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class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Statelessness" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Statelessness" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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id="toc-Gender_discrimination_in_jus_sanguinis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_discrimination_in_jus_sanguinis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Gender discrimination in jus sanguinis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_discrimination_in_jus_sanguinis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 State succession </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_obstacles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_obstacles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Administrative obstacles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_obstacles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renunciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Renunciation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-state_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-state_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Non-state territories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-state_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stateless_nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stateless_nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Stateless nations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stateless_nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 In antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Before_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Before World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 After World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statelessness_since_1961" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statelessness_since_1961"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Statelessness since 1961 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statelessness_since_1961-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Notable cases </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_cases-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notable cases subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Airports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_change_of_citizenship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_change_of_citizenship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 During change of citizenship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_change_of_citizenship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bahrain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahrain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Bahrain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahrain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Brazil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brunei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brunei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Brunei </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brunei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dominican_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominican_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Dominican Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dominican_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estonia_and_Latvia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estonia_and_Latvia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Estonia and Latvia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estonia_and_Latvia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 Greece </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.11 Hong Kong </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.12 South Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.13 Indonesia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.14 Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kuwait" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kuwait"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.15 Kuwait </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kuwait-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Myanmar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myanmar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.16 Myanmar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myanmar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.17 Pakistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palestinians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palestinians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.18 Palestinians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palestinians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.19 Philippines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Puerto_Rico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puerto_Rico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.20 Puerto Rico </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puerto_Rico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qatar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qatar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.21 Qatar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qatar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saudi_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudi_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.22 Saudi Arabia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.23 Syria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.24 Turkey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.25 Ukraine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Arab_Emirates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Arab_Emirates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.26 United Arab Emirates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Arab_Emirates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.27 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.28 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uruguay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uruguay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.29 Uruguay </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uruguay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Organizations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Organizations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Statelessness_mandate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statelessness_mandate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Statelessness mandate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statelessness_mandate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_campaign_to_end_statelessness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_campaign_to_end_statelessness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Global campaign to end statelessness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_campaign_to_end_statelessness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_Stateless_Persons_Organisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Stateless_Persons_Organisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 International Stateless Persons Organisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Stateless_Persons_Organisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institute_on_Statelessness_and_Inclusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institute_on_Statelessness_and_Inclusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institute_on_Statelessness_and_Inclusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Network_on_Statelessness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Network_on_Statelessness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 European Network on Statelessness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Network_on_Statelessness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Statelessness</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" > 59 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="انعدام الجنسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انعدام الجنسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apatrid" title="Apatrid – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Apatrid" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="وطنسیزلیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="وطنسیزلیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="রাষ্ট্রহীনতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাষ্ট্রহীনতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Апатрыды – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Апатрыды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Апатриди – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Апатриди" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C3%A0trida" title="Apàtrida – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Apàtrida" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apatrida" title="Apatrida – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Apatrida" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statsl%C3%B8s" title="Statsløs – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Statsløs" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatenloser" title="Staatenloser – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Staatenloser" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodakondsuseta_isik" title="Kodakondsuseta isik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kodakondsuseta isik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Απατρία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Απατρία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C3%A1trida" title="Apátrida – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Apátrida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sen%C5%9Dtateco" title="Senŝtateco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Senŝtateco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberrigabe" title="Aberrigabe – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aberrigabe" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="بدون تابعیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بدون تابعیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apatride" title="Apatride – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Apatride" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C3%A1trida" title="Apátrida – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Apátrida" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%81" title="무국적 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무국적" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tak_bernegara" title="Tak bernegara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tak bernegara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolidia" title="Apolidia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Apolidia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%95%D7%AA" title="חוסר אזרחות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוסר אזרחות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Апатрид – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Апатрид" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezvalstnieki" title="Bezvalstnieki – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bezvalstnieki" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmuo_be_pilietyb%C4%97s" title="Asmuo be pilietybės – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Asmuo be pilietybės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjtaoteloze" title="Sjtaoteloze – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjtaoteloze" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolidia" title="Apolidia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Apolidia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hontalan_szem%C3%A9ly" title="Hontalan személy – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hontalan személy" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olona_tsy_manana_zom-pirenena" title="Olona tsy manana zom-pirenena – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Olona tsy manana zom-pirenena" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketiadanegaraan" title="Ketiadanegaraan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ketiadanegaraan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatloosheid" title="Staatloosheid – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Staatloosheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E5%9B%BD%E7%B1%8D" title="無国籍 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="無国籍" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statsl%C3%B8shet" title="Statsløshet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Statsløshet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statslaus" title="Statslaus – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Statslaus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apatrida" title="Apatrida – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Apatrida" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuqaroligi_bo%CA%BBlmagan_shaxslar" title="Fuqaroligi boʻlmagan shaxslar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fuqaroligi boʻlmagan shaxslar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%92_%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="بے وطنی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بے وطنی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apatryda" title="Apatryda – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Apatryda" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C3%A1trida" title="Apátrida – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Apátrida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puqaras%C4%B1zl%C4%B1q" title="Puqarasızlıq – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Puqarasızlıq" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apatrid" title="Apatrid – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Apatrid" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Апатрид – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Апатрид" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Апатрид – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Апатрид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C3%A0tridu" title="Apàtridu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Apàtridu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Statelessness" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezdomovinstvo" title="Brezdomovinstvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Brezdomovinstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8E%D9%88%DA%B5%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="بێوڵاتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بێوڵاتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%99%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Особа без држављанства – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Особа без држављанства" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valtioton_henkil%C3%B6" title="Valtioton