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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>IEEE radar bands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IEEE_radar_bands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-EU,_NATO,_US_ECM_frequency_designations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EU,_NATO,_US_ECM_frequency_designations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>EU, NATO, US ECM frequency designations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EU,_NATO,_US_ECM_frequency_designations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waveguide_frequency_bands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waveguide_frequency_bands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Waveguide frequency bands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waveguide_frequency_bands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_of_radio_band_designation_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_of_radio_band_designation_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Comparison of radio band designation standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_of_radio_band_designation_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Broadcasting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broadcasting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Broadcasting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broadcasting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_band" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_band"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Air band</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_band-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marine_band" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine_band"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Marine band</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine_band-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amateur_radio_frequencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amateur_radio_frequencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Amateur radio frequencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amateur_radio_frequencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citizens'_band_and_personal_radio_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citizens'_band_and_personal_radio_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Citizens' band and personal radio services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citizens'_band_and_personal_radio_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial,_scientific,_medical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial,_scientific,_medical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Industrial, scientific, medical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial,_scientific,_medical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_mobile_bands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_mobile_bands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Land mobile bands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_mobile_bands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Radio control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Radar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Radio spectrum</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A" title="طيف راديوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طيف راديوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80" title="বেতার বর্ণালী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বেতার বর্ণালী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96)" title="Дыяпазон (хвалі) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дыяпазон (хвалі)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espectre_radioel%C3%A8ctric" title="Espectre radioelèctric – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Espectre radioelèctric" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1diov%C3%A9_spektrum" title="Rádiové spektrum – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rádiové spektrum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funkspektrum" title="Funkspektrum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Funkspektrum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raadiospekter" title="Raadiospekter – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Raadiospekter" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radia_spektro" title="Radia spektro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Radia spektro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%81_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="طیف رادیویی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طیف رادیویی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%84%A0_%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%99%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%BC" title="무선 스펙트럼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무선 스펙트럼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE" title="रेडियो वर्णक्रम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रेडियो वर्णक्रम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektrum_frekuensi_radio" title="Spektrum frekuensi radio – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Spektrum frekuensi radio" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Радиоспектар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Радиоспектар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B6" title="Радио давтамж – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Радио давтамж" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%B3%A2%E3%81%AE%E5%91%A8%E6%B3%A2%E6%95%B0%E3%81%AB%E3%82%88%E3%82%8B%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E" title="電波の周波数による分類 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電波の周波数による分類" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectru_radio_(frecven%C8%9Be)" title="Spectru radio (frecvențe) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Spectru radio (frecvențe)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Радиодиапазон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Радиодиапазон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotaajuuspektri" title="Radiotaajuuspektri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Radiotaajuuspektri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radyo_spektrumu" title="Radyo spektrumu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Radyo spektrumu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80" title="Радіочастотний спектр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Радіочастотний спектр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BB%95_t%E1%BA%A7n_s%E1%BB%91_v%C3%B4_tuy%E1%BA%BFn" title="Phổ tần số vô tuyến – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phổ tần số vô tuyến" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%BA%BF%E7%94%B5%E9%A2%91%E8%B0%B1" title="无线电频谱 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="无线电频谱" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E9%9B%BB%E6%B3%A2" title="大氣電波 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大氣電波" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%BA%BF%E7%94%B5%E9%A2%91%E8%B0%B1" title="无线电频谱 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="无线电频谱" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q902174#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Part of the electromagnetic spectrum from 1 Hz to 3000 GHz</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the spectral band. For the radiation, see <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio wave</a>. For the frequency, see <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio frequency</a>. 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Radio bands</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/ITU_radio_bands" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU radio bands">ITU </a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <table style="margin:0 auto;text-align:left;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="padding-right:1.0em;;"> <a href="/wiki/Extremely_low_frequency" title="Extremely low frequency">1 (ELF)</a></td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;;"> <a href="/wiki/Super_low_frequency" title="Super low frequency">2 (SLF)</a></td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;;"> <a href="/wiki/Ultra_low_frequency" title="Ultra low frequency">3 (ULF)</a></td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;;padding-right:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Very_low_frequency" title="Very low frequency">4 (VLF)</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="padding-right:1.0em;;"> <a href="/wiki/Low_frequency" title="Low frequency">5 (LF)</a></td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;;"> <a href="/wiki/Medium_frequency" title="Medium frequency">6 (MF)</a></td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;;"> <a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">7 (HF)</a></td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;;padding-right:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">8 (VHF)</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="padding-right:1.0em;;"> <a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">9 (UHF)</a></td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;;"> <a href="/wiki/Super_high_frequency" title="Super high frequency">10 (SHF)</a></td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;;"> <a href="/wiki/Extremely_high_frequency" title="Extremely high frequency">11 (EHF)</a></td><td style="padding-right:1.0em;;padding-right:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Terahertz_radiation" title="Terahertz radiation">12 (THF)</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/NATO_radio_bands" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO radio bands">EU / NATO / US ECM </a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_band_(NATO)" title="A band (NATO)">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_band_(NATO)" title="B band (NATO)">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_band_(NATO)" title="C band (NATO)">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D_band_(NATO)" title="D band (NATO)">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_band_(NATO)" title="E band (NATO)">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F_band_(NATO)" title="F band (NATO)">F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G_band_(NATO)" title="G band (NATO)">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H_band_(NATO)" title="H band (NATO)">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_band_(NATO)" title="I band (NATO)">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J_band_(NATO)" title="J band (NATO)">J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K_band_(NATO)" title="K band (NATO)">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L_band_(NATO)" title="L band (NATO)">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M_band_(NATO)" title="M band (NATO)">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N_band_(NATO)" title="N band (NATO)">N</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#IEEE">IEEE </a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">HF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L_band" title="L band">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_band" title="S band">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_band" title="X band">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K_band_(IEEE)" title="K band (IEEE)">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka_band" title="Ka band">K<sub>a</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_band" title="V band">V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W_band" title="W