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{"work":{"id":15572960,"created_at":"2015-09-10T04:29:02.225-07:00","from_world_paper_id":141868911,"updated_at":"2025-02-02T20:37:47.442-08:00","_data":{"ai_title_tag":"Cuckoo Host Egg Rejection Evolution in Europe \u0026 Australia","grobid_abstract":"Exploitation of hosts by brood parasitic cuckoos is expected to stimulate a coevolutionary arms race of adaptations and counteradaptations. However, some hosts have not evolved defenses against parasitism. One hypothesis to explain a lack of host defenses is that the life-history strategies of some hosts reduce the cost of parasitism to the extent that accepting parasitic eggs in the nest is evolutionarily stable. Under this hypothesis, it pays hosts to accept cuckoo eggs if (1) the energetic cost of raising the cuckoo is low, (2) there is time to renest, and clutch size is small. We parasitized the nests of host and nonhost species with nonmimetic model eggs to test whether the evolution of egg recognition by cuckoo hosts could be explained by life-history variables of the host. The most significant factor explaining rates of rejection of model eggs was whether or not a species was a cuckoo host, with hosts rejecting model eggs at a higher rate than nonhosts. Egg-rejection rates were also explained by visibility within the nest and by cuckoo mass. We found little support for the life-history model of egg rejection. Our results suggest that parasitism is always sufficiently costly to select for host defenses and that the evolution of defenses may be limited by proximate constraints such as visibility within the nest.","publication_date":"2005,,","publication_name":"Behavioral Ecology","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"43075104"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"The evolution of egg rejection by cuckoo hosts in Australia and Europe","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true,"seo_quality":null}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [34734023,33080134]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":43075104,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “The evolution of egg rejection by cuckoo hosts in Australia and Europe”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/43075104/mini_magick20190216-13084-1yob313.png?1550362716" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">The evolution of egg rejection by cuckoo hosts in Australia and Europe</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34734023" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GoloMaurer"><img alt="Profile image of Golo Maurer" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Golo Maurer</a><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33080134" href="https://cambridge.academia.edu/RebeccaKilner"><img alt="Profile image of Rebecca Kilner" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Rebecca Kilner</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2005, Behavioral Ecology</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">7 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 15572960; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Exploitation of hosts by brood parasitic cuckoos is expected to stimulate a coevolutionary arms race of adaptations and counteradaptations. However, some hosts have not evolved defenses against parasitism. One hypothesis to explain a lack of host defenses is that the life-history strategies of some hosts reduce the cost of parasitism to the extent that accepting parasitic eggs in the nest is evolutionarily stable. Under this hypothesis, it pays hosts to accept cuckoo eggs if (1) the energetic cost of raising the cuckoo is low, (2) there is time to renest, and clutch size is small. We parasitized the nests of host and nonhost species with nonmimetic model eggs to test whether the evolution of egg recognition by cuckoo hosts could be explained by life-history variables of the host. The most significant factor explaining rates of rejection of model eggs was whether or not a species was a cuckoo host, with hosts rejecting model eggs at a higher rate than nonhosts. Egg-rejection rates were also explained by visibility within the nest and by cuckoo mass. We found little support for the life-history model of egg rejection. Our results suggest that parasitism is always sufficiently costly to select for host defenses and that the evolution of defenses may be limited by proximate constraints such as visibility within the nest.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><div class="primary-buttons "><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":43075104,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/15572960/The_evolution_of_egg_rejection_by_cuckoo_hosts_in_Australia_and_Europe"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span>See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":43075104,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/15572960/The_evolution_of_egg_rejection_by_cuckoo_hosts_in_Australia_and_Europe"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas" data-impression-entity-id="15572960" data-impression-entity-type="2" data-impression-source="signup-banner"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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How this behavioral adaptation varies along the life of individual hosts remains poorly understood. Here, we identify for the first time, lifetime patterns of egg rejection in a parasitized long-lived bird, the magpie Pica pica and show that, during the years they were studied, some females accept, others reject, and some others modify their response to model eggs, in all cases switching from acceptance to rejection. Females tested in their first breeding attempt always accepted the model egg, even those individuals whose mothers were egg rejecters. A longitudinal analysis showed that the probability of egg rejection increased with the relative age of the female, but was not related to the risk of parasitism in the population. We conclude that ontogeny plays a fundamental role in the process leading to egg rejec...