henkilö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valtioton henkilö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statsl%C3%B6shet" title="Statslöshet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Statslöshet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawalan_ng_estado" title="Kawalan ng estado – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kawalan ng estado" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="ความไร้สัญชาติ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความไร้สัญชาติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%A3" title="Бешаҳрвандӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бешаҳрвандӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatans%C4%B1zl%C4%B1k" title="Vatansızlık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vatansızlık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Апатрид – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Апатрид" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%92_%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="بے وطنی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بے وطنی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%B4ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_t%E1%BB%8Bch" title="Không quốc tịch – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Không quốc tịch" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E5%9C%8B%E7%B1%8D" title="無國籍 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="無國籍" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E5%9C%8B%E7%B1%8D" title="無國籍 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="無國籍" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Stateless_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Stateless (disambiguation)">Stateless (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Status of not being a national of any country</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Statelessness</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">4.4 million<a href="#cite_note-population-1">[1]</a> (2022, est.)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></th><td class="infobox-data">952,300 registered<a href="#cite_note-population-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a></th><td class="infobox-data">931,100 registered<a href="#cite_note-population-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></th><td class="infobox-data">630,000 registered<a href="#cite_note-population-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></th><td class="infobox-data">574,200 registered<a 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status</a> of <a href="/wiki/Person" title="Person">persons</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Birthright" title="Birthright">Birthright</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_birth" title="Place of birth">Birthplace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_aboard_aircraft_and_ships" title="Birth aboard aircraft and ships">Aboard aircraft and ships</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jus_sanguinis" title="Jus sanguinis">Jus sanguinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">Jus soli</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_tourism" title="Birth tourism">Birth tourism</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">Nationality</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">missing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_citizenship" title="Transnational citizenship">transnational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">Naturalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ius_Doni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ius Doni">Ius Doni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_of_citizenship" title="Oath of citizenship">Oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_test" title="Citizenship test">Test</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law" title="Nationality law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_citizenship" title="Loss of citizenship">Lost citizenship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denaturalization" title="Denaturalization">denaturalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renunciation_of_citizenship" title="Renunciation of citizenship">renounced</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigration</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_(law)" title="Alien (law)">Alien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_alien" title="Enemy alien">Enemy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_migration" title="Criminalization of migration">Criminalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_protection" title="Diplomatic protection">Diplomatic protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">Expatriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_worker" title="Foreign worker">Foreign worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">Illegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_law" title="Immigration law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integration_of_immigrants" title="Integration of immigrants">Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_residency" title="Permanent residency">Permanent residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">Refugee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_homeland" title="Right to homeland">Right to homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_return" title="Voluntary return">Voluntary return</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_cleansing" title="Identity cleansing">Identity cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_return" title="Right of return">Right of return</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Legal_status_of_persons" title="Template:Legal status of persons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Legal_status_of_persons" title="Template talk:Legal status of persons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Legal_status_of_persons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Legal status of persons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> In <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, a stateless person is someone who is "not considered as a national by any <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> under the operation of its law".<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Some stateless people are also <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a>. However, not all refugees are stateless, and many people who are stateless have never crossed an <a href="/wiki/International_border" class="mw-redirect" title="International border">international border</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> At the end of 2022, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a> estimated 4.4 million people worldwide as either stateless or of undetermined nationality, 90,800 (+2%) more than at the end of 2021. The status of a person who might be stateless ultimately depends on the viewpoint of the state with respect to the individual or a group of people. In some cases, the state makes its view clear and explicit; in others, its viewpoint is harder to discern. In those cases, one may need to rely on prima facie evidence of the view of the state, which in turn may give rise to a presumption of statelessness.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Causes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict_of_law">Conflict of law</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Conflict of law">edit</a>]</div> Conflicting nationality laws are one of the causes of "stateless births".