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<span>Bonding</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bonding-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bonding subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bonding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Covalent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Covalent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Covalent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Covalent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ionic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ionic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ionic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ionic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molecular_size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molecular_size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Molecular size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molecular_size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molecular_formulas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molecular_formulas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Molecular formulas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Molecular_formulas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Molecular formulas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Molecular_formulas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chemical_formula_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_formula_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Chemical formula types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_formula_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structural_formula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structural_formula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Structural formula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structural_formula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molecular_geometry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molecular_geometry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Molecular geometry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molecular_geometry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molecular_spectroscopy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molecular_spectroscopy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Molecular spectroscopy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molecular_spectroscopy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theoretical_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theoretical_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Theoretical aspects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theoretical_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Molecule</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 165 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-165" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">165 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekuul" title="Molekuul – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Molekuul" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molek%C3%BCl" title="Molekül – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Molekül" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9E%E1%88%88%E1%8A%AA%E1%8B%8D%E1%88%8D" title="ሞለኪውል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሞለኪውል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="अणु – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="अणु" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemot" title="Gemot – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Gemot" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A1" title="جزيء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جزيء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecula" title="Molecula – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Molecula" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%81" title="অণু – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="অণু" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cula" title="Molécula – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Molécula" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C3%A9kula" title="Molékula – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Molékula" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Molekul" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84" title="مولکول – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مولکول" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%81" title="অণু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অণু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hun-ch%C3%BA" title="Hun-chú – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hun-chú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Молекула – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Молекула" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Малекула – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Малекула" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Малекула – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Малекула" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Molekula" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Молекула – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Молекула" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekui" title="Molekui – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Molekui" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Molekula" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekulenn" title="Molekulenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Molekulenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C3%A8cula" title="Molècula – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Molècula" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Молекула – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Молекула" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Molekula" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Molekula" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleciwl" title="Moleciwl – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Moleciwl" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekyle" title="Molekyle – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Molekyle" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekyla" title="Molekyla – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Molekyla" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molek%C3%BCl" title="Molekül – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Molekül" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Molekul" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Molekul" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Μόριο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μόριο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C3%A8cula" title="Molècula – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Molècula" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cula" title="Molécula – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Molécula" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekulo" title="Molekulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Molekulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cula" title="Molécula – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Molécula" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Molekula" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84" title="مولکول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مولکول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Molecule" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BDl" title="Mýl – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Mýl" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule" title="Molécule – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Molécule" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekule" title="Molekule – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Molekule" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3il%C3%ADn" title="Móilín – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Móilín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-vreneen" title="Co-vreneen – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Co-vreneen" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moileciuil" title="Moileciuil – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Moileciuil" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cula" title="Molécula – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Molécula" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Молекул – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Молекул" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EC%9E%90" title="분자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="분자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC" title="Մոլեկուլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոլեկուլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="अणु – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अणु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Molekul" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Molekula" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Molekul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekulo" title="Molekulo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Molekulo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Molekula" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Molekul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecula" title="Molecula – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Molecula" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecul" title="Molecul – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Molecul" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%C3%A6" title="Молекулæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Молекулæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Molecule" title="I-Molecule – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-Molecule" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imizwayi" title="Imizwayi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Imizwayi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sameind" title="Sameind – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sameind" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecola" title="Molecola – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Molecola" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94" title="מולקולה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מולקולה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Molekul" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%81" title="ಅಣು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಣು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Molekula" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="მოლეკულა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მოლეკულა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%95%D9%88%D9%8E%D9%B9" title="کنٕوَٹ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کنٕوَٹ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Молекула – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Молекула" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekuli" title="Molekuli – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Molekuli" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekil" title="Molekil – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Molekil" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C3%A9kil" title="Molékil – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Molékil" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Molekul" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Молекула – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Молекула" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecula" title="Molecula – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Molecula" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Molekula" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molek%C3%BCll" title="Moleküll – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Moleküll" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul%C4%97" title="Molekulė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Molekulė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecuul" title="Molecuul – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Molecuul" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/xumsle" title="xumsle – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="xumsle" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekyo" title="Molekyo – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Molekyo" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulecula" title="Mulecula – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mulecula" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Molekula" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Молекула – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Молекула" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4lekiola" title="Môlekiola – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Môlekiola" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0" title="തന്മാത്ര – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തന്മാത്ര" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%82" title="रेणू – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रेणू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="მოლეკულა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მოლეკულა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Molekul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%ADng-c%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Hŭng-cṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hŭng-cṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Молекулась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Молекулась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Молекул – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Молекул" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8" title="မော်လီကျူး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မော်လီကျူး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecuul" title="Molecuul – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Molecuul" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="अणु – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अणु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="分子 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="分子" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molek%C3%BC%C3%BCl" title="Moleküül – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Moleküül" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekyl" title="Molekyl – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Molekyl" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekyl" title="Molekyl – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Molekyl" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C3%A9tchule" title="Molétchule – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Molétchule" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekule" title="Molekule – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Molekule" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecula" title="Molecula – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Molecula" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddarroo(molakiyulii)" title="Maddarroo(molakiyulii) – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Maddarroo(molakiyulii)" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Molekula" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%82" title="ਅਣੂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਣੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84" title="مالیکیول – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مالیکیول" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84" title="مالیکول – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مالیکول" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malikyuul" title="Malikyuul – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Malikyuul" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9B" title="ម៉ូលេគុល – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ម៉ូលេគុល" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cola" title="Molécola – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Molécola" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekel" title="Molekel – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Molekel" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molek%C3%BCl" title="Molekül – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Molekül" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cz%C4%85steczka" title="Cząsteczka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cząsteczka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cula" title="Molécula – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Molécula" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Molekula" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecul%C4%83" title="Moleculă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Moleculă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B1uwa" title="Iñuwa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Iñuwa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Молекула – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Молекула" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Молекула – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Молекула" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%A9%D0%BB%D2%AF%D3%A9%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%8D" title="Мөлүөкүлэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Мөлүөкүлэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Molecule" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_:" title="रेणु : – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="रेणु :" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84" title="مالیکیول – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="مالیکیول" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Molecule" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Molekula" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80" title="අණුව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අණුව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Molecule" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84" title="ماليڪيول – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ماليڪيول" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Molekula" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Molekula" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajleczka" title="Tajleczka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Tajleczka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="گەرد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گەرد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Молекул – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Молекул" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Molekul" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Molekul" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekyyli" title="Molekyyli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Molekyyli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekyl" title="Molekyl – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Molekyl" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Molekula" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="மூலக்கூறு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மூலக்கூறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxeclawt" title="Taxeclawt – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Taxeclawt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Молекула – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Молекула" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%A3%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%81" title="అణువు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అణువు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5" title="โมเลกุล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โมเลกุล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Молекула – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Молекула" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A7%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B4%E1%8F%85%E1%8F%93_%E1%8F%A7%E1%8F%99%E1%8F%A2%E1%8F%85" title="ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏙᏢᏅ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏙᏢᏅ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molek%C3%BCl" title="Molekül – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Molekül" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Molekula" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Молекула – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Молекула" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DB%81" title="سالمہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سالمہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%DB%90%D9%83%DB%87%D9%84%D8%A7" title="مولېكۇلا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مولېكۇلا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Molekul" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A2n_t%E1%BB%AD" title="Phân tử – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phân tử" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C3%B5kul" title="Molõkul – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Molõkul" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" 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semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none"> Electrically neutral group of two or more atoms</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Molecule_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Molecule (disambiguation)">Molecule (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PTCDA_AFM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/PTCDA_AFM.jpg/220px-PTCDA_AFM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/PTCDA_AFM.jpg/330px-PTCDA_AFM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/PTCDA_AFM.jpg/440px-PTCDA_AFM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="954" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Atomic_force_microscopy" title="Atomic force microscopy">Atomic force microscopy</a> (AFM) image of a <a href="/wiki/Perylenetetracarboxylic_dianhydride" title="Perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride">PTCDA</a> molecule, in which the five six-carbon rings are visible.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pentacene_on_Ni(111)_STM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Pentacene_on_Ni%28111%29_STM.jpg/220px-Pentacene_on_Ni%28111%29_STM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Pentacene_on_Ni%28111%29_STM.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="286" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Scanning tunneling microscopy">scanning tunneling microscopy</a> image of <a href="/wiki/Pentacene" title="Pentacene">pentacene</a> molecules, which consist of linear chains of five carbon rings.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TOAT_AFM.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/TOAT_AFM.png/220px-TOAT_AFM.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/TOAT_AFM.png/330px-TOAT_AFM.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/TOAT_AFM.png/440px-TOAT_AFM.png 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="349" /></a><figcaption>AFM image of 1,5,9-trioxo-13-azatriangulene and its chemical structure.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>molecule</b> is a group of two or more <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> that are held together by <a href="/wiki/Force" title="Force">attractive forces</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">chemical bonds</a>; depending on context, the term may or may not include <a href="/wiki/Ions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ions">ions</a> that satisfy this criterion.<sup id="cite_ref-iupac_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iupac-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Quantum_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum physics">quantum physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a>, the distinction from ions is dropped and <i>molecule</i> is often used when referring to <a href="/wiki/Polyatomic_ion" title="Polyatomic ion">polyatomic ions</a>. </p><p>A molecule may be <a href="/wiki/Homonuclear" class="mw-redirect" title="Homonuclear">homonuclear</a>, that is, it consists of atoms of one <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>, e.g. two atoms in the <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> molecule (O<sub>2</sub>); or it may be <a href="/wiki/Heteronuclear" class="mw-redirect" title="Heteronuclear">heteronuclear</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compound</a> composed of more than one element, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Water_(molecule)" class="mw-redirect" title="Water (molecule)">water</a> (two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom; H<sub>2</sub>O). In the <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_theory_of_gases" title="Kinetic theory of gases">kinetic theory of gases</a>, the term <i>molecule</i> is often used for any gaseous <a href="/wiki/Particle" title="Particle">particle</a> regardless of its composition. This relaxes the requirement that a molecule contains two or more atoms, since the <a href="/wiki/Noble_gases" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble gases">noble gases</a> are individual atoms.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atoms and complexes connected by <a href="/wiki/Non-covalent_interactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-covalent interactions">non-covalent interactions</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond">hydrogen bonds</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ionic_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic bond">ionic bonds</a>, are typically not considered single molecules.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concepts similar to molecules have been discussed since ancient times, but modern investigation into the nature of molecules and their bonds began in the 17th century. Refined over time by scientists such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Avogadro" title="Amedeo Avogadro">Amedeo Avogadro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Jean Perrin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a>, the study of molecules is today known as <a href="/wiki/Molecular_physics" title="Molecular physics">molecular physics</a> or molecular chemistry. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>, the word "molecule" derives from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> "<a href="/wiki/Mole_(unit)" title="Mole (unit)">moles</a>" or small unit of mass. The word is derived from French <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mol%C3%A9cule" class="extiw" title="wikt:molécule">molécule</a></i> (1678), from <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a> <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/molecula" class="extiw" title="wikt:molecula">molecula</a></i>, diminutive of Latin <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/moles" class="extiw" title="wikt:moles">moles</a></i> "mass, barrier". The word, which until the late 18th century was used only in Latin form, became popular after being used in works of philosophy by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_molecular_theory" title="History of molecular theory">History of molecular theory</a></div> <p>The definition of the molecule has evolved as knowledge of the structure of molecules has increased. Earlier definitions were less precise, defining molecules as the smallest <a href="/wiki/List_of_particles#Molecules" title="List of particles">particles</a> of pure <a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">chemical substances</a> that still retain their <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">composition</a> and chemical properties.