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Cuckoo hosts shift from accepting to rejecting parasitic eggs across their lifetime","attachmentId":45996982,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/25659924/Cuckoo_hosts_shift_from_accepting_to_rejecting_parasitic_eggs_across_their_lifetime","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/25659924/Cuckoo_hosts_shift_from_accepting_to_rejecting_parasitic_eggs_across_their_lifetime"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="12069001" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12069001/The_adaptiveness_of_defence_strategies_against_cuckoo_parasitism">The adaptiveness of defence strategies against cuckoo parasitism</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4884219" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NickBritton">Nick Britton</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2002</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Host bird species of the Eurasian Cuckoo, Cuculus canorus, often display eggdiscrimination behaviour but chick-rejection behaviour has never been reported. In this paper, we analyse a host-cuckoo association in which both population dynamics and evolutionary dynamics are explored in a discrete-time model. We introduce four host types, each with their own defence behaviour, displaying either egg or chick rejection, neither or both, We also introduce fitness functions for each of these host types. Although we can characterize the long term behaviour in many cases by a simple heuristic argument which is in accordance with common views in ecology, there are a number of other phenomena that are not explained within this framework: we describe stable oscillatory behaviour and coexistence of two defensive host types. We analyse the scenarios in which chick rejection may establish itself and give a first explanation as to why this defence trait has never been recorded in nature. We find that chick rejectors generally are at an intrinsic disadvantage with respect to a host type that rejects eggs. Hosts benefit more from rejecting cuckoo eggs than cuckoo chicks, and our model suggests that this is chiefly responsible for the absence of chick rejection. Moreover, even though it seems that chick rejection must be useful as an extra defence, it is shown that hosts with both defence strategies are less likely to establish themselves in competition with egg-rejectors than</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The adaptiveness of defence strategies against cuckoo parasitism","attachmentId":46389842,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12069001/The_adaptiveness_of_defence_strategies_against_cuckoo_parasitism","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/12069001/The_adaptiveness_of_defence_strategies_against_cuckoo_parasitism"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="8153865" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8153865/Persistence_of_egg_recognition_in_the_absence_of_cuckoo_brood_parasitism_pattern_and_mechanism">Persistence of egg recognition in the absence of cuckoo brood parasitism: pattern and mechanism</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="15905655" href="https://cuny.academia.edu/DavidLahti">David Lahti</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Broad ecological shifts can render previously adaptive traits nonfunctional. It is an open question as to how and how quickly nonfunctional traits decay once the selective pressures that favored them are removed. The village weaverbird (Ploceus cucullatus) avoids brood parasitism by rejecting foreign eggs. African populations have evolved high levels of within-clutch uniformity as well as individual distinctiveness in egg color and spotting, a combination that facilitates identification of foreign eggs. In a companion study, I showed that these adaptations in egg appearance declined following introductions of weavers into habitats devoid of egg-mimicking brood parasites. Here, I use experimental parasitism in two ancestral and two introduced populations to test for changes in egg rejection behavior while controlling for changes in egg appearance. Introduced populations reject foreign eggs less frequently, but the ability of source and introduced populations to reject foreign eggs does not differ after controlling for the evolution of egg color and spotting. Therefore, egg rejection behavior in introduced populations of the village weaver has been compromised by changes in egg appearance, but there has been no significant decline in the birds' ability to recognize foreign eggs. This result reconciles earlier studies on this system and provides insights into the ways behavior can change over generations, especially in the context of recognition systems and the avoidance of brood parasitism.