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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Jit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afro_jazz_(Zimbabwean_jazz)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afro_jazz_(Zimbabwean_jazz)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Afro jazz (Zimbabwean jazz)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afro_jazz_(Zimbabwean_jazz)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chimurenga_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chimurenga_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Chimurenga music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chimurenga_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tuku_Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tuku_Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Tuku Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tuku_Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zimdancehall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zimdancehall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Zimdancehall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zimdancehall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rumba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rumba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Rumba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rumba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gospel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gospel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Gospel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gospel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Marimba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marimba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulawayo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulawayo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bulawayo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulawayo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lyrics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lyrics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lyrics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lyrics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_Grooves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_Grooves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Urban Grooves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_Grooves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Music_of_Zimbabwe" title="Special:EditPage/Music of Zimbabwe">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Music+of+Zimbabwe%22">"Music of Zimbabwe"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Music+of+Zimbabwe%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Music+of+Zimbabwe%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Music+of+Zimbabwe%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Music+of+Zimbabwe%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Music+of+Zimbabwe%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zimbabwe-drummers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Zimbabwe-drummers.jpg/240px-Zimbabwe-drummers.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Zimbabwe-drummers.jpg/360px-Zimbabwe-drummers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Zimbabwe-drummers.jpg/480px-Zimbabwe-drummers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ngoma_drums" title="Ngoma drums">Ngoma drums</a> in Zimbabwe</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Musicians_playing_Zimbabwean_pop_music_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Musicians_playing_Zimbabwean_pop_music_2005.jpg/220px-Musicians_playing_Zimbabwean_pop_music_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Musicians_playing_Zimbabwean_pop_music_2005.jpg/330px-Musicians_playing_Zimbabwean_pop_music_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Musicians_playing_Zimbabwean_pop_music_2005.jpg/440px-Musicians_playing_Zimbabwean_pop_music_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1526" data-file-height="1096" /></a><figcaption>Musicians playing Zimbabwean pop music, <a href="/wiki/Mberengwa_District" title="Mberengwa District">Mberengwa</a>, 2005</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vuti-Primary-School-marimbas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Vuti-Primary-School-marimbas.jpg/240px-Vuti-Primary-School-marimbas.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Vuti-Primary-School-marimbas.jpg/360px-Vuti-Primary-School-marimbas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Vuti-Primary-School-marimbas.jpg/480px-Vuti-Primary-School-marimbas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Zimbabwean primary school students playing <a href="/wiki/Marimbas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marimbas">marimbas</a></figcaption></figure><p><b>Zimbabwean music</b> is heavily reliant on the use of instruments such as the <a href="/wiki/Mbira" title="Mbira">mbira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ngoma_drums" title="Ngoma drums">Ngoma drums</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hosho_(instrument)" title="Hosho (instrument)">hosho</a>. Their music symbolizes much more than a simple rhythm, as the folk and pop style styled music was used as a symbol of hope for <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabweans</a> looking to gain independence from <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a> has played a significant role in the history of Zimbabwe, from a vital role in the traditional <a href="/wiki/Bira_ceremony" title="Bira ceremony">Bira ceremony</a> used to call on ancestral spirits, to <a href="/wiki/Protest_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Protest songs">protest songs</a> during the struggle for independence.<sup id="cite_ref-Kendall1999_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kendall1999-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The community in Zimbabwe used music to voice their resistance to their oppression, as one of the only weapons they had available to fight back with.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the eighties, the Music of Zimbabwe was at the center of the African Music scene thanks to genres such as Sungura and Jit. However, several performers were banned by state TV and radio leading to the closing of several music venues.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Musical_Genres">Musical Genres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Musical Genres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Digvijay_Bhonsale_with_Denzil_Thandabani_%26_Justin_Soutter_from_Evicted_band,_performing_at_the_Zimbabwean_edition_of_%27The_Metal_United_World_Wide%27,_Reps_Theatre,_Harare.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Digvijay_Bhonsale_with_Denzil_Thandabani_%26_Justin_Soutter_from_Evicted_band%2C_performing_at_the_Zimbabwean_edition_of_%27The_Metal_United_World_Wide%27%2C_Reps_Theatre%2C_Harare.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Digvijay_Bhonsale_with_Denzil_Thandabani_%26_Justin_Soutter_from_Evicted_band%2C_performing_at_the_Zimbabwean_edition_of_%27The_Metal_United_World_Wide%27%2C_Reps_Theatre%2C_Harare.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Digvijay_Bhonsale_with_Denzil_Thandabani_%26_Justin_Soutter_from_Evicted_band%2C_performing_at_the_Zimbabwean_edition_of_%27The_Metal_United_World_Wide%27%2C_Reps_Theatre%2C_Harare.