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<span>Polarization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polarization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propagation_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propagation_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Propagation characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propagation_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio_communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Radio communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio_communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_and_environmental_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_and_environmental_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Biological and environmental effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_and_environmental_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Measurement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measurement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Radio wave</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">87 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiowelle" title="Radiowelle – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Radiowelle" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%AB%E1%8B%B2%E1%8B%AE_%E1%88%9E%E1%8C%88%E1%8B%B5" title="ራዲዮ ሞገድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ራዲዮ ሞገድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88" title="موجة راديو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موجة راديو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondes_de_radio" title="Ondes de radio – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ondes de radio" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiodal%C4%9Falar" title="Radiodalğalar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Radiodalğalar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="رادیو دالغاسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رادیو دالغاسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97" title="বেতার তরঙ্গ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বেতার তরঙ্গ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%91%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Радыёхвалі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Радыёхвалі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%91%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Радыёвыпраменьваньне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Радыёвыпраменьваньне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Радиовълни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Радиовълни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotalas" title="Radiotalas – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Radiotalas" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ones_radiof%C3%B2niques" title="Ones radiofòniques – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ones radiofòniques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Радиохум – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Радиохум" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1diov%C3%A9_vlny" title="Rádiové vlny – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rádiové vlny" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiob%C3%B8lger" title="Radiobølger – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Radiobølger" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiowelle" title="Radiowelle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Radiowelle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raadiolained" title="Raadiolained – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Raadiolained" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Ραδιοκύματα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ραδιοκύματα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondas_de_radio" title="Ondas de radio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ondas de radio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioondo" title="Radioondo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Radioondo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrati-uhin" title="Irrati-uhin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Irrati-uhin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AC_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="موج رادیویی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موج رادیویی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onde_radio" title="Onde radio – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Onde radio" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonnta_raidi%C3%B3" title="Tonnta raidió – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tonnta raidió" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondas_de_radio" title="Ondas de radio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ondas de radio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D2%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Радиоһархин толярляһан – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Радиоһархин толярляһан" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%ED%8C%8C" title="전파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalaman_rediyo" title="Kalaman rediyo – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kalaman rediyo" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ռադիոալիքներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռադիոալիքներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="रेडियो तरंग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रेडियो तरंग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiovalovi" title="Radiovalovi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Radiovalovi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelombang_radio" title="Gelombang radio – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gelombang radio" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaza_womsakazo" title="Amaza womsakazo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Amaza womsakazo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Atvarpsbylgjur" title="Útvarpsbylgjur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Útvarpsbylgjur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onde_radio" title="Onde radio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Onde radio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95" title="גלי רדיו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גלי רדיו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frekuensi_radhio" title="Frekuensi radhio – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Frekuensi radhio" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A6%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="რადიოტალღები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რადიოტალღები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%96_%D1%81%D3%99%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Радиоактивті сәулелер детекторы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Радиоактивті сәулелер детекторы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimbiredio" title="Wimbiredio – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wimbiredio" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AAl%C3%AAn_radyoy%C3%AA" title="Pêlên radyoyê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pêlên radyoyê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unda_radioelectrica" title="Unda radioelectrica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Unda radioelectrica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiovi%C4%BC%C5%86i" title="Radioviļņi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Radioviļņi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiowell" title="Radiowell – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Radiowell" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radijo_bangos" title="Radijo bangos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Radijo bangos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1di%C3%B3hull%C3%A1m" title="Rádióhullám – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rádióhullám" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Радиобранови – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Радиобранови" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%82" title="റേഡിയോ തരംഗം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റേഡിയോ തരംഗം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%93_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="रेडिओ तरंग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रेडिओ तरंग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="რადიორეღმეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რადიორეღმეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelombang_radio" title="Gelombang radio – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gelombang radio" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Радио долгион – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Радио долгион" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ရေဒီယိုလှိုင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရေဒီယိုလှိုင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Radio wave" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiogolf" title="Radiogolf – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Radiogolf" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="रेडियो तरङ्ग – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रेडियो तरङ्ग" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%B3%A2" title="電波 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電波" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raadiowaagen" title="Raadiowaagen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Raadiowaagen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiob%C3%B8lger" title="Radiobølger – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Radiobølger" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiob%C3%B8lgjer" title="Radiobølgjer – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Radiobølgjer" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioto%CA%BBlqinlar" title="Radiotoʻlqinlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Radiotoʻlqinlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%93_%E0%A8%9B%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2" title="ਰੇਡੀਓ ਛੱਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੇਡੀਓ ਛੱਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%90_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85_%DA%85%D9%BE%D9%87" title="بې سيم څپه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بې سيم څپه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fale_radiowe" title="Fale radiowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fale radiowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onda_de_r%C3%A1dio" title="Onda de rádio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Onda de rádio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unde_radio" title="Unde radio – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Unde radio" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Радиоволны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Радиоволны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Radio wave" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1diov%C3%A9_%C5%BEiarenie" title="Rádiové žiarenie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rádiové žiarenie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radijski_valovi" title="Radijski valovi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Radijski valovi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%D9%BE%DB%86%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%95%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%86%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="شەپۆلی ڕادیۆیی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەپۆلی ڕادیۆیی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE-%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Радио-таласи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Радио-таласи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-valovi" title="Radio-valovi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Radio-valovi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9ku%C3%A9nsi_radio" title="Frékuénsi radio – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Frékuénsi radio" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaallot" title="Radioaallot – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Radioaallot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiov%C3%A5gor" title="Radiovågor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Radiovågor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="வானொலி அலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வானொலி அலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8" title="คลื่นวิทยุ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คลื่นวิทยุ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radyo_dalgalar%C4%B1" title="Radyo dalgaları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Radyo dalgaları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Радіохвилі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Радіохвилі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%81%D8%B1" title="ریڈیائی لہر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ریڈیائی لہر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onde_r%C3%A0dio" title="Onde ràdio – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Onde ràdio" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3ng_v%C3%B4_tuy%E1%BA%BFn" title="Sóng vô tuyến – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sóng vô tuyến" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%BA%BF%E7%94%B5%E6%B3%A2" title="无线电波 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="无线电波" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%B7%9A%E9%9B%BB%E6%B3%A2" title="無線電波 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="無線電波" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rad%C4%97j%C4%97_bangas" title="Radėjė bangas – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Radėjė bangas" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%BA%BF%E7%94%B5%E6%B3%A2" title="无线电波 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="无线电波" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4262#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Radio_wave" rel="discussion" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of electromagnetic radiation</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the radiation. For the generic oscillation, see <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">Radio frequency</a>. For the electronics, see <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio frequency engineering">Radio frequency engineering</a>. For the British broadcasting station, see <a href="/wiki/Radio_Wave_96.5" title="Radio Wave 96.5">Radio Wave 96.5</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Radio_Waves_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Radio Waves (disambiguation)">Radio Waves</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dipole_xmting_antenna_animation_4_408x318x150ms.