band">W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremely_high_frequency" title="Extremely high frequency">mm</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Other TV and radio</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_I" title="Band I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Band_II" title="Band II">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Band_III" title="Band III">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Band_IV" title="Band IV">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Band_V" title="Band V">V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Band_VI" title="Band VI">VI</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Radio_bands_sidebar" title="Template:Radio bands sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Radio_bands_sidebar" title="Template talk:Radio bands sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Radio_bands_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Radio bands sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>radio spectrum</b> is the part of the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a> with <a href="/wiki/Frequencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequencies">frequencies</a> from 3 <a href="/wiki/Hz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hz">Hz</a> to 3,000 <a href="/wiki/GHz" class="mw-redirect" title="GHz">GHz</a> (3 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">THz</a>). Electromagnetic waves in this frequency range, called <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio waves</a>, are widely used in modern technology, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">telecommunication</a>. To prevent <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference" title="Electromagnetic interference">interference</a> between different users, the generation and <a href="/wiki/Radio_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio transmission">transmission</a> of radio waves is strictly regulated by national laws, coordinated by an international body, the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> (ITU).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Different parts of the radio spectrum are allocated by the ITU for different radio transmission technologies and applications; some 40 <a href="/wiki/Radiocommunication_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiocommunication service">radiocommunication services</a> are defined in the ITU's <a href="/wiki/ITU_Radio_Regulations" title="ITU Radio Regulations">Radio Regulations</a> (RR).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, parts of the radio spectrum are sold or licensed to operators of private radio transmission services (for example, cellular telephone operators or broadcast television stations). Ranges of allocated frequencies are often referred to by their provisioned use (for example, cellular spectrum or television spectrum).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because it is a fixed resource which is in demand by an increasing number of users, the radio spectrum has become increasingly congested in recent decades, and the need to utilize it more effectively is driving modern telecommunications innovations such as <a href="/wiki/Trunked_radio_system" title="Trunked radio system">trunked radio systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spread_spectrum" title="Spread spectrum">spread spectrum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultra-wideband" title="Ultra-wideband">ultra-wideband</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frequency_reuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency reuse">frequency reuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_spectrum_management" title="Dynamic spectrum management">dynamic spectrum management</a>, frequency pooling, and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_radio" title="Cognitive radio">cognitive radio</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limits">Limits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_spectrum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Limits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> boundaries of the radio spectrum are a matter of convention in physics and are somewhat arbitrary. Since radio waves are the lowest frequency category of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic wave">electromagnetic waves</a>, there is no lower limit to the frequency of radio waves.<sup id="cite_ref-RadioRegulations1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RadioRegulations1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radio waves are defined by the ITU as: "electromagnetic waves of frequencies arbitrarily lower than 3000 GHz, propagated in space without artificial guide".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the high frequency end the radio spectrum is bounded by the <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> band. The boundary between radio waves and infrared waves is defined at different frequencies in different scientific fields. The <a href="/wiki/Terahertz_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Terahertz band">terahertz band</a>, from 300 gigahertz to 3 terahertz, can be considered either as microwaves or infrared. It is the highest band categorized as radio waves by the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RadioRegulations1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RadioRegulations1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but spectroscopic scientists consider these frequencies part of the <a href="/wiki/Far_infrared" title="Far infrared">far infrared</a> and mid infrared bands. </p><p>Because it is a fixed resource, the <i>practical</i> limits and basic physical considerations of the radio spectrum, the frequencies which are useful for <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio communication</a>, are determined by technological limitations which are impossible to overcome.<sup id="cite_ref-Gosling_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gosling-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So although the radio spectrum is becoming increasingly congested, there is no possible way to add additional frequency <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</a> outside of that currently in use.<sup id="cite_ref-Gosling_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gosling-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lowest frequencies used for radio communication are limited by the increasing size of transmitting <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">antennas</a> required.<sup id="cite_ref-Gosling_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gosling-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The size of antenna required to radiate radio power efficiently increases in proportion to <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> or inversely with frequency. Below about 10 kHz (a wavelength of 30 km), elevated wire antennas kilometers in diameter are required, so very few radio systems use frequencies below this. A second limit is the decreasing <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</a> available at low frequencies, which limits the <a href="/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">data rate</a> that can be transmitted.<sup id="cite_ref-Gosling_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gosling-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Below about 30 kHz, audio modulation is impractical and only slow baud rate data communication is used. The lowest frequencies that have been used for radio communication are around 80 Hz, in <a href="/wiki/Extremely_low_frequency" title="Extremely low frequency">ELF</a> <a href="/wiki/Communication_with_submarines" title="Communication with submarines">submarine communications</a> systems built by a few nations' navies to communicate with their submerged submarines hundreds of meters underwater. These employ huge <a href="/wiki/Ground_dipole" title="Ground dipole">ground dipole</a> antennas 20–60 km long excited by megawatts of transmitter power, and transmit data at an extremely slow rate of about 1 bit per minute (17 <a href="/wiki/Bit_rate#Prefixes" title="Bit rate">millibits per second</a>, or about 5 minutes per character). </p><p>The highest frequencies useful for radio communication are limited by the absorption of microwave energy by the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-Gosling_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gosling-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As frequency increases above 30 GHz (the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Millimeter_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Millimeter wave">millimeter wave</a> band), atmospheric gases absorb increasing amounts of power, so the power in a beam of radio waves decreases exponentially with distance from the transmitting antenna. At 30 GHz, useful communication is limited to about 1 km, but as frequency increases the range at which the waves can be received decreases. In the <a href="/wiki/Terahertz_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Terahertz band">terahertz band</a> above 300 GHz, the radio waves are attenuated to zero within a few meters due to the <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(electromagnetic_radiation)" title="Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)">absorption</a> of electromagnetic radiation by the atmosphere (mainly due to <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>), which is so great that it is essentially opaque to <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic">electromagnetic</a> emissions, until it becomes transparent again near the <a href="/wiki/Near-infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-infrared">near-infrared</a> and <a href="/wiki/Optical_window" title="Optical window">optical window</a> frequency ranges.<sup id="cite_ref-Coutaz_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coutaz-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Siegel_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siegel-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bands">Bands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_spectrum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/EM_band" class="mw-redirect" title="EM band">EM band</a>.