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This definition often breaks down since many substances in ordinary experience, such as <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rocks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metals</a>, are composed of large crystalline networks of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">chemically bonded</a> atoms or <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a>, but are not made of discrete molecules. </p><p>The modern concept of molecules can be traced back towards pre-scientific and Greek philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a> who argued that all the universe is composed of <a href="/wiki/Atomic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic theory">atoms and voids</a>. Circa 450 BC <a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a> imagined <a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">fundamental elements</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fire_(classical_element)" title="Fire (classical element)">fire</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alchemical_fire_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Alchemical_fire_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/20px-Alchemical_fire_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Alchemical_fire_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/30px-Alchemical_fire_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Alchemical_fire_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/40px-Alchemical_fire_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span>), <a href="/wiki/Earth_(classical_element)" title="Earth (classical element)">earth</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alchemical_earth_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Alchemical_earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/20px-Alchemical_earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Alchemical_earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/30px-Alchemical_earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Alchemical_earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/40px-Alchemical_earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span>), <a href="/wiki/Air_(classical_element)" title="Air (classical element)">air</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alchemical_air_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Alchemical_air_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/20px-Alchemical_air_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Alchemical_air_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/30px-Alchemical_air_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Alchemical_air_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/40px-Alchemical_air_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span>), and <a href="/wiki/Water_(classical_element)" title="Water (classical element)">water</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alchemical_water_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Alchemical_water_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/20px-Alchemical_water_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Alchemical_water_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/30px-Alchemical_water_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Alchemical_water_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/40px-Alchemical_water_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span>)) and "forces" of attraction and repulsion allowing the elements to interact. </p><p>A fifth element, the incorruptible quintessence <a href="/wiki/Aether_(classical_element)" title="Aether (classical element)">aether</a>, was considered to be the fundamental building block of the heavenly bodies. The viewpoint of Leucippus and Empedocles, along with the aether, was accepted by <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> and passed to medieval and renaissance Europe. </p><p>In a more concrete manner, however, the concept of aggregates or units of bonded atoms, i.e. "molecules", traces its origins to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a>'s 1661 hypothesis, in his famous treatise <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sceptical_Chymist" title="The Sceptical Chymist">The Sceptical Chymist</a></i>, that matter is composed of <i>clusters of particles</i> and that chemical change results from the rearrangement of the clusters. Boyle argued that matter's basic elements consisted of various sorts and sizes of particles, called "corpuscles", which were capable of arranging themselves into groups. In 1789, <a href="/wiki/William_Higgins_(chemist)" title="William Higgins (chemist)">William Higgins</a> published views on what he called combinations of "ultimate" particles, which foreshadowed the concept of <a href="/wiki/Valency_bonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Valency bonds">valency bonds</a>. If, for example, according to Higgins, the force between the ultimate particle of oxygen and the ultimate particle of nitrogen were 6, then the strength of the force would be divided accordingly, and similarly for the other combinations of ultimate particles. </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Avogadro" title="Amedeo Avogadro">Amedeo Avogadro</a> created the word "molecule".<sup id="cite_ref-ley196606_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ley196606-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His 1811 paper "Essay on Determining the Relative Masses of the Elementary Molecules of Bodies", he essentially states, i.e. according to <a href="/wiki/J._R._Partington" title="J. R. Partington">Partington</a>'s <i>A Short History of Chemistry</i>, that:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The smallest particles of gases are not necessarily simple atoms, but are made up of a certain number of these atoms united by attraction to form a single <b>molecule</b>.</p></blockquote><p>In coordination with these concepts, in 1833 the French chemist <a href="/wiki/Marc_Antoine_Auguste_Gaudin" title="Marc Antoine Auguste Gaudin">Marc Antoine Auguste Gaudin</a> presented a clear account of Avogadro's hypothesis,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regarding atomic weights, by making use of "volume diagrams", which clearly show both semi-correct molecular geometries, such as a linear water molecule, and correct molecular formulas, such as H<sub>2</sub>O: </p><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaudins-volume-diagrams.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gaudins-volume-diagrams.jpg/350px-Gaudins-volume-diagrams.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gaudins-volume-diagrams.jpg/525px-Gaudins-volume-diagrams.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gaudins-volume-diagrams.jpg/700px-Gaudins-volume-diagrams.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1268" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption>Marc Antoine Auguste Gaudin's volume diagrams of molecules in the gas phase (1833)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1917, an unknown American undergraduate chemical engineer named <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> was learning the <a href="/wiki/Dalton_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalton model">Dalton hook-and-eye bonding method</a>, which was the mainstream description of bonds between atoms at the time. Pauling, however, was not satisfied with this method and looked to the newly emerging field of quantum physics for a new method. In 1926, French physicist <a href="/wiki/Jean_Perrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Perrin">Jean Perrin</a> received the Nobel Prize in physics for proving, conclusively, the existence of molecules. He did this by calculating the <a href="/wiki/Avogadro_constant" title="Avogadro constant">Avogadro constant</a> using three different methods, all involving liquid phase systems. First, he used a <a href="/wiki/Gamboge" title="Gamboge">gamboge</a> soap-like emulsion, second by doing experimental work on <a href="/wiki/Brownian_motion" title="Brownian motion">Brownian motion</a>, and third by confirming Einstein's theory of particle rotation in the liquid phase.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1927, the physicists <a href="/wiki/Fritz_London" title="Fritz London">Fritz London</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Heitler" title="Walter Heitler">Walter Heitler</a> applied the new quantum mechanics to the deal with the saturable, nondynamic forces of attraction and repulsion, i.e., exchange forces, of the hydrogen molecule. Their valence bond treatment of this problem, in their joint paper,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a landmark in that it brought chemistry under quantum mechanics. Their work was an influence on Pauling, who had just received his doctorate and visited Heitler and London in Zürich on a <a href="/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship" title="Guggenheim Fellowship">Guggenheim Fellowship</a>. </p><p>Subsequently, in 1931, building on the work of Heitler and London and on theories found in Lewis' famous article, Pauling published his ground-breaking article "The Nature of the Chemical Bond"<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which he used <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a> to calculate properties and structures of molecules, such as angles between bonds and rotation about bonds. On these concepts, Pauling developed <a href="/wiki/Hybridization_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybridization theory">hybridization theory</a> to account for bonds in molecules such as CH<sub>4</sub>, in which four sp³ hybridised orbitals are overlapped by <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>'s <i>1s</i> orbital, yielding four <a href="/wiki/Sigma_bond" title="Sigma bond">sigma (σ) bonds</a>. The four bonds are of the same length and strength, which yields a molecular structure as shown below: </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch4_hybridization.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ch4_hybridization.svg/200px-Ch4_hybridization.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ch4_hybridization.svg/300px-Ch4_hybridization.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ch4_hybridization.svg/400px-Ch4_hybridization.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="707" /></a><figcaption>A schematic presentation of hybrid orbitals overlapping hydrogens' s orbitals</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Molecular_science">Molecular science</h2></div> <p>The science of molecules is called <i>molecular chemistry</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Molecular_physics" title="Molecular physics">molecular physics</a></i>, depending on whether the focus is on chemistry or physics. Molecular chemistry deals with the laws governing the interaction between molecules that results in the formation and breakage of chemical bonds, while molecular physics deals with the laws governing their structure and properties. In practice, however, this distinction is vague. In molecular sciences, a molecule consists of a stable system (<a href="/wiki/Bound_state" title="Bound state">bound state</a>) composed of two or more atoms. <a href="/wiki/Polyatomic_ion" title="Polyatomic ion">Polyatomic ions</a> may sometimes be usefully thought of as electrically charged molecules. The term <i>unstable molecule</i> is used for very <a href="/wiki/Reactivity_(chemistry)" title="Reactivity (chemistry)">reactive</a> species, i.e., short-lived assemblies (<a href="/wiki/Resonance_(chemistry)" title="Resonance (chemistry)">resonances</a>) of electrons and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">nuclei</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Radical_(chemistry)" title="Radical (chemistry)">radicals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyatomic_ion" title="Polyatomic ion">molecular ions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rydberg_molecule" title="Rydberg molecule">Rydberg molecules</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transition_state" title="Transition state">transition states</a>, <a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_bonding" class="mw-redirect" title="Van der Waals bonding">van der Waals complexes</a>, or systems of colliding atoms as in <a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate" title="Bose–Einstein condensate">Bose–Einstein condensate</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevalence">Prevalence</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Molecule" title="Special:EditPage/Molecule">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Molecules as components of matter are common. They also make up most of the oceans and atmosphere. Most organic substances are molecules. The substances of life are molecules, e.g. proteins, the amino acids of which they are composed, the nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), sugars, carbohydrates, fats, and vitamins. The nutrient minerals are generally ionic compounds, thus they are not molecules, e.g. iron sulfate. </p><p>However, the majority of familiar solid substances on Earth are made partly or completely of crystals or ionic compounds, which are not made of molecules. These include all of the minerals that make up the substance of the Earth, sand, clay, pebbles, rocks, boulders, <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">bedrock</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">molten interior</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Earth_core" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth core">core of the Earth</a>. All of these contain many chemical bonds, but are <i>not</i> made of identifiable molecules. </p><p>No typical molecule can be defined for salts nor for <a href="/wiki/Network_solid" class="mw-redirect" title="Network solid">covalent crystals</a>, although these are often composed of repeating <a href="/wiki/Unit_cell" title="Unit cell">unit cells</a> that extend either in a <a href="/wiki/Plane_(mathematics)" title="Plane (mathematics)">plane</a>, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">graphene</a>; or three-dimensionally e.g. <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a>. The theme of repeated unit-cellular-structure also holds for most metals which are condensed phases with <a href="/wiki/Metallic_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Metallic bond">metallic bonding</a>. Thus solid metals are not made of molecules. In <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glasses</a>, which are solids that exist in a vitreous disordered state, the atoms are held together by chemical bonds with no presence of any definable molecule, nor any of the regularity of repeating unit-cellular-structure that characterizes salts, covalent crystals, and metals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bonding">Bonding</h2></div> <p>Molecules are generally held together by <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bonding" class="mw-redirect" title="Covalent bonding">covalent bonding</a>. Several non-metallic elements exist only as molecules in the environment either in compounds or as homonuclear molecules, not as free atoms: for example, hydrogen. </p><p>While some people say a metallic crystal can be considered a single giant molecule held together by <a href="/wiki/Metallic_bonding" title="Metallic bonding">metallic bonding</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others point out that metals behave very differently than molecules.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Covalent">Covalent</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Covalent_bond_hydrogen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Covalent_bond_hydrogen.svg/220px-Covalent_bond_hydrogen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Covalent_bond_hydrogen.svg/330px-Covalent_bond_hydrogen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Covalent_bond_hydrogen.svg/440px-Covalent_bond_hydrogen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>A covalent bond forming H<sub>2</sub> (right) where two <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_atom" title="Hydrogen atom">hydrogen atoms</a> share the two electrons</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bonding" class="mw-redirect" title="Covalent bonding">Covalent bonding</a></div> <p>A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of <a href="/wiki/Electron_pair" title="Electron pair">electron pairs</a> between atoms. These electron pairs are termed <i>shared pairs</i> or <i>bonding pairs</i>, and the stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms, when they share electrons, is termed <i>covalent bonding</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ionic">Ionic</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ionic_bonding" title="Ionic bonding">Ionic bonding</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NaF.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NaF.gif/220px-NaF.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NaF.gif/330px-NaF.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NaF.gif/440px-NaF.