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</a> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ziemia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 7 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-7" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">7 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_(historisch)" title="Land (historisch) - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Land (historisch)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_(administrative_unit_of_Poland)" title="Land (administrative unit of Poland) - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Land (administrative unit of Poland)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_(administraci%C3%B3n)" title="Tierra (administración) - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tierra (administración)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziemia" title="Ziemia - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ziemia" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziemia_(administracja)" title="Ziemia (administracja) - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ziemia (administracja)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziemia" title="Ziemia - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ziemia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F_(%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0)" title="Земля (Польша) - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Земля (Польша)" 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metadata plainlinks avviso avviso-contenuto"> <div class="avviso-immagine mbox-image noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-4.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Niente fonti!"><img alt="Niente fonti!" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/45px-Question_book-4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/68px-Question_book-4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/90px-Question_book-4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="204" /></a></span></div> <div class="avviso-testo mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-div"><b>Questa voce o sezione  sull'argomento Polonia <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Uso_delle_fonti" title="Wikipedia:Uso delle fonti">non cita le fonti necessarie</a> o quelle presenti sono insufficienti</b>. <div class="hide-when-compact"> <div class="noprint"><hr />Puoi <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ziemia&action=edit">migliorare questa voce</a> aggiungendo citazioni da <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Fonti_attendibili" title="Wikipedia:Fonti attendibili">fonti attendibili</a> secondo le <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Uso_delle_fonti" title="Wikipedia:Uso delle fonti">linee guida sull'uso delle fonti</a>. Segui i suggerimenti del <a href="/wiki/Progetto:Polonia" title="Progetto:Polonia">progetto di riferimento</a>.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p>La <b>ziemia</b> (pronuncia polacca: <a href="/wiki/Aiuto:IPA" title="Aiuto:IPA"><span title="Questa è una trascrizione IPA della pronuncia. Vedere l'alfabeto fonetico internazionale." class="IPA">[ˈʑɛmja]</span></a>, "terra") è una <a href="/wiki/Suddivisione_amministrativa" class="mw-redirect" title="Suddivisione amministrativa">suddivisione amministrativa</a> storica della <a href="/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia">Polonia</a>. Nella <a href="/wiki/Lingua_polacca" title="Lingua polacca">lingua polacca</a>, il termine non è mai scritto maiuscolo, anche quando indica uno specifico territorio (ad esempio <i>ziemia chełmińska</i>, <a href="/wiki/Terra_di_Che%C5%82mno" title="Terra di Chełmno">Terra di Chełmno</a>; non <i>Ziemia Chełmińska</i>). Tutte le <i>ziemie</i> prendono il nome dai principali centri urbani (o <i>gord</i>) di una data area: <i>ziemia krakowska</i> (da <a href="/wiki/Cracovia" title="Cracovia">Cracovia</a>), o <i>ziemia lubelska</i> (da <a href="/wiki/Lublino" title="Lublino">Lublino</a>). In alcuni casi, il suffisso "-szczyzna" si aggiunge al nome di una <i>ziemia</i>: <i>ziemia lubelska</i> è chiamata anche <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lubelszczyzna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lubelszczyzna (la pagina non esiste)">Lubelszczyzna</a></i>, mentre <i>ziemia opolska</i> (chiamata da <a href="/wiki/Opole" title="Opole">Opole</a>) diventa <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opolszczyzna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opolszczyzna (la pagina non esiste)">Opolszczyzna</a></i>. </p><p>Il termine <i>ziemia</i> apparve per la prima volta nella <a href="/wiki/Storia_della_Polonia#Storia_della_Polonia_medievale_(fino_al_1385)" title="Storia della Polonia">Polonia medievale</a> (XII-XIII secolo), dopo la <a href="/wiki/Storia_della_Polonia#Storia_della_Polonia_medievale_(fino_al_1385" title="Storia della Polonia">frammentazione della Polonia</a>. Si riferiva a un ex <a href="/wiki/Principato_(diritto)" title="Principato (diritto)">principato</a> o <a href="/wiki/Ducato_(circoscrizione)" title="Ducato (circoscrizione)">ducato</a>, che era stato unificato con il <a href="/wiki/Regno_di_Polonia_(1385-1569)" title="Regno di Polonia (1385-1569)">Regno di Polonia</a> e aveva perso la sua sovranità politica, ma conservava la sua <a href="/wiki/Gerarchia" title="Gerarchia">gerarchia</a> di <a href="/wiki/Funzionario" title="Funzionario">funzionari</a> e di <a href="/wiki/Burocrazia" title="Burocrazia">burocrazia</a>. Dal XIV secolo circa alcuni degli ex principati, ora '<i>ziemie</i>, furono assegnati a funzionari noti come <a href="/wiki/Voivoda" title="Voivoda">voivodi</a> e divennero suddivisioni amministrative primarie note come <a href="/wiki/Voivodato" title="Voivodato">voivodati</a> (province). Perciò, il <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ducato_di_Sandomierz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ducato di Sandomierz (la pagina non esiste)">Ducato di Sandomierz</a> fu tramutato nella <i>Terra di Sandomierz</i>, che all'inizio del XIV secolo diventò il <a href="/wiki/Voivodato_di_Sandomierz" title="Voivodato di Sandomierz">Voivodato