensive explanation of the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_spectral_series" title="Hydrogen spectral series">hydrogen spectrum</a> was an early success of quantum mechanics and explained the <a href="/wiki/Lamb_shift" title="Lamb shift">Lamb shift</a> observed in the hydrogen spectrum, which further led to the development of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_electrodynamics" title="Quantum electrodynamics">quantum electrodynamics</a>. </p><p>Modern implementations of atomic spectroscopy for studying visible and ultraviolet transitions include <a href="/wiki/Flame_emission_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Flame emission spectroscopy">flame emission spectroscopy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inductively_coupled_plasma_atomic_emission_spectroscopy" title="Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy">inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glow_discharge#Use_in_analytical_chemistry" title="Glow discharge">glow discharge spectroscopy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microwave_induced_plasma" class="mw-redirect" title="Microwave induced plasma">microwave induced plasma</a> spectroscopy, and spark or arc emission spectroscopy. Techniques for studying x-ray spectra include <a href="/wiki/X-ray_spectroscopy" title="X-ray spectroscopy">X-ray spectroscopy</a> and <a href="/wiki/X-ray_fluorescence" title="X-ray fluorescence">X-ray fluorescence</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Molecules">Molecules</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectroscopy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Molecules"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The combination of atoms into molecules leads to the creation of unique types of energetic states and therefore unique spectra of the transitions between these states. Molecular spectra can be obtained due to electron spin states (<a href="/wiki/Electron_paramagnetic_resonance" title="Electron paramagnetic resonance">electron paramagnetic resonance</a>), <a href="/wiki/Rotational_spectroscopy" title="Rotational spectroscopy">molecular rotations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molecular_vibration" title="Molecular vibration">molecular vibration</a>, and electronic states. Rotations are collective motions of the atomic nuclei and typically lead to spectra in the microwave and millimetre-wave spectral regions. Rotational spectroscopy and microwave spectroscopy are synonymous. Vibrations are relative motions of the atomic nuclei and are studied by both infrared and <a href="/wiki/Raman_spectroscopy" title="Raman spectroscopy">Raman spectroscopy</a>. Electronic excitations are studied using visible and ultraviolet spectroscopy as well as <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_spectroscopy" title="Fluorescence spectroscopy">fluorescence spectroscopy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Crouch-Skoog-Holler2007_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crouch-Skoog-Holler2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies in molecular spectroscopy led to the development of the first <a href="/wiki/Maser" title="Maser">maser</a> and contributed to the subsequent development of the <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crystals_and_extended_materials">Crystals and extended materials</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectroscopy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Crystals and extended materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The combination of atoms or molecules into crystals or other extended forms leads to the creation of additional energetic states. These states are numerous and therefore have a high density of states. This high density often makes the spectra weaker and less distinct, i.e., broader. For instance, blackbody radiation is due to the thermal motions of atoms and molecules within a material. Acoustic and mechanical responses are due to collective motions as well. Pure crystals, though, can have distinct spectral transitions, and the crystal arrangement also has an effect on the observed molecular spectra. The regular <a href="/wiki/Lattice_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Lattice structure">lattice structure</a> of crystals also scatters x-rays, electrons or neutrons allowing for crystallographic studies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nuclei">Nuclei</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectroscopy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nuclei"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nuclei also have distinct energy states that are widely separated and lead to <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma ray</a> spectra. Distinct nuclear spin states can have their energy separated by a magnetic field, and this allows for <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy">nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_types">Other types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectroscopy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Prose plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is in <a href="/wiki/MOS:LIST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LIST">list</a> format but may read better as <a href="/wiki/MOS:PROSE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PROSE">prose</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spectroscopy&action=edit">converting this section</a>, if appropriate. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Other types of spectroscopy are distinguished by specific applications or implementations: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_resonance_spectroscopy" title="Acoustic resonance spectroscopy">Acoustic resonance spectroscopy</a> is based on sound waves primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">audible</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasonic</a> regions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auger_electron_spectroscopy" title="Auger electron spectroscopy">Auger electron spectroscopy</a> is a method used to study surfaces of materials on a micro-scale. It is often used in connection with electron microscopy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavity_ring-down_spectroscopy" title="Cavity ring-down spectroscopy">Cavity ring-down spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_dichroism" title="Circular dichroism">Circular dichroism</a> spectroscopy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coherent_anti-Stokes_Raman_spectroscopy" title="Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy">Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy</a> is a recent technique that has high sensitivity and powerful applications for <i>in vivo</i> spectroscopy and imaging.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_vapour_atomic_fluorescence_spectroscopy" title="Cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectroscopy">Cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-dimensional_nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy#Correlation_spectroscopy_(COSY)" title="Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy">Correlation spectroscopy</a> encompasses several types of two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-level_transient_spectroscopy" title="Deep-level transient spectroscopy">Deep-level transient spectroscopy</a> measures concentration and analyzes parameters of electrically active defects in <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconducting</a> materials.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dielectric_spectroscopy" title="Dielectric spectroscopy">Dielectric spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual-polarization_interferometry" title="Dual-polarization interferometry">Dual-polarization interferometry</a> measures the real and imaginary components of the complex refractive index.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_energy_loss_spectroscopy" title="Electron energy loss spectroscopy">Electron energy loss spectroscopy</a> in transmission electron microscopy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_phenomenological_spectroscopy" title="Electron phenomenological spectroscopy">Electron phenomenological spectroscopy</a> measures the physicochemical properties and characteristics of the electronic structure of multicomponent and complex molecular systems.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_paramagnetic_resonance" title="Electron paramagnetic resonance">Electron paramagnetic resonance</a> spectroscopy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_spectroscopy" title="Force spectroscopy">Force spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourier-transform_spectroscopy" title="Fourier-transform spectroscopy">Fourier-transform spectroscopy</a> is an efficient method for processing spectra data obtained using interferometers. <a href="/wiki/Fourier-transform_infrared_spectroscopy" title="Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy">Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy</a> is a common implementation of infrared spectroscopy. NMR also employs <a href="/wiki/Fourier_transform" title="Fourier transform">Fourier transforms</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_spectroscopy" title="Gamma spectroscopy">Gamma spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadron_spectroscopy" title="Hadron spectroscopy">Hadron spectroscopy</a> studies the energy/mass spectrum of hadrons according to <a href="/wiki/Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">spin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parity_(physics)" title="Parity (physics)">parity</a>, and other particle properties. Baryon spectroscopy and meson spectroscopy are types of hadron spectroscopy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multispectral_imaging" title="Multispectral imaging">Multispectral imaging</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyperspectral_imaging" title="Hyperspectral imaging">hyperspectral imaging</a> is a method to create a complete picture of the environment or various objects, each pixel containing a full visible, visible near infrared, near infrared, or infrared spectrum.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inelastic_electron_tunneling_spectroscopy" title="Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy">Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy</a> uses the changes in current due to inelastic electron-vibration interaction at specific energies that can also measure optically forbidden transitions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inelastic_neutron_scattering" class="mw-redirect" title="Inelastic neutron scattering">Inelastic neutron scattering</a> is similar to Raman spectroscopy, but uses neutrons instead of photons.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser-induced_breakdown_spectroscopy" title="Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy">Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy</a>, also called laser-induced plasma spectrometry</li> <li>Laser spectroscopy uses <a href="/wiki/Tunable_laser" title="Tunable laser">tunable lasers</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other types of coherent emission sources, such as optical parametric oscillators,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for selective excitation of atomic or molecular species.