<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> At birth, nationality is usually acquired through one of two modes, although many nations recognize both modes today: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">Jus soli</a> ("right of the soil") denotes a regime by which nationality is acquired through birth on the territory of the state. This is common in the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jus_sanguinis" title="Jus sanguinis">Jus sanguinis</a> ("right of blood") is a regime by which nationality is acquired through descent, usually from a parent who is a national.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Almost all states in Europe, Asia, Africa, and Oceania grant nationality at birth based upon the principle of jus sanguinis.</li></ul> A person who does not have either parent eligible to pass nationality by jus sanguinis is "born stateless", if born in a state which does not recognize jus soli. For instance, a child born outside Canada to two Canadian parents who were also born outside Canada would not be a Canadian national, since jus sanguinis is only recognized for the first generation in Canada. If that child were born in India and neither parent had naturalized to Indian citizenship yet, then the child would be stateless, since India confers nationality only to children born to at least one Indian parent.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_discrimination_in_jus_sanguinis">Gender discrimination in jus sanguinis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gender discrimination in jus sanguinis">edit</a>]</div> Although most states allow the acquisition of nationality through parental descent irrespective of where the child is born, some do not allow female citizens to confer nationality to their children.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> As of 2022, women in 24 countries, mostly in Africa and Asia, are limited when passing their nationality onto their offspring.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> This can result in statelessness when the father is stateless, unknown, or otherwise unable to confer nationality to the child born in a foreign country without unrestricted birthright citizenship. Beginning around 2003, there have been changes in favor of sex neutrality in nationality laws in some nations, including reforms in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> that may inform change elsewhere. For example, Algeria amended its <a href="/wiki/Algerian_nationality_law" title="Algerian nationality law">nationality code</a> in 2005 to grant Algerian nationality to children born in or outside Algeria to an Algerian mother or father.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Moreover, the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_Against_Women" title="Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> prohibits sex-based discrimination in the conferral of nationality. An important measure to prevent statelessness at birth bestows nationality to children born in a territory who would otherwise be stateless. This norm is stipulated in the 1961 <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Reduction_of_Statelessness" title="Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness">Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness</a>;<a href="#cite_note-1961_Convention-14">[14]</a> appears in several regional human rights treaties, including the <a href="/wiki/American_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="American Convention on Human Rights">American Convention on Human Rights</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Nationality" title="European Convention on Nationality">European Convention on Nationality</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_the_Rights_and_Welfare_of_the_Child" title="African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child">African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child</a>; and is implicit in the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ethnicity">edit</a>]</div> Many states define their body of citizens based on <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnicity</a>, leading to the exclusion of large groups. This violates international laws against discrimination. The <a href="/wiki/International_Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Racial_Discrimination" title="International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination">United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination</a> stated on October 1, 2014, that the "deprivation of citizenship on the basis of race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin is a breach of States' obligations to ensure non-discriminatory enjoyment of the right to nationality".<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_succession">State succession</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: State succession">edit</a>]</div> In some cases, statelessness is a consequence of <a href="/wiki/State_succession" class="mw-redirect" title="State succession">state succession</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Some people become stateless when their state of nationality ceases to exist, or when the territory on which they live comes under the control of another state. This was the case after the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> had <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Russians_in_post-Soviet_states" title="Ethnic Russians in post-Soviet states">disintegrated in 1991</a>, and also in the cases of <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>], <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_Legal_Affairs" title="United Nations Office of Legal Affairs">United Nations Office of Legal Affairs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe_Convention_on_the_Avoidance_of_Statelessness_in_Relation_to_State_Succession" title="Council of Europe Convention on the Avoidance of Statelessness in Relation to State Succession">Council of Europe Convention on the Avoidance of Statelessness in Relation to State Succession</a> is the only treaty that aims to reduce this problem.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Seven states have joined it.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_obstacles">Administrative obstacles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Administrative obstacles">edit</a>]</div> People may also become stateless as a result of administrative and practical problems, especially when they are from a group whose nationality is questioned.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Individuals might be entitled to citizenship but unable to undertake the necessary procedural steps. They may be required to pay excessive fees for documentation proving nationality, to provide documentation that is not available to them, or to meet unrealistic deadlines; or they may face geographic or <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> barriers. In disruptive conflict or post-conflict situations, many people find that difficulties in completing simple administrative procedures are exacerbated.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Such obstacles may affect the ability of individuals to complete procedures such as birth registration, fundamental to the prevention of statelessness in children. Whilst birth registration alone does not confer citizenship on a child, the documentation of place of birth and parentage is instrumental in proving the link between an individual and a state for the acquisition of nationality.