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Dipole_xmting_antenna_animation_4_408x318x150ms.gif/220px-Dipole_xmting_antenna_animation_4_408x318x150ms.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Dipole_xmting_antenna_animation_4_408x318x150ms.gif/330px-Dipole_xmting_antenna_animation_4_408x318x150ms.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Dipole_xmting_antenna_animation_4_408x318x150ms.gif 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption>Animation of a <a href="/wiki/Half-wave_dipole" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-wave dipole">half-wave dipole</a> <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">antenna</a> radiating radio waves, showing the <a href="/wiki/Electric_field" title="Electric field">electric field</a> lines. The antenna in the center is two vertical metal rods connected to a <a href="/wiki/Radio_transmitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio transmitter">radio transmitter</a> (not shown). The transmitter applies an <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating electric current</a> to the rods, which charges them alternately <a href="/wiki/Positive_charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive charge">positive</a> (+) and <a href="/wiki/Negative_charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative charge">negative</a> (−). Loops of electric field leave the antenna and travel away at the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a>; these are the radio waves. In this animation the action is shown slowed down tremendously.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Radio waves</b> are a type of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a> with the lowest <a href="/wiki/Frequencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequencies">frequencies</a> and the longest <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a>, typically with frequencies below 300 <a href="/wiki/Gigahertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigahertz">gigahertz</a> (GHz) and wavelengths greater than <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1 millimeter (<span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">64</span></span> inch), about the diameter of a grain of rice. Radio waves with frequencies above about 1 GHz and wavelengths shorter than 30 centimeters are called <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwaves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like all electromagnetic waves, radio waves in vacuum travel at the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a>, and in the Earth's atmosphere at a slightly lower speed. Radio waves are generated by <a href="/wiki/Charged_particle" title="Charged particle">charged particles</a> undergoing <a href="/wiki/Acceleration" title="Acceleration">acceleration</a>, such as time-varying <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric currents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellingson_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellingson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Naturally occurring radio waves are emitted by <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_radio_source" title="Astronomical radio source">astronomical objects</a>, and are part of the <a href="/wiki/Blackbody_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackbody radiation">blackbody radiation</a> emitted by all warm objects.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Radio waves are generated artificially by an electronic device called a <a href="/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">transmitter</a>, which is connected to an <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">antenna</a>, which radiates the waves. They are received by another antenna connected to a <a href="/wiki/Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">radio receiver</a>, which processes the received signal. Radio waves are very widely used in modern technology for fixed and mobile <a href="/wiki/Radio_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio communication">radio communication</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio_navigation" title="Radio navigation">radio navigation</a> systems, <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">communications satellites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">wireless computer networks</a> and many other applications. Different frequencies of radio waves have different propagation characteristics in the Earth's atmosphere; long waves can <a href="/wiki/Diffract" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffract">diffract</a> around obstacles like mountains and follow the contour of the Earth (<a href="/wiki/Ground_wave" title="Ground wave">ground waves</a>), shorter waves can reflect off the <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a> and return to Earth beyond the horizon (<a href="/wiki/Skywave" title="Skywave">skywaves</a>), while much shorter wavelengths bend or diffract very little and travel on a <a href="/wiki/Line-of-sight_propagation" title="Line-of-sight propagation">line of sight</a>, so their propagation distances are limited to the visual horizon. </p><p>To prevent <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference" title="Electromagnetic interference">interference</a> between different users, the artificial generation and use of radio waves is strictly regulated by law, coordinated by an international body called the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> (ITU), which defines radio waves as "<a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic wave">electromagnetic waves</a> of <a href="/wiki/Frequencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequencies">frequencies</a> arbitrarily lower than <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7012300000000000000♠"></span>3000 <a href="/wiki/Gigahertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigahertz">GHz</a></span>, propagated in space without artificial guide".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum" title="Radio spectrum">radio spectrum</a> is divided into a number of radio bands on the basis of frequency, allocated to different uses. Higher-frequency, shorter-wavelength radio waves are called <a href="/wiki/Microwaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Microwaves">microwaves</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radio_waves.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Radio_waves.svg/300px-Radio_waves.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Radio_waves.svg/450px-Radio_waves.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Radio_waves.svg/600px-Radio_waves.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="929" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the <a href="/wiki/Electric_field" title="Electric field">electric fields</a> (E) and <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic fields</a> (H) of radio waves emitted by a <a href="/wiki/Monopole_antenna" title="Monopole antenna">monopole</a> radio transmitting <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">antenna</a> (small dark vertical line in the center). The E and H fields are perpendicular, as implied by the phase diagram in the lower right.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery_and_exploitation">Discovery and exploitation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_wave&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery and exploitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">History of radio</a></div> <p>Radio waves were first predicted by the theory of <a href="/wiki/Classical_electromagnetism" title="Classical electromagnetism">electromagnetism</a> that was proposed in 1867 by Scottish mathematical physicist <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harman1998_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harman1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mathematical theory, now called <a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations" title="Maxwell's equations">Maxwell's equations</a>, predicted that a coupled <a href="/wiki/Electric_field" title="Electric field">electric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a> could travel through space as an "<a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic wave">electromagnetic wave</a>". Maxwell proposed that light consisted of electromagnetic waves of very short wavelength. In 1887, German physicist <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz" title="Heinrich Hertz">Heinrich Hertz</a> demonstrated the reality of Maxwell's electromagnetic waves by experimentally generating electromagnetic waves lower in frequency than light, radio waves, in his laboratory,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showing that they exhibited the same wave properties as light: <a href="/wiki/Standing_wave" title="Standing wave">standing waves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction">refraction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diffraction" title="Diffraction">diffraction</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polarization_(waves)" title="Polarization (waves)">polarization</a>. Italian inventor <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a> developed the first practical radio transmitters and receivers around 1894–1895. He received the 1909 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in physics">Nobel Prize in physics</a> for his radio work. Radio communication began to be used commercially around 1900. The modern term "<i>radio wave</i>" replaced the original name "<i>Hertzian wave</i>" around 1912. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Generation_and_reception">Generation and reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_wave&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Generation and reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dipole_receiving_antenna_animation_6_300ms.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Dipole_receiving_antenna_animation_6_300ms.gif/330px-Dipole_receiving_antenna_animation_6_300ms.gif" decoding="async" width="330" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Dipole_receiving_antenna_animation_6_300ms.gif/495px-Dipole_receiving_antenna_animation_6_300ms.