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Persistence of egg recognition in the absence of cuckoo brood parasitism: pattern and mechanism","attachmentId":34592184,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8153865/Persistence_of_egg_recognition_in_the_absence_of_cuckoo_brood_parasitism_pattern_and_mechanism","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8153865/Persistence_of_egg_recognition_in_the_absence_of_cuckoo_brood_parasitism_pattern_and_mechanism"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="13628014" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13628014/Evidence_for_egg_discrimination_preceding_failed_rejection_attempts_in_a_small_cuckoo_host">Evidence for egg discrimination preceding failed rejection attempts in a small cuckoo host</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32791142" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ArneMoksnes">Arne Moksnes</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Biology Letters, 2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Given the high costs of avian obligate brood parasitism, host individuals are selected to reject parasitic eggs they recognize as foreign. We show that rejection may not necessarily follow egg discrimination when selective removal of the parasitic egg is difficult. We studied egg rejection behaviour in a small host of the common cuckoo Cuculus canorus, the eastern olivaceous warbler Hippolais pallida, by experimental parasitism with model and real non-mimetic cuckoo eggs and video recordings of host behaviour. Hosts pecked 87 per cent (20 out of 23) of the model eggs but eventually accepted 43.5 per cent (10 out of 23) of them. A similar pattern was found for real cuckoo eggs, which were all pecked, but as many as 47 per cent (7 out of 15) of them were accepted. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a cuckoo host discriminating against real parasitic eggs but often accepting them. Our results also show that in host species experiencing difficulties in performing puncture ejection, non-mimetic cuckoo eggs may avoid rejection by means of their unusually high structural strength.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Evidence for egg discrimination preceding failed rejection attempts in a small cuckoo host","attachmentId":45132588,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13628014/Evidence_for_egg_discrimination_preceding_failed_rejection_attempts_in_a_small_cuckoo_host","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/13628014/Evidence_for_egg_discrimination_preceding_failed_rejection_attempts_in_a_small_cuckoo_host"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="121912817" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/121912817/Acceptance_by_the_splendid_fairy_wren_of_parasitism_by_Horsfields_bronze_cuckoo_further_evidence_for_evolutionary_equilibrium_in_brood_parasitism">Acceptance by the splendid fairy-wren of parasitism by Horsfield's bronze-cuckoo: further evidence for evolutionary equilibrium in brood parasitism</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="51720378" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ALotem">A. Lotem</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Behavioral Ecology, 1996</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Horsfield's bronze-cuckoo (Chrysococcyx basalis) is one of several highly specialized Australian brood parasites that lay eggs adapted toward those of their hosts. Although parasitized at a mean rate of 20% over 17 years, one primary host, the splendid fairy-wren (Malurus splendens), does not reject the cuckoo's egg or nesding, despite evidence that this host-parasite association is one of long standing. Long-term reproductive and survival data for the splendid fairy^vren showed that (1) the least successful host females were more likely to be parasitized; (2) die most successful host females were more dian able to compensate for the effects of parasitism when lifetime reproduction was considered; and (3) the parasitism had no apparent adverse effect on the survival of breeding females despite the fact that parasitized birds laid more clutches dian diose not parasitized. We suggest that a long coevolutionary history of brood parasitism and nest predation has favored adjustment to the host's life-history pattern, to the point where total acceptance of the cuckoo egg is now an evolutionarily stable strategy. The implications of these findings widi respect to other host species are discussed. In particular, we challenge the current concept of the cuckoo-host association as a classic example of an escalating coevolutionary arms race.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Acceptance by the splendid fairy-wren of parasitism by Horsfield's bronze-cuckoo: further evidence for evolutionary equilibrium in brood parasitism","attachmentId":116683281,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/121912817/Acceptance_by_the_splendid_fairy_wren_of_parasitism_by_Horsfields_bronze_cuckoo_further_evidence_for_evolutionary_equilibrium_in_brood_parasitism","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/121912817/Acceptance_by_the_splendid_fairy_wren_of_parasitism_by_Horsfields_bronze_cuckoo_further_evidence_for_evolutionary_equilibrium_in_brood_parasitism"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="13628021" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13628021/Responses_of_potential_hosts_of_Asian_cuckoos_to_experimental_parasitism">Responses of potential hosts of Asian cuckoos to experimental parasitism</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32791142" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ArneMoksnes">Arne Moksnes</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Ibis, 