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">United Nations Children's Fund</a> (UNICEF) estimated in 2013 that 230 million children under the age of 5 have not been registered.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Not holding proof of nationality—being "<a href="/wiki/Undocumented_immigrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Undocumented immigrant">undocumented</a>"—is not the same as being stateless, but the lack of identity documents such as a <a href="/wiki/Birth_certificate" title="Birth certificate">birth certificate</a> can lead to statelessness. Millions of people live, or have lived, their entire lives with no documents, without their nationality ever being questioned. Two factors are of particular importance: <ul><li>whether the nationality in question was acquired automatically or through some form of registration</li> <li>whether the person has ever been denied documents on the basis that they are not a national.</li></ul> If nationality is acquired automatically, the person is a national regardless of documentation status (although in practice, the person may face problems accessing certain rights and services because they are undocumented, not because they are stateless). If registration is required, then the person is not a national until that process has been completed. As a practical matter, the longer a person is undocumented, the greater the likelihood that they will end up in a situation where no state recognizes them as a national. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renunciation">Renunciation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Renunciation">edit</a>]</div> In rare cases, individuals may become stateless upon renouncing their citizenship (e.g., "world citizen" <a href="/wiki/Garry_Davis" title="Garry Davis">Garry Davis</a> and, from 1896 to 1901, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, who, in January 1896, at the age of 16, was released from his <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Württemberg">Württemberg</a> citizenship after, with his father's help, filing a petition to that effect; in February 1901 his application for Swiss citizenship was accepted).<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> People who subscribe to <a href="/wiki/Voluntaryist" class="mw-redirect" title="Voluntaryist">Voluntaryist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Agorist">Agorist</a>, or some other philosophical, political, or religious beliefs may desire or seek statelessness. Many states do not allow citizens to renounce their nationality unless they acquire another. However, consular officials are unlikely to be familiar with the citizenship laws of all countries, so there may still be situations where renunciation leads to effective statelessness. Some may even desire statelessness to avoid future military duties by having a citizenship, to avoid <a href="/wiki/International_taxation" title="International taxation">Citizenship-based taxation</a> practiced by the US, and to avoid <a href="/wiki/Chinese_censorship_abroad" title="Chinese censorship abroad">Chinese censorship abroad</a> as Chinese citizens living abroad have been subject to threats to their employment, education, pension, and business opportunities if they engage in expression critical of the Chinese government or its policies.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-state_territories">Non-state territories</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Non-state territories">edit</a>]</div> Only states can have nationals, and people of non-state territories may be stateless. This includes for instance residents of occupied territories where statehood never emerged in the first place, has ceased to exist and/or is largely unrecognized. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> region. People who are recognized to be citizens by the government of an unrecognized country may not consider themselves stateless, but nevertheless may be widely regarded as such especially if other countries refuse to honor passports issued by an unrecognized state. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stateless_nations">Stateless nations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Stateless nations">edit</a>]</div> A <a href="/wiki/Stateless_nation" title="Stateless nation">stateless nation</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> or nation that does not possess its own <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">state</a>. The term "stateless" implies that the group "should have" such a state (country). The term was coined in 1983 by the political scientist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Leruez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Leruez (page does not exist)">Jacques Leruez</a> in his book L'Écosse, une nation sans État about the peculiar position of <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> within the <a href="/wiki/British_state" class="mw-redirect" title="British state">British state</a>. It was later adopted and popularized by <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a> scholars such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_McCrone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David McCrone (page does not exist)">David McCrone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Keating_(political_scientist)" title="Michael Keating (political scientist)">Michael Keating</a> and <a href="/wiki/T._M._Devine" title="T. M. Devine">T. M. Devine</a>. A notable contemporary example of a stateless nation is the <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_population" title="Kurdish population">Kurdish population</a> is estimated to be between 30 and 45 million,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> but they do not have a recognised sovereign state. Members of stateless nations are often not necessarily personally stateless as individuals, as they are frequently recognised as citizens of one or more recognized state(s). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Statelessness" title="Special:EditPage/Statelessness">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2020) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> While statelessness in some form has existed continuously throughout human history, the international community has only been concerned with its eradication since the middle of the 20th century. In 1954, the United Nations adopted the <a href="/wiki/Convention_relating_to_the_Status_of_Stateless_Persons" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons">Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons</a>,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> which provides a framework for the protection of stateless people. Seven years later, the United Nations adopted the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Reduction_of_Statelessness" title="Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness">Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> In addition, a range of regional and international human rights treaties guarantee a right to nationality, with special protections for certain groups, including stateless persons. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_antiquity">In antiquity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In antiquity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a>. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (October 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In a historical sense, statelessness could reasonably be considered to be the default human condition that existed universally from the evolution of human species to the emergence of the first human civilizations. Historically in every inhabited region on Earth, prior the emergence of <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">states as polities</a> humans organized into <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribal groups</a>. In the absence of written laws, people living in tribal settings were typically expected to adhere to tribal customs and owed allegiance to their tribe and/or tribal leaders. As states began to form, a distinction developed between those who had some form of legal attachment to a more complex polity recognized to be a state in contrast to those who did not. The latter, often living in tribes and in regions not yet organized into and/or conquered by more powerful states, would widely be considered to be stateless in a modern sense. Historically, there is considerable correlation between those who would meet the modern definition of statelessness and those the contemporary ruling classes of the extant states would have deemed to be mere <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarians</a>. However, civilizations of this period more often distinguished between a subject and a <a href="/wiki/Slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave">slave</a> as opposed to between a citizen and a subject. In many monarchies, the concept of citizenship as something distinct from that of a subject did not exist – people under a monarch's rule who were considered subjects typically enjoyed more rights than a slave, and would presumably not have been considered "stateless" by the monarch. But even slaves in a monarchical state were often considered to have a legal status more desirable, at least from the perspective of the ruler, compared to those living outside the frontiers in tribal settings who were typically regarded as barbarians. Depending on the circumstances, a monarch seeking to conquer a frontier region would seek to either subjugate or enslave the inhabitants, but either would impart on the conquered population a change from stateless barbarian to some form of legal status in which allegiance and/or obedience to the ruler could be expected. With the emergence of the concept of citizenship in the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a>, the status of slaves and inhabitants of conquered territories during <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a> became in some ways analogous to contemporary statelessness. In antiquity, such "statelessness" affected captive and subject populations denied full citizenship, including those enslaved (e.g., conquered populations excluded from <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizenship</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a> immediately following the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> under <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a>). However, there was a major difference between captive and subject populations in contrast to those living outside the boundaries of cohesive states – while both could be considered stateless, the latter typically only needed to adhere to local tribal customs whereas the former were not only expected to obey the laws of the state they were living in, but were often subjected to laws not imposed on and punishments not inflicted on full citizens. Among the more widely-known examples of this was the Romans' frequent use of <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">crucifixion</a> to punish Roman subjects, considered to be a highly degrading form of capital punishment that could not legally be inflicted on Roman citizens. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_World_War_II">Before World War II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Before World War II">edit</a>]</div> Some characteristics of statelessness could be observed among <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">apostates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slaves_in_Islamic_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Slaves in Islamic society">slaves in Islamic society</a> (the former shunned for rejecting their religious birth identity, the latter having been separated from that identity and subsumed into an <a href="/wiki/Underclass" title="Underclass">underclass</a>). Statelessness also used to characterize the <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a>, whose traditional <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> lifestyles meant that they traveled across lands claimed by others. The <a href="/wiki/Nansen_International_Office_for_Refugees" title="Nansen International Office for Refugees">Nansen International Office for Refugees</a> was an international organization of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> in charge of <a href="/wiki/Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees">refugees</a> from 1930 to 1939. It received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> in 1938. <a href="/wiki/Nansen_passports" class="mw-redirect" title="Nansen passports">Nansen passports</a>, designed in 1922 by founder <a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a>, were internationally recognized <a href="/wiki/Identity_cards" class="mw-redirect" title="Identity cards">identity cards</a> issued to stateless <a href="/wiki/Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees">refugees</a>. In 1942, they were honored by governments in 52 countries. Many <a href="/wiki/German_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="German Jews">Jews</a> became stateless before and during the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>, because the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg laws">Nuremberg laws</a> of 1935 stripped them of their German citizenship. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_World_War_II">After World War II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: After World War II">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN) was set up in 1945, immediately after the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. From its inception, the UN had to deal with the mass atrocities of the war, including the huge refugee populations across Europe. To address the nationality and legal status of these refugees, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council" title="United Nations Economic and Social Council">United Nations Economic and Social Council</a> (ECOSOC) requested that the <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">UN Secretary-General</a> carry out a study of statelessness in 1948. In 1948, the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_on_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Declaration on Human Rights">Universal Declaration on Human Rights</a> (UDHR) was adopted. It provided both a right to asylum (Article 14) and a right to nationality (Article 15). The declaration also expressly prohibited arbitrary deprivation of nationality, which had affected many of the wartime refugees. In 1949, the <a href="/wiki/International_Law_Commission" title="International Law Commission">International Law Commission</a> put "Nationality, including statelessness", on its list of topics of international law provisionally selected for codification. In 1950, at the behest of ECOSOC, that item was given priority, and ECOSOC appointed an ad hoc Committee on Refugees and Stateless People to draft a convention. A treaty on refugees was prepared with a draft protocol addressing the status of stateless persons. The <a href="/wiki/Convention_Relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees" title="Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees">Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees</a> was adopted on July 28, 1951. As of January 2005, it had attracted the signatures of 145 state parties.