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<button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appian's_Roman_History_and_The_Civil_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appian's_Roman_History_and_The_Civil_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Appian's <i>Roman History</i> and <i>The Civil Wars</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appian's_Roman_History_and_The_Civil_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Foreign_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Foreign_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span><i>The Foreign Wars</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Foreign_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Editions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Appian</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appian" title="Appian – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Appian" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="أبيان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبيان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sg%C9%99nd%C9%99riyy%C9%99li_Appian" title="İsgəndəriyyəli Appian – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İsgəndəriyyəli Appian" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Апиан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Апиан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apijan" title="Apijan – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Apijan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Api%C3%A0" title="Apià – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Apià" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appi%C3%A1nos" title="Appiános – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Appiános" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appian" title="Appian – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Appian" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appian" title="Appian – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Appian" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appian" title="Appian – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Appian" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appianos" title="Appianos – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Appianos" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Αππιανός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αππιανός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apiano" title="Apiano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Apiano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apiano" title="Apiano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Apiano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apianu" title="Apianu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Apianu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apiano" title="Apiano – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Apiano" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آپیان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آپیان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appien" title="Appien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Appien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apiano" title="Apiano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Apiano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%94%BC%EC%95%84%EB%85%B8%EC%8A%A4" title="아피아노스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아피아노스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BA%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Ապպիանոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ապպիանոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apijan_iz_Aleksandrije" title="Apijan iz Aleksandrije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Apijan iz Aleksandrije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appianos" title="Appianos – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Appianos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appiano_di_Alessandria" title="Appiano di Alessandria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Appiano di Alessandria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1" title="אפיאנוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אפיאנוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="აპიანე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აპიანე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Аппиан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аппиан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appianus_Alexandrinus" title="Appianus Alexandrinus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Appianus Alexandrinus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appianus" title="Appianus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Appianus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apianas" title="Apianas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Apianas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apiano" title="Apiano – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Apiano" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appianosz" title="Appianosz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Appianosz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Апијан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Апијан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="അപ്പിയാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അപ്പിയാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="აპიანე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="აპიანე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ابيان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ابيان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appian" title="Appian – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Appian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apiano" title="Apiano – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Apiano" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appianus" title="Appianus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Appianus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%83%94%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8E%E3%82%B9" title="アッピアノス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アッピアノス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appian" title="Appian – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Appian" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appian_z_Aleksandrii" title="Appian z Aleksandrii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Appian z Aleksandrii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apiano" title="Apiano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Apiano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appian" title="Appian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Appian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Аппиан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аппиан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apiani" title="Apiani – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Apiani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appianos" title="Appianos – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Appianos" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apijan" title="Apijan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Apijan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Апијан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Апијан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apijan" title="Apijan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Apijan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appianos" title="Appianos – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Appianos" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appianos" title="Appianos – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Appianos" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appianus" title="Appianus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Greco-Roman historian (c. 95 – c. 165)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the historian. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Appian_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Appian (disambiguation)">Appian (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Appian</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Appian_(Latin),_Florence,_BML,_Plut._68.19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Appian_%28Latin%29%2C_Florence%2C_BML%2C_Plut._68.19.jpg/220px-Appian_%28Latin%29%2C_Florence%2C_BML%2C_Plut._68.19.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Appian_%28Latin%29%2C_Florence%2C_BML%2C_Plut._68.19.jpg/330px-Appian_%28Latin%29%2C_Florence%2C_BML%2C_Plut._68.19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Appian_%28Latin%29%2C_Florence%2C_BML%2C_Plut._68.19.jpg/440px-Appian_%28Latin%29%2C_Florence%2C_BML%2C_Plut._68.19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2487" data-file-height="3563" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A page of the Latin translation of Appian’s "Roman History" by <a href="/wiki/Pier_Candido_Decembrio" class="mw-redirect" title="Pier Candido Decembrio">Pier Candido Decembrio</a>, with imaginary portrait of the historian</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Appianus Alexandrinus</div><br /><span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 95</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Roman Egypt</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 165</span> (aged around 70)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Historian, lawyer</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Appian of Alexandria</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἀππιανὸς Ἀλεξανδρεύς</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">translit.</a></small> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><i>Appianòs Alexandreús</i></i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Appianus Alexandrinus</i>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 95</span> – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 165</span>) was a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">Greek</a> historian with <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> citizenship who prospered during the reigns of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">Roman Emperors</a> <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a>. </p><p>He was born c. 95 in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>. After holding the senior offices in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aegyptus_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegyptus Province">Aegyptus</a> (Egypt), he went to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> c. 120, where he practised as an <a href="/wiki/Advocate" title="Advocate">advocate</a>, pleading cases before the emperors (probably as <i>advocatus fisci</i>, an important official of the imperial treasury).<sup id="cite_ref-Loeb_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loeb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was in 147 at the earliest that he was appointed to the office of <a href="/wiki/Procurator_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Procurator (Roman)">procurator</a>, probably in Egypt, on the recommendation of his friend <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cornelius_Fronto" title="Marcus Cornelius Fronto">Marcus Cornelius Fronto</a>, an influential rhetorician and advocate. Because the position of procurator was open only to members of the <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian (Roman)">equestrian order</a> (the "knightly" class), his possession of this office tells us about Appian's family background. </p><p>His principal surviving work (Ρωμαϊκά <i>Romaiká</i>, known in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> as <i>Historia Romana</i> and in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> as <i>Roman History</i>) was written in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> in 24 books, before 165. This work more closely resembles a <a href="/wiki/Monographic_series" title="Monographic series">series of monographs</a> than a connected history. It gives an account of various peoples and countries from the earliest times down to their incorporation into the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, and survives in complete books and considerable fragments.<sup id="cite_ref-Loeb_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loeb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work is very valuable, especially for the period of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_civil_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Republican civil wars">civil wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Civil Wars</i>, books 13–17 of the <i>Roman History</i>, concern mainly the end of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> and take a conflict-based view and approach to history. Despite the lack of cited sources for his works, these books of the <i>Roman History</i> are the only extant comprehensive description of these momentous decades of Roman history. The other extant work of Appian is his "The Foreign Wars", which includes an ethnographic style history recounting the various military conflicts against a foreign enemy in Roman history, until the time of Appian. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appian&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Little is known of the life of Appian of Alexandria. He wrote an autobiography that has been almost completely lost.