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Dipole_receiving_antenna_animation_6_300ms.gif/660px-Dipole_receiving_antenna_animation_6_300ms.gif 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption>Animated diagram of a <a href="/wiki/Half-wave_dipole" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-wave dipole">half-wave dipole</a> antenna receiving a radio wave. The antenna consists of two metal rods connected to a receiver <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">R</span>. The <a href="/wiki/Electric_field" title="Electric field">electric field</a> (<span style="color:green;"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">E</span>, green arrows</span>) of the incoming wave results in oscillation of the <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> in the rods, charging the ends alternately positive <span style="color:red;">(+)</span> and negative <span style="color:blue;">(−)</span>. Since the length of the antenna is one half the <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> of the wave, the oscillating field induces <a href="/wiki/Standing_wave" title="Standing wave">standing waves</a> of voltage (<span style="color:red;"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">V</span>, represented by red band</span>) and current in the rods. The oscillating currents (black arrows) flow down the transmission line and through the receiver (represented by the resistance <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">R</span>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Radio waves are radiated by <a href="/wiki/Charged_particle" title="Charged particle">charged particles</a> when they are <a href="/wiki/Acceleration" title="Acceleration">accelerated</a>. Natural sources of radio waves include <a href="/wiki/Radio_noise" title="Radio noise">radio noise</a> produced by <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a> and other natural processes in the Earth's atmosphere, and <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_radio_source" title="Astronomical radio source">astronomical radio sources</a> in space such as the Sun, galaxies and nebulas. All warm objects radiate high frequency radio waves (<a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwaves</a>) as part of their <a href="/wiki/Black_body_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Black body radiation">black body radiation</a>. </p><p>Radio waves are produced artificially by time-varying <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric currents</a>, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> flowing back and forth in a specially shaped metal conductor called an <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">antenna</a>. An electronic device called a <a href="/wiki/Radio_transmitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio transmitter">radio transmitter</a> applies oscillating electric current to the antenna, and the antenna radiates the power as radio waves. Radio waves are received by another antenna attached to a <a href="/wiki/Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">radio receiver</a>. When radio waves strike the receiving antenna they push the electrons in the metal back and forth, creating tiny oscillating currents which are detected by the receiver. </p><p>From <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>, like other electromagnetic radiation such as light, radio waves can alternatively be regarded as streams of uncharged <a href="/wiki/Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">elementary particles</a> called <i><a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gosling-1998_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gosling-1998-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an antenna transmitting radio waves, the electrons in the antenna emit the energy in discrete packets called radio photons, while in a receiving antenna the electrons absorb the energy as radio photons. An antenna is a <a href="/wiki/Coherence_(physics)" title="Coherence (physics)">coherent</a> emitter of photons, like a <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a>, so the radio photons are all <a href="/wiki/In_phase" class="mw-redirect" title="In phase">in phase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shore_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shore-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gosling-1998_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gosling-1998-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, from <a href="/wiki/Planck%27s_relation" class="mw-redirect" title="Planck's relation">Planck's relation</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=h\nu }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>h</mi> <mi>ν</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=h\nu }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c6c0386dc6d9530519404f95570fcc8548ed2326" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.445ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=h\nu }"></span>, the energy of individual radio photons is extremely small,<sup id="cite_ref-Gosling-1998_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gosling-1998-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from 10<sup>−22</sup> to 10<sup>−30</sup> <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">joules</a>. So the antenna of even a very low power transmitter emits an enormous number of photons every second. Therefore, except for certain <a href="/wiki/Molecular_electron_transition" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular electron transition">molecular electron transition</a> processes such as atoms in a <a href="/wiki/Maser" title="Maser">maser</a> emitting microwave photons, radio wave emission and absorption is usually regarded as a continuous <a href="/wiki/Classical_electromagnetism" title="Classical electromagnetism">classical</a> process, governed by <a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations" title="Maxwell's equations">Maxwell's equations</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_wave&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radio waves in vacuum travel at the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When passing through a material medium, they are slowed depending on the medium's <a href="/wiki/Permeability_(electromagnetism)" title="Permeability (electromagnetism)">permeability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Permittivity" title="Permittivity">permittivity</a>. Air is tenuous enough that in the Earth's atmosphere radio waves travel at very nearly the speed of light. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>λ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b43d0ea3c9c025af1be9128e62a18fa74bedda2a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.355ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda }"></span> is the distance from one peak (crest) of the wave's electric field to the next, and is inversely proportional to the <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}"></span> of the wave. The relation of frequency and wavelength in a radio wave traveling in vacuum or air is </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda ={\frac {\;c\;}{f}}~,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>λ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mi>c</mi> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> </mrow> <mi>f</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda ={\frac {\;c\;}{f}}~,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b1b667e5aab0c5a1f20ed30f894e88c5ba7ae631" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:8.814ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda ={\frac {\;c\;}{f}}~,}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c\approx 2.9979\times 10^{8}{\text{ m/s}}~.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> <mo>≈</mo> <mn>2.9979</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>8</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> m/s</mtext> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c\approx 2.9979\times 10^{8}{\text{ m/s}}~.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8a4d062996c841333e087124b1010cee6988ef34" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.607ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c\approx 2.9979\times 10^{8}{\text{ m/s}}~.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Equivalently, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/86a67b81c2de995bd608d5b2df50cd8cd7d92455" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.007ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c}"></span>, the distance that a radio wave travels in vacuum in one second, is 299,792,458 meters (983,571,056 ft), which is the wavelength of a 1 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">hertz</a> radio signal. A 1 <a href="/wiki/Megahertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Megahertz">megahertz</a> radio wave (mid-<a href="/wiki/AM_broadcast_band" class="mw-redirect" title="AM broadcast band">AM band</a>) has a wavelength of 299.79 meters (983.6 ft). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polarization">Polarization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_wave&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Polarization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like other electromagnetic waves, a radio wave has a property called <a href="/wiki/Polarization_(waves)" title="Polarization (waves)">polarization</a>, which is defined as the direction of the wave's oscillating <a href="/wiki/Electric_field" title="Electric field">electric field</a> perpendicular to the direction of motion. A plane-polarized radio wave has an electric field that oscillates in a plane perpendicular to the direction of motion. In a <a href="/wiki/Horizontally_polarized" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontally polarized">horizontally polarized</a> radio wave the electric field oscillates in a horizontal direction. In a <a href="/wiki/Vertical_polarization" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical polarization">vertically polarized</a> wave the electric field oscillates in a vertical direction. In a <a href="/wiki/Circularly_polarized" class="mw-redirect" title="Circularly polarized">circularly polarized</a> wave the electric field at any point rotates about the direction of travel, once per cycle. A <a href="/wiki/Right_circular_polarization" class="mw-redirect" title="Right circular polarization">right circularly polarized</a> wave rotates in a right-hand sense about the direction of travel, while a <a href="/wiki/Left_circular_polarization" class="mw-redirect" title="Left circular polarization">left circularly polarized</a> wave rotates in the opposite sense.<sup id="cite_ref-ITU_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITU-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.21">: p.21 </span></sup> The wave's <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a> is perpendicular to the electric field, and the electric and magnetic field are oriented in a <a href="/wiki/Right_hand_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Right hand rule">right-hand sense</a> with respect to the direction of radiation. </p><p>An antenna emits polarized radio waves, with the polarization determined by the direction of the metal antenna elements. For example, a <a href="/wiki/Dipole_antenna" title="Dipole antenna">dipole antenna</a> consists of two collinear metal rods. If the rods are horizontal, it radiates horizontally polarized radio waves, while if the rods are vertical, it radiates vertically polarized waves. An antenna receiving the radio waves must have the same polarization as the transmitting antenna, or it will suffer a severe loss of reception. Many natural sources of radio waves, such as the sun, stars and <a href="/wiki/Blackbody_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackbody radiation">blackbody radiation</a> from warm objects, emit unpolarized waves, consisting of incoherent short wave trains in an equal mixture of polarization states. </p><p>The polarization of radio waves is determined by a <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanical" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum mechanical">quantum mechanical</a> property of the <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</a> called their <a href="/wiki/Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">spin</a>. A photon can have one of two possible values of spin; it can spin in a right-hand sense about its direction of motion, or in a left-hand sense. Right circularly polarized radio waves consist of photons spinning in a right hand sense. Left circularly polarized radio waves consist of photons spinning in a left hand sense. Plane polarized radio waves consist of photons in a <a href="/wiki/Quantum_superposition" title="Quantum superposition">quantum superposition</a> of right and left hand spin states. The electric field consists of a superposition of right and left rotating fields, resulting in a plane oscillation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Propagation_characteristics">Propagation characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_wave&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Propagation characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Radio_propagation" title="Radio propagation">Radio propagation</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">Radio</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wireless_tower.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Wireless_tower.svg/50px-Wireless_tower.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Wireless_tower.svg/75px-Wireless_tower.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Wireless_tower.svg/100px-Wireless_tower.