2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Responses of potential hosts of Asian cuckoos to experimental parasitism","attachmentId":45132605,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13628021/Responses_of_potential_hosts_of_Asian_cuckoos_to_experimental_parasitism","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/13628021/Responses_of_potential_hosts_of_Asian_cuckoos_to_experimental_parasitism"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="61375041" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/61375041/An_experimental_test_of_hosts_life_history_traits_modulation_in_response_to_cuckoo_parasitism_risk">An experimental test of host's life history traits modulation in response to cuckoo parasitism risk</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="49321801" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MercedesMolinamorales">Mercedes Molina-morales</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">PloS one, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Hosts can counteract parasites through defences based on resistance and/or tolerance. The mechanistic basis of tolerance, which involve defensive mechanisms minimizing parasite damage after a successful parasitic attack, remains poorly explored in the study of cuckoo-host interactions. Here, we experimentally explore the possibility that the risk of great spotted cuckoo Clamator glandarius parasitism may induce tolerance defences in magpie Pica pica hosts through plasticity in life-history traits. We predict that magpies exposed to auditory cues indicating high parasitism risk will more likely exhibit resistance and/or modify their life-history traits to minimize parasitism costs (i.e. tolerance) compared to magpies under low parasitism risk. We found that manipulating the perceived parasitism risk did not affect host resistance (i.e. rejection of parasitic eggs) nor host life-history traits. Unexpectedly, host&#39;s egg volume increased over the season in nests exposed to auditory ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"An experimental test of host's life history traits modulation in response to cuckoo parasitism risk","attachmentId":74424781,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/61375041/An_experimental_test_of_hosts_life_history_traits_modulation_in_response_to_cuckoo_parasitism_risk","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/61375041/An_experimental_test_of_hosts_life_history_traits_modulation_in_response_to_cuckoo_parasitism_risk"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="100420601" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/100420601/Disappearance_of_eggs_from_nonparasitized_nests_of_brood_parasite_hosts_the_evolutionary_equilibrium_hypothesis_revisited">Disappearance of eggs from nonparasitized nests of brood parasite hosts: the evolutionary equilibrium hypothesis revisited</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="247616059" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CsabaMosk%C3%A1t">Csaba Moskát</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The evolutionary equilibrium hypothesis was proposed to explain variation in egg rejection rates among individual hosts (intra-and interspecific) of avian brood parasites. Hosts may sometimes mistakenly reject own eggs when they are not parasitized (i.e. make recognition errors). Such errors would incur fitness costs and could counter the evolution of host defences driven by costs of parasitism (i.e. creating equilibrium between acceptors and rejecters within particular host populations). In the present study, we report the disappearance of host eggs from nonparasitized nests in populations of seven actual and potential hosts of the common cuckoo Cuculus canorus. Based on these data, we calculate the magnitude of the balancing parasitism rate provided that all eggs lost are a result of recognition errors. Importantly, because eggs are known to disappear from nests for reasons other than erroneous host rejection, our data represent the maximum estimates of such costs. Nonetheless, the disappearance of eggs was a rare event and therefore incurred low costs compared to the high costs of parasitism. Hence, costs as a result of recognition errors are probably of minor importance with respect to opposing selective pressure for the evolution of egg rejection in these hosts. We cannot exclude the possibility that low or intermediate egg rejection rates in some host populations may be caused by spatiotemporal variation in the occurrence of parasitism and gene flow, creating a variable influence of opposing costs as a result of recognition errors and the costs of parasitism.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Disappearance of eggs from nonparasitized nests of brood parasite hosts: the evolutionary equilibrium hypothesis revisited","attachmentId":101249697,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100420601/Disappearance_of_eggs_from_nonparasitized_nests_of_brood_parasite_hosts_the_evolutionary_equilibrium_hypothesis_revisited","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/100420601/Disappearance_of_eggs_from_nonparasitized_nests_of_brood_parasite_hosts_the_evolutionary_equilibrium_hypothesis_revisited"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="31383762" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31383762/Foreign_egg_retention_by_avian_hosts_in_repeated_brood_parasitism_why_do_rejecters_accept">Foreign egg retention by avian hosts in repeated brood parasitism: why do rejecters accept?