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Digvijay_Bhonsale" title="Digvijay Bhonsale">Digvijay Bhonsale</a> with Denzil Thandabani & Justin Soutter from Evicted band, performing at the Zimbabwean edition of the '2018 Metal United World Wide' concert at the Reps Theatre in Harare</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rock">Rock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some famous Zimbabwean rock bands are - Dividing The Element, Evicted, Flying Bantu and Chikwata-263. <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sungura">Sungura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sungura"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sungura is the most popular musical genre in Zimbabwe. It emerged in 1953, in a time when regional identity was in formation.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the local genre of the Zimbabwe music industry. Sungura music became popular in the early 1980s, pioneered by frontman Ephraim Joe and his band Sungura Boys which counted many notable future hit makers as members.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their roll included John Chibadura (guitar) <a href="/wiki/Simon_Chimbetu" title="Simon Chimbetu">Simon Chimbetu</a> (guitar and vocals) Naison Chimbetu, Ronnie Gatakata, Michel Jambo (drums), Ephraim Joe (guitar), Moses Marasha (bass), Never Moyo (lead guitar), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bata_Sinfirio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bata Sinfirio (page does not exist)">Bata Sinfirio</a> (rhythm guitar), <a href="/wiki/System_Tazvida" title="System Tazvida">System Tazvida</a> (guitar and vocals). </p><p>The Khiama Boys emerged as natural successors to the Sungura Boys after their demise during the mid-eighties. Members would include System Tazvida (Rhythm guitar), Cephas Karushanga, Nicholas Zacharia (Lead guitar), <a href="/wiki/Alick_Macheso" title="Alick Macheso">Alick Macheso</a> (Bass), Silas Chakanyuka (Drums) and Zacharia Zakaria (Sub Rhythm guitar). A great number of these artistes have gone on to forge successful careers with their own bands whilst Nicholas Zacharia has remained as the leader of the band and is still active as of 2008. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alick_Macheso_by_Bayhaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Alick_Macheso_by_Bayhaus.jpg/240px-Alick_Macheso_by_Bayhaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Alick_Macheso_by_Bayhaus.jpg/360px-Alick_Macheso_by_Bayhaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Alick_Macheso_by_Bayhaus.jpg/480px-Alick_Macheso_by_Bayhaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alick_Macheso" title="Alick Macheso">Alick Macheso</a> performing in 2012</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/James_Chimombe" title="James Chimombe">James Chimombe</a>, whose romantic ballads and the influential sungura guitar melody (consisting of lead, rhythm and bass), made him a favorite in the late 80s. Other notable artists include Zexie Manatsa, Tinei Chikupo, Paul Matavire, Zvishavane Sounds and Jonah Moyo's Devera Ngwena, among others. </p><p>The 90s decade was dominated by musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Dembo" title="Leonard Dembo">Leonard Dembo</a>, the effervescent Khiama Boys, veteran Simon Chimbetu and then upcoming artistes <a href="/wiki/Alick_Macheso" title="Alick Macheso">Alick Macheso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tongai_Moyo" title="Tongai Moyo">Tongai Moyo</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Somandla_Ndebele&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Somandla Ndebele (page does not exist)">Somandla Ndebele</a>. One of the stars of the decade was <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Zhakata" title="Leonard Zhakata">Leonard Zhakata</a>, whose musical project was a spinoff of the double play<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Is it an idiom in Zimbabwe for "musical duo" or something else altogether? (May 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maungwe_Brothers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maungwe Brothers (page does not exist)">Maungwe Brothers</a>, an act fronted by Zhakata and his cousin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Makion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Makion (page does not exist)">Thomas Makion</a>. Other popular acts included Pengaudzoke, the Wrist Brothers, Zimbabwe Chachacha Kings, Aaron Chinamira, King Pharao, Hosiah Chipanga, Stabien Mawire and Paul Mpofu, to mention a few. The decade 2000 till present has been characterised by a wrangle for the crown for the kingship of Sungura between the two most prominent Sungura musicians of the decade, Alick Macheso and Tongai Moyo. Having dominated sales, tour and concert attendances, the heckling and counter-heckling by the artists at shows and in some recorded material is strong proof of their feud akin to the BIG vs Tupac in American '90s hip hop. </p><p>Other artists to come through this decade include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Garakara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Garakara (page does not exist)">Joseph Garakara</a>, Suluman Chimbetu (son of Simon), Allan Chimbetu (Simon's brother), Tryson Chimbetu (Naison's son), Cephas Mashakada, Gift Amuli, Howard and Tatenda Pinjisi, First Farai as well as Josphat and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daiton_Somanje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daiton Somanje (page does not exist)">Daiton Somanje</a>, the Pengaudzoke frontmen who were pursuing solo careers. <a href="/wiki/Alick_Macheso" title="Alick Macheso">Alick Macheso</a> has largely dominated the scene, creating popular dance choreographies such as 'Borrowdale', Razor Wire, zoraaa butter, femba bute and kedebu, which mimic everyday routines in Zimbabwean life. A new generation of Sungura artists is emerging, largely influenced by Macheso's distinct style of a leading bass guitar. This generation includes artists like Mark Ngwazi, Tendai Ngwazi, Peter Moyo (son of Tongai), Simon Mutambi, Romeo Gasa, Sugar Sugar, Jacob Moyana and Francis 'Slomo' Dhaka among others. The genre is increasingly getting international recognition with some non-natives trying it out. Notable among these are Eirik Hoff Walmsiness 'Eriki' from Norway and Indian Dhyaan Kumar. </p><p>System Tazvida, Simon Chimbetu, James Chimombe, Tongai Moyo, Paul Matavire, John Chibadura, Leonard Dembo, and Thomas Makion have all died. It's also worth noting that a new wave of Sungura, dubbed Trap Sungura, has emerged in Zimbabwe, fueled by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanto_Wavie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanto Wavie (page does not exist)">Tanto Wavie</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imbube">Imbube</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Imbube"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mbube_(genre)" title="Mbube (genre)">Mbube, the related South African vocal music</a></div> <p>Imbube was created by Zimbabweans while they were still technically a part of Rhodesian culture.