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="245" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a> undergoing a redox reaction to form <a href="/wiki/Sodium_fluoride" title="Sodium fluoride">sodium fluoride</a>. Sodium loses its outer <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a> to give it a stable <a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">electron configuration</a>, and this electron enters the fluorine atom <a href="/wiki/Exothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Exothermic">exothermically</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bond that involves the <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrostatic">electrostatic</a> attraction between oppositely charged ions, and is the primary interaction occurring in <a href="/wiki/Ionic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic compound">ionic compounds</a>. The ions are atoms that have lost one or more <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> (termed <a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">cations</a>) and atoms that have gained one or more electrons (termed <a href="/wiki/Anion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anion">anions</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This transfer of electrons is termed <i>electrovalence</i> in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalence</a>. In the simplest case, the cation is a <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> atom and the anion is a <a href="/wiki/Nonmetal_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonmetal (chemistry)">nonmetal</a> atom, but these ions can be of a more complicated nature, e.g. molecular ions like NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> or SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>. At normal temperatures and pressures, ionic bonding mostly creates solids (or occasionally liquids) without separate identifiable molecules, but the vaporization/sublimation of such materials does produce separate molecules where electrons are still transferred fully enough for the bonds to be considered ionic rather than covalent. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Molecular_size">Molecular size</h2></div> <p>Most molecules are far too small to be seen with the naked eye, although molecules of many <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymers</a> can reach <a href="/wiki/Macroscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroscopic">macroscopic</a> sizes, including <a href="/wiki/Biopolymer" title="Biopolymer">biopolymers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>. Molecules commonly used as building blocks for organic synthesis have a dimension of a few <a href="/wiki/Angstrom" title="Angstrom">angstroms</a> (Å) to several dozen Å, or around one billionth of a meter. Single molecules cannot usually be observed by <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> (as noted above), but small molecules and even the outlines of individual atoms may be traced in some circumstances by use of an <a href="/wiki/Atomic_force_microscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic force microscope">atomic force microscope</a>. Some of the largest molecules are <a href="/wiki/Macromolecule" title="Macromolecule">macromolecules</a> or <a href="/wiki/Supermolecule" class="mw-redirect" title="Supermolecule">supermolecules</a>. </p><p>The smallest molecule is the <a href="/wiki/Diatomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomic">diatomic</a> hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>), with a bond length of 0.74 Å.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Effective molecular radius is the size a molecule displays in solution.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Table_of_permselectivity_for_different_substances" title="Table of permselectivity for different substances">table of permselectivity for different substances</a> contains examples. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Molecular_formulas">Molecular formulas</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_formula_types">Chemical formula types</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">chemical formula</a> for a molecule uses one line of chemical element symbols, numbers, and sometimes also other symbols, such as parentheses, dashes, brackets, and <i>plus</i> (+) and <i>minus</i> (−) signs. These are limited to one typographic line of symbols, which may include subscripts and superscripts. </p><p>A compound's <a href="/wiki/Empirical_formula" title="Empirical formula">empirical formula</a> is a very simple type of chemical formula.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the simplest <a href="/wiki/Integer" title="Integer">integer</a> <a href="/wiki/Ratio" title="Ratio">ratio</a> of the chemical elements that constitute it.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, water is always composed of a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms, and <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> (ethyl alcohol) is always composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 2:6:1 ratio. However, this does not determine the kind of molecule uniquely – <a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_ether" title="Dimethyl ether">dimethyl ether</a> has the same ratios as ethanol, for instance. Molecules with the same <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> in different arrangements are called <a href="/wiki/Isomer" title="Isomer">isomers</a>. Also carbohydrates, for example, have the same ratio (carbon:hydrogen:oxygen= 1:2:1) (and thus the same empirical formula) but different total numbers of atoms in the molecule. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Molecular_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular formula">molecular formula</a> reflects the exact number of atoms that compose the molecule and so characterizes different molecules. However different isomers can have the same atomic composition while being different molecules. </p><p>The empirical formula is often the same as the molecular formula but not always. For example, the molecule <a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">acetylene</a> has molecular formula C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>, but the simplest integer ratio of elements is CH. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Molecular_mass" title="Molecular mass">molecular mass</a> can be calculated from the chemical formula and is expressed in conventional <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic mass unit">atomic mass units</a> equal to 1/12 of the mass of a neutral carbon-12 (<sup>12</sup><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a>) atom. For <a href="/wiki/Network_solid" class="mw-redirect" title="Network solid">network solids</a>, the term <a href="/wiki/Formula_unit" title="Formula unit">formula unit</a> is used in <a href="/wiki/Stoichiometric" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoichiometric">stoichiometric</a> calculations. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structural_formula">Structural formula</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atisane3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Atisane3.png/400px-Atisane3.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Atisane3.png/600px-Atisane3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Atisane3.png 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_space" title="Three-dimensional space">3D</a> (left and center) and <a href="/wiki/2D_geometric_model" title="2D geometric model">2D</a> (right) representations of the <a href="/wiki/Terpenoid" title="Terpenoid">terpenoid</a> molecule atisane</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Structural_formula" title="Structural formula">Structural formula</a></div> <p>For molecules with a complicated 3-dimensional structure, especially involving atoms bonded to four different substituents, a simple molecular formula or even semi-structural chemical formula may not be enough to completely specify the molecule. In this case, a graphical type of formula called a <a href="/wiki/Structural_formula" title="Structural formula">structural formula</a> may be needed. Structural formulas may in turn be represented with a one-dimensional chemical name, but such <a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">chemical nomenclature</a> requires many words and terms which are not part of chemical formulas. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Molecular_geometry">Molecular geometry</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Molecular_geometry" title="Molecular geometry">Molecular geometry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyanostar_STM.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Cyanostar_STM.png/170px-Cyanostar_STM.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Cyanostar_STM.png/255px-Cyanostar_STM.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Cyanostar_STM.png/340px-Cyanostar_STM.png 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="2376" /></a><figcaption>Structure and <a href="/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Scanning tunneling microscopy">STM</a> image of a "cyanostar" <a href="/wiki/Dendrimer" title="Dendrimer">dendrimer</a> molecule.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Molecules have fixed <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_equilibrium" title="Mechanical equilibrium">equilibrium</a> geometries—bond lengths and angles— about which they continuously oscillate through vibrational and rotational motions. A pure substance is composed of molecules with the same average geometrical structure. The chemical formula and the structure of a molecule are the two important factors that determine its properties, particularly its <a href="/wiki/Reactivity_(chemistry)" title="Reactivity (chemistry)">reactivity</a>. <a href="/wiki/Isomers" class="mw-redirect" title="Isomers">Isomers</a> share a chemical formula but normally have very different properties because of their different structures. <a href="/wiki/Stereoisomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereoisomer">Stereoisomers</a>, a particular type of isomer, may have very similar physico-chemical properties and at the same time different <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemical</a> activities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Molecular_spectroscopy">Molecular spectroscopy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dehydrogenation_of_H2TPP_by_STM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Dehydrogenation_of_H2TPP_by_STM.jpg/290px-Dehydrogenation_of_H2TPP_by_STM.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Dehydrogenation_of_H2TPP_by_STM.jpg/435px-Dehydrogenation_of_H2TPP_by_STM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Dehydrogenation_of_H2TPP_by_STM.jpg/580px-Dehydrogenation_of_H2TPP_by_STM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="926" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption>Hydrogen can be removed from individual <a href="/wiki/Tetraphenylporphyrin" title="Tetraphenylporphyrin">H<sub>2</sub>TPP</a> molecules by applying excess voltage to the tip of a <a href="/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_microscope" title="Scanning tunneling microscope">scanning tunneling microscope</a> (STM, a); this removal alters the current-voltage (I-V) curves of TPP molecules, measured using the same STM tip, from <a href="/wiki/Diode" title="Diode">diode</a> like (red curve in b) to <a href="/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">resistor</a> like (green curve). Image (c) shows a row of TPP, H<sub>2</sub>TPP and TPP molecules. While scanning image (d), excess voltage was applied to H<sub>2</sub>TPP at the black dot, which instantly removed hydrogen, as shown in the bottom part of (d) and in the rescan image (e). Such manipulations can be used in <a href="/wiki/Single-molecule_electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-molecule electronics">single-molecule electronics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Molecular spectroscopy</b> deals with the response (<a href="/wiki/Frequency_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency spectrum">spectrum</a>) of molecules interacting with probing signals of known <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a>, according to the <a href="/wiki/Planck_relation" title="Planck relation">Planck relation</a>). Molecules have quantized energy levels that can be analyzed by detecting the molecule's energy exchange through <a href="/wiki/Absorbance" title="Absorbance">absorbance</a> or <a href="/wiki/Emission_(electromagnetic_radiation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Emission (electromagnetic radiation)">emission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iupac2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iupac2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spectroscopy does not generally refer to <a href="/wiki/Diffraction" title="Diffraction">diffraction</a> studies where particles such as <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a>, electrons, or high energy <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a> interact with a regular arrangement of molecules (as in a crystal). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Microwave_spectroscopy" title="Microwave spectroscopy">Microwave spectroscopy</a> commonly measures changes in the rotation of molecules, and can be used to identify molecules in outer space. <a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">Infrared spectroscopy</a> measures the vibration of molecules, including stretching, bending or twisting motions. It is commonly used to identify the kinds of bonds or <a href="/wiki/Functional_group" title="Functional group">functional groups</a> in molecules. Changes in the arrangements of electrons yield absorption or emission lines in ultraviolet, visible or <a href="/wiki/Near_infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Near infrared">near infrared</a> light, and result in colour. <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy">Nuclear resonance spectroscopy</a> measures the environment of particular nuclei in the molecule, and can be used to characterise the numbers of atoms in different positions in a molecule. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theoretical_aspects">Theoretical aspects</h2></div> <p>The study of molecules by molecular physics and <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_chemistry" title="Theoretical chemistry">theoretical chemistry</a> is largely based on <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum mechanic">quantum mechanics</a> and is essential for the understanding of the chemical bond. The simplest of molecules is the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_molecule-ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen molecule-ion">hydrogen molecule-ion</a>, H<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup>, and the simplest of all the chemical bonds is the <a href="/wiki/One-electron_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="One-electron bond">one-electron bond</a>. H<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup> is composed of two positively charged <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> and one negatively charged <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a>, which means that the <a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation" title="Schrödinger equation">Schrödinger equation</a> for the system can be solved more easily due to the lack of electron–electron repulsion. With the development of fast digital computers, approximate solutions for more complicated molecules became possible and are one of the main aspects of <a href="/wiki/Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">computational chemistry</a>. </p><p>When trying to define rigorously whether an arrangement of atoms is <i>sufficiently stable</i> to be considered a molecule, IUPAC suggests that it "must correspond to a depression on the <a href="/wiki/Potential_energy_surface" title="Potential energy surface">potential energy surface</a> that is deep enough to confine at least one vibrational state".