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Information about Appian is distilled from his own writings and a letter by his friend <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Fronto" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornelius Fronto">Cornelius Fronto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is certain that Appian was born around the year AD 95 in Alexandria, the capital of Roman Egypt. Since his parents were <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman citizen">Roman citizens</a> capable of paying for their son's education, it can be inferred that Appian belonged to the wealthy upper classes. </p><p>It is believed that Appian moved to Rome in 120, where he became a <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_legal_profession#Ancient_Greece,_Rome_and_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the legal profession">lawyer</a>. In the introduction to his <i>Roman History,</i> he boasts "that he pleaded cases in Rome before the emperors." The emperors he claims to have addressed must have been either Hadrian or <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> and definitely Antoninus Pius, for Appian remained in Egypt at least until the end of the reign of Trajan (117). In the letter of Cornelius Fronto, it is revealed that a request on behalf of Appian to receive the rank of procurator occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Co-regency" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-regency">co-regency</a> of Marcus Aurelius and his brother <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a> between 147 and 161. Although Appian won this office, it is unclear whether it was a real job or an honorific title. The only other certain biographical datum is that Appian's <i>Roman History</i> appeared sometime before 162. This is one of the few primary historical sources for the period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appian&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radolt.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Radolt.JPG/200px-Radolt.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Radolt.JPG/300px-Radolt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Radolt.JPG/400px-Radolt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1468" data-file-height="1995" /></a><figcaption>Appian: <i>Historia Romana</i>. Printed in Venice 1477 by <a href="/wiki/Erhard_Ratdolt" title="Erhard Ratdolt">Erhard Ratdolt</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appian's_Roman_History_and_The_Civil_Wars"><span id="Appian.27s_Roman_History_and_The_Civil_Wars"></span>Appian's <i>Roman History</i> and <i>The Civil Wars</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appian&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Appian's Roman History and The Civil Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Appian began writing his history around the middle of the second century AD. Only sections from half of the original 24 books survive today of a much larger history known as <i>The Roman History</i>, namely books 6-7, much of 8, 9, and 11, and 12-17 (only fragments of books 1-5 and of the remainder of 8 and 9 are preserved, while books 10 and 18-24 are lost entirely).<sup id="cite_ref-OCD_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The section of this history known as <i>The Civil Wars</i> comprises books 13–17 of the original 24 of the <i>Roman History</i>. This history narrates the history of the Romans from the time of the <a href="/wiki/Gracchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gracchi">Gracchan tribunates</a>, through the civil wars of <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius" title="Gaius Marius">Marius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar">Caesar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a>, to break off in the time of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Triumvirate" title="Second Triumvirate">Second Triumvirate</a>. These five books stand out because they are one of the few comprehensive histories available on the transition of the Roman state from Republic to Empire and the ensuing civil and military strife. </p><p>Besides Appian, this period is also covered by a handful of ancient authors with varying degrees of detail and viewpoints. The commentaries of Julius Caesar record his personal, mainly military, observations of the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a>. <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>'s Roman biographies sketch the lives of the major leaders of the late Republican period, recording events Plutarch thought interesting and give only a perfunctory explanation of historic events. The Roman author <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Velleius_Paterculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Velleius Paterculus">Velleius</a>' history examines Roman history from the city's foundation until AD 29. This history is more detailed in the late Republic and early Empire period, while the earlier history is condensed. The <i>Epitome of Roman History</i> by <a href="/wiki/Florus" title="Florus">Florus</a>, also covers Roman history from mythical times until the 5th century AD in an extremely condensed format. The history of <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus</a> of Sicily also covers Roman history until the Gallic Wars, but his history becomes fragmentary after around 300 BC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Foreign_Wars"><i>The Foreign Wars</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appian&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Foreign Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salida_de_los_vacceos_contra_los_romanos,_Eugenio_Oliva.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Salida_de_los_vacceos_contra_los_romanos%2C_Eugenio_Oliva.jpg/220px-Salida_de_los_vacceos_contra_los_romanos%2C_Eugenio_Oliva.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Salida_de_los_vacceos_contra_los_romanos%2C_Eugenio_Oliva.jpg/330px-Salida_de_los_vacceos_contra_los_romanos%2C_Eugenio_Oliva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Salida_de_los_vacceos_contra_los_romanos%2C_Eugenio_Oliva.jpg/440px-Salida_de_los_vacceos_contra_los_romanos%2C_Eugenio_Oliva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2856" /></a><figcaption>Painting by <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Oliva" title="Eugenio Oliva">Eugenio Oliva</a> depicting the <a href="/wiki/Vaccaei" title="Vaccaei">Vaccaei</a> going out to defend <a href="/wiki/Palencia" title="Palencia">Palencia</a> from the troops of <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Licinius_Lucullus_(consul_151_BC)" title="Lucius Licinius Lucullus (consul 151 BC)">Lucius Licinius Lucullus</a> in 151 BC. The historian Appian is depicted at right recording events; this is a poetic fiction, as Appian was writing from a standpoint three centuries in the future.