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This genre consisted of male singers in an acapella style, which differed from most of the typical music at the time that was formed around unique instruments. During this time period, many of the Zimbabwe men worked in mines for long hours. They formed Imbube by singing along together as a means of passing the time. The vocals coming from the caves echoed to produce better quality, and encouraged the men to continue singing these happy tunes. Occasionally the miners would sing songs of social justice, but a majority were generally happy and used as entertainment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jit">Jit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Jit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jit" title="Jit">Jit</a>, also known as <i>Harare beat</i>, is a generic term for electric guitar-driven pop,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and includes popular acts like the <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Black_Eagles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Black Eagles (page does not exist)">New Black Eagles</a>, Mike Mopo and the <a href="/wiki/Four_Brothers_(band)" title="Four Brothers (band)">Four Brothers</a> (a band UK radio DJ <a href="/wiki/John_Peel" title="John Peel">John Peel</a> described as "the best live band in the world"<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Internationally, <a href="/wiki/The_Bhundu_Boys" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bhundu Boys">The Bhundu Boys</a> are by far the best-known jit performers, and have worked with numerous American and British musicians. Notable recent bands to come up with the Jit sound are Nehoreka who fuse the traditional Jit with funk sounds, there is also Mokoomba and Q Montana. The 1990 film <a href="/wiki/Jit_(film)" title="Jit (film)">Jit</a> was named for this style. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afro_jazz_(Zimbabwean_jazz)"><span id="Afro_jazz_.28Zimbabwean_jazz.29"></span>Afro jazz (Zimbabwean jazz)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Afro jazz (Zimbabwean jazz)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_jazz" title="Zimbabwean jazz">Zimbabwean jazz</a>, also known as Afro Jazz, is Zimbabwean music influenced by a style of township rhythm that evolved in a Southern part of Africa over the last century. One can also trace similarities from Kwela, a <a href="/wiki/Pennywhistle" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennywhistle">pennywhistle</a>-based, street music from the southern part of Africa with jazzy underpinnings and a distinctive, skiffle-like beat. It is also closely related to <a href="/wiki/Marabi" title="Marabi">Marabi</a> which was the name given to a keyboard style (often using cheap pedal organs) that had a musical link to American jazz, ragtime and blues, with roots deep in the African tradition. Early marabi musicians were part of an underground musical culture and were typically not recorded. An example of such an artist in the early 1940s is <a href="/wiki/August_Musarurwa" class="mw-redirect" title="August Musarurwa">August Musarurwa</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Skokiaan" title="Skokiaan">Skokiaan</a> fame. It has continued to develop and traits of this music can be seen in the works of his grandson, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Kudakwashe_Musarurwa" title="Prince Kudakwashe Musarurwa">Prince Kudakwashe Musarurwa</a>. </p><p>The Pakare Paye Centre has worked for spreading Zimbabwean Jazz to young musicians since 2004, founded by Afro-Jazz musician <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Mtukudzi" title="Oliver Mtukudzi">Oliver Mtukudzi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chimurenga_music">Chimurenga music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chimurenga music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Chimurenga_music" title="Chimurenga music">Chimurenga music</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chimurenga_music" title="Chimurenga music">Chimurenga music</a> is a genre developed by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mapfumo" title="Thomas Mapfumo">Thomas Mapfumo</a> named for the <a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona language</a> word for struggle.<sup id="cite_ref-Kendall1999_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kendall1999-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mapfumo and his band, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blacks_Unlimited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blacks Unlimited (page does not exist)">Blacks Unlimited</a> developed a style of music based on traditional <a href="/wiki/Mbira" title="Mbira">mbira</a> music, but played with modern electric instrumentation, with lyrics characterized by social and political commentary. Mapfumo's music was a "tool of the liberation war" criticizing the <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodesian">Rhodesian</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Ian Smith</a>, but shifted after independence to speaking out about perceived corruption and mismanagement of the Zimbabwean government of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kendall1999_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kendall1999-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tuku_Music">Tuku Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tuku Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tuku_Mtukudzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuku Mtukudzi">Tuku Mtukudzi</a> was a prolific recorder who also appeared in films like <i><a href="/wiki/Jit_(film)" title="Jit (film)">Jit</a></i>. He played in a plethora of styles, and was known for penetrating lyrics; for example, he wrote a second song about <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> in Zimbabwe after <a href="/wiki/Paul_Matavire" title="Paul Matavire">Paul Matavire's</a> hit song "Yakauya AIDS iriko". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zimdancehall">Zimdancehall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Zimdancehall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bardentreffen_2013_543.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bardentreffen_2013_543.jpg/220px-Bardentreffen_2013_543.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bardentreffen_2013_543.jpg/330px-Bardentreffen_2013_543.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bardentreffen_2013_543.jpg/440px-Bardentreffen_2013_543.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Mokoomba at the music festival "Bardentreffen" 2013 in <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Zimdancehall" title="Zimdancehall">Zimdancehall</a> is Zimbabwean music influenced by Jamaican <a href="/wiki/Dancehall" title="Dancehall">dancehall</a> music, it is also known as Mangoma. There is frequent debate around the origin Zimdancehall within Zimbabwe. Notable Zimdancehall performers include <a href="/wiki/Winky_D" title="Winky D">Winky D</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soul_Jah_Love" title="Soul Jah Love">Soul Jah love</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rumba">Rumba</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rumba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/African_Rumba" class="mw-redirect" title="African Rumba">African Rumba</a>, or 'Soukos' is mostly associated with the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> but its popularity has inspired Zimbabwe's own brand of rumba in musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Simon_Chimbetu" title="Simon Chimbetu">Simon Chimbetu</a>, Papa Jose and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_Karikoga_Zhakata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonard Karikoga Zhakata (page does not exist)">Leonard Karikoga Zhakata</a>. Soukos has been an influence on other artists such as <a href="/wiki/R.U.N.N._family" title="R.U.N.N. family">The R.U.N.N. family</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gospel">Gospel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gospel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gospel music became popular in Zimbabwe in the late 1980s. <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Wutawunashe" title="Jonathan Wutawunashe">Jonathan Wutawunashe</a> has been described as "Zimbabwe's first real gospel star".