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/International_Refugee_Organization" title="International Refugee Organization">International Refugee Organization</a>—the predecessor to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a> (UNHCR)—was in the process of being dissolved, the convention was adopted without the protocol addressing statelessness.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/International_Law_Commission" title="International Law Commission">International Law Commission</a>, at its fifth session in 1953, produced both a Draft Convention on the Elimination of Future Statelessness and a Draft Convention on the Reduction of Future Statelessness. ECOSOC approved both drafts. In 1954, the UN adopted the <a href="/wiki/Convention_relating_to_the_Status_of_Stateless_Persons" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons">Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons</a>. This convention provided a definition of a stateless person (which has since become part of <a href="/wiki/Customary_international_law" title="Customary international law">customary international law</a>, according to the International Law Commission) and set out a number of rights that stateless persons should enjoy. The convention thus became the basis for an international protection regime for stateless persons. However, to ensure that the rights enumerated in the convention are protected, states need to be able to identify stateless individuals.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Seven years later, in 1961—only one year after the 1954 convention entered into force—the UN adopted the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Reductions_of_Statelessness" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on the Reductions of Statelessness">Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness</a>. In 2014, following a series of expert meetings, UNHCR issued a Handbook on Protection of Stateless Persons.<a href="#cite_note-UNHCR-36">[36]</a> Stateless refugees covered by the 1951 convention should be treated in accordance with international refugee laws. As of September 1, 2015, 86 states were party to the 1954 convention, up from 65 when UNHCR launched its conventions campaign in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reiseausweis_Staatenlose1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Reiseausweis_Staatenlose1.jpg/150px-Reiseausweis_Staatenlose1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Reiseausweis_Staatenlose1.jpg/225px-Reiseausweis_Staatenlose1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Reiseausweis_Staatenlose1.jpg/300px-Reiseausweis_Staatenlose1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>German <a href="/wiki/1954_Convention_Travel_Document" class="mw-redirect" title="1954 Convention Travel Document">1954 Convention Travel Document</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statelessness_since_1961">Statelessness since 1961</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Statelessness since 1961">edit</a>]</div> On December 13, 1975, the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness entered into force. It provides a number of standards regarding acquisition and loss of nationality, including automatic loss, renunciation, and deprivation of nationality. In 1974, the <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="General Assembly of the United Nations">UN General Assembly</a> (UNGA) requested that UNHCR undertake the functions established by the Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness. While the convention had only 37 state parties on January 1, 2011, 33 states pledged to accede to it at a ministerial event organized by UNHCR in December 2011. As of September 1, 2015, the number of state parties had increased to 64.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> States bound by the 1989 <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a> are obligated to ensure that every child acquires a nationality.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The convention requires states to implement this provision in particular where the child would otherwise be stateless, and in a manner that is in the <a href="/wiki/Best_interests" title="Best interests">best interests</a> of the child.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Starting in 1994, the UNHCR Executive Committee (ExCom) and the UNGA asked UNHCR to broaden its activities concerning statelessness to include all states.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In 1996, UNHCR was asked by the UNGA to actively promote accessions to the 1954 and 1961 conventions, as well as to provide interested states with technical and advisory services pertaining to the preparation and implementation of nationality legislation. An internal evaluation released in 2001<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> suggested that UNHCR had done little to exercise its mandate on statelessness. Only two individuals were tasked with overseeing work in that area at UNHCR headquarters, though some field officers had been trained to address the issue. The evaluation also noted that there was no dedicated budget line. Concerned organisations such as the <a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Justice_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Society Justice Initiative">Open Society Justice Initiative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Refugees_International" title="Refugees International">Refugees International</a> have called for UNHCR to dedicate more human and financial resources to statelessness.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In 2006, a statelessness unit (now a statelessness section) was established in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, and staffing has increased both in headquarters and in the field. As part of an overhaul of UNHCR's budget structure in 2010, the budget dedicated to statelessness increased from approximately US$12 million in 2009 to $69.5 million in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In addition to regular staff in regional and country offices, UNHCR has regional statelessness officers in <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, for West Africa; <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, for the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a>, South Africa, for Southern Africa; <a href="/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9,_Costa_Rica" title="San José, Costa Rica">San José</a>, Costa Rica, for the Americas; <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, for Asia and the Pacific; <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, for Central Asia; <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, for Europe; and <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, for the Middle East and North Africa. In 2004, ExCom instructed UNHCR to pay particular attention to situations of protracted statelessness and to explore, in cooperation with states, measures that would ameliorate and end these situations. In 2006, it provided UNHCR with more specific guidance on how to implement its mandate. The Conclusion on Identification, Prevention and Reduction of Statelessness and Protection of Stateless Persons requires UNHCR to work with governments, other UN agencies, and civil society to address statelessness.