</div> <p>A <b>radio band</b> <span class="anchor" id="band"></span> is a small <a href="/wiki/Frequency_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency band">frequency band</a> (a contiguous section of the range of the radio spectrum) in which <a href="/wiki/Communication_channel" title="Communication channel">channels</a> are usually used or set aside for the same purpose. To prevent interference and allow for efficient use of the radio spectrum, similar services are allocated in bands. For example, broadcasting, mobile radio, or navigation devices, will be allocated in non-overlapping ranges of frequencies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Band_plan">Band plan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_spectrum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Band plan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For each radio band, the ITU has a <b>band plan</b> (or <b>frequency plan</b>) which dictates how it is to be used and shared, to avoid <a href="/wiki/Co-channel_interference" title="Co-channel interference">interference</a> and to set <a href="/wiki/Communications_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications protocol">protocol</a> for the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/compatibility" class="extiw" title="wikt:compatibility">compatibility</a> of <a href="/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">transmitters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Receiver_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Receiver (radio)">receivers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each frequency plan defines the frequency range to be included, how <a href="/wiki/Channel_(broadcasting)" title="Channel (broadcasting)">channels</a> are to be defined, and what will be carried on those channels. Typical definitions set forth in a frequency plan are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Numbering_scheme" title="Numbering scheme">numbering scheme</a> – which channel numbers or letters (if any) will be assigned</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_frequencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Center frequencies">center frequencies</a> – how far apart the <a href="/wiki/Carrier_wave" title="Carrier wave">carrier wave</a> for each channel will be</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Frequency_deviation" title="Frequency deviation">deviation</a> – how wide each channel will be</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_mask" title="Spectral mask">spectral mask</a> – how extraneous <a href="/wiki/Signal" title="Signal">signals</a> will be <a href="/wiki/Attenuate" class="mw-redirect" title="Attenuate">attenuated</a> by frequency</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">modulation</a> – what type will be used or are permissible</li> <li>content – what types of information are allowed, such as <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">audio</a> or <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a>, <a href="/wiki/Analog_signal" title="Analog signal">analog</a> or <a href="/wiki/Digital_data" title="Digital data">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Licensing">licensing</a> – what the procedure will be to obtain a <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_license" title="Broadcast license">broadcast license</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ITU">ITU</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_spectrum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: ITU"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The actual authorized frequency bands are defined by the <a href="/wiki/ITU" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU">ITU</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the local regulating agencies like the US <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and voluntary best practices help avoid interference.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a matter of convention, the ITU divides the radio spectrum into 12 bands, each beginning at a <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> which is a power of ten (10<sup><i>n</i></sup>) metres, with corresponding frequency of 3×10<sup>8−<i>n</i></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">hertz</a>, and each covering a decade of frequency or wavelength. Each of these bands has a traditional name. For example, the term <i><a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">high frequency</a></i> (HF) designates the wavelength range from 100 to 10 metres, corresponding to a frequency range of 3 to 30 MHz. This is just a symbol and is not related to allocation; the ITU further divides each band into subbands allocated to different services. Above 300 GHz, the absorption of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a> by <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">Earth's atmosphere</a> is so great that the atmosphere is effectively opaque, until it becomes transparent again in the <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">near-infrared</a> and <a href="/wiki/Optical_window" title="Optical window">optical window</a> frequency ranges. </p><p>These <i>ITU radio bands</i> are defined in the <a href="/wiki/ITU" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU">ITU</a> <a href="/wiki/Radio_Regulations" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Regulations">Radio Regulations</a>. Article 2, provision No. 2.1 states that "the radio spectrum shall be subdivided into nine frequency bands, which shall be designated by progressive whole numbers in accordance with the following table".<sup id="cite_ref-ITU2020_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITU2020-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The table originated with a recommendation of the fourth <a href="/wiki/CCIR_(radio_committee)" class="mw-redirect" title="CCIR (radio committee)">CCIR</a> meeting, held in Bucharest in 1937, and was approved by the International Radio Conference held at Atlantic City, NJ in 1947. The idea to give each band a number, in which the number is the logarithm of the approximate geometric mean of the upper and lower band limits in Hz, originated with B. C. Fleming-Williams, who suggested it in a letter to the editor of <i>Wireless Engineer</i> in 1942. For example, the approximate geometric mean of band 7 is 10 MHz, or 10<sup>7</sup> Hz.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The band name "tremendously low frequency" (TLF) has been used for frequencies from 1–3 Hz (wavelengths from 300,000–100,000 km),<sup id="cite_ref-Duncan_2021_235–247_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duncan_2021_235–247-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the term has not been defined by the ITU.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Band name</th> <th>Abbreviation</th> <th>ITU band number</th> <th>Frequency and wavelength</th> <th>Example uses </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Extremely_low_frequency" title="Extremely low frequency">Extremely low frequency</a></td> <td>ELF</td> <td>1</td> <td>3–30 Hz<br />100,000–10,000 km</td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Communication_with_submarines" title="Communication with submarines">Communication with submarines</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Super_low_frequency" title="Super low frequency">Super low frequency</a></td> <td>SLF</td> <td>2</td> <td>30–300 Hz<br />10,000–1,000 km</td> <td style="text-align:left">Communication with submarines </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ultra_low_frequency" title="Ultra low frequency">Ultra low frequency</a></td> <td>ULF</td> <td>3</td> <td>300–3,000 Hz<br />1,000–100 km</td> <td style="text-align:left">Communication with submarines, <a href="/wiki/Through_the_earth_mine_communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Through the earth mine communications">communication within mines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landline_telephony" class="mw-redirect" title="Landline telephony">landline telephony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fax_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fax machine">fax machines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">fiber-optic communication</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Very_low_frequency" title="Very low frequency">Very low frequency</a></td> <td>VLF</td> <td>4</td> <td>3–30 kHz<br />100–10 km</td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Radio_navigation" title="Radio navigation">Navigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_clock" title="Radio clock">time signals</a>, communication with submarines, <a href="/wiki/Landline_telephony" class="mw-redirect" title="Landline telephony">landline telephony</a>, wireless <a href="/wiki/Heart_rate_monitor" title="Heart rate monitor">heart rate monitors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">geophysics</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Low_frequency" title="Low frequency">Low frequency</a></td> <td>LF</td> <td>5</td> <td>30–300 kHz<br />10–1 km</td> <td style="text-align:left">Navigation, <a href="/wiki/Radio_clock" title="Radio clock">time signals</a>, AM <a href="/wiki/Longwave" title="Longwave">longwave</a> broadcasting (Europe and parts of Asia), <a href="/wiki/RFID" class="mw-redirect" title="RFID">RFID</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">amateur radio</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Medium_frequency" title="Medium frequency">Medium frequency</a></td> <td>MF</td> <td>6</td> <td>300–3,000 kHz<br />1,000–100 m</td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM</a> (medium-wave) broadcasts, amateur radio, <a href="/wiki/Avalanche_transceiver" title="Avalanche transceiver">avalanche beacons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">magnetic resonance imaging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">positron emission tomography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph" title="Electrical telegraph">electrical telegraph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wireless_telegraphy" title="Wireless telegraphy">wireless telegraphy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radioteletype" title="Radioteletype">radioteletype</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dial-up_internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dial-up internet">dial-up internet</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">High frequency</a></td> <td>HF</td> <td>7</td> <td>3–30 MHz<br />100–10 m</td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Shortwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortwave">Shortwave</a> broadcasts, <a href="/wiki/Citizens_band_radio" title="Citizens band radio">citizens band radio</a>, amateur radio, <a href="/wiki/Over-the-horizon" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-the-horizon">over-the-horizon</a> aviation communications, <a href="/wiki/RFID" class="mw-redirect" title="RFID">RFID</a>, <a href="/wiki/Over-the-horizon_radar" title="Over-the-horizon radar">over-the-horizon radar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Automatic_link_establishment" title="Automatic link establishment">automatic link establishment</a> (ALE) / <a href="/wiki/Near_Vertical_Incidence_Skywave" class="mw-redirect" title="Near Vertical Incidence Skywave">near-vertical incidence skywave</a> (NVIS) radio communications, <a href="/wiki/Marine_and_mobile_radio_telephony" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine and mobile radio telephony">marine and mobile radio telephony</a>, <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">magnetic resonance imaging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">positron emission tomography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medical_ultrasound" title="Medical ultrasound">ultrasound</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cordless_phones" class="mw-redirect" title="Cordless phones">cordless phones</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">Very high frequency</a></td> <td>VHF</td> <td>8</td> <td>30–300 MHz<br />10–1 m</td> <td style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM</a> broadcasts, <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> broadcasts, cable television broadcasting, <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radars</a>, line-of-sight <a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">ground-to-aircraft communications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aviation_communication" title="Aviation communication">aircraft-to-aircraft communications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emergency_locator_beacon" title="Emergency locator beacon">emergency locator beacon</a> homing signal, <a href="/wiki/Radioteletype" title="Radioteletype">radioteletype</a>, land mobile and maritime mobile communications, amateur radio, <a href="/wiki/Radio_scanner" title="Radio scanner">police, fire and emergency medical services broadcasts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weather_radio" title="Weather radio">weather radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">magnetic resonance imaging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">positron