<sup id="cite_ref-Kendall1999_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kendall1999-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other population musicians in this genre include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jordan_Chataika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jordan Chataika (page does not exist)">Jordan Chataika</a>, Freedom Sengwayo, <a href="/wiki/Mechanic_Manyeruke_and_the_Puritans" title="Mechanic Manyeruke and the Puritans">Mechanic Manyeruke</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Sibalo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brian Sibalo (page does not exist)">Brian Sibalo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Citando_singing_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Citando_singing-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early nineties saw the rising of new gospel stars in the mold of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivy_Kombo_-_Moyo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivy Kombo - Moyo (page does not exist)">Ivy Kombo - Moyo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carol_Mujokoro" title="Carol Mujokoro">Carol Mujokoro</a> of the EGEA gospel Train whose debut album Mufudzi Wangu was released in 1993 and contains tracks such as "Be Thou My Vision", "Ndotarisa Kumakomo" and "Utiziro" among others. The two went on to pursue successful solo musical careers and released "Ndaidziwanepi Nyasha" and "Ropa RaJesu" as their debut solo albums respectively. </p><p>Gospel artists who emerged from the mid nineties include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pastor_Haisa_(Lawrence_Haisa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pastor Haisa (Lawrence Haisa) (page does not exist)">Pastor Haisa (Lawrence Haisa)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brother_Sam" class="mw-redirect" title="Brother Sam">Brother Sam</a> with his hits "Makanaka Jesu" and "Cherechedza", <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elias_Musakwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elias Musakwa (page does not exist)">Elias Musakwa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rita_Shonhiwa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rita Shonhiwa (page does not exist)">Rita Shonhiwa</a>, The Gospel Trumpet of the "Rose Of Sharon" fame and <a href="/wiki/Shingisai_Suluma" title="Shingisai Suluma">Shingisai Suluma</a> who only became popular in the early 21st century with the hit song "Mirira Mangwanani"; though she first recorded in the nineties. </p><p>In the late-nineties, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Charamba" title="Charles Charamba">Charles Charamba</a>, a rising artist, grew in popularity, and currently holds gospel sales records. His music became popular into the first decade of the 21st century, most likely due to his <a href="/wiki/Sungura" class="mw-redirect" title="Sungura">Sungura</a>-based contemporary style. </p><p>In the early 21st century, a lot of gospel artists also recorded, though a few really rose to stardom. These include Fungisai Zvakavapano - Mashavave who has risen to become the most dominant female gospel musician in the current era, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Gwanzura_(Pastor_Gee)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanley Gwanzura (Pastor Gee) (page does not exist)">Stanley Gwanzura (Pastor Gee)</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kudzai_Nyakudya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kudzai Nyakudya (page does not exist)">Kudzai Nyakudya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tembalami" title="Tembalami">Tembalami</a>, and gospel <a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">a cappella</a> outfits like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vabati_VaJehovah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vabati VaJehovah (page does not exist)">Vabati VaJehovah</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shower_Power&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shower Power (page does not exist)">Shower Power</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instruments">Instruments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mbira">Mbira</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mbira"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mbira" title="Mbira">mbira</a> is an integral part of Zimbabwean music.<sup id="cite_ref-Kendall1999_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kendall1999-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Soul_of_Mbira_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soul_of_Mbira-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classified by <a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">musicologists</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Lamellaphone" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamellaphone">lamellaphone</a>, part of the plucked <a href="/wiki/Idiophone" title="Idiophone">idiophone</a> family, it is created from things found in nature such as a wooden board (often fitted with a <a href="/wiki/Resonator" title="Resonator">resonator</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Tine_(structural)" title="Tine (structural)">tines</a>. It is frequently played in a <i><a href="/wiki/Deze" title="Deze">deze</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Calabash" title="Calabash">calabash</a> resonator) which amplifies the sound and augments using shells or bottle caps placed around the edges. Often accompanied by the <a href="/wiki/Hosho_(instrument)" title="Hosho (instrument)">hosho</a>, a percussion instrument, the mbira is often an important instrument that people play at religious ceremonies, weddings, and other social gatherings. The mbira plays a central role in the traditional <a href="/wiki/Bira_ceremony" title="Bira ceremony">Bira ceremony</a> used to call on ancestral spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-Soul_of_Mbira_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soul_of_Mbira-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The instrument is a central piece in their religious rituals. The most important function of mbira is the idea of it being a "telephone to the spirits" during ceremonies. It is the sole way of communication between the living and deceased ancestors, ancient tribal guardians, or guardian spirits. The mbira is required to ask these spirits to bring rain during drought, stop rain during floods, accept their offerings, ask for forgiveness, and bring clouds when crops are damaged by the sun.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These instruments were made from resources from the land which connected them further connects the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> people to their land and this deep connection has helped communities in Zimbabwe to continue their tradition of <a href="/wiki/Mbira" title="Mbira">mbira music</a> despite the development of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-styles_of_Zimbabwe_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-styles_of_Zimbabwe-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sound made by this instrument closely imitates the noises made by rain or running water with rich and vibrant tones "like bells". The sound has a special presence; one that feel the music as much as one hears it.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penetrating and warming at the same time, immediately capturing the involvement of the listeners and drawing them into its mood. The pieces of music played vary by the artist but there is no specific way to play this instrument. The music performed is all about elaboration and variation supporting creative expression of the performer.