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_Scattering_Spectroscopy" title="Light Scattering Spectroscopy">Light scattering spectroscopy</a> (LSS) is a spectroscopic technique typically used to evaluate morphological changes in <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelial cells</a> in order to study <a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">mucosal tissue</a> and detect early <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Precancerous_condition" title="Precancerous condition">precancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-link.aps.org_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-link.aps.org-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mass spectroscopy is a historical term used to refer to <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">mass spectrometry</a>. The current recommendation is to use the latter term.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "mass spectroscopy" originated in the use of <a href="/wiki/Phosphor" title="Phosphor">phosphor</a> screens to detect ions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ssbauer_spectroscopy" title="Mössbauer spectroscopy">Mössbauer spectroscopy</a> probes the properties of specific <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopic</a> <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">nuclei</a> in different atomic environments by analyzing the resonant absorption of <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma rays</a>. See also <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ssbauer_effect" title="Mössbauer effect">Mössbauer effect</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multivariate_optical_computing" title="Multivariate optical computing">Multivariate optical computing</a> is an all optical <a href="/wiki/Compressed_sensing" title="Compressed sensing">compressed sensing</a> technique, generally used in harsh environments, that directly calculates chemical information from a spectrum as analogue output.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_spin_echo" title="Neutron spin echo">Neutron spin echo</a> spectroscopy measures internal dynamics in proteins and other <a href="/wiki/Soft_matter" title="Soft matter">soft matter</a> systems.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_quadrupole_resonance" title="Nuclear quadrupole resonance">Nuclear quadrupole resonance</a> is a chemical spectroscopy method mediated by NMR of the <a href="/wiki/Electric_field_gradient" title="Electric field gradient">electric field gradient</a> (EFG) in the absence of magnetic field</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perturbed_angular_correlation" title="Perturbed angular correlation">Perturbed angular correlation</a> (PAC) uses radioactive nuclei as probe to study electric and magnetic fields (<a href="/wiki/Hyperfine_structure" title="Hyperfine structure">hyperfine interactions</a>) in crystals (<a href="/wiki/Condensed_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Condensed matter">condensed matter</a>) and bio-molecules.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoacoustic_spectroscopy" title="Photoacoustic spectroscopy">Photoacoustic spectroscopy</a> measures the sound waves produced upon the absorption of radiation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoemission_spectroscopy" title="Photoemission spectroscopy">Photoemission spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photothermal_spectroscopy" title="Photothermal spectroscopy">Photothermal spectroscopy</a> measures heat evolved upon absorption of radiation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femtochemistry#Pump-probe_spectroscopy" title="Femtochemistry">Pump-probe spectroscopy</a> can use ultrafast laser pulses to measure <a href="/wiki/Reaction_intermediate" title="Reaction intermediate">reaction intermediates</a> in the femtosecond timescale.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_optical_activity" title="Raman optical activity">Raman optical activity</a> spectroscopy exploits Raman scattering and optical activity effects to reveal detailed information on chiral centers in molecules.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_spectroscopy" title="Raman spectroscopy">Raman spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturated_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturated spectroscopy">Saturated spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_spectroscopy" title="Scanning tunneling spectroscopy">Scanning tunneling spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrophotometry" title="Spectrophotometry">Spectrophotometry</a></li> <li>Spin noise spectroscopy traces spontaneous fluctuations of electronic and nuclear spins.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-resolved_spectroscopy" title="Time-resolved spectroscopy">Time-resolved spectroscopy</a> measures the decay rates of excited states using various spectroscopic methods.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_stretch_analog-to-digital_converter" class="mw-redirect" title="Time stretch analog-to-digital converter">Time-stretch</a> spectroscopy<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_infrared_spectroscopy" title="Thermal infrared spectroscopy">Thermal infrared spectroscopy</a> measures thermal radiation emitted from materials and surfaces and is used to determine the type of bonds present in a sample as well as their lattice environment. The techniques are widely used by organic chemists, <a href="/wiki/Mineralogy" title="Mineralogy">mineralogists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Planetary_science" title="Planetary science">planetary scientists</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transient_grating_spectroscopy" title="Transient grating spectroscopy">Transient grating spectroscopy</a> measures quasiparticle propagation. It can track changes in metallic materials as they are irradiated.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_photoelectron_spectroscopy" title="Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy">Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet%E2%80%93visible_spectroscopy" title="Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy">Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibrational_circular_dichroism" title="Vibrational circular dichroism">Vibrational circular dichroism</a> spectroscopy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_spectroscopy" title="Video spectroscopy">Video spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy" title="X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy">X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectroscopy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UVES_on_UT2-KUEYEN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/UVES_on_UT2-KUEYEN.jpg/220px-UVES_on_UT2-KUEYEN.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/UVES_on_UT2-KUEYEN.jpg/330px-UVES_on_UT2-KUEYEN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/UVES_on_UT2-KUEYEN.jpg/440px-UVES_on_UT2-KUEYEN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3325" data-file-height="2348" /></a><figcaption>UVES is a high-resolution spectrograph on the <a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Telescope" title="Very Large Telescope">Very Large Telescope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>There are several applications of spectroscopy in the fields of medicine, physics, chemistry, and astronomy. Taking advantage of the properties of <a href="/wiki/Absorbance" title="Absorbance">absorbance</a> and with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomy_emission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astronomy emission (page does not exist)">astronomy emission</a>, spectroscopy can be used to identify certain states of nature. The uses of spectroscopy in so many different fields and for so many different applications has caused specialty scientific subfields. Such examples include: </p> <ul><li>Determining the atomic structure of a sample<sup id="cite_ref-Bowers_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowers-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Studying spectral emission lines of the sun and distant galaxies<sup id="cite_ref-Brand_57_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brand_57-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Space exploration</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cure_monitoring" class="mw-redirect" title="Cure monitoring">Cure monitoring</a> of <a href="/wiki/Composite_material" title="Composite material">composites</a> using <a href="/wiki/Optical_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical fibers">optical fibers</a>.</li> <li>Estimating weathered wood exposure times using near infrared spectroscopy.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Measurement of different compounds in <a href="/wiki/Food_sampling" title="Food sampling">food samples</a> by absorption spectroscopy both in visible and infrared spectrum.</li> <li>Measurement of toxic compounds in blood samples</li> <li>Non-destructive elemental analysis by <a href="/wiki/X-ray_fluorescence" title="X-ray fluorescence">X-ray fluorescence</a>.</li> <li>Electronic structure research with various spectroscopes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshift" title="Redshift">Redshift</a> to determine the <a href="/wiki/Speed" title="Speed">speed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Velocity" title="Velocity">velocity</a> of a distant object</li> <li>Determining the metabolic structure of a muscle</li> <li>Monitoring dissolved oxygen content in freshwater and marine ecosystems</li> <li>Altering the structure of drugs to improve effectiveness</li> <li>Characterization of proteins</li> <li>Respiratory gas analysis in hospitals<sup id="cite_ref-auto_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Finding the physical properties of a distant star or nearby exoplanet using the <a href="/wiki/Relativistic_Doppler_effect" title="Relativistic Doppler effect">Relativistic Doppler effect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-ovo_sexing" title="In-ovo sexing">In-ovo sexing</a>: spectroscopy allows to determine the sex of the egg while it is hatching. Developed by French and German companies, both countries decided to ban <a href="/wiki/Chick_culling" title="Chick culling">chick culling</a>, mostly done through a macerator, in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Process monitoring in <a href="/wiki/Industrial_process_control" title="Industrial process control">Industrial process control</a><sup id="cite_ref-grauluque2021_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grauluque2021-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectroscopy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_spectroscopy" title="History of spectroscopy">History of spectroscopy</a></div> <p>The history of spectroscopy began with <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>'s optics experiments (1666–1672). According to <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fraknoi" title="Andrew Fraknoi">Andrew Fraknoi</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Morrison_(astrophysicist)" title="David Morrison (astrophysicist)">David Morrison</a>, "In 1672, in the first paper that he submitted to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>, Isaac Newton described an experiment in which he permitted sunlight to pass through a small hole and then through a prism. Newton found that sunlight, which looks white to us, is actually made up of a mixture of all the colors of the rainbow."