emission tomography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medical_ultrasound" title="Medical ultrasound">ultrasound</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cordless_phones" class="mw-redirect" title="Cordless phones">cordless phones</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">Ultra high frequency</a></td> <td>UHF</td> <td>9</td> <td>300–3,000 MHz<br />100–10 cm</td> <td style="text-align:left">Television broadcasts, cable television broadcasting, <a href="/wiki/Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">microwave oven</a>, radars, <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> devices/communications, <a href="/wiki/Radio_astronomy" title="Radio astronomy">radio astronomy</a>, radars (<a href="/wiki/L_band" title="L band">L band</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wireless_LAN" title="Wireless LAN">wireless LAN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zigbee" title="Zigbee">Zigbee</a>, <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> and two-way radios such as land mobile, <a href="/wiki/Emergency_locator_beacon" title="Emergency locator beacon">emergency locator beacon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Family_Radio_Service" title="Family Radio Service">FRS</a> and <a href="/wiki/GMRS" class="mw-redirect" title="GMRS">GMRS</a> radios, amateur radio, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">satellite radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_scanner" title="Radio scanner">police, fire and emergency medical services broadcasts</a>, remote control systems, <a href="/wiki/ADSB" class="mw-redirect" title="ADSB">ADSB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cordless_phones" class="mw-redirect" title="Cordless phones">cordless phones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dial-up_internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dial-up internet">dial-up internet</a>, satellite broadcasting, communication satellites, weather satellites, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">satellite phones</a> (L band), satellite phones (<a href="/wiki/S_band" title="S band">S band</a>). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Super_high_frequency" title="Super high frequency">Super high frequency</a></td> <td>SHF</td> <td>10</td> <td>3–30 GHz<br />10–1 cm</td> <td style="text-align:left">Radio astronomy, microwave devices/communications, wireless LAN, <a href="/wiki/DSRC" class="mw-redirect" title="DSRC">DSRC</a>, most modern radars, <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">communications satellites</a>, cable and satellite television broadcasting, <a href="/wiki/Direct-broadcast_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-broadcast satellite">DBS</a>, amateur radio, satellite broadcasting, communication satellites, weather satellites, satellite radio, <a href="/wiki/Cordless_phones" class="mw-redirect" title="Cordless phones">cordless phones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a>, satellite phones (S band). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Extremely_high_frequency" title="Extremely high frequency">Extremely high frequency</a></td> <td>EHF</td> <td>11</td> <td>30–300 GHz<br />10–1 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left">Radio astronomy, satellite broadcasting, communication satellites, weather satellites, high-frequency <a href="/wiki/Microwave_radio_relay" class="mw-redirect" title="Microwave radio relay">microwave radio relay</a>, microwave <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Active_Denial_System" title="Active Denial System">directed-energy weapon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millimeter_wave_scanner" title="Millimeter wave scanner">millimeter wave scanner</a>, <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ad" title="IEEE 802.11ad">Wireless Lan 802.11ad</a>, internet. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Terahertz_radiation" title="Terahertz radiation">Terahertz</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tremendously_high_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Tremendously high frequency">tremendously high frequency</a></td> <td>THF</td> <td>12</td> <td>300–3,000 GHz<br />1–0.1 mm</td> <td style="text-align:left">Experimental medical imaging to replace X-rays, ultrafast molecular dynamics, <a href="/wiki/Condensed-matter_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Condensed-matter physics">condensed-matter physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terahertz_time-domain_spectroscopy" title="Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy">terahertz time-domain spectroscopy</a>, terahertz computing/communications, <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IEEE_radar_bands">IEEE radar bands<span class="anchor" id="IEEE"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_spectrum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: IEEE radar bands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frequency bands in the <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> range are designated by letters. This convention began around World War II with military designations for frequencies used in <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>, which was the first application of microwaves. There are several incompatible naming systems for microwave bands, and even within a given system the exact frequency range designated by a letter may vary somewhat between different application areas. One widely used standard is the <i>IEEE radar bands</i> established by the US <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Radar-frequency bands according to <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> standard<sup id="cite_ref-ieee_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Band<br />designation</th> <th>Frequency range</th> <th>Explanation of meaning of letters<br /> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">HF</a></td> <td>0.003 to 0.03 GHz</td> <td>High frequency<sup id="cite_ref-ieee_names_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee_names-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/VHF" class="mw-redirect" title="VHF">VHF</a></td> <td>0.03 to 0.3 GHz</td> <td>Very high frequency<sup id="cite_ref-ieee_names_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee_names-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UHF" class="mw-redirect" title="UHF">UHF</a></td> <td>0.3 to 1 GHz</td> <td>Ultra-high frequency<sup id="cite_ref-ieee_names_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee_names-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/L_band" title="L band">L</a></td> <td>1 to 2 GHz</td> <td>Long wave </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/S_band" title="S band">S</a></td> <td>2 to 4 GHz</td> <td>Short wave </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C</a></td> <td>4 to 8 GHz</td> <td>Compromise between S and X </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/X_band" title="X band">X</a></td> <td>8 to 12 GHz</td> <td>Used in World War II for <a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">fire control</a>, X for cross (as in <a href="/wiki/Crosshair" class="mw-redirect" title="Crosshair">crosshair</a>). Exotic.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman2006_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman2006-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub></a></td> <td>12 to 18 GHz</td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kurz</i></span>-under </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/K_band_(IEEE)" title="K band (IEEE)">K</a></td> <td>18 to 27 GHz</td> <td><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Kurz</i> (short) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ka_band" title="Ka band">K<sub>a</sub></a></td> <td>27 to 40 GHz</td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kurz</i></span>-above </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/V_band" title="V band">V</a></td> <td>40 to 75 GHz</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/W_band" title="W band">W</a></td> <td>75 to 110 GHz</td> <td>W follows V in the <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Millimeter_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Millimeter band">mm</a> or <a href="/wiki/G_band_(IEEE)" class="mw-redirect" title="G band (IEEE)">G</a></td> <td>110 to 300 GHz<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Millimeter<sup id="cite_ref-ieee_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The designation mm is also used to refer to the range from 30 to 300 GHz.<sup id="cite_ref-ieee_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="EU,_NATO,_US_ECM_frequency_designations"><span id="EU.2C_NATO.2C_US_ECM_frequency_designations"></span>EU, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, US ECM frequency designations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_spectrum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: EU, NATO, US ECM frequency designations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6">NATO letter band designation<sup id="cite_ref-BelovSmolskiy2012_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BelovSmolskiy2012-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Friedman2006_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman2006-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="3" align="left">Broadcasting<br />band<br />designation </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2">New nomenclature</th> <th bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> </th> <th colspan="2">Old nomenclature</th> <th bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Band</th> <th>Frequency (<a href="/wiki/MHz" class="mw-redirect" title="MHz">MHz</a>)</th> <th bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> </th> <th>Band</th> <th>Frequency (MHz)</th> <th bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"> <td colspan="7"> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/A_band_(NATO)" title="A band (NATO)"><b>A</b></a></td> <td rowspan="3">0 – 250</td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" rowspan="3"></td> <td rowspan="2"><b>I</b></td> <td rowspan="2">100 – 150</td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC" rowspan="2"></td> <td>Band I<br />47 – 68 MHz (TV) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Band II<br />87.5 – 108 MHz (FM) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><b>G</b></td> <td>150 – 225</td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> </td> <td>Band III<br />174 – 230 MHz (TV) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/B_band_(NATO)" title="B band (NATO)"><b>B</b></a></td> <td>250 – 500</td> <td rowspan="1" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td> <td><b>P</b></td> <td>225 – 390</td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/C_band_(NATO)" title="C band (NATO)"><b>C</b></a></td> <td rowspan="2">500 – 1 000</td> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><b>L</b></td> <td rowspan="2">390 – 1 550</td> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> </td> <td>Band IV<br />470 – 582 MHz (TV) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Band V<br />582 – 862 MHz (TV) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/D_band_(NATO)" title="D band (NATO)"><b>D</b></a></td> <td>1 000 – 2 000</td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td> <td rowspan="3"><b>S</b></td> <td rowspan="3">1 550 – 3 900 </td> <td rowspan="3" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td> <td rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/E_band_(NATO)" title="E band (NATO)"><b>E</b></a></td> <td>2 000 – 3 000</td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/F_band_(NATO)" title="F band (NATO)"><b>F</b></a></td> <td>3 000 – 4 