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="595" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Forms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">Radio</a> (overland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Satellite radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_radio" title="Internet radio">Internet radio</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Uses and forms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talk_radio" title="Talk radio">Talk radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_talk_radio" title="Internet talk radio">Internet talk radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_radio" title="Music radio">Music radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call-in" class="mw-redirect" title="Call-in">Call-in (radio)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Developments</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio station">Radio station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-listened-to_radio_programs" title="List of most-listened-to radio programs">Most listened-to programs</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Physics and engineering</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio waves">Radio waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio tower">Radio tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio signal">Radio signal</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Radio_sidebar" title="Template:Radio sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Radio_sidebar" title="Template talk:Radio sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Radio_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Radio sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Radio waves are more widely used for communication than other electromagnetic waves mainly because of their desirable <a href="/wiki/Radio_propagation" title="Radio propagation">propagation</a> properties, stemming from their large <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellingson2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellingson2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radio waves have the ability to pass through the atmosphere in any weather, foliage, and through most building materials. By <a href="/wiki/Diffraction" title="Diffraction">diffraction</a>, longer wavelengths can bend around obstructions, and unlike other electromagnetic waves they tend to be scattered rather than absorbed by objects larger than their wavelength. </p><p>The study of <a href="/wiki/Radio_propagation" title="Radio propagation">radio propagation</a>, how radio waves move in free space and over the surface of the Earth, is vitally important in the design of practical radio systems. Radio waves passing through different environments experience <a href="/wiki/Reflection_(physics)" title="Reflection (physics)">reflection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction">refraction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polarization_(waves)" title="Polarization (waves)">polarization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diffraction" title="Diffraction">diffraction</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(electromagnetic_radiation)" title="Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)">absorption</a>. Different frequencies experience different combinations of these phenomena in the Earth's atmosphere, making certain <a href="/wiki/Radio_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio band">radio bands</a> more useful for specific purposes than others. Practical radio systems mainly use three different techniques of radio propagation to communicate:<sup id="cite_ref-Seybold-2005_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seybold-2005-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Line-of-sight_propagation" title="Line-of-sight propagation">Line of sight</a></i>: This refers to radio waves that travel in a straight line from the transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna. It does not necessarily require a cleared sight path; at lower frequencies radio waves can pass through buildings, foliage and other obstructions. This is the only method of propagation possible at frequencies above 30 MHz. On the surface of the Earth, line of sight propagation is limited by the visual <a href="/wiki/Horizon" title="Horizon">horizon</a> to about 64 km (40 mi). This is the method used by <a href="/wiki/Cell_phone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell phone">cell phones</a>, <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">television broadcasting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>. By using <a href="/wiki/Dish_antenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Dish antenna">dish antennas</a> to transmit beams of microwaves, point-to-point <a href="/wiki/Microwave_radio_relay" class="mw-redirect" title="Microwave radio relay">microwave relay</a> links transmit telephone and television signals over long distances up to the visual horizon. <a href="/wiki/Ground_stations" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground stations">Ground stations</a> can communicate with <a href="/wiki/Satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellites">satellites</a> and spacecraft billions of miles from Earth. <ul><li><i>Indirect propagation</i>: Radio waves can reach points beyond the line-of-sight by <i><a href="/wiki/Diffraction" title="Diffraction">diffraction</a></i> and <i>reflection</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Seybold-2005_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seybold-2005-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diffraction causes radio waves to bend around obstructions such as a building edge, a vehicle, or a turn in a hall. Radio waves also partially reflect from surfaces such as walls, floors, ceilings, vehicles and the ground. These propagation methods occur in short range radio communication systems such as <a href="/wiki/Cell_phone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell phone">cell phones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cordless_phone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cordless phone">cordless phones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walkie-talkie" title="Walkie-talkie">walkie-talkies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">wireless networks</a>. A drawback of this mode is <i><a href="/wiki/Multipath_propagation" title="Multipath propagation">multipath propagation</a></i>, in which radio waves travel from the transmitting to the receiving antenna via multiple paths. The waves <a href="/wiki/Interference_(wave_propagation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interference (wave propagation)">interfere</a>, often causing <a href="/wiki/Fading" title="Fading">fading</a> and other reception problems.</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ground_wave" title="Ground wave">Ground waves</a></i>: At lower frequencies below 2 MHz, in the <a href="/wiki/Medium_wave" title="Medium wave">medium wave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Longwave" title="Longwave">longwave</a> bands, due to diffraction <a href="/wiki/Vertical_polarization" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical polarization">vertically polarized</a> radio waves can bend over hills and mountains, and propagate beyond the horizon, traveling as <a href="/wiki/Surface_wave" title="Surface wave">surface waves</a> which follow the contour of the Earth. This makes it possible for mediumwave and longwave broadcasting stations to have coverage areas beyond the horizon, out to hundreds of miles. As the frequency drops, the losses decrease and the achievable range increases. Military <a href="/wiki/Very_low_frequency" title="Very low frequency">very low frequency</a> (VLF) and <a href="/wiki/Extremely_low_frequency" title="Extremely low frequency">extremely low frequency</a> (ELF) communication systems can communicate over most of the Earth. VLF and ELF radio waves can also penetrate water to hundreds of meters deep, so they are used to <a href="/wiki/Communication_with_submarines" title="Communication with submarines">communicate with submerged submarines</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skywave" title="Skywave">Skywaves</a></i>: At <a href="/wiki/Medium_wave" title="Medium wave">medium wave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shortwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortwave">shortwave</a> wavelengths, radio waves reflect off conductive layers of charged particles (<a href="/wiki/Ions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ions">ions</a>) in a part of the atmosphere called the <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a>. So radio waves directed at an angle into the sky can return to Earth beyond the horizon; this is called "skip" or "skywave" propagation. By using multiple skips communication at intercontinental distances can be achieved. Skywave propagation is variable and dependent on atmospheric conditions; it is most reliable at night and in the winter. Widely used during the first half of the 20th century, due to its unreliability skywave communication has mostly been abandoned. Remaining uses are by military <a href="/wiki/Over-the-horizon_radar" title="Over-the-horizon radar">over-the-horizon (OTH) radar</a> systems, by some automated systems, by <a href="/wiki/Radio_amateur" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio amateur">radio amateurs</a>, and by shortwave broadcasting stations to broadcast to other countries.</li></ul> <p>At <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> frequencies, atmospheric gases begin absorbing radio waves, so the range of practical radio communication systems decreases with increasing frequency. Below about 20 GHz atmospheric attenuation is mainly due to water vapor. Above 20 GHz, in the <a href="/wiki/Millimeter_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Millimeter wave">millimeter wave</a> band, other atmospheric gases begin to absorb the waves, limiting practical transmission distances to a kilometer or less. Above 300 GHz, in the <a href="/wiki/Terahertz_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Terahertz band">terahertz band</a>, virtually all the power is absorbed within a few meters, so the atmosphere is effectively opaque.<sup id="cite_ref-Coutaz_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coutaz-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Siegel_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siegel-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radio_communication">Radio communication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_wave&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Radio communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">Radio</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Radio_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio communication">radio communication</a> systems, information is transported across space using radio waves. At the sending end, the information to be sent, in the form of a time-varying electrical signal, is applied to a <a href="/wiki/Radio_transmitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio transmitter">radio transmitter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HowStuffWorks_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HowStuffWorks-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The information, called the <a href="/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">modulation signal</a>, can be an <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">audio signal</a> representing sound from a <a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">microphone</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Video_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Video signal">video signal</a> representing moving images from a <a href="/wiki/Video_camera" title="Video camera">video camera</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal" title="Digital signal">digital signal</a> representing data from a <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a>. In the transmitter, an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_oscillator" title="Electronic oscillator">electronic oscillator</a> generates an <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> oscillating at a <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio frequency</a>, called the <i><a href="/wiki/Carrier_wave" title="Carrier wave">carrier wave</a></i> because it creates the radio waves that "carry" the information through the air. The information signal is used to <a href="/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">modulate</a> the carrier, altering some aspect of it, encoding the information on the carrier. The modulated carrier is amplified and applied to an <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">antenna</a>. The oscillating current pushes the <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> in the antenna back and forth, creating oscillating <a href="/wiki/Electric_field" title="Electric field">electric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic fields</a>, which radiate the energy away from the antenna as radio waves. The radio waves carry the information to the receiver location. </p><p>At the receiver, the oscillating electric and magnetic fields of the incoming radio wave push the electrons in the receiving antenna back and forth, creating a tiny oscillating voltage which is a weaker replica of the current in the transmitting antenna.