<sup id="cite_ref-styles_of_Zimbabwe_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-styles_of_Zimbabwe-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_with_Water-Pots,_Listening_to_the_Music_of_the_Marimba,_Sansa,_and_Pan%E2%80%99s_Pipes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Women_with_Water-Pots%2C_Listening_to_the_Music_of_the_Marimba%2C_Sansa%2C_and_Pan%E2%80%99s_Pipes.jpg/240px-Women_with_Water-Pots%2C_Listening_to_the_Music_of_the_Marimba%2C_Sansa%2C_and_Pan%E2%80%99s_Pipes.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Women_with_Water-Pots%2C_Listening_to_the_Music_of_the_Marimba%2C_Sansa%2C_and_Pan%E2%80%99s_Pipes.jpg/360px-Women_with_Water-Pots%2C_Listening_to_the_Music_of_the_Marimba%2C_Sansa%2C_and_Pan%E2%80%99s_Pipes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Women_with_Water-Pots%2C_Listening_to_the_Music_of_the_Marimba%2C_Sansa%2C_and_Pan%E2%80%99s_Pipes.jpg/480px-Women_with_Water-Pots%2C_Listening_to_the_Music_of_the_Marimba%2C_Sansa%2C_and_Pan%E2%80%99s_Pipes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1259" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption>Mbira player with other musicians from 1865 book</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mbira_dzavadzimu_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mbira_dzavadzimu_1.jpg/240px-Mbira_dzavadzimu_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mbira_dzavadzimu_1.jpg/360px-Mbira_dzavadzimu_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mbira_dzavadzimu_1.jpg/480px-Mbira_dzavadzimu_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1498" data-file-height="1678" /></a><figcaption>Mbira dzavadzimu</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hosho_instrument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Hosho_instrument.jpg/240px-Hosho_instrument.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Hosho_instrument.jpg/360px-Hosho_instrument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Hosho_instrument.jpg/480px-Hosho_instrument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="1288" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hosho_(instrument)" title="Hosho (instrument)">Hosho</a> commonly used to accompany mbira music</figcaption></figure> <p>Though musicologist <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Tracey" title="Hugh Tracey">Hugh Tracey</a> believed the mbira to be nearing extinction in the 1930s, the instrument has been revived since the 60s and 70s, and has gained an international following through the <a href="/wiki/World_music" title="World music">world music</a> scene. Some renowned mbira players include <a href="/wiki/Dumisani_Maraire" title="Dumisani Maraire">Dumisani Maraire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ephat_Mujuru" title="Ephat Mujuru">Ephat Mujuru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stella_Chiweshe" title="Stella Chiweshe">Stella Chiweshe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chartwell_Dutiro" title="Chartwell Dutiro">Chartwell Dutiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mbuya_Dyoko" title="Mbuya Dyoko">Mbuya Dyoko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmas_Magaya" title="Cosmas Magaya">Cosmas Magaya</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tute_Chigamba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tute Chigamba (page does not exist)">Tute Chigamba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forward_Kwenda" title="Forward Kwenda">Forward Kwenda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chiwoniso_Maraire" title="Chiwoniso Maraire">Chiwoniso Maraire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kendall1999_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kendall1999-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also pop music in Zimbabwe and around the world that incorporates Zimbabwean indigenous instruments. For example, mbira player <a href="/wiki/Chris_Berry" title="Chris Berry">Chris Berry</a> with his band <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panjea_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panjea (band) (page does not exist)">Panjea</a> have reached platinum record sales in Zimbabwe and <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, playing a style of music based on traditional mbira rhythms and melodies, but incorporating various other instruments and styles (like <a href="/wiki/Hip-hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip-hop">hip-hop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dancehall" title="Dancehall">dancehall</a>). <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mapfumo" title="Thomas Mapfumo">Thomas Mapfumo</a> is widely credited with popularizing his genre of Chimurenga music, which includes guitar, drums, Western-style vocals, and mbira in the same band. Mapfumo is also famous for his arrangement of traditional mbira lines to be played on the electric guitar. Mbira is incorporated into the music of critically acclaimed American hip-hop duo <a href="/wiki/Shabazz_Palaces" title="Shabazz Palaces">Shabazz Palaces</a> by Tendai Maraire (son of traditional mbira player <a href="/wiki/Dumisani_Maraire" title="Dumisani Maraire">Dumisani Maraire</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian2017_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian2017-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marimba">Marimba</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Marimba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Marimba" title="Marimba">marimba</a> was introduced in Zimbabwean Music during the early 1960s when the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwanongoma_College_of_African_Music&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwanongoma College of African Music (page does not exist)">Kwanongoma College of African Music</a> in Bulawayo adopted it.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Founders of the college considered that marimba could boost the musical development of the country, and design a model that it's now known as Kwanongoma marimba.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zimbabwean marimba or Kwanongoma marimba is now considered part of the Zimbabwean culture.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first Zimbabwean marimba was built by Nelson Jones in 1962. However, the wood used was too soft. The next year, Josiah Siyembe Mathe started using a <a href="/wiki/Lozi_people" title="Lozi people">Lozi</a> instrument called Selimba, common in the southwest of <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>. The original Selimba was an 11-key instrument. Mathe built later a soprano, a tenor, and a bass. using Mukwa wood for the keys.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Michael Bhule built the first set of Kwanongoma marimba. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alport_Mhlanga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alport Mhlanga (page does not exist)">Alport Mhlanga</a> composed the first repertoire for the instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bulawayo">Bulawayo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bulawayo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ndebele_people_(Zimbabwe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndebele people (Zimbabwe)">Ndebele</a>-dominated region of the southwest of Zimbabwe, including the city <a href="/wiki/Bulawayo" title="Bulawayo">Bulawayo</a>, has been instrumental in the development of Zimbabwean music. Seminal 1950s guitarist <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Sibanda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Sibanda (page does not exist)">George Sibanda</a> had a following across Africa and was the writer for the hit song <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guabi_Guabi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guabi Guabi (page does not exist)">Guabi Guabi</a> which is sung all over the world,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Masuka" title="Dorothy Masuka">Dorothy Masuka</a> was a major player on the South African jazz scene, for example. Among the most popular performers of the region within Zimbabwe, however, was 1980s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ndebele_pop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ndebele pop (page does not exist)">Ndebele pop</a> sensation <a href="/wiki/Lovemore_Majaivana" title="Lovemore Majaivana">Lovemore Majaivana</a>. Ndebele musicians who are active are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Umfolosi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Black Umfolosi (page does not exist)">Black Umfolosi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Insingizi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Insingizi (page does not exist)">Insingizi</a> Majahawodwa Ndlovu, <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Ndebele" title="Sandra Ndebele">Sandra Ndebele</a>, Lwazi Tshabangu, Kuxxman, Go Boyz, Achuzi, Beate Mangethe, <a href="/wiki/Vusa_Mkhaya" title="Vusa Mkhaya">Vusa Mkhaya</a>, Afrika Revenge and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramadu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramadu (page does not exist)">Ramadu</a>. The marginalisation of Bulawayo artists in Zimbabwe saw the influence of South African music dominating hence the emergence of kwaito music in Bulawayo pioneered by Go-Boyz in 1996 and more groups like GTI, Achuzi, Amagangsters, artists like Cal Vin etc., emerged. A brand of Jazz was created in Bulawayo, in the 1940s and 1950s, and was made popular by August Musarurwa with his African Dance Band of the Cold Storage Commission of Southern Rhodesia. He recorded the legendary song Sikokiana which went on to be recorded in USA by Louis Armstrong and many others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lyrics">Lyrics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Lyrics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zimbabwean musicians' lyrics mostly contain encouragement of upholding good social values in the family and society as whole. Such lyrics can be seen in songs by artists like <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Mtukudzi" title="Oliver Mtukudzi">Oliver Mtukudzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Chimbetu" title="Simon Chimbetu">Simon Chimbetu</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suluman_Chimbetu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suluman Chimbetu (page does not exist)">Suluman Chimbetu</a> the Harare 10-piece <a href="/wiki/Afrobeat" title="Afrobeat">Afro-fusion band</a> <i>Nehoreka</i>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mhlanga" title="Louis Mhlanga">Louis Mhlanga</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Chibadura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Chibadura (page does not exist)">John Chibadura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Makoni" title="Steve Makoni">Steve Makoni</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bhundu_Boys" title="Bhundu Boys">Bhundu Boys</a>. However, the lyrics of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mapfumo" title="Thomas Mapfumo">Thomas Mapfumo</a> are political, praising just leadership and encouraging rising up against bad governance. Many of his albums are named after a word meaning <i>uprising</i> or <i>war of liberation</i>: <i><a href="/wiki/Chimurenga" title="Chimurenga">Chimurenga</a></i>. His music earned him the wrath of the <a href="/wiki/ZANU-PF" class="mw-redirect" title="ZANU-PF">ZANU-PF</a> government resulting in the banning of most of his music on state owned radio and TV. Another musician with striking lyrics is the late <a href="/wiki/System_Tazvida" title="System Tazvida">System Tazvida</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chazezesa_Challengers" title="Chazezesa Challengers">Chazezesa Challengers</a>. His lyrics were mostly centered on love and relationships, with songs like <i>Anodyiwa Haataure</i>, <i>Ukarambwa Usachema</i>, <i>Vanotipedzera Mashoko</i> and <i>Dai Hanzvadzi Yairoorwa</i>, with which he achieved popularity. With the emergence of the Urban Grooves-style, the content of lyrics shifted to more closely resemble that of American RnB, Hip Hop and Pop music. These have garnered a following among a younger generation of Zimbabweans. One artist, Maskiri, is known for imitating <a href="/wiki/Eminem" title="Eminem">Eminem</a>'s style of controversial lyrics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Urban_Grooves">Urban Grooves</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Urban Grooves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_hip_hop" title="Zimbabwean hip hop">Zimbabwean hip hop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zimdancehall" title="Zimdancehall">Zimdancehall</a></div> <p>Coming on the music scene in the late 1990s and early 2000s, Urban Grooves takes in American Rap, Hip Hop, R&B, Soul and other international music genres, often melded with traditional Zimbabwean music. </p><p>Artists such as Sanii Makhalima, Alexio Kawara, <a href="/wiki/Roy_and_Royce" title="Roy and Royce">Roy and Royce</a>, David Chifunyise, <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Mapfumo" title="Leonard Mapfumo">Leonard Mapfumo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roki_(musician)" title="Roki (musician)">Roki</a>, Stach, Betty Makaya, Extra Large, <a href="/wiki/Maskiri" title="Maskiri">Maskiri</a>, Kactus and Nehoreka laid the groundwork for the new genre, which gained increasing popularity among the youth. The style was helped by the 100% local content policy in effect at the time, which required all radio stations to play only music by Zimbabwean artists.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A second generation of artists such as Trevor Dongo, Drum Dada, Q Montana, <a href="/wiki/Mokoomba" title="Mokoomba">Mokoomba</a> and Nehoreka have come to prominence more recently.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian2013_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian2013-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Berliner_(ethnomusicologist)" title="Paul Berliner (ethnomusicologist)">Paul Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Library_of_African_Music" title="International Library of African Music">International Library of African Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makwayera" title="Makwayera">Makwayera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marimba#Zimbabwean" title="Marimba">Zimbabwean Marimba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbira" title="Mbira">Mbira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shona_music" title="Shona music">Shona music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Tracey" title="Hugh Tracey">Hugh Tracey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Zimbabwean_musicians" title="List of Zimbabwean musicians">List of Zimbabwean musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_hip_hop" title="Zimbabwean hip hop">Zimbabwean hip hop</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDwamena" class="citation magazine cs1">Dwamena, Anakwa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/zimbabwes-powerful-music-of-struggle">"Zimbabwe's Powerful Music of Struggle"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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In Broughton, Simon; Ellingham, Mark; Trillo, Richard (eds.). <i>World Music Volume 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East</i>. London: Rough Guides Ltd. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo/page/706">706-716</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85828-635-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85828-635-2"><bdi>1-85828-635-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jit%2C+Mbira+and+Chimurenga%3A+Play+It+Loud%21&rft.btitle=World+Music+Volume+1%3A+Africa%2C+Europe+and+the+Middle+East&rft.place=London&rft.pages=706-716&rft.pub=Rough+Guides+Ltd&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-85828-635-2&rft.aulast=Kendall&rft.aufirst=Judy&rft.au=Eyre%2C+Banning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froughguidetoworl00simo%2Fpage%2F706&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Zimbabwe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopoola" class="citation web cs1">Popoola, Tayo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/proginfo/2018/26/true-jit-bulawayo">"True Jit Bulawayo"</a>. <i>BBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-7106-494-X" title="Special:BookSources/91-7106-494-X"><bdi>91-7106-494-X</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singing+culture%3A+A+study+of+gospel+music+in+Zimbabwe&rft.place=Uppsala&rft.pub=Nordiska+Afrikainstitutet&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=91-7106-494-X&rft.aulast=Chitando&rft.aufirst=Ezra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furn.kb.se%2Fresolve%3Furn%3Durn%253Anbn%253Ase%253Anai%253Adiva-192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Zimbabwe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soul_of_Mbira-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Soul_of_Mbira_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Soul_of_Mbira_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerliner1978" class="citation book cs1">Berliner, Paul (1978). <i>The Soul of Mbira</i> (1st Paperback ed.). 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Harare. 2018. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1105749905">1105749905</a>. 57 pages, includes illustrations; + 1 videodisc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+mbira+and+sungura+guitar+styles+of+Zimbabwe&rft.place=Harare&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1105749905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Zimbabwe" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerliner1993" class="citation book cs1">Berliner, Paul (June 1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/soulofmbiramusic00berl"><i>The Soul of Mbira: Music and Traditions of the Shona People of Zimbabwe</i></a></span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27We+feel+like+aliens%27%3A+Shabazz+Palaces%2C+the+hip-hop+duo+beamed+in+from+another+planet&rft.date=2017-08-09&rft.aulast=Bakare&rft.aufirst=Lanre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2017%2Faug%2F09%2Fshabazz-palaces-interview-quazars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Zimbabwe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJONES2012" class="citation journal cs1">JONES, CLAIRE (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24877253">"A Modern Tradition: The Social History of the Zimbabwean Marimba"</a>. <i>African Music</i>. <b>9</b> (2): 32–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21504%2Famj.v9i2.1803">10.21504/amj.v9i2.1803</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0065-4019">0065-4019</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24877253">24877253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Music&rft.atitle=A+Modern+Tradition%3A+The+Social+History+of+the+Zimbabwean+Marimba&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=32-56&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=0065-4019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24877253%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21504%2Famj.v9i2.1803&rft.aulast=JONES&rft.aufirst=CLAIRE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24877253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Zimbabwe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ottogumaelius.com/about-marimba">"About Marimba | History Of The African Marimba Of Zimbabwe"</a>. <i>Otto Gumaelius</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Otto+Gumaelius&rft.atitle=About+Marimba+%7C+History+Of+The+African+Marimba+Of+Zimbabwe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ottogumaelius.com%2Fabout-marimba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Zimbabwe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rootsworld.com/reviews/georgesibanda.shtml">"The Legendary George Sibanda / RootsWorld Recording Review"</a>. <i>www.rootsworld.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rootsworld.com&rft.atitle=The+Legendary+George+Sibanda+%2F+RootsWorld+Recording+Review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rootsworld.com%2Freviews%2Fgeorgesibanda.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Zimbabwe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Bruce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pghcitypaper.com/pittsburgh/the-legendary-george-sibandazambia-roadside/Content?oid=1336371">"The Legendary George Sibanda/Zambia Roadside"</a>. <i>Pittsburgh City Paper</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+City+Paper&rft.atitle=The+Legendary+George+Sibanda%2FZambia+Roadside&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pghcitypaper.com%2Fpittsburgh%2Fthe-legendary-george-sibandazambia-roadside%2FContent%3Foid%3D1336371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Zimbabwe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTivenga2018" class="citation thesis cs1">Tivenga, Doreen Rumbidzai (August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nihss.ac.za/sites/default/files/Thesis/phd_thesis_doreen_tivenga_0.pdf"><i>Zimbabwe Urban Grooves Music and the Interconnections between Youth Identities and Celebrity Culture</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Thesis). Department of English in the Faculty of Humanities at the University of the Free State.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Zimbabwe+Urban+Grooves+Music+and+the+Interconnections+between+Youth+Identities+and+Celebrity+Culture&rft.inst=Department+of+English+in+the+Faculty+of+Humanities+at+the+University+of+the+Free+State&rft.date=2018-08&rft.aulast=Tivenga&rft.aufirst=Doreen+Rumbidzai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nihss.ac.za%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FThesis%2Fphd_thesis_doreen_tivenga_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Zimbabwe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian2013-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian2013_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenselow2013" class="citation news cs1">Denselow, Robin (April 25, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/apr/25/mokoomba-zimbabwes-new-sound">"Mokoomba: Zimbabwe's new sound"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Mokoomba%3A+Zimbabwe%27s+new+sound&rft.date=2013-04-25&rft.aulast=Denselow&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2013%2Fapr%2F25%2Fmokoomba-zimbabwes-new-sound&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Zimbabwe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEyre2019" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Banning_Eyre" title="Banning Eyre">Eyre, Banning</a> (8 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daily.redbullmusicacademy.com/2019/02/zimbabwe-music-history">"Liberation and Loss: The Tangled History of Zimbabwean Music"</a>. <i>daily.redbullmusicacademy.