000</td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/G_band_(NATO)" title="G band (NATO)"><b>G</b></a></td> <td>4 000 – 6 000</td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td> <td><b>C</b></td> <td>3 900 – 6 200</td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/H_band_(NATO)" title="H band (NATO)"><b>H</b></a></td> <td>6 000 – 8 000</td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td> <td rowspan="2"><b>X</b></td> <td rowspan="2">6 200 – 10 900</td> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td> <td rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/I_band_(NATO)" title="I band (NATO)"><b>I</b></a></td> <td>8 000 – 10 000</td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/J_band_(NATO)" title="J band (NATO)"><b>J</b></a></td> <td>10 000 – 20 000</td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td> <td><span style="color:#800000;"><b>Ku</b></span></td> <td>10 900 – 20 000</td> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td> <td rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/K_band_(NATO)" title="K band (NATO)"><b>K</b></a></td> <td>20 000 – 40 000</td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td> <td><span style="color:#800000;"><b>Ka</b></span></td> <td>20 000 – 36 000 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/L_band_(NATO)" title="L band (NATO)"><b>L</b></a></td> <td rowspan="2">40 000 – 60 000</td> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td> <td><b>Q</b></td> <td>36 000 – 46 000</td> <td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td> <td rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><b>V</b></td> <td>46 000 – 56 000 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/M_band_(NATO)" title="M band (NATO)"><b>M</b></a></td> <td>60 000 – 100 000</td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td> <td><b>W</b></td> <td>56 000 – 100 000</td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"> <td colspan="7"> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="5">US Military/<a href="/wiki/SACLANT" class="mw-redirect" title="SACLANT">SACLANT</a></td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><b>N</b></td> <td colspan="4">100 000 – 200 000</td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><b>O</b></td> <td colspan="4">100 000 – 200 000</td> <td bgcolor="#CCCCCC"></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waveguide_frequency_bands">Waveguide frequency bands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_spectrum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Waveguide frequency bands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Waveguide_(electromagnetism)#In_practice" class="mw-redirect" title="Waveguide (electromagnetism)">Waveguide (electromagnetism) § In practice</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Band</th> <th>Frequency range <sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/R_band" class="mw-redirect" title="R band">R band</a></td> <td>1.70 to 2.60 GHz </td></tr> <tr> <td>D band</td> <td>2.20 to 3.30 GHz </td></tr> <tr> <td>S band</td> <td>2.60 to 3.95 GHz </td></tr> <tr> <td>E band</td> <td>3.30 to 4.90 GHz </td></tr> <tr> <td>G band</td> <td>3.95 to 5.85 GHz </td></tr> <tr> <td>F band</td> <td>4.90 to 7.05 GHz </td></tr> <tr> <td>C band</td> <td>5.85 to 8.20 GHz </td></tr> <tr> <td>H band</td> <td>7.05 to 10.10 GHz </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/X_band" title="X band">X band</a></td> <td>8.2 to 12.4 GHz </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub> band</a></td> <td>12.4 to 18.0 GHz </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/K_band_(IEEE)" title="K band (IEEE)">K band</a></td> <td>18.0 to 26.5 GHz </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ka_band" title="Ka band">K<sub>a</sub> band</a></td> <td>26.5 to 40.0 GHz </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Q_band" title="Q band">Q band</a></td> <td>33 to 50 GHz </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/U_band" title="U band">U band</a></td> <td>40 to 60 GHz </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/V_band" title="V band">V band</a></td> <td>50 to 75 GHz </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/E_band_(waveguide)" title="E band (waveguide)">E band</a></td> <td>60 to 90 GHz </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/W_band" title="W band">W band</a></td> <td>75 to 110 GHz </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/F_band_(waveguide)" title="F band (waveguide)">F band</a></td> <td>90 to 140 GHz </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/D_band_(waveguide)" title="D band (waveguide)">D band</a></td> <td>110 to 170 GHz </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Y_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Y band">Y band</a></td> <td>325 to 500 GHz </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_of_radio_band_designation_standards">Comparison of radio band designation standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_spectrum&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Comparison of radio band designation standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frq_Band_Comparison.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Frq_Band_Comparison.png/611px-Frq_Band_Comparison.png" decoding="async" width="611" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Frq_Band_Comparison.png/917px-Frq_Band_Comparison.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Frq_Band_Comparison.png/1222px-Frq_Band_Comparison.png 2x" data-file-width="1978" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of frequency band designations</figcaption></figure> <p>The band name "tremendously low frequency" (TLF) has been used for frequencies from 1–3  Hz (wavelengths of 300,000–100,000 km),<sup id="cite_ref-Duncan_2021_235–247_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duncan_2021_235–247-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the term has not been defined by the ITU.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2">Frequency </th> <th rowspan="2">IEEE<sup id="cite_ref-ieee_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th rowspan="2">EU,<br />NATO,<br />US ECM </th> <th colspan="2">ITU </th></tr> <tr> <th>no. </th> <th>abbr. </th></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none; border-right: none; text-align: right; vertical-align: top"> </td> <td style="border-left: none; width: 0.5em"> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="9"><a href="/wiki/A_band_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="A band (radio)">A</a> </td> <td colspan="2">  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none; border-right: none; text-align: right; vertical-align: top"><span style="position: relative; top: -2ex">3 Hz</span> </td> <td style="border-left: none"> </td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Extremely_low_frequency" title="Extremely low frequency">1</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Extremely_low_frequency" title="Extremely low frequency">ELF</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none; border-right: none; text-align: right; vertical-align: top"><span style="position: relative; top: -2ex">30 Hz</span> </td> <td style="border-left: none"> </td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Super_low_frequency" title="Super low frequency">2</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Super_low_frequency" title="Super low frequency">SLF</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none; border-right: none; text-align: right; vertical-align: top"><span style="position: relative; top: -2ex">300 Hz</span> </td> <td style="border-left: none"> </td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Ultra_low_frequency" title="Ultra low frequency">3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ultra_low_frequency" title="Ultra low frequency">ULF</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none; border-right: none; text-align: right; vertical-align: top"><span style="position: relative; top: -2ex">3 kHz</span> </td> <td style="border-left: none"> </td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Very_low_frequency" title="Very low frequency">4</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/VLF" class="mw-redirect" title="VLF">VLF</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none; border-right: none; text-align: right; vertical-align: top"><span style="position: relative; top: -2ex">30 kHz</span> </td> <td style="border-left: none"> </td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Low_frequency" title="Low frequency">5</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Low_frequency" title="Low frequency">LF</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none; border-right: none; text-align: right; vertical-align: top"><span style="position: relative; top: -2ex">300 kHz</span> </td> <td style="border-left: none"> </td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Medium_frequency" title="Medium frequency">6</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Medium_frequency" title="Medium frequency">MF</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none; border-right: none; text-align: right; vertical-align: top"><span style="position: relative; top: -2ex">3 MHz</span> </td> <td style="border-left: none"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">HF</a> </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">7</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">HF</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none; border-right: none; text-align: right; vertical-align: top"><span style="position: relative; top: -2ex">30 MHz</span> </td> <td style="border-left: none"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/VHF" class="mw-redirect" title="VHF">VHF</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="right"><a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">8</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/VHF" class="mw-redirect" title="VHF">VHF</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none; border-right: none; text-align: right; vertical-align: top"><span style="position: relative; top: -2ex">250 MHz</span> </td> <td style="border-left: none"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/B_band" class="mw-redirect" title="B band">B</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none; border-right: none; text-align: right; vertical-align: top"><span style="position: relative; top: -2ex">300 MHz</span> </td> <td style="border-left: none"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/UHF" class="mw-redirect" title="UHF">UHF</a> </td> <td rowspan="4" align="right"><a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">9</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/UHF" class="mw-redirect" title="UHF">UHF</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none; border-right: none; text-align: right; vertical-align: top"><span style="position: relative; top: -2ex">500 MHz</span> </td> <td style="border-left: none"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C_band_(NATO)" title="C band (NATO)">C</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none; border-right: none; text-align: right; vertical-align: top"><span style="position: relative; top: -2ex">1 GHz</span> </td> <td style="border-left: none"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/L_band" title="L band">L</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D_band_(NATO)" title="D band (NATO)">D</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none; border-right: none; text-align: right; vertical-align: top"><span style="position: relative; top: -2ex">2 GHz</span> </td> <td style="border-left: none"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/S_band" title="S band">S</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/E_band_(NATO)" title="E band (NATO)">E</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none; border-right: none; text-align: right; vertical-align: top"><span style="position: relative; top: -2ex">3 GHz</span> </td> <td style="border-left: none"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/F_band_(NATO)" title="F band (NATO)">F</a> </td> <td rowspan="9" align="right"><a href="/wiki/Super_high_frequency" title="Super high frequency">10</a> </td> <td rowspan="9"><a href="/wiki/Super_high_frequency" title="Super high frequency">SHF</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none; border-right: none; text-align: right; vertical-align: top"><span style="position: relative; top: -2ex">4 GHz</span> </td> <td style="border-left: none"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/G_band_(NATO)" title="G band (NATO)">G</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none; border-right: none; text-align: right; vertical-align: top"><span style="position: relative; top: -2ex">6 GHz</span> </td> <td style="border-left: none"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/H_band_(NATO)" title="H band (NATO)">H</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none; border-right: none; text-align: right; vertical-align: top"><span style="position: relative; top: -2ex">8 GHz</span> </td> <td style="border-left: none"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/X_band" title="X band">X</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/I_band_(NATO)" title="I band (NATO)">I</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none; border-right: none; text-align: right; vertical-align: top"><span style="position: relative; top: -2ex">10 GHz</span> </td> <td style="border-left: none"> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/J_band_(NATO)" title="J band (NATO)">J</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none; border-right: none; text-align: right; vertical-align: top"><span style="position: relative; top: -2ex">12 GHz</span> </td> <td style="border-left: none"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none; border-right: none; text-align: right; vertical-align: top"><span style="position: relative; top: -2ex">18 GHz</span> </td> <td style="border-left: none"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/K_band_(IEEE)" title="K band (IEEE)">K</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none; border-right: none; text-align: right; vertical-align: top"><span style="position: relative; top: -2ex">20 GHz</span> </td> <td style="border-left: none"> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/K_band_(NATO)" title="K band (NATO)">K</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none; border-right: none; text-align: right; vertical-align: top"><span style="position: relative; top: -2ex">27 GHz</span> </td> <td style="border-left: none"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ka_band" title="Ka band">K<sub>a</sub></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none; border-right: none; text-align: right; vertical-align: top"><span style="position: relative; top: -2ex">30 GHz</span> </td> <td style="border-left: none"> </td> <td rowspan="6" align="right"><a href="/wiki/Extremely_high_frequency" title="Extremely high frequency">11</a> </td> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Extremely_high_frequency" title="Extremely high frequency">EHF</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none; border-right: none; text-align: right; vertical-align: top"><span style="position: relative; top: -2ex">40 GHz</span> </td> <td style="border-left: none"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/V_band" title="V band">V</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/L_band_(NATO)" title="L band (NATO)">L</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none; border-right: none; text-align: right; vertical-align: top"><span style="position: relative; top: -2ex">60 GHz</span> </td> <td style="border-left: none"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/M_band_(NATO)" title="M band (NATO)">M</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none; border-right: none; text-align: right; vertical-align: top"><span style="position: relative; top: -2ex">75 GHz</span> </td> <td style="border-left: none"> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/W_band" title="W band">W</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none; border-right: none; text-align: right; vertical-align: top"><span style="position: relative; top: -2ex">100 GHz</span> </td> <td style="border-left: none"> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none; border-right: none; text-align: right; vertical-align: top"><span style="position: relative; top: -2ex">110 GHz</span> </td> <td style="border-left: none"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Millimeter_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Millimeter band">mm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none; border-right: none; text-align: right; vertical-align: top"><span style="position: relative; top: -2ex">300 GHz</span> </td> <td style="border-left: none"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Tremendously_high_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Tremendously high frequency">12</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tremendously_high_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Tremendously high frequency">THF</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border-bottom: none; border-right: none; text-align: right; vertical-align: top"><span style="position: relative; top: -2ex">3 THz</span> </td> <td style="border-left: none"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2">  </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_spectrum&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Radio#Applications" title="Radio">Radio § Applications</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broadcasting">Broadcasting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_spectrum&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Broadcasting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">Radio broadcasting</a></div> <p>Broadcast frequencies: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longwave" title="Longwave">Longwave AM Radio</a> = 148.5 kHz – 283.5 kHz (LF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_wave" title="Medium wave">Mediumwave AM Radio</a> = 520 kHz – 1700 kHz (MF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortwave_bands" title="Shortwave bands">Shortwave AM Radio</a> = 3 MHz – 30 MHz (HF)</li></ul> <p>Designations for television and FM radio broadcast frequencies vary between countries, see <a href="/wiki/Television_channel_frequencies" title="Television channel frequencies">Television channel frequencies</a> and <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcast_band" title="FM broadcast band">FM broadcast band</a>. Since VHF and UHF frequencies are desirable for many uses in urban areas, in North America some parts of the former television broadcasting band have been reassigned to <a href="/wiki/Cellular_phone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellular phone">cellular phone</a> and various land mobile communications systems. Even within the allocation still dedicated to television, <a href="/wiki/TV-band_device" title="TV-band device">TV-band devices</a> use channels without local broadcasters. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Apex_(radio_band)" title="Apex (radio band)">Apex</a> band in the United States was a pre-WWII allocation for VHF audio broadcasting; it was made obsolete after the introduction of FM broadcasting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_band">Air band</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_spectrum&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Air band"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Airband" title="Airband">Airband</a> refers to VHF frequencies 108 to 137 MHz, used for navigation and voice communication with aircraft. Trans-oceanic aircraft also carry <a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">HF</a> radio and satellite transceivers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marine_band">Marine band</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_spectrum&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Marine band"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The greatest incentive for development of radio was the need to communicate with ships out of visual range of shore. From the very early days of radio, large oceangoing vessels carried powerful long-wave and medium-wave transmitters. High-frequency allocations are still designated for ships, although satellite systems have taken over some of the safety applications previously served by <a href="/wiki/500_kHz" title="500 kHz">500 kHz</a> and other frequencies. <a href="/wiki/2182_kHz" title="2182 kHz">2182 kHz</a> is a medium-wave frequency still used for marine emergency communication. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Marine_VHF_radio" title="Marine VHF radio">Marine VHF radio</a> is used in coastal waters and relatively short-range communication between vessels and to shore stations. Radios are channelized, with different channels used for different purposes; marine Channel 16 is used for calling and emergencies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amateur_radio_frequencies">Amateur radio frequencies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_spectrum&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Amateur radio frequencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_frequency_allocations" title="Amateur radio frequency allocations">Amateur radio frequency allocations</a> vary around the world. Several bands are common for amateurs worldwide, usually in the <a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">HF</a> part of the spectrum. Other bands are national or regional allocations only due to differing allocations for other services, especially in the <a href="/wiki/VHF" class="mw-redirect" title="VHF">VHF</a> and <a href="/wiki/UHF" class="mw-redirect" title="UHF">UHF</a> parts of the radio spectrum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citizens'_band_and_personal_radio_services"><span id="Citizens.27_band_and_personal_radio_services"></span>Citizens' band and personal radio services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_spectrum&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citizens' band and personal radio services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_band_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizens' band radio">Citizens' band radio</a> is allocated in many countries, using channelized radios in the upper HF part of the spectrum (around 27 MHz). It is used for personal, small business and hobby purposes. Other frequency allocations are used for similar services in different jurisdictions, for example <a href="/wiki/UHF_CB" title="UHF CB">UHF CB</a> is allocated in Australia. A wide range of <a href="/wiki/Personal_radio_service" title="Personal radio service">personal radio services</a> exist around the world, usually emphasizing short-range communication between individuals or for small businesses, simplified license requirements or in some countries covered by a class license, and usually FM transceivers using around 1 watt or less. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial,_scientific,_medical"><span id="Industrial.2C_scientific.2C_medical"></span>Industrial, scientific, medical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_spectrum&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Industrial, scientific, medical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/ISM_band" class="mw-redirect" title="ISM band">ISM bands</a> were initially reserved for non-communications uses of RF energy, such as <a href="/wiki/Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">microwave ovens</a>, radio-frequency heating, and similar purposes. However, in recent years the largest use of these bands has been by short-range low-power communications systems, since users do not have to hold a radio operator's license. <a href="/wiki/Cordless_telephone" title="Cordless telephone">Cordless telephones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">wireless computer networks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> devices, and <a href="/wiki/Garage_door_opener" title="Garage door opener">garage door openers</a> all use the ISM bands. ISM devices do not have regulatory protection against interference from other users of the band. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_mobile_bands">Land mobile bands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_spectrum&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Land mobile bands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bands of frequencies, especially in the VHF and UHF parts of the spectrum, are allocated for communication between fixed <a href="/wiki/Base_station" title="Base station">base stations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Land_mobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Land mobile">land mobile</a> vehicle-mounted or <a href="/wiki/Walkie-talkie" title="Walkie-talkie">portable</a> transceivers. In the United States these services are informally known as <a href="/wiki/Business_band" title="Business band">business band</a> radio. See also <a href="/wiki/Professional_mobile_radio" title="Professional mobile radio">Professional mobile radio</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Police_radio" title="Police radio">Police radio</a> and other public safety services such as fire departments and ambulances are generally found in the VHF and UHF parts of the spectrum. <a href="/wiki/Trunking" title="Trunking">Trunking</a> systems are often used to make most efficient use of the limited number of frequencies available. </p><p>The demand for mobile telephone service has led to large blocks of radio spectrum allocated to <a href="/wiki/Cellular_frequencies" title="Cellular frequencies">cellular frequencies</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio_control">Radio control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_spectrum&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Radio control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reliable <a href="/wiki/Radio_control" title="Radio control">radio control</a> uses bands dedicated to the purpose. Radio-controlled toys may use portions of <a href="/wiki/Unlicensed_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Unlicensed spectrum">unlicensed spectrum</a> in the 27 MHz or 49 MHz bands, but more costly aircraft, boat, or land vehicle models use dedicated <a href="/wiki/Radio_control" title="Radio control">radio control</a> frequencies near 72 MHz to avoid interference by unlicensed uses. The 21st century has seen a move to 2.4 GHz spread spectrum RC control systems. </p><p>Licensed <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">amateur radio</a> operators use portions of the <a href="/wiki/6-meter_band" title="6-meter band">6-meter band</a> in North America. Industrial remote control of cranes or railway locomotives use assigned frequencies that vary by area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radar">Radar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_spectrum&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Radar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a> applications use relatively high power pulse transmitters and sensitive receivers, so radar is operated on bands not used for other purposes. Most radar bands are in the <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> part of the spectrum, although certain important applications for <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a> make use of powerful transmitters in the UHF band. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_spectrum&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_frequency_allocations" title="Amateur radio frequency allocations">Amateur radio frequency allocations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandstacked" title="Bandstacked">Bandstacked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_frequencies" title="Cellular frequencies">Cellular frequencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Frequency_Plan_of_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Copenhagen Frequency Plan of 1948">Copenhagen Frequency Plan of 1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DXing" title="DXing">DXing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_broadcast_band" title="FM broadcast band">FM broadcast band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_allocation" title="Frequency allocation">Frequency allocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Frequency_Plan_of_1975" title="Geneva Frequency Plan of 1975">Geneva Frequency Plan of 1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ham_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ham radio">Ham radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Regional_Broadcasting_Agreement" title="North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement">North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_spectrum" title="Open spectrum">Open spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbit_spectrum" title="Orbit spectrum">Orbit spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_astronomy" title="Radio astronomy">Radio astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">Radio broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio communication">Radio communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanner_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scanner (radio)">Scanner (radio)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-way_radio" title="Two-way radio">Two-way radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-NII" class="mw-redirect" title="U-NII">U-NII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-wideband" title="Ultra-wideband">Ultra-wideband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WARC_bands" title="WARC bands">WARC bands</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_spectrum&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ITU Radio Regulations – Article 1, Definitions of Radio Services, Article 1.2 Administration: Any governmental department or service responsible for discharging the obligations undertaken in the Constitution of the International Telecommunication Union, in the Convention of the International Telecommunication Union and in the Administrative Regulations (CS 1002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">International Telecommunication Union's Radio Regulations, Edition of 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFColin_Robinson2003" class="citation book cs1">Colin Robinson (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iROxMM2MHrIC&q=%22cellular+spectrum%22+%22television+spectrum%22&pg=PA175"><i>Competition and regulation in utility markets</i></a>. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84376-230-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84376-230-0"><bdi>978-1-84376-230-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407192811/https://books.google.com/books?id=iROxMM2MHrIC&q=%22cellular+spectrum%22+%22television+spectrum%22&pg=PA175">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-04-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Competition+and+regulation+in+utility+markets&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84376-230-0&rft.au=Colin+Robinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiROxMM2MHrIC%26q%3D%2522cellular%2Bspectrum%2522%2B%2522television%2Bspectrum%2522%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RadioRegulations1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RadioRegulations1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RadioRegulations1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Radio waves are defined by the ITU as: "electromagnetic waves of frequencies arbitrarily lower than 3000 GHz, propagated in space without artificial guide", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-r/opb/reg/R-REG-RR-2020-ZPF-E.zip"><i>Radio Regulations, 2020 Edition</i></a>. International Telecommunication Union. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220218201544/https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-r/opb/reg/R-REG-RR-2020-ZPF-E.zip">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-02-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radio+Regulations%2C+2020+Edition&rft.pub=International+Telecommunication+Union&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Fdms_pub%2Fitu-r%2Fopb%2Freg%2FR-REG-RR-2020-ZPF-E.zip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-r/opb/reg/R-REG-RR-2020-ZPF-E.zip"><i>Radio Regulations, 2020 Edition</i></a>. International Telecommunication Union. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220218201544/https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-r/opb/reg/R-REG-RR-2020-ZPF-E.zip">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-02-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radio+Regulations%2C+2020+Edition&rft.pub=International+Telecommunication+Union&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Fdms_pub%2Fitu-r%2Fopb%2Freg%2FR-REG-RR-2020-ZPF-E.zip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gosling-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gosling_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gosling_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gosling_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gosling_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gosling_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGosling2000" class="citation book cs1">Gosling, William (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MvbZ2eK7luMC&pg=PA11"><i>Radio Spectrum Conservation: Radio Engineering Fundamentals</i></a>. Newnes. pp. 11–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780750637404" title="Special:BookSources/9780750637404"><bdi>9780750637404</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407192824/https://books.google.com/books?id=MvbZ2eK7luMC&pg=PA11">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-04-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radio+Spectrum+Conservation%3A+Radio+Engineering+Fundamentals&rft.pages=11-14&rft.pub=Newnes&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780750637404&rft.aulast=Gosling&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMvbZ2eK7luMC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coutaz-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coutaz_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoutazGaretWallace2018" class="citation book cs1">Coutaz, Jean-Louis; Garet, Frederic; Wallace, Vincent P. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zah8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18"><i>Principles of Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy: An Introductory Textbook</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351356367" title="Special:BookSources/9781351356367"><bdi>9781351356367</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230221211545/https://books.google.com/books?id=zah8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Terahertz+Time-Domain+Spectroscopy%3A+An+Introductory+Textbook&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781351356367&rft.aulast=Coutaz&rft.aufirst=Jean-Louis&rft.au=Garet%2C+Frederic&rft.au=Wallace%2C+Vincent+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzah8DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siegel-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Siegel_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegel2002" class="citation web cs1">Siegel, Peter (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/k-4/features/Peter_Siegel.html">"Studying the Energy of the Universe"</a>. <i>Education materials</i>. NASA website. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210620092047/https://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/k-4/features/Peter_Siegel.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Education+materials&rft.atitle=Studying+the+Energy+of+the+Universe&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Faudience%2Fforeducators%2Fk-4%2Ffeatures%2FPeter_Siegel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See detail of bands: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ntia.doc.gov/files/ntia/Spectrum_Use_Summary_Master-06212010.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140703102108/http://www.ntia.doc.gov/files/ntia/Spectrum_Use_Summary_Master-06212010.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-07-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-R/terrestrial/fmd/Pages/frequency-plans.aspx">Frequency Plans</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the authorized frequency bands for amateur radio use see: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/part-2">Authorized frequency bands</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">US ARRL Amateur Radio Bands and power limits <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arrl.org/graphical-frequency-allocations">Graphical Frequency Allocations</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ITU2020-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ITU2020_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ITU Radio Regulations, Volume 1, Article 2; Edition of 2020. Available online at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-r/opb/reg/R-REG-RR-2020-ZPF-E.zip">"Article <b>2.1</b>: Frequency and wavelength bands"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Radio Regulations 2016 Edition</i>. International Telecommunication Union. 1 January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220218201544/https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-r/opb/reg/R-REG-RR-2020-ZPF-E.zip">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Regulations+2016+Edition&rft.atitle=Article+2.1%3A+Frequency+and+wavelength+bands&rft.date=2017-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Fdms_pub%2Fitu-r%2Fopb%2Freg%2FR-REG-RR-2020-ZPF-E.zip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooth,_C._F.1949" class="citation journal cs1">Booth, C. F. (1949). "Nomenclature of Frequencies". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Post_Office_Electrical_Engineers%27_Journal" title="The Post Office Electrical Engineers' Journal">The Post Office Electrical Engineers' Journal</a></i>. <b>42</b> (1): 47–48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Post+Office+Electrical+Engineers%27+Journal&rft.atitle=Nomenclature+of+Frequencies&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=47-48&rft.date=1949&rft.au=Booth%2C+C.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duncan_2021_235–247-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duncan_2021_235–247_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duncan_2021_235–247_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncanGkountounaMahabir2021" class="citation journal cs1">Duncan, Christopher; Gkountouna, Olga; Mahabir, Ron (2021). Arabnia, Hamid R.; Deligiannidis, Leonidas; Shouno, Hayaru; Tinetti, Fernando G.; Tran, Quoc-Nam (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-71051-4_18">"Theoretical Applications of Magnetic Fields at Tremendously Low Frequency in Remote Sensing and Electronic Activity Classification"</a>. <i>Transactions on Computational Science and Computational Intelligence</i>. Cham: Springer International Publishing: 235–247. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-71051-4_18">10.1007/978-3-030-71051-4_18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-71050-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-71050-7"><bdi>978-3-030-71050-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+on+Computational+Science+and+Computational+Intelligence&rft.atitle=Theoretical+Applications+of+Magnetic+Fields+at+Tremendously+Low+Frequency+in+Remote+Sensing+and+Electronic+Activity+Classification&rft.pages=235-247&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-71051-4_18&rft.isbn=978-3-030-71050-7&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Gkountouna%2C+Olga&rft.au=Mahabir%2C+Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-71051-4_18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/v/R-REC-V.431-8-201508-I!!PDF-E.pdf">"Nomenclature of the frequency and wavelength bands used in telecommunications"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Telecommunications Union</i>. Geneva, Switzerland: International Telecommunications Union. 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Telecommunications+Union&rft.atitle=Nomenclature+of+the+frequency+and+wavelength+bands+used+in+telecommunications&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Fdms_pubrec%2Fitu-r%2Frec%2Fv%2FR-REC-V.431-8-201508-I%21%21PDF-E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ieee-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ieee_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ieee_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ieee_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ieee_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ieee_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/521/768/">IEEE Std 521-2002 <i>Standard Letter Designations for Radar-Frequency Bands</i></a> .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ieee_names-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ieee_names_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ieee_names_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ieee_names_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Table 2 in <sup id="cite_ref-ieee_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friedman2006-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman2006_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman2006_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman_Friedman2006" class="citation book cs1">Norman Friedman (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4S3h8j_NEmkC&pg=PR13"><i>The Naval Institute Guide to World Naval Weapon Systems</i></a>. Naval Institute Press. pp. xiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-262-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-262-9"><bdi>978-1-55750-262-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230221211534/https://books.google.com/books?id=4S3h8j_NEmkC&pg=PR13">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Naval+Institute+Guide+to+World+Naval+Weapon+Systems&rft.pages=xiii&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-55750-262-9&rft.au=Norman+Friedman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4S3h8j_NEmkC%26pg%3DPR13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandayMohammad_RatherBegh2019" class="citation journal cs1">Banday, Yusra; Mohammad Rather, Ghulam; Begh, Gh. Rasool (February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1049/iet-com.2018.5044">"Effect of atmospheric absorption on millimetre wave frequencies for 5G cellular networks"</a>. <i>IET Communications</i>. <b>13</b> (3): 265–270. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1049%2Fiet-com.2018.5044">10.1049/iet-com.2018.5044</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1751-8636">1751-8636</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IET+Communications&rft.atitle=Effect+of+atmospheric+absorption+on+millimetre+wave+frequencies+for+5G+cellular+networks&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=265-270&rft.date=2019-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1049%2Fiet-com.2018.5044&rft.issn=1751-8636&rft.aulast=Banday&rft.aufirst=Yusra&rft.au=Mohammad+Rather%2C+Ghulam&rft.au=Begh%2C+Gh.+Rasool&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1049%2Fiet-com.2018.5044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BelovSmolskiy2012-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BelovSmolskiy2012_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonid_A._BelovSergey_M._SmolskiyVictor_N._Kochemasov2012" class="citation book cs1">Leonid A. Belov; Sergey M. Smolskiy; Victor N. Kochemasov (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bHhYjINB6KMC&pg=PA28"><i>Handbook of RF, Microwave, and Millimeter-Wave Components</i></a>. Artech House. pp. 27–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60807-209-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60807-209-5"><bdi>978-1-60807-209-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+RF%2C+Microwave%2C+and+Millimeter-Wave+Components&rft.pages=27-28&rft.pub=Artech+House&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-60807-209-5&rft.au=Leonid+A.+Belov&rft.au=Sergey+M.+Smolskiy&rft.au=Victor+N.+Kochemasov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbHhYjINB6KMC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NATO Allied Radio Frequency Agency (ARFA) HANDBOOK – VOLUME I; PART IV – APPENDICES, ... G-2, ... NOMENCLATURE OF THE FREQUENCY AND WAVELENGTH BANDS USED IN RADIOCOMMUNCATION.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080208220945/http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/waveguidedimensions.cfm">"www.microwaves101.com "Waveguide frequency bands and interior dimensions"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microwaves101.com/encyclopedia/waveguidedimensions.cfm">the original</a> on 2008-02-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=www.microwaves101.com+%22Waveguide+frequency+bands+and+interior+dimensions%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microwaves101.com%2Fencyclopedia%2Fwaveguidedimensions.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/v/R-REC-V.431-8-201508-I!!PDF-E.pdf">"Nomenclature of the frequency and wavelength bands used in telecommunications"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Telecommunications Union</i>. Geneva, Switzerland: International Telecommunications Union. 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Telecommunications+Union&rft.atitle=Nomenclature+of+the+frequency+and+wavelength+bands+used+in+telecommunications&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Fdms_pubrec%2Fitu-r%2Frec%2Fv%2FR-REC-V.431-8-201508-I%21%21PDF-E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+spectrum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_spectrum&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>ITU-R Recommendation V.431: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-V.431/en">Nomenclature of the frequency and wavelength bands used in telecommunications</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a>, Geneva.</li> <li>IEEE Standard 521-2002: Standard Letter Designations for Radar-Frequency Bands</li> <li>AFR 55-44/AR 105-86/OPNAVINST 3430.9A/MCO 3430.1, 27 October 1964 superseded by AFR 55-44/AR 105-86/OPNAVINST 3430.1A/MCO 3430.1A, 6 December 1978: Performing Electronic Countermeasures in the United States and Canada, Attachment 1,ECM Frequency Authorizations.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_spectrum&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unwantedemissions.com">UnwantedEmissions.com</a> A reference to radio spectrum allocations.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/policy/ecomm/radio_spectrum/index_en.htm">"Radio spectrum: a vital resource in a wireless world"</a> European Commission policy.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" 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