<sup id="cite_ref-HowStuffWorks_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HowStuffWorks-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This voltage is applied to the <a href="/wiki/Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">radio receiver</a>, which extracts the information signal. The receiver first uses a <a href="/wiki/Bandpass_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandpass filter">bandpass filter</a> to separate the desired radio station's radio signal from all the other radio signals picked up by the antenna, then <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplifies</a> the signal so it is stronger, then finally extracts the information-bearing modulation signal in a <a href="/wiki/Demodulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Demodulator">demodulator</a>. The recovered signal is sent to a <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeaker</a> or <a href="/wiki/Earphone" class="mw-redirect" title="Earphone">earphone</a> to produce sound, or a television <a href="/wiki/Display_device" title="Display device">display screen</a> to produce a visible image, or other devices. A digital data signal is applied to a <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a>, which interacts with a human user. </p><p>The radio waves from many transmitters pass through the air simultaneously without interfering with each other. They can be separated in the receiver because each transmitter's radio waves oscillate at a different rate, in other words each transmitter has a different <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a>, measured in <a href="/wiki/Kilohertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilohertz">kilohertz</a> (kHz), <a href="/wiki/Megahertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Megahertz">megahertz</a> (MHz) or <a href="/wiki/Gigahertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigahertz">gigahertz</a> (GHz). The <a href="/wiki/Bandpass_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandpass filter">bandpass filter</a> in the receiver consists of one or more <a href="/wiki/Tuned_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuned circuit">tuned circuits</a> which act like a <a href="/wiki/Resonator" title="Resonator">resonator</a>, similarly to a <a href="/wiki/Tuning_fork" title="Tuning fork">tuning fork</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HowStuffWorks_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HowStuffWorks-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tuned circuit has a natural <a href="/wiki/Resonant_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Resonant frequency">resonant frequency</a> at which it oscillates. The resonant frequency is set equal to the frequency of the desired radio station. The oscillating radio signal from the desired station causes the tuned circuit to oscillate in sympathy, and it passes the signal on to the rest of the receiver. Radio signals at other frequencies are blocked by the tuned circuit and not passed on. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_and_environmental_effects">Biological and environmental effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_wave&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Biological and environmental effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Medical_applications_of_radio_frequency" title="Medical applications of radio frequency">Medical applications of radio frequency</a></div> <p>Radio waves are <i><a href="/wiki/Non-ionizing_radiation" title="Non-ionizing radiation">non-ionizing radiation</a></i>, which means they do not have enough energy to separate <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> from <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> or <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ionizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionizing">ionizing</a> them, or break <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">chemical bonds</a>, causing chemical reactions or <a href="/wiki/DNA_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA damage">DNA damage</a>. The main effect of absorption of radio waves by materials is to heat them, similarly to the <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> waves radiated by sources of heat such as a <a href="/wiki/Space_heater" title="Space heater">space heater</a> or wood fire. The oscillating electric field of the wave causes <a href="/wiki/Polar_molecule" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar molecule">polar molecules</a> to vibrate back and forth, increasing the temperature; this is how a <a href="/wiki/Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">microwave oven</a> cooks food. Radio waves have been applied to the body for 100 years in the medical therapy of <a href="/wiki/Diathermy" title="Diathermy">diathermy</a> for deep heating of body tissue, to promote increased blood flow and healing. More recently they have been used to create higher temperatures in <a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia_therapy" title="Hyperthermia therapy">hyperthermia therapy</a> and to kill cancer cells. </p><p>However, unlike infrared waves, which are mainly absorbed at the surface of objects and cause surface heating, radio waves are able to penetrate the surface and deposit their energy inside materials and biological tissues. The depth to which radio waves penetrate decreases with their frequency, and also depends on the material's <a href="/wiki/Resistivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistivity">resistivity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Permittivity" title="Permittivity">permittivity</a>; it is given by a parameter called the <i><a href="/wiki/Skin_depth" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin depth">skin depth</a></i> of the material, which is the depth within which 63% of the energy is deposited. For example, the 2.45 GHz radio waves (microwaves) in a microwave oven penetrate most foods approximately <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6998250000000000000♠"></span>2.5 to 3.8 cm</span>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radio_waves_hazard_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Radio_waves_hazard_symbol.svg/220px-Radio_waves_hazard_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Radio_waves_hazard_symbol.svg/330px-Radio_waves_hazard_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Radio_waves_hazard_symbol.svg/440px-Radio_waves_hazard_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Radio waves symbol </figcaption></figure> <p>Looking into a source of radio waves at close range, such as the <a href="/wiki/Waveguide" title="Waveguide">waveguide</a> of a working radio transmitter, can cause damage to the lens of the eye by heating. A strong enough beam of radio waves can penetrate the eye and heat the lens enough to cause <a href="/wiki/Cataract" title="Cataract">cataracts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kitchen-2001_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kitchen-2001-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VanderVorst_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VanderVorst-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Graf-2001_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graf-2001-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elder-1984_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elder-1984-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hitchcock-1995_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitchcock-1995-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the heating effect is in principle no different from other sources of heat, most research into possible health hazards of exposure to radio waves has focused on "nonthermal" effects; whether radio waves have any effect on tissues besides that caused by heating. Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields have been classified by the <a href="/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer" title="International Agency for Research on Cancer">International Agency for Research on Cancer</a> (IARC) as having "limited evidence" for its effects on humans and animals.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is weak mechanistic evidence of cancer risk via personal exposure to RF-EMF from mobile telephones.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Radio waves can be shielded against by a conductive metal sheet or screen, an enclosure of sheet or screen is called a <a href="/wiki/Faraday_cage" title="Faraday cage">Faraday cage</a>. A metal screen shields against radio waves as well as a solid sheet as long as the holes in the screen are smaller than about <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">20</span></span> of <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> of the waves.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerke_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerke-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measurement">Measurement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_wave&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Measurement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since radio frequency radiation has both an electric and a magnetic component, it is often convenient to express intensity of radiation field in terms of units specific to each component. The unit <i>volt per meter</i> (V/m) is used for the electric component, and the unit <i>ampere per meter</i> (A/m) is used for the magnetic component. One can speak of an <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_field" title="Electromagnetic field">electromagnetic field</a>, and these units are used to provide information about the levels of electric and magnetic <a href="/wiki/Field_strength" title="Field strength">field strength</a> at a measurement location. </p><p>Another commonly used unit for characterizing an RF electromagnetic field is <i>power density</i>. Power density is most accurately used when the point of measurement is far enough away from the RF emitter to be located in what is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Far_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Far field">far field</a> zone of the radiation pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In closer proximity to the transmitter, i.e., in the "near field" zone, the physical relationships between the electric and magnetic components of the field can be complex, and it is best to use the field strength units discussed above. Power density is measured in terms of power per unit area, for example, with the unit milliwatt per square centimeter (mW/cm<sup>2</sup>). When speaking of frequencies in the microwave range and higher, power density is usually used to express intensity since exposures that might occur would likely be in the far field zone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_wave&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_astronomy" title="Radio astronomy">Radio astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_transmitter" title="Television transmitter">Television transmitter</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_wave&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kumar-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kumar_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKumarShukla2014" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, Sanjay; Shukla, Saurabh (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GY9eBAAAQBAJ&q=microwave&pg=PA3"><i>Concepts and Applications of Microwave Engineering</i></a>. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120349353" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120349353"><bdi>978-8120349353</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concepts+and+Applications+of+Microwave+Engineering&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=PHI+Learning+Pvt.+Ltd&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-8120349353&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Sanjay&rft.au=Shukla%2C+Saurabh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGY9eBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmicrowave%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+wave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellingson-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ellingson_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllingson2016" class="citation book cs1">Ellingson, Steven W. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QMKSDQAAQBAJ&q=%22radio+wave%22+time+varying+electric+current&pg=PA16"><i>Radio Systems Engineering</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 16–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1316785164" title="Special:BookSources/978-1316785164"><bdi>978-1316785164</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240922182239/https://books.google.com/books?id=QMKSDQAAQBAJ&q=%22radio+wave%22+time+varying+electric+current&pg=PA16#v=snippet&q=%22radio%20wave%22%20time%20varying%20electric%20current&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-09-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radio+Systems+Engineering&rft.pages=16-17&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1316785164&rft.aulast=Ellingson&rft.aufirst=Steven+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQMKSDQAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522radio%2Bwave%2522%2Btime%2Bvarying%2Belectric%2Bcurrent%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+wave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/radio-wave">"Radio wave | Examples, Uses, Facts, & Range | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. 2024-07-26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240913234804/https://www.britannica.com/science/radio-wave">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-09-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Radio+wave+%7C+Examples%2C+Uses%2C+Facts%2C+%26+Range+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2024-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fradio-wave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+wave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Ch. 1: Terminology and technical characteristics - Terms and definitions". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.itu.int/history/HistoryDigitalCollectionDocLibrary/1.43.48.en.101.pdf"><i>Radio Regulations</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Geneva, CH: <a href="/wiki/ITU" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU">ITU</a>. 2016. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789261191214" title="Special:BookSources/9789261191214"><bdi>9789261191214</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170829072058/http://search.itu.int/history/HistoryDigitalCollectionDocLibrary/1.43.48.en.101.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2017-08-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch.+1%3A+Terminology+and+technical+characteristics+-+Terms+and+definitions&rft.btitle=Radio+Regulations&rft.place=Geneva%2C+CH&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=ITU&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9789261191214&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.itu.int%2Fhistory%2FHistoryDigitalCollectionDocLibrary%2F1.43.48.en.101.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+wave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harman1998-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harman1998_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarman1998" class="citation book cs1">Harman, Peter Michael (1998). <i>The natural philosophy of James Clerk Maxwell</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-00585-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-00585-X"><bdi>0-521-00585-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+natural+philosophy+of+James+Clerk+Maxwell&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-521-00585-X&rft.aulast=Harman&rft.aufirst=Peter+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+wave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards" class="citation web cs1">Edwards, Stephen A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aaas.org/heinrich-hertz-and-electromagnetic-radiation">"Heinrich Hertz and electromagnetic radiation"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heinrich+Hertz+and+electromagnetic+radiation&rft.pub=American+Association+for+the+Advancement+of+Science&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Stephen+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaas.org%2Fheinrich-hertz-and-electromagnetic-radiation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+wave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gosling-1998-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gosling-1998_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gosling-1998_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gosling-1998_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGosling1998" class="citation book cs1">Gosling, William (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nvhrbiblio.nl/biblio/boek/Gosling%20-%20Radio%20antennas%20and%20propagation.pdf"><i>Radio Antennas and Propagation</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Newnes. pp. 2, 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0750637412" title="Special:BookSources/0750637412"><bdi>0750637412</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028223233/http://nvhrbiblio.nl/biblio/boek/Gosling%20-%20Radio%20antennas%20and%20propagation.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-10-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford University Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192607645" title="Special:BookSources/9780192607645"><bdi>9780192607645</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240922182240/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Gr8DwAAQBAJ&dq=coherent&pg=PA54#v=onepage&q=coherent&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-09-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrao.edu/index.php/learn/radioastronomy/radiowaves">the original</a> on 28 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 Jan</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Radio+Waves+Are+Produced&rft.pub=NRAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrao.edu%2Findex.php%2Flearn%2Fradioastronomy%2Fradiowaves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+wave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ITU-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ITU_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Ch. 1: Terminology and technical characteristics – Terms and definitions". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.itu.int/history/HistoryDigitalCollectionDocLibrary/1.43.48.en.101.pdf"><i>ITU Radio Regulations</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Geneva, CH: <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a>. 2016. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789261191214" title="Special:BookSources/9789261191214"><bdi>9789261191214</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170829072058/http://search.itu.int/history/HistoryDigitalCollectionDocLibrary/1.43.48.en.101.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2017-08-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch.+1%3A+Terminology+and+technical+characteristics+%E2%80%93+Terms+and+definitions&rft.btitle=ITU+Radio+Regulations&rft.place=Geneva%2C+CH&rft.pub=International+Telecommunication+Union&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9789261191214&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.itu.int%2Fhistory%2FHistoryDigitalCollectionDocLibrary%2F1.43.48.en.101.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+wave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellingson2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ellingson2_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllingson2016" class="citation book cs1">Ellingson, Steven W. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QMKSDQAAQBAJ&q=%22radio+wave%22&pg=PA16"><i>Radio Systems Engineering</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 16–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1316785164" title="Special:BookSources/978-1316785164"><bdi>978-1316785164</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240922182240/https://books.google.com/books?id=QMKSDQAAQBAJ&q=%22radio+wave%22&pg=PA16#v=snippet&q=%22radio%20wave%22&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-09-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radio+Systems+Engineering&rft.pages=16-17&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1316785164&rft.aulast=Ellingson&rft.aufirst=Steven+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQMKSDQAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522radio%2Bwave%2522%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+wave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seybold-2005-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seybold-2005_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seybold-2005_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeybold2005" class="citation book cs1">Seybold, John S. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4LtmjGNwOPIC&pg=PA6">"1.2 Modes of Propagation"</a>. <i>Introduction to RF Propagation</i>. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 3–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471743682" title="Special:BookSources/0471743682"><bdi>0471743682</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240922182240/https://books.google.com/books?id=4LtmjGNwOPIC&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-09-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.2+Modes+of+Propagation&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+RF+Propagation&rft.pages=3-10&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0471743682&rft.aulast=Seybold&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4LtmjGNwOPIC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+wave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coutaz-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coutaz_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoutazGaretWallace2018" class="citation book cs1">Coutaz, Jean-Louis; Garet, Frederic; Wallace, Vincent P. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zah8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18"><i>Principles of Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy: An Introductory Textbook</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351356367" title="Special:BookSources/9781351356367"><bdi>9781351356367</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230221211545/https://books.google.com/books?id=zah8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Terahertz+Time-Domain+Spectroscopy%3A+An+Introductory+Textbook&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781351356367&rft.aulast=Coutaz&rft.aufirst=Jean-Louis&rft.au=Garet%2C+Frederic&rft.au=Wallace%2C+Vincent+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzah8DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+wave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siegel-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Siegel_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegel2002" class="citation web cs1">Siegel, Peter (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210620092047/https://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/k-4/features/Peter_Siegel.html">"Studying the Energy of the Universe"</a>. <i>Education materials</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Education+materials&rft.atitle=Studying+the+Energy+of+the+Universe&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Faudience%2Fforeducators%2Fk-4%2Ffeatures%2FPeter_Siegel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+wave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HowStuffWorks-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HowStuffWorks_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HowStuffWorks_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HowStuffWorks_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrain2000" class="citation web cs1">Brain, M. (7 Dec 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/radio8.htm">"How Radio Works"</a>. <i>HowStuffWorks.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091002050151/http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/radio8.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 Sep</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HowStuffWorks.com&rft.atitle=How+Radio+Works&rft.date=2000-12-07&rft.aulast=Brain&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felectronics.howstuffworks.com%2Fradio8.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+wave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kitchen-2001-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kitchen-2001_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitchen2001" class="citation book cs1">Kitchen, Ronald (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rfmicrowaveradia0000kitc"><i>RF and Microwave Radiation Safety Handbook</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). Newnes. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rfmicrowaveradia0000kitc/page/64">64</a>–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0750643552" title="Special:BookSources/0750643552"><bdi>0750643552</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RF+and+Microwave+Radiation+Safety+Handbook&rft.pages=64-65&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Newnes&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0750643552&rft.aulast=Kitchen&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frfmicrowaveradia0000kitc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+wave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VanderVorst-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VanderVorst_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_VorstRosenKotsuka2006" class="citation book cs1">van der Vorst, André; Rosen, Arye; Kotsuka, Youji (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lV3FPLJoyzMC&pg=PA121"><i>RF/Microwave Interaction with Biological Tissues</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 121–122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471752045" title="Special:BookSources/0471752045"><bdi>0471752045</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240922182359/https://books.google.com/books?id=lV3FPLJoyzMC&pg=PA121#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-09-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RF%2FMicrowave+Interaction+with+Biological+Tissues&rft.pages=121-122&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0471752045&rft.aulast=van+der+Vorst&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft.au=Rosen%2C+Arye&rft.au=Kotsuka%2C+Youji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlV3FPLJoyzMC%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+wave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graf-2001-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Graf-2001_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrafSheets2001" class="citation book cs1">Graf, Rudolf F.; Sheets, William (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tc_ACUbCqqQC&pg=PA234"><i>Build Your Own Low-power Transmitters: Projects for the Electronics Experimenter</i></a>. Newnes. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0750672447" title="Special:BookSources/0750672447"><bdi>0750672447</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240922182241/https://books.google.com/books?id=Tc_ACUbCqqQC&pg=PA234#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-09-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Build+Your+Own+Low-power+Transmitters%3A+Projects+for+the+Electronics+Experimenter&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=Newnes&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0750672447&rft.aulast=Graf&rft.aufirst=Rudolf+F.