<sup id="cite_ref-iupac_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iupac-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This definition does not depend on the nature of the interaction between the atoms, but only on the strength of the interaction. In fact, it includes weakly bound species that would not traditionally be considered molecules, such as the <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> <a href="/wiki/Dimer_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimer (chemistry)">dimer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helium_dimer" title="Helium dimer">He<sub>2</sub></a>, which has one vibrational bound state<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is so loosely bound that it is only likely to be observed at very low temperatures. </p><p>Whether or not an arrangement of atoms is <i>sufficiently stable</i> to be considered a molecule is inherently an operational definition. Philosophically, therefore, a molecule is not a fundamental entity (in contrast, for instance, to an <a href="/wiki/Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">elementary particle</a>); rather, the concept of a molecule is the chemist's way of making a useful statement about the strengths of atomic-scale interactions in the world that we observe. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_polarity" title="Chemical polarity">Chemical polarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_structure" title="Chemical structure">Chemical structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">Covalent bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_molecule" title="Diatomic molecule">Diatomic molecule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_compounds" title="List of compounds">List of compounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_design_software" title="Molecular design software">Molecular design software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_engineering" title="Molecular engineering">Molecular engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_geometry" title="Molecular geometry">Molecular geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_Hamiltonian" title="Molecular Hamiltonian">Molecular Hamiltonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular ion">Molecular ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_modelling" title="Molecular modelling">Molecular modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_promiscuity" title="Molecular promiscuity">Molecular promiscuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_orbital" title="Molecular orbital">Molecular orbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-covalent_bonding" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-covalent bonding">Non-covalent bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_systems_of_small_molecules" title="Periodic systems of small molecules">Periodic systems of small molecules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_molecule" title="Small molecule">Small molecule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_software_for_molecular_mechanics_modeling" title="Comparison of software for molecular mechanics modeling">Comparison of software for molecular mechanics modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_molecule" title="Van der Waals molecule">Van der Waals molecule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Molecular_Matrix" title="World Wide Molecular Matrix">World Wide Molecular Matrix</a></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/29px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/38px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/21px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/42px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a></span> </span><a 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/></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Physics" title="Portal:Physics">Physics</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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(the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/M04002.html">Molecule</a>". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.M04002">10.1351/goldbook.M04002</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbbin,_Darrell_D.1990" class="citation book cs1">Ebbin, Darrell D. (1990). <i>General Chemistry</i> (3rd ed.). 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Kemp; Theodore L. Brown; Harold Eugene LeMay; Bruce Edward Bursten (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/studentlectureno00theo"><i>Chemistry – the Central Science</i></a></span> (9th ed.). New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-066997-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-066997-1"><bdi>978-0-13-066997-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+%E2%80%93+the+Central+Science&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-13-066997-1&rft.au=Brown%2C+T.L.&rft.au=Kenneth+C.+Kemp&rft.au=Theodore+L.+Brown&rft.au=Harold+Eugene+LeMay&rft.au=Bruce+Edward+Bursten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstudentlectureno00theo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolecule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang1998" class="citation book cs1">Chang, Raymond (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemistry00chan_0"><i>Chemistry</i></a></span> (6th ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/McGraw_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw Hill">McGraw Hill</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-115221-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-115221-1"><bdi>978-0-07-115221-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-07-115221-1&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchemistry00chan_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolecule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZumdahl,_Steven_S.1997" class="citation book cs1">Zumdahl, Steven S. (1997). <i>Chemistry</i> (4th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-669-41794-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-669-41794-4"><bdi>978-0-669-41794-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-669-41794-4&rft.au=Zumdahl%2C+Steven+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolecule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandra2005" class="citation book cs1">Chandra, Sulekh (2005). <i>Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry</i>. New Age Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1512-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1512-4"><bdi>978-81-224-1512-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comprehensive+Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.pub=New+Age+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-224-1512-4&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Sulekh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolecule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global.britannica.com/science/molecule">"Molecule"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. 22 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200503044729/https://global.britannica.com/science/molecule">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Molecule&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2016-01-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobal.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fmolecule&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolecule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=molecule">"molecule"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=molecule&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fmolecule&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolecule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/glossary/m.shtml#molecule">Molecule Definition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141013143129/http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/glossary/m.shtml#molecule">Archived</a> 13 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Frostburg_State_University" title="Frostburg State University">Frostburg State University</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ley196606-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ley196606_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLey1966" class="citation magazine cs1">Ley, Willy (June 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Galaxy_v24n05_1966-06#page/n93/mode/2up">"The Re-Designed Solar System"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+de+Physique&rft.atitle=Masses+of+the+Elementary+Molecules+of+Bodies&rft.volume=73&rft.pages=58-76&rft.date=1811&rft.aulast=Avogadro&rft.aufirst=Amedeo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.lemoyne.edu%2F~giunta%2FAVOGADRO.HTML&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolecule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeymour_H._Mauskopf1969" class="citation journal cs1">Seymour H. Mauskopf (1969). 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(1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1926/perrin/lecture/">Discontinuous Structure of Matter</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190529115507/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1926/perrin/lecture/">Archived</a> 29 May 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Nobel Lecture, 11 December.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeitlerLondon1927" class="citation journal cs1">Heitler, Walter; London, Fritz (1927). 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Gray. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authors.library.caltech.edu/105209/15/TR000574_06_chapter-6.pdf"><i>Chemical Bonds: An Introduction to Atomic and Molecular Structure</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. 210–211. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210331062040/https://authors.library.caltech.edu/105209/15/TR000574_06_chapter-6.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 31 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemical+Bonds%3A+An+Introduction+to+Atomic+and+Molecular+Structure&rft.pages=210-211&rft.aulast=Harry&rft.aufirst=B.+Gray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fauthors.library.caltech.edu%2F105209%2F15%2FTR000574_06_chapter-6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolecule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2015-04-gold-atoms-metal.html">"How many gold atoms make gold metal?"</a>. <i>phys.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030202803/https://phys.org/news/2015-04-gold-atoms-metal.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Boston: <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Prentice_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearson Prentice Hall">Pearson Prentice Hall</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-250882-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-250882-7"><bdi>978-0-13-250882-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141102041816/http://www.phschool.com/el_marketing.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology%3A+Exploring+Life&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-13-250882-7&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Neil+A.&rft.au=Brad+Williamson&rft.au=Robin+J.+Heyden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phschool.com%2Fel_marketing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolecule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2008" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Flake C. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6VdROgeQ5M8C&q=ionic+bonding+-wikipedia&pg=PA7"><i>Elements of Metallurgy and Engineering Alloys</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ASM_International" title="ASM International">ASM International</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61503-058-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61503-058-3"><bdi>978-1-61503-058-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210331062041/https://books.google.com/books?id=6VdROgeQ5M8C&q=ionic+bonding+-wikipedia&pg=PA7">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+Metallurgy+and+Engineering+Alloys&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-61503-058-3&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Flake+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6VdROgeQ5M8C%26q%3Dionic%2Bbonding%2B-wikipedia%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolecule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_L._DeKockHarry_B._GrayHarry_B._Gray1989" class="citation book cs1">Roger L. DeKock; Harry B. Gray; Harry B. Gray (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q77rPHP5fWMC&pg=PA199"><i>Chemical structure and bonding</i></a>. University Science Books. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-935702-61-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-935702-61-3"><bdi>978-0-935702-61-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210331062042/https://books.google.com/books?id=q77rPHP5fWMC&pg=PA199">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemical+structure+and+bonding&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=University+Science+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-935702-61-3&rft.au=Roger+L.+DeKock&rft.au=Harry+B.+Gray&rft.au=Harry+B.+Gray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq77rPHP5fWMC%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolecule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang_RLDeen_WMRobertson_CRBrenner_BM1975" class="citation journal cs1">Chang RL; Deen WM; Robertson CR; Brenner BM (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fki.1975.104">"Permselectivity of the glomerular capillary wall: III. Restricted transport of polyanions"</a>. <i>Kidney Int</i>. <b>8</b> (4): 212–218. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fki.1975.104">10.1038/ki.1975.104</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1202253">1202253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kidney+Int.&rft.atitle=Permselectivity+of+the+glomerular+capillary+wall%3A+III.