di Sandomierz</a>. </p><p>Tuttavia in alcuni casi le <i>ziemie</i> non furono trasformate in voivodati. Esse furono subordinate a un voivodato e a un certo voivoda, ma nondimeno conservarono alcuni privilegi e proprietà distinte, come avere spesso il proprio <i><a href="/wiki/Sejmik" title="Sejmik">sejmik</a></i> (parlamento regionale), ed erano ancora designate come una <i>ziemia</i>, non come un voivodato. Alcuni voivodati, come il <a href="/wiki/Voivodato_di_Rutenia" title="Voivodato di Rutenia">Voivodato di Rutenia</a> o il <a href="/wiki/Masovia" title="Masovia">Voivodato di Masovia</a>, consistevano di parecchie <i>ziemie</i>, ciascuna divisa in contee. Lungo i secoli seguenti, le <i>ziemie</i> divennero sempre più integrate nei loro voivodati e persero la maggior parte della loro autonomia. </p><p>Oggi esse non sono suddivisioni amministrative, e nella Polonia moderna sono solo termini geografici generici che si riferiscono a certe parti della Polonia. Attualmente, il termine <i>ziemia</i> si può applicare a qualsiasi area, storica o no, che è localizzata intorno a una cittadina o città principale. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziemia&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziemia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divisione_amministrativa_della_Confederazione_polacco-lituana" title="Divisione amministrativa della Confederazione polacco-lituana">Divisione amministrativa della Confederazione polacco-lituana</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141815314">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid #aaa;clear:both;margin:auto;padding:2px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox th{padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:#ccf;font-size:90%;width:100%;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_navbar{float:left;margin:0;padding:0 10px 0 0;text-align:left;width:6em}.mw-parser-output .navbox_title{font-size:110%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;padding:0 10px;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list{font-size:90%;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list a{white-space:nowrap}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_odd{background:#fdfdfd;color:var(--color-base,black)}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_even{background:#f7f7f7;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox a.mw-selflink{color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_center{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox_image{padding-left:7px;vertical-align:middle;width:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{font-weight:normal;text-align:right;width:7em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox_image img{max-width:none!important}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox{margin:-3px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:#e6e6ff;padding:0 10px}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}</style><table class="navbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed noprint metadata" id="navbox-Suddivisioni_della_Polonia"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Suddivisioni_della_Polonia" title="Template:Suddivisioni della Polonia"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussioni_template:Suddivisioni_della_Polonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discussioni template:Suddivisioni della Polonia (la pagina non esiste)"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Suddivisioni_della_Polonia&action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Poland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Polonia (bandiera)"><img alt="Polonia (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Suddivisioni_della_Polonia" title="Suddivisioni della Polonia">Suddivisioni della Polonia</a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Attuali</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Voivodati_della_Polonia" title="Voivodati della Polonia">Voivodati</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Distretti_della_Polonia" title="Distretti della Polonia">Distretti</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Comuni_della_Polonia" title="Comuni della Polonia">Comuni</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Frazioni_della_Polonia" title="Frazioni della Polonia">Frazioni</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dzielnica" title="Dzielnica">Dzielnica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Osiedle" title="Osiedle">Osiedle</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/So%C5%82ectwo" title="Sołectwo">Sołectwo</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Storiche</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Departament&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Departament (la pagina non esiste)">Departament</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gromada" title="Gromada">Gromada</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gubernija" title="Gubernija">Gubernija</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Jurydyka" title="Jurydyka">Jurydyka</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ksi%C4%99stwo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Księstwo (la pagina non esiste)">Księstwo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Obw%C3%B3d" title="Obwód">Obwód</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Okr%C4%99g" title="Okręg">Okręg</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Opole_(suddivisione_amministrativa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opole (suddivisione amministrativa) (la pagina non esiste)">Opole</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Prowincja" title="Prowincja">Prowincja</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rejencja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rejencja (la pagina non esiste)">Rejencja</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Starostwo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Starostwo (la pagina non esiste)">Starostwo</a><b> ·</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ziemia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; 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