&rft.au=Sheets%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTc_ACUbCqqQC%26pg%3DPA234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+wave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elder-1984-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elder-1984_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElderCahill1984" class="citation book cs1">Elder, Joe Allen; Cahill, Daniel F. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TKIKAQAAMAAJ&pg=SA5-PA116">"Biological Effects of RF Radiation"</a>. <i>Biological Effects of Radiofrequency Radiation</i>. <a href="/wiki/US_EPA" class="mw-redirect" title="US EPA">US EPA</a>. pp. 5.116–5.119. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240922182241/https://books.google.com/books?id=TKIKAQAAMAAJ&pg=SA5-PA116">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-09-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biological+Effects+of+RF+Radiation&rft.btitle=Biological+Effects+of+Radiofrequency+Radiation&rft.pages=5.116-5.119&rft.pub=US+EPA&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Elder&rft.aufirst=Joe+Allen&rft.au=Cahill%2C+Daniel+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTKIKAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DSA5-PA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+wave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hitchcock-1995-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hitchcock-1995_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchcockPatterson1995" class="citation book cs1">Hitchcock, R. Timothy; Patterson, Robert M. 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Volumes 1–123. <a href="/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer" title="International Agency for Research on Cancer">IARC</a>. 9 Nov 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190906143757/https://monographs.iarc.fr/agents-classified-by-the-iarc/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 Jan</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=monographs.iarc.fr&rft.atitle=Agents+Classified+by+the+IARC+Monographs&rft.date=2018-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmonographs.iarc.fr%2Fagents-classified-by-the-iarc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+wave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaanGrosseLauby-SecretanEl_Ghissassi2014" class="citation web cs1">Baan, R.; Grosse, Y.; Lauby-Secretan, B.; El Ghissassi, F. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/REF_Poster2012.pdf">"Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields: Evaluation of cancer hazards"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>monographs.iarc.fr</i> (conference poster). <a href="/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer" title="International Agency for Research on Cancer">IARC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181210154717/https://monographs.iarc.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/REF_Poster2012.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2018-12-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 Jan</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=monographs.iarc.fr&rft.atitle=Radiofrequency+Electromagnetic+Fields%3A+Evaluation+of+cancer+hazards&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Baan&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Grosse%2C+Y.&rft.au=Lauby-Secretan%2C+B.&rft.au=El+Ghissassi%2C+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmonographs.iarc.fr%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F06%2FREF_Poster2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+wave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerke-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gerke_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimmelGerke2018" class="citation book cs1">Kimmel, William D.; Gerke, Daryl (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9PlKDwAAQBAJ&pg=SA6-PA67"><i>Electromagnetic Compatibility in Medical Equipment: A Guide for Designers and Installers</i></a>. Routledge. p. 6.67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351453370" title="Special:BookSources/9781351453370"><bdi>9781351453370</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240922183250/https://books.google.com/books?id=9PlKDwAAQBAJ&pg=SA6-PA67#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-09-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electromagnetic+Compatibility+in+Medical+Equipment%3A+A+Guide+for+Designers+and+Installers&rft.pages=6.67&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781351453370&rft.aulast=Kimmel&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rft.au=Gerke%2C+Daryl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9PlKDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DSA6-PA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+wave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Association_of_Broadcasters1996" class="citation book cs1">National Association of Broadcasters (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5u_iAAAAMAAJ&q=power+density+commonly+used+unit+for+characterizing+an+RF+electromagnetic+field+is"><i>Antenna & Tower Regulation Handbook</i></a>. Science and Technology Department. <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Broadcasters" title="National Association of Broadcasters">NAB</a>. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780893242367" title="Special:BookSources/9780893242367"><bdi>9780893242367</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180501015942/https://books.google.com/books?id=5u_iAAAAMAAJ&q=power+density+commonly+used+unit+for+characterizing+an+RF+electromagnetic+field+is&dq=power+density+commonly+used+unit+for+characterizing+an+RF+electromagnetic+field+is&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjj967xl6fVAhVG0FQKHTgTDh0Q6AEILDAB">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antenna+%26+Tower+Regulation+Handbook&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=NAB&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780893242367&rft.au=National+Association+of+Broadcasters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5u_iAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dpower%2Bdensity%2Bcommonly%2Bused%2Bunit%2Bfor%2Bcharacterizing%2Ban%2BRF%2Belectromagnetic%2Bfield%2Bis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+wave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaxwell1865" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">Maxwell, James Clerk</a> (1865). <a href="/wiki/A_Dynamical_Theory_of_the_Electromagnetic_Field" title="A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field">"VIII. A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>155</b>: 459–512. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1865.0008">10.1098/rstl.1865.0008</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:186207827">186207827</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=VIII.+A+Dynamical+Theory+of+the+Electromagnetic+Field&rft.volume=155&rft.pages=459-512&rft.date=1865&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1865.0008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A186207827%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Maxwell&rft.aufirst=James+Clerk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+wave" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHertz1893" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz" title="Heinrich Hertz">Hertz, Heinrich Rudolph</a> (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=cdl;cc=cdl;view=toc;subview=short;idno=cdl334"><i>Electric waves: being researches on the propagation of electric action with finite velocity through space</i></a>. Cornell University Library. Ithaca, NY: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781429740364" title="Special:BookSources/9781429740364"><bdi>9781429740364</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electric+waves%3A+being+researches+on+the+propagation+of+electric+action+with+finite+velocity+through+space&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cornell+University&rft.date=1893&rft.isbn=9781429740364&rft.aulast=Hertz&rft.aufirst=Heinrich+Rudolph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Febooks.library.cornell.edu%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Ftext-idx%3Fc%3Dcdl%3Bcc%3Dcdl%3Bview%3Dtoc%3Bsubview%3Dshort%3Bidno%3Dcdl334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+wave" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawer1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rawer" title="Karl Rawer">Rawer, Karl</a> (1993). <i>Wave Propagation in the Ionosphere</i>. Developments in electromagnetic theory and applications series. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780792307754" title="Special:BookSources/9780792307754"><bdi>9780792307754</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/26257685">26257685</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wave+Propagation+in+the+Ionosphere&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.series=Developments+in+electromagnetic+theory+and+applications+series&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26257685&rft.isbn=9780792307754&rft.aulast=Rawer&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+wave" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/ems/05_radiowaves">"Radio Waves"</a>. 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text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Extremely_low_frequency" title="Extremely low frequency">ELF</a></b> <br /> 3 Hz/100 Mm <br /> 30 Hz/10 Mm </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Super_low_frequency" title="Super low frequency">SLF</a></b> <br /> 30 Hz/10 Mm <br /> 300 Hz/1 Mm </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Ultra_low_frequency" title="Ultra low frequency">ULF</a></b> <br /> 300 Hz/1 Mm <br /> 3 kHz/100 km </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Very_low_frequency" title="Very low frequency">VLF</a></b> <br /> 3 kHz/100 km <br /> 30 kHz/10 km </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Low_frequency" title="Low frequency">LF</a></b> <br /> 30 kHz/10 km <br /> 300 kHz/1 km </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Medium_frequency" title="Medium frequency">MF</a></b> <br /> 300 kHz/1 km <br /> 3 MHz/100 m </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">HF</a></b> <br /> 3 MHz/100 m <br /> 30 MHz/10 m </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a></b> <br /> 30 MHz/10 m <br /> 300 MHz/1 m </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF</a></b> <br /> 300 MHz/1 m <br /> 3 GHz/100 mm </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Super_high_frequency" title="Super high frequency">SHF</a></b> <br /> 3 GHz/100 mm <br /> 30 GHz/10 mm </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Extremely_high_frequency" title="Extremely high frequency">EHF</a></b> <br /> 30 GHz/10 mm <br /> 300 GHz/1 mm </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Tremendously_high_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Tremendously high frequency">THF</a></b> <br /> 300 GHz/1 mm <br /> 3 THz/0.1 mm </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Radio_icon.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="22" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Radio" title="Portal:Radio">Radio portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Radio_waves" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Radio waves">Radio waves</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electromagnetic_spectrum" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Template:Electromagnetic spectrum"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Template talk:Electromagnetic spectrum"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electromagnetic spectrum"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electromagnetic_spectrum" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">Electromagnetic spectrum</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">Gamma rays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">Visible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwave</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Radio</a><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg/500px-Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg/750px-Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg/1000px-Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="104" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><span class="nobold"><i><span style="font-size:120%">←</span> higher <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequencies</a><span class="nowrap">       </span>longer <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a> <span style="font-size:120%">→</span></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">Gamma rays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Very-high-energy_gamma_ray" title="Very-high-energy gamma ray">Very-high-energy gamma ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-energy_gamma_ray" title="Ultra-high-energy gamma ray">Ultra-high-energy gamma ray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soft_X-ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft X-ray">Soft X-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_X-ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard X-ray">Hard X-ray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_ultraviolet" title="Extreme ultraviolet">Extreme ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum ultraviolet">Vacuum ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman-alpha" title="Lyman-alpha">Lyman-alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Far ultraviolet">FUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle ultraviolet">MUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Near ultraviolet">NUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet C">UVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet B">UVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet A">UVA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">Visible (optical)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violet_(color)" title="Violet (color)">Violet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">Cyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">Infrared</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-infrared">NIR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Photometric_system" title="Photometric system">Bands</a>: <a href="/wiki/J_band_(infrared)" title="J band (infrared)">J</a>, <a href="/wiki/K_band_(infrared)" title="K band (infrared)">K</a>, <a href="/wiki/H_band_(infrared)" title="H band (infrared)">H</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared#Regions" title="Infrared">SWIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared#Regions" title="Infrared">MWIR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Photometric_system" title="Photometric system">Bands</a>: <a href="/wiki/L_band_(infrared)" title="L band (infrared)">L</a>, <a href="/wiki/M_band_(infrared)" title="M band (infrared)">M</a>, <a href="/wiki/N_band" title="N band">N</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared#Regions" title="Infrared">LWIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_infrared" title="Far infrared">FIR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwaves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W_band" title="W band">W band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_band" title="V band">V band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_band" title="Q band">Q band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka_band" title="Ka band">K<sub>a</sub> band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K_band_(IEEE)" title="K band (IEEE)">K band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub> band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_band" title="X band">X band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_band" title="S band">S band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L_band" title="L band">L band</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">Radio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terahertz_radiation" title="Terahertz radiation">THF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremely_high_frequency" title="Extremely high frequency">EHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_high_frequency" title="Super high frequency">SHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">HF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_frequency" title="Medium frequency">MF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_frequency" title="Low frequency">LF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_low_frequency" title="Very low frequency">VLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_low_frequency" title="Ultra low frequency">ULF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_low_frequency" title="Super low frequency">SLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremely_low_frequency" title="Extremely low frequency">ELF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">Wavelength</a> types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortwave_radio" title="Shortwave radio">Shortwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_wave" title="Medium wave">Medium wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longwave" title="Longwave">Longwave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Radiation_(physics_and_health)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Radiation" title="Template:Radiation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Radiation" title="Template talk:Radiation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Radiation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Radiation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Radiation_(physics_and_health)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">Radiation</a> (physics and health)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-ionizing_radiation" title="Non-ionizing radiation">Non-ionizing radiation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_radiation_force" title="Acoustic radiation force">Acoustic radiation force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlight" title="Starlight">Starlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Sunlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwave</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Radio waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">Ionizing radiation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Radioactive decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_decay" title="Cluster decay">Cluster decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_radiation" title="Background radiation">Background radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">Alpha particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_particle" title="Beta particle">Beta particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">Gamma ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">Cosmic ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_radiation" title="Neutron radiation">Neutron radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">Nuclear fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">Nuclear fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">Nuclear reactors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">Nuclear weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">Particle accelerators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide">Radioactive materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_energy_budget" title="Earth's energy budget">Earth's energy budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">Electromagnetic radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchrotron_radiation" title="Synchrotron radiation">Synchrotron radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_radiation" title="Thermal radiation">Thermal radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-body_radiation" title="Black-body radiation">Black-body radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_radiation" title="Particle radiation">Particle radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational radiation">Gravitational radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_background_radiation" title="Cosmic background radiation">Cosmic background radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherenkov_radiation" title="Cherenkov radiation">Cherenkov radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Askaryan_radiation" title="Askaryan radiation">Askaryan radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremsstrahlung" title="Bremsstrahlung">Bremsstrahlung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unruh_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Unruh radiation">Unruh radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_radiation" title="Dark radiation">Dark radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_exposure" title="Radiation exposure">Radiation exposure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radiation <br />and health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Radiation syndrome <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">acute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_radiation_syndrome" title="Chronic radiation syndrome">chronic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_physics" title="Health physics">Health physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosimetry" title="Dosimetry">Dosimetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic radiation and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_safety" title="Laser safety">Laser safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasers_and_aviation_safety" title="Lasers and aviation safety">Lasers and aviation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_radiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical radiography">Medical radiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_protection" title="Radiation protection">Radiation protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">Radiation therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_damage" title="Radiation damage">Radiation damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactivity_in_the_life_sciences" title="Radioactivity in the life sciences">Radioactivity in the life sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radioactive contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiobiology" title="Radiobiology">Radiobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert">Biological dose units and quantities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_device_radiation_and_health" title="Wireless device radiation and health">Wireless device radiation and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_electronic_devices_and_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless electronic devices and health">Wireless electronic devices and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">Radiation heat-transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_energy_transfer" title="Linear energy transfer">Linear energy transfer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radiation incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civilian_radiation_accidents" title="List of civilian radiation accidents">List of civilian radiation accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_San_Juan_de_Dios_radiotherapy_accident" title="1996 San Juan de Dios radiotherapy accident">1996 Costa Rica accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goi%C3%A2nia_accident" title="Goiânia accident">1987 Goiânia accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Moroccan_radiation_accident" title="1984 Moroccan radiation accident">1984 Moroccan accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Clinic_of_Zaragoza_radiotherapy_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Clinic of Zaragoza radiotherapy accident">1990 Zaragoza accident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">Half-life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">Nuclear physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_source" title="Radioactive source">Radioactive source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_hardening" title="Radiation hardening">Radiation hardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havana_syndrome" title="Havana syndrome">Havana syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also the categories <a href="/wiki/Category:Radiation_effects" title="Category:Radiation effects">Radiation effects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Radioactivity" title="Category:Radioactivity">Radioactivity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Radiobiology" title="Category:Radiobiology">Radiobiology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Category:Radiation_protection" title="Category:Radiation protection">Radiation protection</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Radio_icon.png/21px-Radio_icon.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Radio_icon.png 1.5x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="22" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Radio" title="Portal:Radio">Radio</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/19px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/29px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/38px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4262#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4262#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4262#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Radiowelle"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4176841-3">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Radio frequency"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85110472">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561394">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="rádiové vlny"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph125383&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007558365205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10675684">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_wave&oldid=1255854998">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_wave&oldid=1255854998</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Radio_wave" title="Category:Radio wave">Radio wave</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a 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