+Restricted+transport+of+polyanions&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=212-218&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fki.1975.104&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1202253&rft.au=Chang+RL&rft.au=Deen+WM&rft.au=Robertson+CR&rft.au=Brenner+BM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fki.1975.104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolecule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang_RLUeki_IFTroy_JLDeen_WM1975" class="citation journal cs1">Chang RL; Ueki IF; Troy JL; Deen WM; Robertson CR; Brenner BM (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1334749">"Permselectivity of the glomerular capillary wall to macromolecules. II. Experimental studies in rats using neutral dextran"</a>. <i>Biophys. J</i>. <b>15</b> (9): 887–906. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975BpJ....15..887C">1975BpJ....15..887C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0006-3495%2875%2985863-2">10.1016/S0006-3495(75)85863-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1334749">1334749</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1182263">1182263</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biophys.+J.&rft.atitle=Permselectivity+of+the+glomerular+capillary+wall+to+macromolecules.+II.+Experimental+studies+in+rats+using+neutral+dextran&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=887-906&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1334749%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1182263&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0006-3495%2875%2985863-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1975BpJ....15..887C&rft.au=Chang+RL&rft.au=Ueki+IF&rft.au=Troy+JL&rft.au=Deen+WM&rft.au=Robertson+CR&rft.au=Brenner+BM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1334749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolecule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinkFetzer-GislasonMcNicholas2003" class="citation book cs1">Wink, Donald J.; Fetzer-Gislason, Sharon; McNicholas, Sheila (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6wUmteTIc18C&q=empirical+formula&pg=PA288"><i>The Practice of Chemistry</i></a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-4871-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-4871-7"><bdi>978-0-7167-4871-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220410070618/https://books.google.com/books?id=6wUmteTIc18C&q=empirical+formula&pg=PA288">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/889879">"Anion-induced dimerization of 5-fold symmetric cyanostars in 3D crystalline solids and 2D self-assembled crystals"</a>. <i>Chemical Communications</i>. <b>50</b> (69): 9827–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC4CC03725A">10.1039/C4CC03725A</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25080328">25080328</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12439952">12439952</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210331062049/https://zenodo.org/record/889879">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Communications&rft.atitle=Anion-induced+dimerization+of+5-fold+symmetric+cyanostars+in+3D+crystalline+solids+and+2D+self-assembled+crystals&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=69&rft.pages=9827-30&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12439952%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25080328&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FC4CC03725A&rft.aulast=Hirsch&rft.aufirst=Brandon+E.&rft.au=Lee%2C+Semin&rft.au=Qiao%2C+Bo&rft.au=Chen%2C+Chun-Hsing&rft.au=McDonald%2C+Kevin+P.&rft.au=Tait%2C+Steven+L.&rft.au=Flood%2C+Amar+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F889879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolecule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZoldanFaccioPasa2015" class="citation journal cs1">Zoldan, V. 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(2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4322354">"N and p type character of single molecule diodes"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>5</b>: 8350. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep08350">10.1038/srep08350</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4322354">4322354</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25666850">25666850</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=N+and+p+type+character+of+single+molecule+diodes&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=8350&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4322354%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25666850&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep08350&rft.aulast=Zoldan&rft.aufirst=V.+C.&rft.au=Faccio%2C+R&rft.au=Pasa%2C+A.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4322354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolecule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iupac2-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iupac2_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_books#Gold_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC books">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a></i>, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/S05848.html">Spectroscopy</a>". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.S05848">10.1351/goldbook.S05848</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson_JB2004" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson JB (May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1704638">"Comment on "An exact quantum Monte Carlo calculation of the helium-helium intermolecular potential" [J. Chem. Phys. 115, 4546 (2001)]"</a>. <i>J Chem Phys</i>. <b>120</b> (20): 9886–7. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JChPh.120.9886A">2004JChPh.120.9886A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1704638">10.1063/1.1704638</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15268005">15268005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Chem+Phys&rft.atitle=Comment+on+%22An+exact+quantum+Monte+Carlo+calculation+of+the+helium-helium+intermolecular+potential%22+%5BJ.+Chem.+Phys.+115%2C+4546+%282001%29%5D&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=9886-7&rft.date=2004-05&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15268005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1704638&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004JChPh.120.9886A&rft.au=Anderson+JB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1063%252F1.1704638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolecule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> <b>Molecule</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/molecule" class="extiw" title="wikt:molecule">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Molecules" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Molecules">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Molecule" class="extiw" title="q:Molecule">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Molecule" class="extiw" title="s:Molecule">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11369" class="extiw" title="d:Q11369">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/motm.htm">Molecule of the Month – School of Chemistry, University of Bristol</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Template:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Template talk:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Molecules detected in outer space</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Molecules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_molecule" title="Diatomic molecule">Diatomic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monochloride" title="Aluminium monochloride">Aluminium monochloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monofluoride" title="Aluminium monofluoride">Aluminium monofluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(II)_oxide" title="Aluminium(II) oxide">Aluminium(II) oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argonium" title="Argonium">Argonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon cation">Carbon cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monophosphide" title="Carbon monophosphide">Carbon monophosphide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monosulfide" title="Carbon monosulfide">Carbon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyano_radical" title="Cyano radical">Cyano radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_carbon" title="Diatomic carbon">Diatomic carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoromethylidynium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluoromethylidynium (page does not exist)">Fluoromethylidynium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_hydride_ion" title="Helium hydride ion">Helium hydride ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">Hydrogen chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">Hydrogen fluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">Hydroxyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">Iron(II) oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_monohydride" title="Magnesium monohydride">Magnesium monohydride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylidyne_radical" title="Methylidyne radical">Methylidyne radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidogen" title="Imidogen">Imidogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_mononitride" title="Sulfur mononitride">Sulfur mononitride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_monoxide" title="Phosphorus monoxide">Phosphorus monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_mononitride" title="Phosphorus mononitride">Phosphorus mononitride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">Potassium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">Silicon carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monoxide" title="Silicon monoxide">Silicon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monosulfide" title="Silicon monosulfide">Silicon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Sodium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_iodide" title="Sodium iodide">Sodium iodide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfanyl" title="Sulfanyl">Sulfanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_monoxide" title="Sulfur monoxide">Sulfur monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(II)_oxide" title="Titanium(II) oxide">Titanium(II) oxide</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/60px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/90px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/120px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="441" /></a></span> <br /><br /><br /><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/60px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/90px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/120px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="754" /></a></span> <br /><br /><br /><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/60px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/90px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/120px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triatomic_molecule" title="Triatomic molecule">Triatomic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(I)_hydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium(I) hydroxide">Aluminium(I) hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aluminium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Aluminium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amino_radical" title="Amino radical">Amino radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_sulfide" title="Carbonyl sulfide">Carbonyl sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CCP_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CCP radical (page does not exist)">CCP radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halonium_ion" title="Halonium ion">Chloronium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">Diazenylium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicarbon_monoxide" title="Dicarbon monoxide">Dicarbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disilicon_carbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disilicon carbide (page does not exist)">Disilicon carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethynyl_radical" title="Ethynyl radical">Ethynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formyl radical (page does not exist)">Formyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a> (HCN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide</a> (HNC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroperoxyl" title="Hydroperoxyl">Hydroperoxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_cyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iron cyanide (page does not exist)">Iron cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isoformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isoformyl (page does not exist)">Isoformyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_cyanide" title="Magnesium cyanide">Magnesium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnesium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Magnesium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylene_(compound)" title="Methylene (compound)">Methylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">N<sub>2</sub>H<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroxyl" title="Nitroxyl">Nitroxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylidynephosphane" title="Methylidynephosphane">Methylidynephosphane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_cyanide" title="Potassium cyanide">Potassium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Trihydrogen cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyanide" title="Sodium cyanide">Sodium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">Sodium hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbonitride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon carbonitride (page does not exist)">Silicon carbonitride</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C-Silicon_dicarbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C-Silicon dicarbide (page does not exist)">c-Silicon dicarbide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SiNC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SiNC (page does not exist)">SiNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thioformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thioformyl (page does not exist)">Thioformyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioxoethenylidene" title="Thioxoethenylidene">Thioxoethenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">Titanium dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon" title="Tricarbon">Tricarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Four<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">Acetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocyanic_acid" title="Isocyanic acid">Isocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Cyanoethynyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_formaldehyde" title="Interstellar formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulminic_acid" title="Fulminic acid">Fulminic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HCCN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HCCN (page does not exist)">HCCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">Hydrogen peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydromagnesium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydromagnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Hydromagnesium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocyanic_acid" title="Isocyanic acid">Isocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Isothiocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketenyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketenyl (page does not exist)">Ketenyl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylene_amidogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylene amidogen (page does not exist)">Methylene amidogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl cation">Methyl cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_radical" title="Methyl radical">Methyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propynylidyne" title="Propynylidyne">Propynylidyne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_carbon_dioxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated carbon dioxide (page does not exist)">Protonated carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protonated_hydrogen_cyanide" title="Protonated hydrogen cyanide">Protonated hydrogen cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_tricarbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon tricarbide (page does not exist)">Silicon tricarbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioformaldehyde" title="Thioformaldehyde">Thioformaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_monoxide" title="Tricarbon monoxide">Tricarbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_monosulfide" title="Tricarbon monosulfide">Tricarbon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Thiocyanic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Five<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium</a> ion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Butadiynyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbodiimide" title="Carbodiimide">Carbodiimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanamide" title="Cyanamide">Cyanamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanoacetylene" title="Cyanoacetylene">Cyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanoformaldehyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanoformaldehyde (page does not exist)">Cyanoformaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanomethyl" title="Cyanomethyl">Cyanomethyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropenylidene" title="Cyclopropenylidene">Cyclopropenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formic_acid" title="Formic acid">Formic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isocyanoacetylene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isocyanoacetylene (page does not exist)">Isocyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketene" title="Ketene">Ketene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">Methane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Methoxy">Methoxy radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylenimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylenimine (page does not exist)">Methylenimine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propadienylidene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propadienylidene (page does not exist)">Propadienylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_formaldehyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated formaldehyde (page does not exist)">Protonated formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silane" title="Silane">Silane</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon-carbide_cluster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon-carbide cluster (page does not exist)">Silicon-carbide cluster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Six<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetonitrile" title="Acetonitrile">Acetonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanobutadiynyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanobutadiynyl radical (page does not exist)">Cyanobutadiynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-Cyanomethanimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E-Cyanomethanimine (page does not exist)">E-Cyanomethanimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropenone" title="Cyclopropenone">Cyclopropenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacetylene" title="Diacetylene">Diacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">Ethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formamide" title="Formamide">Formamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HC4N&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HC4N (page does not exist)">HC<sub>4</sub>N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketenimine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketenimine">Ketenimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanethiol" title="Methanethiol">Methanethiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanide" title="Methyl isocyanide">Methyl isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Pentynylidyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propynal" class="mw-redirect" title="Propynal">Propynal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_cyanoacetylene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated cyanoacetylene (page does not exist)">Protonated cyanoacetylene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Seven<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">Acetaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile" title="Acrylonitrile">Acrylonitrile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_cyanide" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl cyanide">Vinyl cyanide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanodiacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_oxide" title="Ethylene oxide">Ethylene oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycolonitrile" title="Glycolonitrile">Glycolonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexatriynyl_radical" title="Hexatriynyl radical">Hexatriynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Propyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylamine" title="Methylamine">Methylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanate" title="Methyl isocyanate">Methyl isocyanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_alcohol" title="Vinyl alcohol">Vinyl alcohol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Eight<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">Acetic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminoacetonitrile" title="Aminoacetonitrile">Aminoacetonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanoallene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanoallene (page does not exist)">Cyanoallene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanimine" title="Ethanimine">Ethanimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycolaldehyde" title="Glycolaldehyde">Glycolaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Hexapentaenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methylcyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_formate" title="Methyl formate">Methyl formate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">Acrolein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Nine<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetamide" title="Acetamide">Acetamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanohexatriyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_ether" title="Dimethyl ether">Dimethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyldiacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octatetraynyl_radical" title="Octatetraynyl radical">Octatetraynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propene" class="mw-redirect" title="Propene">Propene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanethiol" title="Ethanethiol">Ethanethiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propionitrile" title="Propionitrile">Propionitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylformamide" title="N-Methylformamide">N-Methylformamide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Ten<br />atoms<br />or more</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">Acetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">Benzene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzonitrile" title="Benzonitrile">Benzonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene">Buckminsterfullerene</a> (C<sub>60</sub>, C<sub>60</sub><sup>+</sup>, fullerene, buckyball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C70_fullerene" title="C70 fullerene">C<sub>70</sub> fullerene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanodecapentayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol" title="Ethylene glycol">Ethylene glycol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_formate" title="Ethyl formate">Ethyl formate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_acetate" title="Methyl acetate">Methyl acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Methyl-cyano-diacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyltriacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propionaldehyde" title="Propionaldehyde">Propionaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyronitrile" title="Butyronitrile">Butyronitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine" title="Pyrimidine">Pyrimidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heptatrienyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heptatrienyl radical (page does not exist)">Heptatrienyl radical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">Deuterated</a><br />molecules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium</a> ion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_formaldehyde#Interstellar_reactions" title="Interstellar formaldehyde">Formyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">Heavy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_deuteride" title="Hydrogen deuteride">Hydrogen deuteride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Propyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">N<sub>2</sub>D<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Trihydrogen cation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Unconfirmed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthracene" title="Anthracene">Anthracene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroxyacetone" title="Dihydroxyacetone">Dihydroxyacetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyethane" title="Methoxyethane">Methoxyethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">Graphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolithin" title="Hemolithin">Hemolithin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H2NCO%2B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H2NCO+ (page does not exist)">H<sub>2</sub>NCO<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Linear C<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphthalene" title="Naphthalene">Naphthalene cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">Phosphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrene" title="Pyrene">Pyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silylidyne" title="Silylidyne">Silylidyne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#See_also" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_and_molecular_astrophysics" title="Atomic and molecular astrophysics">Atomic and molecular astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_dust" title="Circumstellar dust">Circumstellar dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">Cosmic ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmochemistry" title="Cosmochemistry">Cosmochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_interstellar_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffuse interstellar band">Diffuse interstellar band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">Extraterrestrial life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_mechanism" title="Forbidden mechanism">Forbidden mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homochirality" title="Homochirality">Homochirality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_dust" title="Intergalactic dust">Intergalactic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interplanetary medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodissociation_region" title="Photodissociation region">Photodissociation region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93sulfur_world_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron–sulfur world theory">Iron–sulfur world theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerogen" title="Kerogen">Kerogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecules_in_stars" title="Molecules in stars">Molecules in stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science" title="Nexus for Exoplanet System Science">Nexus for Exoplanet System Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">Organic compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAH_world_hypothesis" title="PAH world hypothesis">PAH world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-panspermia" title="Pseudo-panspermia">Pseudo-panspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon</a> (PAH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA_world_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA world hypothesis">RNA world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">Tholin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/16px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/24px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/32px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/16px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/24px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Particles" title="Template:Particles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Particles" title="Template talk:Particles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Particles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Particles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Particles_in_physics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">Particles in physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">Elementary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Fermion" title="Fermion">Fermions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">Quarks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Up_quark" title="Up quark">Up (quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Up antiquark">antiquark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_quark" title="Down quark">Down (quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Down antiquark">antiquark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charm_quark" title="Charm quark">Charm (quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charm_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Charm antiquark">antiquark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strange_quark" title="Strange quark">Strange (quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strange_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Strange