<sup id="cite_ref-open-astro_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-open-astro-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newton applied the word "spectrum" to describe the rainbow of colors that combine to form white light and that are revealed when the white light is passed through a prism. </p><p>Fraknoi and Morrison state that "In 1802, <a href="/wiki/William_Hyde_Wollaston" title="William Hyde Wollaston">William Hyde Wollaston</a> built an improved spectrometer that included a lens to focus the Sun's spectrum on a screen. Upon use, Wollaston realized that the colors were not spread uniformly, but instead had missing patches of colors, which appeared as dark bands in the spectrum."<sup id="cite_ref-open-astro_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-open-astro-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the early 1800s, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_von_Fraunhofer" title="Joseph von Fraunhofer">Joseph von Fraunhofer</a> made experimental advances with dispersive spectrometers that enabled spectroscopy to become a more precise and quantitative scientific technique. Since then, spectroscopy has played and continues to play a significant role in chemistry, physics, and astronomy. Per Fraknoi and Morrison, "Later, in 1815, German physicist Joseph Fraunhofer also examined the solar spectrum, and found about 600 such dark lines (missing colors), are now known as Fraunhofer lines, or Absorption lines."<sup id="cite_ref-open-astro_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-open-astro-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (November 2020)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In quantum mechanical systems, the analogous resonance is a coupling of two quantum mechanical <a href="/wiki/Stationary_state" title="Stationary state">stationary states</a> of one system, such as an <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a>, via an oscillatory source of energy such as a <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photon</a>. The coupling of the two states is strongest when the energy of the source matches the energy difference between the two states. The energy <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">E</span> of a photon is related to its frequency <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">ν</span> by <span class="texhtml"><i>E</i> = <i>hν</i></span> where <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">h</span> is the <a href="/wiki/Planck_constant" title="Planck constant">Planck constant</a>, and so a spectrum of the system response vs. photon frequency will peak at the resonant frequency or energy. Particles such as <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a> have a comparable relationship, the <a href="/wiki/De_Broglie_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="De Broglie relations">de Broglie relations</a>, between their kinetic energy and their wavelength and frequency and therefore can also excite resonant interactions. </p><p>Spectra of atoms and molecules often consist of a series of spectral lines, each one representing a resonance between two different quantum states. The explanation of these series, and the spectral patterns associated with them, were one of the experimental enigmas that drove the development and acceptance of quantum mechanics. The <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_spectral_series" title="Hydrogen spectral series">hydrogen spectral series</a> in particular was first successfully explained by the <a href="/wiki/Bohr_model" title="Bohr model">Rutherford–Bohr quantum model</a> of the hydrogen atom. In some cases spectral lines are well separated and distinguishable, but spectral lines can also overlap and appear to be a single transition if the <a href="/wiki/Density_of_states" title="Density of states">density of energy states</a> is high enough. Named series of lines include the <a href="/wiki/Principal_series_(spectroscopy)" title="Principal series (spectroscopy)">principal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharp_series" title="Sharp series">sharp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diffuse_series" title="Diffuse series">diffuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_series" title="Fundamental series">fundamental series</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectroscopy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_spectroscopy" title="Applied spectroscopy">Applied spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_spectroscopy" title="Astronomical spectroscopy">Astronomical spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_spectroscopy" title="Atomic spectroscopy">Atomic spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_spectroscopy" title="Biomedical spectroscopy">Biomedical spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronium" title="Coronium">Coronium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Lowater" title="Frances Lowater">Frances Lowater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least-squares_spectral_analysis" title="Least-squares spectral analysis">Least-squares spectral analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spectroscopists" title="List of spectroscopists">List of spectroscopists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamerism_(color)" title="Metamerism (color)">Metamerism (color)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operando_spectroscopy" title="Operando spectroscopy">Operando spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattering_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Scattering theory">Scattering theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line_ratios" title="Spectral line ratios">Spectral line ratios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_power_distribution" title="Spectral power distribution">Spectral power distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_theory" title="Spectral theory">Spectral theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopic_notation" title="Spectroscopic notation">Spectroscopic notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telluric_contamination" title="Telluric contamination">Telluric contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtually_imaged_phased_array" title="Virtually imaged phased array">Virtually imaged phased array</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectroscopy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDuckettGilbert2000" class="citation book cs1">Duckett, Simon; Gilbert, Bruce (2000). <i>Foundations of Spectroscopy</i>. 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"Amplified wavelength–time transformation for real-time spectroscopy". <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Photonics" title="Nature Photonics">Nature Photonics</a></i>. <b>2</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">48–</span>51. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008NaPho...2...48S">2008NaPho...2...48S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnphoton.2007.253">10.1038/nphoton.2007.253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Photonics&rft.atitle=Amplified+wavelength%E2%80%93time+transformation+for+real-time+spectroscopy&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E48-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnphoton.2007.253&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008NaPho...2...48S&rft.aulast=Solli&rft.aufirst=D.+R.&rft.au=Chou%2C+J.&rft.au=Jalali%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpectroscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChouSolliJalali2008" class="citation journal cs1">Chou, Jason; Solli, Daniel R.; Jalali, Bahram (2008). "Real-time spectroscopy with subgigahertz resolution using amplified dispersive Fourier transformation". <i><a href="/wiki/Applied_Physics_Letters" title="Applied Physics Letters">Applied Physics Letters</a></i>. <b>92</b> (11): 111102. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0803.1654">0803.1654</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ApPhL..92k1102C">2008ApPhL..92k1102C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2896652">10.1063/1.2896652</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53056467">53056467</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Physics+Letters&rft.atitle=Real-time+spectroscopy+with+subgigahertz+resolution+using+amplified+dispersive+Fourier+transformation&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=111102&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0803.1654&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53056467%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.2896652&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008ApPhL..92k1102C&rft.aulast=Chou&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft.au=Solli%2C+Daniel+R.&rft.au=Jalali%2C+Bahram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpectroscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eso.org/public/announcements/ann13066/">"Media advisory: Press Conference to Announce Major Result from Brazilian Astronomers"</a>. <i>ESO Announcement</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"The Relativistic Doppler Effect". <i>Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada</i>. <b>62</b>: 105. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968JRASC..62..105S">1968JRASC..62..105S</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society+of+Canada&rft.atitle=The+Relativistic+Doppler+Effect&rft.volume=62&rft.pages=105&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1968JRASC..62..105S&rft.aulast=Sher&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpectroscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsendip.com/germany-and-france-will-stop-chick-culling/">"Germany and France Will Stop Chick Culling"</a>. 22 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Germany+and+France+Will+Stop+Chick+Culling&rft.date=2021-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsendip.com%2Fgermany-and-france-will-stop-chick-culling%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpectroscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grauluque2021-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-grauluque2021_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrau-LuqueGucBecerril-RomeroIzquierdo-Roca2022" class="citation journal cs1">Grau-Luque, Enric; Guc, Maxim; Becerril-Romero, Ignacio; Izquierdo-Roca, Víctor; Pérez-Rodríguez, Alejandro; Bolt, Pieter; Van den Bruele, Fieke; Ruhle, Ulfert (March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pip.3478">"Thickness evaluation of AlO x barrier layers for encapsulation of flexible PV modules in industrial environments by normal reflectance and machine learning"</a>. <i>Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications</i>. <b>30</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">229–</span>239. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fpip.3478">10.1002/pip.3478</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1062-7995">1062-7995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Photovoltaics%3A+Research+and+Applications&rft.atitle=Thickness+evaluation+of+AlO+x+barrier+layers+for+encapsulation+of+flexible+PV+modules+in+industrial+environments+by+normal+reflectance+and+machine+learning&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E229-%3C%2Fspan%3E239&rft.date=2022-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fpip.3478&rft.issn=1062-7995&rft.aulast=Grau-Luque&rft.aufirst=Enric&rft.au=Guc%2C+Maxim&rft.au=Becerril-Romero%2C+Ignacio&rft.au=Izquierdo-Roca%2C+V%C3%ADctor&rft.au=P%C3%A9rez-Rodr%C3%ADguez%2C+Alejandro&rft.au=Bolt%2C+Pieter&rft.au=Van+den+Bruele%2C+Fieke&rft.au=Ruhle%2C+Ulfert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1002%2Fpip.3478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpectroscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-open-astro-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-open-astro_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-open-astro_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-open-astro_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_FraknoiDavid_Morrison2016" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fraknoi" title="Andrew Fraknoi">Andrew Fraknoi</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Morrison_(astrophysicist)" title="David Morrison (astrophysicist)">David Morrison</a> (October 13, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cnx.org/content/col11992/latest/">"OpenStax Astronomy"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OpenStax+Astronomy&rft.date=2016-10-13&rft.au=Andrew+Fraknoi&rft.au=David+Morrison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcnx.org%2Fcontent%2Fcol11992%2Flatest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpectroscopy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectroscopy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_M._ChalmersPeter_Griffiths2006" class="citation book cs1">John M. Chalmers; Peter Griffiths, eds. (2006). <i>Handbook of Vibrational Spectroscopy</i>. New York: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F0470027320">10.1002/0470027320</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-98847-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-98847-2"><bdi>978-0-471-98847-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Vibrational+Spectroscopy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F0470027320&rft.isbn=978-0-471-98847-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpectroscopy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerry_WorkmanArt_Springsteen1998" class="citation book cs1">Jerry Workman; Art Springsteen, eds. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OzAnX25h4soC&pg=PR4"><i>Applied Spectroscopy</i></a>. Boston: Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-052749-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-052749-9"><bdi>978-0-08-052749-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Applied+Spectroscopy&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-08-052749-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOzAnX25h4soC%26pg%3DPR4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpectroscopy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_M._Skrabal2012" class="citation book cs1">Peter M. Skrabal (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vdf.ch/index.php?route=product/search&search=skrabal"><i>Spectroscopy - An interdisciplinary integral description of spectroscopy from UV to NMR</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(e-book)</span>. ETH Zurich: vdf Hochschulverlag AG. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3218%2F3385-4">10.3218/3385-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7281-3385-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7281-3385-4"><bdi>978-3-7281-3385-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244026324">244026324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spectroscopy+-+An+interdisciplinary+integral+description+of+spectroscopy+from+UV+to+NMR&rft.place=ETH+Zurich&rft.pub=vdf+Hochschulverlag+AG&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244026324%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3218%2F3385-4&rft.isbn=978-3-7281-3385-4&rft.au=Peter+M.+Skrabal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvdf.ch%2Findex.php%3Froute%3Dproduct%2Fsearch%26search%3Dskrabal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpectroscopy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectroscopy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chemical_formulae" title="Glossary of chemical formulae">Glossary of chemical formulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biomolecules" title="List of biomolecules">List of biomolecules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inorganic_compounds" title="List of inorganic compounds">List of inorganic compounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analytical_chemistry" title="Analytical chemistry">Analytical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_chemistry" title="Instrumental chemistry">Instrumental chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroanalytical_methods" title="Electroanalytical methods">Electroanalytical methods</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spectroscopy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">IR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_spectroscopy" title="Raman spectroscopy">Raman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet%E2%80%93visible_spectroscopy" title="Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy">UV-Vis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy">NMR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">Mass spectrometry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron_ionization" title="Electron ionization">EI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductively_coupled_plasma_mass_spectrometry" title="Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry">ICP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization" title="Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization">MALDI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_process" title="Separation process">Separation process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chromatography" title="Gas chromatography">GC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_liquid_chromatography" title="High-performance liquid chromatography">HPLC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallography" title="Crystallography">Crystallography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Characterization_(materials_science)" title="Characterization (materials science)">Characterization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titration" title="Titration">Titration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_chemistry" title="Wet chemistry">Wet chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calorimetry" title="Calorimetry">Calorimetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental_analysis" title="Elemental analysis">Elemental analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_chemistry" title="Theoretical chemistry">Theoretical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_chemistry" title="Quantum chemistry">Quantum chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">Computational chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_chemistry" title="Mathematical chemistry">Mathematical chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_modelling" title="Molecular modelling">Molecular modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_mechanics" title="Molecular mechanics">Molecular mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_dynamics" title="Molecular dynamics">Molecular dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_geometry" title="Molecular geometry">Molecular geometry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VSEPR_theory" title="VSEPR theory">VSEPR theory</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">Electrochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spectroelectrochemistry" title="Spectroelectrochemistry">Spectroelectrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoelectrochemistry" title="Photoelectrochemistry">Photoelectrochemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermochemistry" title="Thermochemistry">Thermochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_thermodynamics" title="Chemical thermodynamics">Chemical thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_science" title="Surface science">Surface science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interface_and_colloid_science" title="Interface and colloid science">Interface and colloid science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micromeritics" title="Micromeritics">Micromeritics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryochemistry" title="Cryochemistry">Cryochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonochemistry" title="Sonochemistry">Sonochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_chemistry" title="Structural chemistry">Structural chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_physics" title="Chemical physics">Chemical physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_physics" title="Molecular physics">Molecular physics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femtochemistry" title="Femtochemistry">Femtochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_kinetics" title="Chemical kinetics">Chemical kinetics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photochemistry" title="Photochemistry">Photochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_chemistry" title="Spin chemistry">Spin chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_chemistry" title="Microwave chemistry">Microwave chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_chemistry" title="Equilibrium chemistry">Equilibrium chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanochemistry" title="Mechanochemistry">Mechanochemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry" title="Inorganic chemistry">Inorganic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordination_complex" title="Coordination complex">Coordination chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetochemistry" title="Magnetochemistry">Magnetochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organometallic_chemistry" title="Organometallic chemistry">Organometallic chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organolanthanide_chemistry" title="Organolanthanide chemistry">Organolanthanide chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom_cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom cluster">Cluster chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_chemistry" title="Solid-state chemistry">Solid-state chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramic chemistry">Ceramic chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereochemistry" title="Stereochemistry">Stereochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkane_stereochemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkane stereochemistry">Alkane stereochemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_organic_chemistry" title="Physical organic chemistry">Physical organic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic reactions">Organic reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">Organic synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrosynthetic_analysis" title="Retrosynthetic analysis">Retrosynthetic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enantioselective_synthesis" title="Enantioselective synthesis">Enantioselective synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_synthesis" title="Total