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39086773" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FrankGroenewoud">Frank Groenewoud</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Great reed warblers (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) are frequently parasitized by egg-mimetic common cuckoos (Cuculus canorus) in Hungary, and these hosts reject about a third of parasitic eggs. The timing of parasitism is important, in that the probability of rejection decreases with advancing breeding stages in this host. Also, egg rejection is more common when a clutch is parasitized by a single foreign egg, compared to parasitism by multiple eggs. We repeatedly parasitized great reed warbler clutches with moderately mimetic foreign eggs, either with (1) one foreign egg (single parasitism) and, after 3 days, by all foreign eggs (multiple parasitism), or (2) all foreign eggs and, 3 days later, by only one foreign egg. Hosts ejected 26-53 % of the experimental parasitic eggs in the first stage of the repeated parasitism, but almost all eggs were accepted in the second stage, irrespective of whether the clutch was singly or multiply parasitized. Video-taping of the behavioural responses of hosts to experimental parasitism revealed no evidence for sensory constraints on foreign-egg recognition, because hosts recognized and pecked the parasitic eggs as frequently in the second stage of repeated parasitism, as they did in the first stage. We suggest that the relative timing of parasitism (laying vs. incubation stage), rather than learning to accept earlier-laid foreign eggs, results in higher acceptance rates of cuckoo eggs in repeated parasitism, because there is decreasing natural cuckoo parasitism on this host species and, hence, less need for antiparasitic defences, with the advancing stages of breeding.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Foreign egg retention by avian hosts in repeated brood parasitism: why do rejecters accept?","attachmentId":51759016,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/31383762/Foreign_egg_retention_by_avian_hosts_in_repeated_brood_parasitism_why_do_rejecters_accept","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/31383762/Foreign_egg_retention_by_avian_hosts_in_repeated_brood_parasitism_why_do_rejecters_accept"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="1784407" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1784407/Direct_and_indirect_assessment_of_parasitism_risk_by_a_cuckoo_host">Direct and indirect assessment of parasitism risk by a cuckoo host</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="26889" href="https://westernsydney.academia.edu/JustinWelbergen">Justin A Welbergen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">When the risk of encountering enemies varies in space or in time, this may select for plasticity of costly defenses. Hosts are known to vary both mobbing of adult cuckoos and egg rejection with spatiotemporal variation in brood parasitism, but it is unclear what parasitism cues they use to guide their defense plasticity. There is evidence that hosts use cuckoo activity near their nests as a direct cue, but cuckoos are secretive and resemble dangerous birds of prey so hosts may use indirect environmental predictors of parasitism too, such as their nest’s proximity to potential cuckoo lookout perches. Here, we compared reed warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus nest defense responses with models of various enemies at a parasitized site and at a site where no common cuckoos Cuculus canorus were present. Reed warblers approached model cuckoos less closely and mobbed them less at the unparasitized site. However, at both sites, the warblers reduced their mobbing in a similar manner with increasing distance to the nearest potential cuckoo perch. The variation in response was specific to cuckoos and was not shown to harmless controls. Thus, hosts use both direct (cuckoo presence) and indirect cues (perch distance) of parasitism risk for modulating their costly defenses against their secretive parasite. We suggest that reciprocal selection for detection and suppression of direct and indirect cues provides a unifying feature of cuckoo–host arms races.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Direct and indirect assessment of parasitism risk by a cuckoo host","attachmentId":27295661,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1784407/Direct_and_indirect_assessment_of_parasitism_risk_by_a_cuckoo_host","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1784407/Direct_and_indirect_assessment_of_parasitism_risk_by_a_cuckoo_host"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":43075104,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":43075104,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_43075104" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="13360186" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13360186/Simultaneous_viewing_of_own_and_parasitic_eggs_is_not_required_for_egg_rejection_by_a_cuckoo_host">Simultaneous viewing of own and parasitic eggs is not required for egg rejection by a cuckoo host</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32592459" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CMoskat">C. Moskat</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Behavioral Ecology, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Simultaneous viewing of own and parasitic eggs is not required for egg rejection by a cuckoo