antiquark">antiquark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_quark" title="Top quark">Top (quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Top antiquark">antiquark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_quark" title="Bottom quark">Bottom (quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom antiquark">antiquark)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lepton" title="Lepton">Leptons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">Electron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">Positron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muon" title="Muon">Muon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muon" title="Muon">Antimuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_(particle)" title="Tau (particle)">Tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_(particle)" title="Tau (particle)">Antitau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">Neutrino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron_neutrino" title="Electron neutrino">Electron neutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrino#Antineutrinos" title="Neutrino">Electron antineutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muon_neutrino" title="Muon neutrino">Muon neutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrino#Antineutrinos" title="Neutrino">Muon antineutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_neutrino" title="Tau neutrino">Tau neutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrino#Antineutrinos" title="Neutrino">Tau antineutrino</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Boson" title="Boson">Bosons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Gauge_boson" title="Gauge boson">Gauge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">Photon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon">Gluon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W_and_Z_bosons" title="W and Z bosons">W and Z bosons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Scalar_boson" title="Scalar boson">Scalar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higgs_boson" title="Higgs boson">Higgs boson </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Ghost_(physics)" title="Ghost (physics)">Ghost fields</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faddeev%E2%80%93Popov_ghost" title="Faddeev–Popov ghost">Faddeev–Popov ghosts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_particles" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypothetical particles">Hypothetical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Superpartner" title="Superpartner">Superpartners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Gaugino" title="Gaugino">Gauginos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gluino" title="Gluino">Gluino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitino" title="Gravitino">Gravitino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photino" title="Photino">Photino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axino" title="Axino">Axino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chargino" title="Chargino">Chargino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higgsino" title="Higgsino">Higgsino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutralino" title="Neutralino">Neutralino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfermion" title="Sfermion">Sfermion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stop_squark" title="Stop squark">Stop squark</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axion" title="Axion">Axion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curvaton" title="Curvaton">Curvaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilaton" title="Dilaton">Dilaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_graviton" title="Dual graviton">Dual graviton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graviphoton" title="Graviphoton">Graviphoton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graviton" title="Graviton">Graviton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflaton" title="Inflaton">Inflaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptoquark" title="Leptoquark">Leptoquark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_monopole" title="Magnetic monopole">Magnetic monopole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majoron" title="Majoron">Majoron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorana_fermion" title="Majorana fermion">Majorana fermion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_photon" title="Dark photon">Dark photon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preon" title="Preon">Preon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterile_neutrino" title="Sterile neutrino">Sterile neutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachyon" title="Tachyon">Tachyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons" title="W′ and Z′ bosons">W′ and Z′ bosons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_and_Y_bosons" title="X and Y bosons">X and Y bosons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bound_state" title="Bound state">Composite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hadrons" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Hadron" title="Hadron">Hadrons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Baryon" title="Baryon">Baryons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nucleon" title="Nucleon">Nucleon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">Proton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiproton" title="Antiproton">Antiproton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">Neutron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antineutron" title="Antineutron">Antineutron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_baryon" title="Delta baryon">Delta baryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_baryon" title="Lambda baryon">Lambda baryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_baryon" title="Sigma baryon">Sigma baryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_baryon" title="Xi baryon">Xi baryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega_baryon" title="Omega baryon">Omega baryon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Meson" title="Meson">Mesons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion">Pion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rho_meson" title="Rho meson">Rho meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eta_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Eta meson">Eta and eta prime mesons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_eta_meson" title="Bottom eta meson">Bottom eta meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_meson" title="Phi meson">Phi meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J/psi_meson" title="J/psi meson">J/psi meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega_meson" title="Omega meson">Omega meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upsilon_meson" title="Upsilon meson">Upsilon meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaon" title="Kaon">Kaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_meson" title="B meson">B meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D_meson" title="D meson">D meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarkonium" title="Quarkonium">Quarkonium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Exotic_hadron" title="Exotic hadron">Exotic hadrons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetraquark" title="Tetraquark">Tetraquark</a> (<a href="/wiki/Double-charm_tetraquark" title="Double-charm tetraquark">Double-charm tetraquark</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaquark" title="Pentaquark">Pentaquark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">Atomic nuclei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_atom" title="Exotic atom">Exotic atoms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Positronium" title="Positronium">Positronium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muonium" title="Muonium">Muonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tauonium">Tauonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onium" title="Onium">Onia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pionium" title="Pionium">Pionium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protonium" title="Protonium">Protonium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superatom" title="Superatom">Superatoms</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Molecules</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Hypothetical_composite_particles" title="Category:Hypothetical composite particles">Hypothetical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Baryons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hexaquark" title="Hexaquark">Hexaquark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptaquark" title="Heptaquark">Heptaquark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyrmion" title="Skyrmion">Skyrmion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Mesons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glueball" title="Glueball">Glueball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theta_meson" title="Theta meson">Theta meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_meson" title="T meson">T meson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesonic_molecule" title="Mesonic molecule">Mesonic molecule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeron" title="Pomeron">Pomeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diquark" title="Diquark">Diquark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-hadron" title="R-hadron">R-hadron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quasiparticle" title="Quasiparticle">Quasiparticles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anyon" title="Anyon">Anyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davydov_soliton" title="Davydov soliton">Davydov soliton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dropleton" title="Dropleton">Dropleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exciton" title="Exciton">Exciton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fracton_(subdimensional_particle)" title="Fracton (subdimensional particle)">Fracton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_hole" title="Electron hole">Hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnon" title="Magnon">Magnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonon" title="Phonon">Phonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmaron" title="Plasmaron">Plasmaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmon" title="Plasmon">Plasmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polariton" title="Polariton">Polariton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaron" title="Polaron">Polaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roton" title="Roton">Roton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trion_(physics)" title="Trion (physics)">Trion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_baryons" title="List of baryons">Baryons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mesons" title="List of mesons">Mesons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_particles" title="List of particles">Particles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_quasiparticles" title="List of quasiparticles">Quasiparticles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_particle_discoveries" title="Timeline of particle discoveries">Timeline of particle discoveries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_subatomic_physics" title="History of subatomic physics">History of subatomic physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_atomic_and_subatomic_physics" title="Timeline of atomic and subatomic physics">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">Standard Model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_formulation_of_the_Standard_Model" title="Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model">mathematical formulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subatomic_particle" title="Subatomic particle">Subatomic particles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle" title="Particle">Particles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiparticle" title="Antiparticle">Antiparticles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">Nuclear physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eightfold_way_(physics)" title="Eightfold way (physics)">Eightfold way</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quark_model" title="Quark model">Quark model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_matter" title="Exotic matter">Exotic matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massless_particle" title="Massless particle">Massless particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativistic_particle" title="Relativistic particle">Relativistic particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_particle" title="Virtual particle">Virtual particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality" title="Wave–particle duality">Wave–particle duality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_chauvinism" title="Particle chauvinism">Particle chauvinism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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/ <a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stellar_chemistry" title="Stellar chemistry">Stellar chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">Geochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemistry" title="Biogeochemistry">Biogeochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogeochemistry" title="Photogeochemistry">Photogeochemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_chemistry" title="Environmental chemistry">Environmental chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Atmospheric chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean chemistry">Ocean chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_chemistry" title="Clay chemistry">Clay chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbochemistry" title="Carbochemistry">Carbochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">Food chemistry</a> 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title="Discovery of chemical elements">of element discoveries</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_central_science" title="The central science">The central science</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">Chemical reaction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">Catalysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Chemical element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">Chemical compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atom</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Molecule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">Ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">Chemical substance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">Chemical bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum 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