synthesis">Total synthesis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Semisynthesis" title="Semisynthesis">Semisynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fullerene_chemistry" title="Fullerene chemistry">Fullerene chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_chemistry" title="Polymer chemistry">Polymer chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrochemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrochemistry">Petrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_covalent_chemistry" title="Dynamic covalent chemistry">Dynamic covalent chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cell biology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_biology" title="Chemical biology">Chemical biology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioorthogonal_chemistry" title="Bioorthogonal chemistry">Bioorthogonal chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_chemistry" title="Medicinal chemistry">Medicinal chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurochemistry" title="Neurochemistry">Neurochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioorganic_chemistry" title="Bioorganic chemistry">Bioorganic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioorganometallic_chemistry" title="Bioorganometallic chemistry">Bioorganometallic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinorganic_chemistry" title="Bioinorganic chemistry">Bioinorganic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysical_chemistry" title="Biophysical chemistry">Biophysical chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">Interdisciplinarity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_chemistry" title="Nuclear chemistry">Nuclear chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiochemistry" title="Radiochemistry">Radiochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_chemistry" title="Radiation chemistry">Radiation chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide_chemistry" title="Actinide chemistry">Actinide chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmochemistry" title="Cosmochemistry">Cosmochemistry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stellar_chemistry" title="Stellar chemistry">Stellar chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">Geochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemistry" title="Biogeochemistry">Biogeochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogeochemistry" title="Photogeochemistry">Photogeochemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_chemistry" title="Environmental chemistry">Environmental chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Atmospheric chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean chemistry">Ocean chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_chemistry" title="Clay chemistry">Clay chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbochemistry" title="Carbochemistry">Carbochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">Food chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbohydrate chemistry">Carbohydrate chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_physical_chemistry" title="Food physical chemistry">Food physical chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_chemistry" title="Agricultural chemistry">Agricultural chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_chemistry" title="Soil chemistry">Soil chemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemistry_education" title="Chemistry education">Chemistry education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_chemistry" title="Amateur chemistry">Amateur chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_chemistry" title="General chemistry">General chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clandestine_chemistry" title="Clandestine chemistry">Clandestine chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_chemistry" title="Forensic chemistry">Forensic chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_toxicology" title="Forensic toxicology">Forensic toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_chemistry" title="Post-mortem chemistry">Post-mortem chemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanochemistry" title="Nanochemistry">Nanochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supramolecular_chemistry" title="Supramolecular chemistry">Supramolecular chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">Chemical synthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_chemistry" title="Green chemistry">Green chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Click_chemistry" title="Click chemistry">Click chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combinatorial_chemistry" title="Combinatorial chemistry">Combinatorial chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">Biosynthesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">Stoichiometry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_engineering" title="Ceramic engineering">Ceramic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_science" title="Polymer science">Polymer science</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_chemistry" title="History of chemistry">History of chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemistry" title="Timeline of chemistry">Timeline of chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">of element discoveries</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_central_science" title="The central science">The central science</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">Chemical reaction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">Catalysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Chemical element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">Chemical compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">Ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">Chemical substance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">Chemical bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemistry" title="Category:Chemistry">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chemistry" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chemistry">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Concepts_in_organic_chemistry33" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organic_chemistry" title="Template:Organic chemistry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organic_chemistry" title="Template talk:Organic chemistry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organic_chemistry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organic chemistry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Concepts_in_organic_chemistry33" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Concepts in <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromaticity" title="Aromaticity">Aromaticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">Covalent bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_group" title="Functional group">Functional groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_organic_chemistry" title="IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry">Nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">Organic compounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_reaction" title="Organic reaction">Organic reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">Organic synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_chemistry#Organic_chemistry" title="List of important publications in chemistry">Publications</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereochemistry" title="Stereochemistry">Stereochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organic_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="List of organic compounds">List of organic compounds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lasers281" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lasers" title="Template:Lasers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lasers" title="Template talk:Lasers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lasers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lasers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lasers281" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">Lasers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_laser_articles" title="List of laser articles">List of laser articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_laser_types" title="List of laser types">List of laser types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_laser_applications" title="List of laser applications">List of laser applications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_acronyms" title="Laser acronyms">Laser acronyms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of lasers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_laser" title="Chemical laser">Chemical laser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dye_laser" title="Dye laser">Dye laser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_laser" title="Bubble laser">Bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_laser" title="Liquid-crystal laser">Liquid-crystal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_laser" title="Gas laser">Gas laser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_laser" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide laser">Carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excimer_laser" title="Excimer laser">Excimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium%E2%80%93neon_laser" title="Helium–neon laser">Helium–neon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_laser" title="Ion laser">Ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_laser" title="Nitrogen laser">Nitrogen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-electron_laser" title="Free-electron laser">Free-electron laser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_diode" title="Laser diode">Laser diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_laser" title="Solid-state laser">Solid-state laser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Er:YAG_laser" title="Er:YAG laser">Er:YAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nd:YAG_laser" title="Nd:YAG laser">Nd:YAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_laser" title="Raman laser">Raman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_laser" title="Ruby laser">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ti-sapphire_laser" class="mw-redirect" title="Ti-sapphire laser">Ti-sapphire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_laser" title="X-ray laser">X-ray laser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Laser_science" title="Laser science">Laser physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_laser_medium" title="Active laser medium">Active laser medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amplified_spontaneous_emission" title="Amplified spontaneous emission">Amplified spontaneous emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_wave" title="Continuous wave">Continuous wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_ablation" title="Laser ablation">Laser ablation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_linewidth" title="Laser linewidth">Laser linewidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasing_threshold" title="Lasing threshold">Lasing threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_inversion" title="Population inversion">Population inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrashort_pulse_laser" title="Ultrashort pulse laser">Ultrashort pulse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laser optics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_expander" title="Beam expander">Beam expander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_homogenizer" title="Beam homogenizer">Beam homogenizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirped_pulse_amplification" title="Chirped pulse amplification">Chirped pulse amplification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gain-switching" title="Gain-switching">Gain-switching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaussian_beam" title="Gaussian beam">Gaussian beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injection_seeder" title="Injection seeder">Injection seeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_beam_profiler" title="Laser beam profiler">Laser beam profiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M_squared" title="M squared">M squared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_locking" title="Mode locking">Mode locking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple-prism_grating_laser_oscillator" title="Multiple-prism grating laser oscillator">Multiple-prism grating laser oscillator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_amplifier" title="Optical amplifier">Optical amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_cavity" title="Optical cavity">Optical cavity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_isolator" title="Optical isolator">Optical isolator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Output_coupler" title="Output coupler">Output coupler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-switching" title="Q-switching">Q-switching</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Lasers" title="Category:Lasers">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spectroscopy375" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Branches_of_spectroscopy" title="Template:Branches of spectroscopy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Branches_of_spectroscopy" title="Template talk:Branches of spectroscopy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Branches_of_spectroscopy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Branches of spectroscopy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spectroscopy375" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spectroscopy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">Vibrational (IR)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourier-transform_infrared_spectroscopy" title="Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy">FT-IR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_spectroscopy" title="Raman spectroscopy">Raman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resonance_Raman_spectroscopy" title="Resonance Raman spectroscopy">Resonance Raman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotational_spectroscopy" title="Rotational spectroscopy">Rotational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotational%E2%80%93vibrational_spectroscopy" title="Rotational–vibrational spectroscopy">Rotational–vibrational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_vibration" title="Molecular vibration">Vibrational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibrational_circular_dichroism" title="Vibrational circular dichroism">Vibrational circular dichroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_resonance_vibrational_spectroscopy" title="Nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy">Nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibrational_spectroscopy_of_linear_molecules" title="Vibrational spectroscopy of linear molecules">Vibrational spectroscopy of linear molecules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_infrared_spectroscopy" title="Thermal infrared spectroscopy">Thermal infrared spectroscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">UV–Vis–NIR "Optical"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet%E2%80%93visible_spectroscopy" title="Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy">Ultraviolet–visible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_spectroscopy" title="Fluorescence spectroscopy">Fluorescence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_vapour_atomic_fluorescence_spectroscopy" title="Cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectroscopy">Cold vapour atomic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibronic_spectroscopy" title="Vibronic spectroscopy">Vibronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-infrared_spectroscopy" title="Near-infrared spectroscopy">Near-infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resonance-enhanced_multiphoton_ionization" title="Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization">Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization</a> (REMPI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_spectroscopy" title="Raman spectroscopy">Raman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coherent_anti-Stokes_Raman_spectroscopy" title="Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy">Coherent anti-Stokes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_optical_activity" title="Raman optical activity">Raman optical activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser-induced_breakdown_spectroscopy" title="Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy">Laser-induced breakdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_spectroscopy" title="Atomic spectroscopy">Atomic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_emission_spectroscopy" title="Atomic emission spectroscopy">emission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glow-discharge_optical_emission_spectroscopy" title="Glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy">Glow-discharge optical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_absorption_spectroscopy" title="Atomic absorption spectroscopy">absorption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavity_ring-down_spectroscopy" title="Cavity ring-down spectroscopy">Cavity ring-down spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturated_absorption_spectroscopy" title="Saturated absorption spectroscopy">Saturated absorption spectroscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">X-ray and Gamma ray</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_spectroscopy" title="X-ray spectroscopy">X-ray</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy-dispersive_X-ray_spectroscopy" title="Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy">Energy-dispersive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_emission_spectroscopy" title="X-ray emission spectroscopy">Emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_X-ray_absorption_fine_structure" title="Extended X-ray absorption fine structure">Extended X-ray absorption fine structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_spectroscopy" title="Gamma spectroscopy">Gamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ssbauer_spectroscopy" title="Mössbauer spectroscopy">Mössbauer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_electron_M%C3%B6ssbauer_spectroscopy" title="Conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy">Conversion electron</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electron</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photoemission_spectroscopy" title="Photoemission spectroscopy">Photoelectron/photoemission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy" title="X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy">X-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_photoelectron_spectroscopy" title="Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy">UV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle-resolved_photoemission_spectroscopy" title="Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy">Angle-resolved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-photon_photoelectron_spectroscopy" title="Two-photon photoelectron spectroscopy">Two-photon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auger_electron_spectroscopy" title="Auger electron spectroscopy">Auger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_phenomenological_spectroscopy" title="Electron phenomenological spectroscopy">phenomenological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_paramagnetic_resonance" title="Electron paramagnetic resonance">paramagnetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta spectroscopy">Beta spectroscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nucleon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-particle_spectroscopy" title="Alpha-particle spectroscopy">Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inelastic_neutron_scattering" class="mw-redirect" title="Inelastic neutron scattering">Inelastic neutron scattering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_spin_echo" title="Neutron spin echo">Neutron spin echo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radiowave</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy">NMR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two-dimensional_nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy" title="Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy">2D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terahertz_spectroscopy_and_technology" title="Terahertz spectroscopy and technology">Terahertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_paramagnetic_resonance" title="Electron paramagnetic resonance">ESR/EPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetic_resonance" title="Ferromagnetic resonance">Ferromagnetic resonance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Data collection, processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourier-transform_spectroscopy" title="Fourier-transform spectroscopy">Fourier-transform spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperspectral_imaging" title="Hyperspectral imaging">Hyperspectral imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrophotometry" title="Spectrophotometry">Spectrophotometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_stretch_analog-to-digital_converter" class="mw-redirect" title="Time stretch analog-to-digital converter">Time-stretch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-resolved_spectroscopy" title="Time-resolved spectroscopy">Time-resolved spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_spectroscopy" title="Video spectroscopy">Video spectroscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measured phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_resonance_spectroscopy" title="Acoustic resonance spectroscopy">Acoustic resonance spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_dichroism" title="Circular dichroism">Circular dichroism spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-level_transient_spectroscopy" title="Deep-level transient spectroscopy">Deep-level transient spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual-polarization_interferometry" title="Dual-polarization interferometry">Dual-polarization interferometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadron_spectroscopy" title="Hadron spectroscopy">Hadron spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inelastic_electron_tunneling_spectroscopy" title="Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy">Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_spectroscopy" title="Scanning