host","attachmentId":45433224,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13360186/Simultaneous_viewing_of_own_and_parasitic_eggs_is_not_required_for_egg_rejection_by_a_cuckoo_host","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/13360186/Simultaneous_viewing_of_own_and_parasitic_eggs_is_not_required_for_egg_rejection_by_a_cuckoo_host"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="14062370" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14062370/Cuckoos_versus_hosts_in_insects_and_birds_adaptations_counter_adaptations_and_outcomes">Cuckoos versus hosts in insects and birds: adaptations, counter-adaptations and outcomes</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33080134" href="https://cambridge.academia.edu/RebeccaKilner">Rebecca Kilner</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Biological Reviews</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Cuckoos versus hosts in insects and birds: adaptations, counter-adaptations and outcomes","attachmentId":41186988,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/14062370/Cuckoos_versus_hosts_in_insects_and_birds_adaptations_counter_adaptations_and_outcomes","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/14062370/Cuckoos_versus_hosts_in_insects_and_birds_adaptations_counter_adaptations_and_outcomes"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="107527150" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/107527150/Coevolution_of_an_Avian_Host_and_Its_Parasitic_Cuckoo">Coevolution of an Avian Host and Its Parasitic Cuckoo</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34537691" href="https://unc.academia.edu/MariaServedio">Maria Servedio</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Evolution, 2003</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Coevolution of an Avian Host and Its Parasitic Cuckoo","attachmentId":106170555,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/107527150/Coevolution_of_an_Avian_Host_and_Its_Parasitic_Cuckoo","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/107527150/Coevolution_of_an_Avian_Host_and_Its_Parasitic_Cuckoo"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="13628028" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13628028/Host_selection_in_parasitic_birds_are_open_cup_nesting_insectivorous_passerines_always_suitable_cuckoo_hosts">Host selection in parasitic birds: are open-cup nesting insectivorous passerines always suitable cuckoo hosts?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32791142" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ArneMoksnes">Arne Moksnes</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Avian Biology, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Host selection in parasitic birds: are open-cup nesting insectivorous passerines always suitable cuckoo 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href="https://independent.academia.edu/NaomiLangmore">Naomi Langmore</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Behaviour, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Clutch variation and egg rejection in three hosts of the pallid cuckoo, Cuculus pallidus","attachmentId":44707144,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/14012289/Clutch_variation_and_egg_rejection_in_three_hosts_of_the_pallid_cuckoo_Cuculus_pallidus","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" 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href="https://independent.academia.edu/CsabaMosk%C3%A1t">Csaba Moskát</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Post-ejection nest-desertion of common cuckoo hosts: a second defense mechanism or avoiding reduced reproductive success?","attachmentId":101249854,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100420647/Post_ejection_nest_desertion_of_common_cuckoo_hosts_a_second_defense_mechanism_or_avoiding_reduced_reproductive_success","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" 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class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Biology Letters, 2009</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Evicting cuckoo nestlings from the nest: a new anti-parasitism behaviour","attachmentId":84095796,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/76365339/Evicting_cuckoo_nestlings_from_the_nest_a_new_anti_parasitism_behaviour","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/76365339/Evicting_cuckoo_nestlings_from_the_nest_a_new_anti_parasitism_behaviour"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" 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href="https://www.academia.edu/27353005/Rapid_increase_in_cuckoo_egg_matching_in_a_recently_parasitized_reed_warbler_population">Rapid increase in cuckoo egg matching in a recently parasitized reed warbler population</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="51468683" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JesusAviles8">Jesus Aviles</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 2006</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Rapid increase in cuckoo egg matching in a recently parasitized reed warbler 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Moskat</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Adaptations in the common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) to host eggs in a multiple-hosts system of brood parasitism","attachmentId":94898569,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/91679210/Adaptations_in_the_common_cuckoo_Cuculus_canorus_to_host_eggs_in_a_multiple_hosts_system_of_brood_parasitism","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" 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