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=daily.redbullmusicacademy.com&rft.atitle=Liberation+and+Loss%3A+The+Tangled+History+of+Zimbabwean+Music&rft.date=2019-02-08&rft.aulast=Eyre&rft.aufirst=Banning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaily.redbullmusicacademy.com%2F2019%2F02%2Fzimbabwe-music-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Zimbabwe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kendall, Judy and <a href="/wiki/Banning_Eyre" title="Banning Eyre">Banning Eyre</a>. "Jit, Mbira and Chimurenga: Play It Loud!". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), <i>World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East</i>, pp. 706–716. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85828-636-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85828-636-0">1-85828-636-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurandaMaguraushe2013" class="citation journal cs1">Muranda, Richard; Maguraushe, Wonder (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicandmeaning.net/articles/JMM12/MurandaJMM12.pdf">"Sungura Music's Development in Zimbabwe: The Emergence of Trendsetters, Emulators and Copycats"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Journal of Music and Meaning</i>. <b>12</b> (2013/2014). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1603-7170">1603-7170</a>. JMM<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Music+and+Meaning&rft.atitle=Sungura+Music%27s+Development+in+Zimbabwe%3A+The+Emergence+of+Trendsetters%2C+Emulators+and+Copycats&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2013%2F2014&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=1603-7170&rft.aulast=Muranda&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Maguraushe%2C+Wonder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicandmeaning.net%2Farticles%2FJMM12%2FMurandaJMM12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Zimbabwe" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Zimbabwe&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/worldmusic/onlocation/zimbabwe1988.shtml">BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Zimbabwe 1988.</a> (Sony Radio Award-winning program) Accessed November 25, 2010.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dandemutande.org">Dandemutande</a> A non-profit resource for Zimbabwean music & culture</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mbiramagic.com">MbiraMagic.Com</a> : Mbira Education Website by Forward Kwenda and Andy Fowler</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mbira.online">Mbira.Online</a> : the world's largest mbira masters video and notation Archive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mbira.org">Mbira.org</a> Erica Azim's site, based in <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley</a>, CA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zambuko.com/mbira.html">Zambuko Solomon Murungu's Shona Music Site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zimfest.org">Zimbabwean Music Festival</a>, an annual performance and workshop festival in North America</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22690520">Africa Beats: Zimbabwe's Mokoomba</a> - Tonga Music</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tashtin.com">Zimvibes Music Station</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">Music of Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Algeria" title="Music of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Angola" title="Music of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Benin" title="Music of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Botswana" title="Music of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Music of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burundi" title="Music of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cameroon" title="Music of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cape_Verde" title="Music of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Music of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chad" title="Music of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Comoros" title="Music of the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Djibouti" title="Music of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Music of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Eritrea" title="Music of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Eswatini" title="Music of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ethiopia" title="Music of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Gabon" title="Music of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Gambia" title="Music of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ghana" title="Music of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guinea" title="Music of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Music of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Music of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kenya" title="Music of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lesotho" title="Music of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Liberia" title="Music of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Libya" title="Music of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Madagascar" title="Music of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malawi" title="Music of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mali" title="Music of Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mauritania" title="Music of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mauritius" title="Music of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Morocco" title="Music of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mozambique" title="Music of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Namibia" title="Music of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Niger" title="Music of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria" title="Music of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Rwanda" title="Music of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Music of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Senegal" title="Music of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Seychelles" title="Music of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Music of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Somalia" title="Music of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Africa" title="Music of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sudan" title="Music of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tanzania" title="Music of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Togo" title="Music of Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tunisia" title="Music of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uganda" title="Music of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Zambia" title="Music of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Music of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Madeira" title="Music of Madeira">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mayotte" title="Music of Mayotte">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/wiki/Music_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Music of Réunion">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Western_Sahara" title="Music of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Zimbabwe&oldid=1231906179">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Zimbabwe&oldid=1231906179</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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