tunneling spectroscopy">Scanning tunneling spectroscopy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoacoustic_spectroscopy" title="Photoacoustic spectroscopy">Photoacoustic spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photothermal_spectroscopy" title="Photothermal spectroscopy">Photothermal spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump%E2%80%93probe_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pump–probe spectroscopy">Pump–probe spectroscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_spectroscopy" title="Astronomical spectroscopy">Astronomical spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_spectroscopy" title="Force spectroscopy">Force spectroscopy</a> (a misnomer)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Spectroscopy" title="Category:Spectroscopy">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Spectroscopy" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Spectroscopy">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Molecules_detected_in_outer_space800" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Template:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Template talk:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Molecules_detected_in_outer_space800" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Molecules detected in outer space</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_molecule" title="Diatomic molecule">Diatomic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monochloride" title="Aluminium monochloride">Aluminium monochloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monofluoride" title="Aluminium monofluoride">Aluminium monofluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(II)_oxide" title="Aluminium(II) oxide">Aluminium(II) oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argonium" title="Argonium">Argonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon cation">Carbon cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monophosphide" title="Carbon monophosphide">Carbon monophosphide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monosulfide" title="Carbon monosulfide">Carbon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyano_radical" title="Cyano radical">Cyano radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_carbon" title="Diatomic carbon">Diatomic carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoromethylidynium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluoromethylidynium (page does not exist)">Fluoromethylidynium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_hydride_ion" title="Helium hydride ion">Helium hydride ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">Hydrogen chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">Hydrogen fluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">Hydroxyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidogen" title="Imidogen">Imidogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">Iron(II) oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_monohydride" title="Magnesium monohydride">Magnesium monohydride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylidyne_radical" title="Methylidyne radical">Methylidyne radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_monoxide" title="Phosphorus monoxide">Phosphorus monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_mononitride" title="Phosphorus mononitride">Phosphorus mononitride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">Potassium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">Silicon carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monoxide" title="Silicon monoxide">Silicon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monosulfide" title="Silicon monosulfide">Silicon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Sodium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_iodide" title="Sodium iodide">Sodium iodide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfanyl" title="Sulfanyl">Sulfanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_mononitride" title="Sulfur mononitride">Sulfur mononitride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_monoxide" title="Sulfur monoxide">Sulfur monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(II)_oxide" title="Titanium(II) oxide">Titanium(II) oxide</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/60px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/90px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/120px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="441" /></a></span> <br /><br /><br /><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/60px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/90px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/120px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="754" /></a></span> <br /><br /><br /><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/60px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/90px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/120px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triatomic_molecule" title="Triatomic molecule">Triatomic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(I)_hydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium(I) hydroxide">Aluminium(I) hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aluminium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Aluminium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amino_radical" title="Amino radical">Amino radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_sulfide" title="Carbonyl sulfide">Carbonyl sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CCP_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CCP radical (page does not exist)">CCP radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halonium_ion" title="Halonium ion">Chloronium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">Diazenylium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicarbon_monoxide" title="Dicarbon monoxide">Dicarbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disilicon_carbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disilicon carbide (page does not exist)">Disilicon carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethynyl_radical" title="Ethynyl radical">Ethynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formyl radical (page does not exist)">Formyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a> (HCN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide</a> (HNC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroperoxyl" title="Hydroperoxyl">Hydroperoxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_cyanide" title="Iron(II) cyanide">Iron cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isoformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isoformyl (page does not exist)">Isoformyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_cyanide" title="Magnesium cyanide">Magnesium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnesium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Magnesium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylene_(compound)" title="Methylene (compound)">Methylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylidynephosphane" title="Methylidynephosphane">Methylidynephosphane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">N<sub>2</sub>H<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroxyl" title="Nitroxyl">Nitroxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_cyanide" title="Potassium cyanide">Potassium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyanide" title="Sodium cyanide">Sodium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">Sodium hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbonitride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon carbonitride (page does not exist)">Silicon carbonitride</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C-Silicon_dicarbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C-Silicon dicarbide (page does not exist)">c-Silicon dicarbide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SiNC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SiNC (page does not exist)">SiNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thioformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thioformyl (page does not exist)">Thioformyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioxoethenylidene" title="Thioxoethenylidene">Thioxoethenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">Titanium dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon" title="Tricarbon">Tricarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Trihydrogen cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Four<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">Acetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Cyanoethynyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_formaldehyde" title="Interstellar formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulminic_acid" title="Fulminic acid">Fulminic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HCCN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HCCN (page does not exist)">HCCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">Hydrogen peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydromagnesium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydromagnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Hydromagnesium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocyanic_acid" title="Isocyanic acid">Isocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Isothiocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketenyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketenyl (page does not exist)">Ketenyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl cation">Methyl cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_radical" title="Methyl radical">Methyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylene_amidogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylene amidogen (page does not exist)">Methylene amidogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propynylidyne" title="Propynylidyne">Propynylidyne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_carbon_dioxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated carbon dioxide (page does not exist)">Protonated carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protonated_hydrogen_cyanide" title="Protonated hydrogen cyanide">Protonated hydrogen cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_tricarbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon tricarbide (page does not exist)">Silicon tricarbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Thiocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioformaldehyde" title="Thioformaldehyde">Thioformaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_monosulfide" title="Tricarbon monosulfide">Tricarbon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_monoxide" title="Tricarbon monoxide">Tricarbon monoxide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Five<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium</a> ion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Butadiynyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbodiimide" title="Carbodiimide">Carbodiimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanamide" title="Cyanamide">Cyanamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanoacetylene" title="Cyanoacetylene">Cyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanoformaldehyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanoformaldehyde (page does not exist)">Cyanoformaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanomethyl" title="Cyanomethyl">Cyanomethyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropenylidene" title="Cyclopropenylidene">Cyclopropenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formic_acid" title="Formic acid">Formic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isocyanoacetylene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isocyanoacetylene (page does not exist)">Isocyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketene" title="Ketene">Ketene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">Methane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Methoxy">Methoxy radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylenimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylenimine (page does not exist)">Methylenimine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propadienylidene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propadienylidene (page does not exist)">Propadienylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_formaldehyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated formaldehyde (page does not exist)">Protonated formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silane" title="Silane">Silane</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon-carbide_cluster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon-carbide cluster (page does not exist)">Silicon-carbide cluster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Six<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetonitrile" title="Acetonitrile">Acetonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanobutadiynyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanobutadiynyl radical (page does not exist)">Cyanobutadiynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropenone" title="Cyclopropenone">Cyclopropenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacetylene" title="Diacetylene">Diacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-Cyanomethanimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E-Cyanomethanimine (page does not exist)">E-Cyanomethanimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">Ethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formamide" title="Formamide">Formamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HC4N&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HC4N (page does not exist)">HC<sub>4</sub>N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketenimine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketenimine">Ketenimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanethiol" title="Methanethiol">Methanethiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanide" title="Methyl isocyanide">Methyl isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Pentynylidyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propynal" class="mw-redirect" title="Propynal">Propynal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_cyanoacetylene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated cyanoacetylene (page does not exist)">Protonated cyanoacetylene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Seven<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">Acetaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile" title="Acrylonitrile">Acrylonitrile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_cyanide" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl cyanide">Vinyl cyanide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanodiacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_oxide" title="Ethylene oxide">Ethylene oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycolonitrile" title="Glycolonitrile">Glycolonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexatriynyl_radical" title="Hexatriynyl radical">Hexatriynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanate" title="Methyl isocyanate">Methyl isocyanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylamine" title="Methylamine">Methylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Propyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_alcohol" title="Vinyl alcohol">Vinyl alcohol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Eight<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">Acetic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">Acrolein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminoacetonitrile" title="Aminoacetonitrile">Aminoacetonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanoallene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanoallene (page does not exist)">Cyanoallene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanimine" title="Ethanimine">Ethanimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycolaldehyde" title="Glycolaldehyde">Glycolaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Hexapentaenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_formate" title="Methyl formate">Methyl formate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methylcyanoacetylene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Nine<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetamide" title="Acetamide">Acetamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanohexatriyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_ether" title="Dimethyl ether">Dimethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanethiol" title="Ethanethiol">Ethanethiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyldiacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylformamide" title="N-Methylformamide">N-Methylformamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octatetraynyl_radical" title="Octatetraynyl radical">Octatetraynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propene" class="mw-redirect" title="Propene">Propene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propionitrile" title="Propionitrile">Propionitrile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Ten<br />atoms<br />or more</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">Acetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">Benzene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzonitrile" title="Benzonitrile">Benzonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene">Buckminsterfullerene</a> (C<sub>60</sub>, C<sub>60</sub><sup>+</sup>, fullerene, buckyball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyronitrile" title="Butyronitrile">Butyronitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C70_fullerene" title="C70 fullerene">C<sub>70</sub> fullerene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanodecapentayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_formate" title="Ethyl formate">Ethyl formate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol" title="Ethylene glycol">Ethylene glycol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heptatrienyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heptatrienyl radical (page does not exist)">Heptatrienyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_acetate" title="Methyl acetate">Methyl acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Methyl-cyano-diacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyltriacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propionaldehyde" title="Propionaldehyde">Propionaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine" title="Pyrimidine">Pyrimidine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">Deuterated</a><br />molecules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium</a> ion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_formaldehyde#Interstellar_reactions" title="Interstellar formaldehyde">Formyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">Heavy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_deuteride" title="Hydrogen deuteride">Hydrogen deuteride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">N<sub>2</sub>D<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Propyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Trihydrogen cation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Unconfirmed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthracene" title="Anthracene">Anthracene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroxyacetone" title="Dihydroxyacetone">Dihydroxyacetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">Graphene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H2NCO%2B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H2NCO+ (page does not exist)">H<sub>2</sub>NCO<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolithin" title="Hemolithin">Hemolithin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Linear C<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyethane" title="Methoxyethane">Methoxyethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphthalene" title="Naphthalene">Naphthalene cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">Phosphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrene" title="Pyrene">Pyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silylidyne" title="Silylidyne">Silylidyne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#See_also" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_and_molecular_astrophysics" title="Atomic and molecular astrophysics">Atomic and molecular astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_dust" title="Circumstellar dust">Circumstellar dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">Cosmic ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmochemistry" title="Cosmochemistry">Cosmochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_interstellar_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffuse interstellar band">Diffuse interstellar band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">Extraterrestrial life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_mechanism" title="Forbidden mechanism">Forbidden mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homochirality" title="Homochirality">Homochirality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_dust" title="Intergalactic dust">Intergalactic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interplanetary medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93sulfur_world_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron–sulfur world theory">Iron–sulfur world theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerogen" title="Kerogen">Kerogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecules_in_stars" title="Molecules in stars">Molecules in stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science" title="Nexus for Exoplanet System Science">Nexus for Exoplanet System Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">Organic compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAH_world_hypothesis" title="PAH world hypothesis">PAH world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodissociation_region" title="Photodissociation region">Photodissociation region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon</a> (PAH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-panspermia" title="Pseudo-panspermia">Pseudo-panspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA_world_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA world hypothesis">RNA world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">Tholin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a 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