</figcaption></figure> <p>Another work of Appian's history which still survives mostly extant is called <i>The Foreign Wars</i>. This history describes the wars the Romans fought against other cultures throughout their history. The mostly extant work narrates the wars in Spain (book 6), the <a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a> in both Italy and Africa (books 7 and 8), the wars against the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> (book 11), and the <a href="/wiki/Mithridatic_Wars" title="Mithridatic Wars">Mithridatic Wars</a> (book 12). Several small fragments also survive, describing the early <a href="/wiki/Roman_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman kingdom">Roman kingdom</a> (book 1) and the wars against the central Italians (book 2), <a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a> (book 3), <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a> (book 9), Macedonians (book 9), <a href="/wiki/Numidians" title="Numidians">Numidians</a> (book 8), and the Gauls (book 4).<sup id="cite_ref-OCD_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Especially notable is this work's <a href="/wiki/Ethnographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnographic">ethnographic</a> structure. Appian most likely used this structure to facilitate his readers' orientation through the sequence of events, which are united only by their relationship to Rome. For example, the chapter on Spain recounts Roman history in Spain chronologically with the Romans' first intervention in Spain during the War with <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a>. The book goes on to describe the Roman conquest of several regions of Spain, followed by their wars with Spanish tribes and the <a href="/wiki/Numantine_War" title="Numantine War">Numantine War</a>. The chapter on Spain concludes with the war against <a href="/wiki/Sertorius" class="mw-redirect" title="Sertorius">Sertorius</a> in roughly 61 BC. Likewise, the chapter on the Hannibalic wars only recounts the battles that took place on the Italian Peninsula during the second Punic war, while the chapters on the Punic War recount all the action that occurred in northern Africa during the first and second Punic war. </p><p>Of the books which are now entirely lost, book 10 described the wars in Greece and <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a>, books 18-21 discussed Egypt, book 22 covered the history of the Empire up to the reign of <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>, book 23 covered Trajan's wars <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">against the Dacians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diaspora_Revolt" title="Diaspora Revolt">the Jews</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Parthian_campaign" title="Trajan's Parthian campaign">the Parthians</a>, and book 24 described his annexation of <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia Petraea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appian&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One might expect that a historical work covering nine centuries and countless different peoples would involve a multitude of <a href="/wiki/Historical_source" title="Historical source">sources</a> from different periods. However, Appian's sources remain uncertain, as he only mentions the source of his information under special circumstances. He may have relied primarily on one author for each book, whom he did not follow uncritically, since Appian also used additional sources for precision and correction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> At our present state of knowledge questions regarding Appian's sources cannot be resolved.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editions">Editions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appian&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11613/"><i>Appiani Alexandrini Historia Publio Candido interprete Ac praeterea Anonymi Compendium historiae ab excessu Constantini usque ad Ioannem XXIII</i></a> (in Latin). World Digital Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Appiani+Alexandrini+Historia+Publio+Candido+interprete+Ac+praeterea+Anonymi+Compendium+historiae+ab+excessu+Constantini+usque+ad+Ioannem+XXIII&rft.pub=World+Digital+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F11613%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppian" class="Z3988"></span> (a translation of Appian's History into Latin)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Editio_princeps" title="Editio princeps">Editio princeps</a></i>, 1551</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Schweigh%C3%A4user" title="Johann Schweighäuser">Schweighäuser</a>, 1785</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Immanuel_Bekker" title="August Immanuel Bekker">Bekker</a>, 1852</li> <li>Ludwig Mendelssohn, 1878–1905, <i>Appiani Historia Romana</i>, <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Teubneriana" title="Bibliotheca Teubneriana">Bibliotheca Teubneriana</a></li> <li>Paul Goukowsky, 1997–, <i>Appien. Histoire romaine</i> (Greek text, French translation, notes), <a href="/wiki/Collection_Bud%C3%A9" title="Collection Budé">Collection Budé</a>.</li> <li>Carsana, Chiara (ed.). <i>Commento storico al libro II delle Guerre Civili di Appiano (parte I)</i>. Pisa: Edizioni ETS, 2007. 309 pp. (Pubblicazioni della Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia dell'Università di Pavia, 116).</li></ul> <dl><dt>English translations</dt></dl> <ul><li>W. B., 1578 (black letter) – possibly <a href="/wiki/William_Barker_(translator)" title="William Barker (translator)">William Barker</a> – used by <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a></li> <li>J. D[avies], 1679</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_White_(writer)" title="Horace White (writer)">Horace White</a>, 1899 (Bohn's Classical Library);</li> <li>Book I edited by <a href="/wiki/James_Leigh_Strachan-Davidson" class="mw-redirect" title="James Leigh Strachan-Davidson">James Leigh Strachan-Davidson</a>, 1902.</li> <li>Books XIII–XVII (Civil Wars), trans. John Carter, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1996</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appian&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appian&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Loeb-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Loeb_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Loeb_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1912" class="citation book cs1">White, Horace (1912). "Introduction". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/appianromanhisto00appi_466/page/"><i>Appian's Roman History</i></a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Loeb Classical Library. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/appianromanhisto00appi_466/page/">vii–xii</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-99002-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-99002-1"><bdi>0-674-99002-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Appian%27s+Roman+History&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=vii-xii&rft.pub=The+Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.date=1912&rft.isbn=0-674-99002-1&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Horace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fappianromanhisto00appi_466%2Fpage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Appian" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Appian">Appian</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 221–222.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appian&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=221-222&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Appian Proem. 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Petrus Josephus Van Den Hout, <i>A Commentary on the Letters of M. Cornelius Fronto</i>, Volume 190 of <i>Mnemosyne</i> (Brill, 1999)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OCD-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OCD_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrodersen1996" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Brodersen, Kai (1996). "Appian". In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Classical_Dictionary" title="Oxford Classical Dictionary">Oxford Classical Dictionary</a></i> (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 130.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appian&rft.btitle=Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.pages=130&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Brodersen&rft.aufirst=Kai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAppian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appian&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>William Smith (ed.) (1870), <i>Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology</i>, Vol. 1, pp. 247–248</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appian&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikisource logo"><img alt="Wikisource logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Works by or about <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Appianus" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Appianus">Appian</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0231">Original Greek text</a> of the Civil Wars (Mendelssohn ed.) at Perseus Digital Library.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/sources/content/appian/">Appian</a> at <a href="/wiki/Livius.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Livius.org">Livius.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Appian/home.html">Appian's <i>Civil Wars</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/LacusCurtius" title="LacusCurtius">LacusCurtius</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28+%28Appian+OR+Appianus%29+AND+Alexandria+%29">Works by or about Appian</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/16725">Works by Appian</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li>Review of Paul Goukowsky and Phillippe Torrens, eds., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629233104/http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2011/2011-06-51.html"><i>Appien: Histoire romaine. Tome X, livre XV: Guerres civiles, livre III</i></a> in: <i>Bryn Mawr Classical Review</i>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000118628005">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/108993357">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/77109411">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100191244">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/232937224">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/819154381051030291922">5</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/88145857074322922008">6</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/6014163091980795070003">7</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/283571097">8</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/538159233924103370398">9</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/372159474047527660322">10</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100191271">11</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/69435/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjrmj43Pfk79cWDBHChgyq">WorldCat</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjJrwcQjyQxF4766gxFTxP">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118649892">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81028285">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120075773">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120075773">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Appianus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/LO1V026679">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36512355">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19981000128&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX919445">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/5646">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069607672">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90395062">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000015047&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000035701&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000114171">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=15006">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/nl022pq65hgthn4">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810660839705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/53035">Vatican</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/153127">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007257701205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058509321406706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14935216">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01432000?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1264956">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118649892.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118649892">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028190521">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w69w3gst">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appian&oldid=1257338983">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appian&oldid=1257338983</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:95_births" title="Category:95 births">95 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:165_deaths" 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