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> UNHCR's activities are currently categorized as identification, prevention, reduction, and protection. UNHCR has achieved some success with campaigns to prevent and reduce statelessness among peoples in the <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimean</a> peninsula (<a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>) who were deported en masse at the close of World War II. Another success has been the naturalization of <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajik</a> refugees in <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, as well as campaigns that have enabled 300,000 <a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">Tamils</a> to acquire Sri Lankan citizenship. UNHCR also helped the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> reduce the large number of stateless persons created when it <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">separated</a> from <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>. At the beginning of 2006, the UNHCR reported that it had records of 2.4 million stateless persons, and estimated that there were 11 million worldwide. By the end of 2014, UNHCR had identified close to 3.5 million stateless persons in 77 countries and estimated the total number worldwide to be more than 10 million.<a href="#cite_note-globaltrends-47">[47]</a> UNHCR does not report refugee populations in its statelessness statistics to avoid <a href="/wiki/Double_counting_(fallacy)" title="Double counting (fallacy)">double counting</a>, which would affect the total number of "persons of concern". Stateless refugees are counted as refugees, not as stateless. For the same reason, Palestinian refugees under the mandate of the <a href="/wiki/UNRWA" title="UNRWA">United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East</a> (UNRWA) are not reported in the UNHCR statelessness table. Instead, they are referred to elsewhere in UNHCR's statistical reporting. While the two UN conventions on statelessness constitute the primary international framework for the protection of stateless persons and the reduction of statelessness, there are also regional instruments of great importance. The 1997 <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Nationality" title="European Convention on Nationality">European Convention on Nationality</a>, for example, has contributed to protecting the rights of stateless persons and provides standards for reducing statelessness in the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> region. That document emphasizes the need of every person to have a nationality, and seeks to clarify the rights and responsibilities of states in ensuring individual access to a nationality. Some of the largest populations of stateless persons are found in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_cases">Notable cases</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notable cases">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airports">Airports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Airports">edit</a>]</div> Some stateless people have received widespread public attention in airports due to their status as <a href="/wiki/Port_of_entry" title="Port of entry">ports of entry</a>. One famous case is that of <a href="/wiki/Mehran_Karimi_Nasseri" title="Mehran Karimi Nasseri">Mehran Karimi Nasseri</a>, who lived in <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle_Airport" title="Charles de Gaulle Airport">Charles de Gaulle Airport</a> in France for approximately 18 years after he was denied entry to the country. His Iranian passport and UN refugee documents had been stolen. He had a British mother, but he did not have British citizenship. The 1994 French film <a href="/wiki/Tomb%C3%A9s_du_ciel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tombés du ciel">Tombés du ciel</a> and the 2004 American film <a href="/wiki/The_Terminal" title="The Terminal">The Terminal</a> are fictional stories inspired by his experiences.<a href="#cite_note-Berczeller-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_change_of_citizenship">During change of citizenship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: During change of citizenship">edit</a>]</div> Countries that restrict <a href="/wiki/Multiple_nationality" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple nationality">multiple nationality</a> often require immigrants who apply for naturalisation to obtain official documentation from their countries of origin proving that they are no longer citizens.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In others, including <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, the documentation must be provided prior to the granting of citizenship. During the period between the cancellation of the prior citizenship and the granting of the new citizenship by naturalization, the applicant may be officially stateless. In two cases in Taiwan, Pakistani immigrants applied for naturalization and renounced their Pakistani citizenship. In the interim, the decisions to permit their naturalization as citizens of Taiwan were reversed, leaving them stateless.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</div> As of 30 April 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit">[update]</a>, Australia had 37 stateless people in onshore detention, who had been detained for an average of 2 years and 106 days and the longest was 3 years and 250 days.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The number of stateless people in offshore detention is unknown. There were a further 57 stateless people living in the community after being approved for a residence determination.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In Australia, statelessness is not itself a ground for grant of a visa and the person must instead rely upon other grounds, such as being a refugee.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Notable cases include: <ul><li>Ahmed Al-Kateb, a Palestinian man born in Kuwait who was denied a visa on arrival in Australia in 2000 and did not meet the requirements of a refugee. Al-Kateb wished to return to Kuwait or Gaza. However, Kuwait would not accept him (as he was not a Kuwait citizen or resident) and there was no state of Palestine recognized by Australia at that time. To return him to Gaza required the approval of Israel. The <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court of Australia</a> held in <a href="/wiki/Al-Kateb_v_Godwin" title="Al-Kateb v Godwin">Al-Kateb v Godwin</a> that his detention was lawful, even though it would continue indefinitely.<a href="#cite_note-Al-Kateb_v_Godwin-54">[54]</a> Al-Kateb and eight other stateless people were granted bridging visas in 2005 and, while this meant they were released from detention, they were unable to work, study or obtain various government benefits.<a href="#cite_note-AI_life_sentence-55">[55]</a> Al-Kateb was granted a permanent visa in October 2007.<a href="#cite_note-Marr-56">[56]</a></li> <li>'Baby Ferouz' was born in November 2013 to <a href="/wiki/Rohingya" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohingya">Rohingya</a> Muslim parents who had fled from <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, which did not recognise them as citizens. His parents and siblings were being held at the <a href="/wiki/Nauru_Detention_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauru Detention Centre">Nauru Detention Centre</a>, however the family was flown to Brisbane due to complications in pregnancy, with the result that baby Ferouz was born in Australia. From 1986, Australia has not automatically granted citizenship to people born in Australia, despite the provision in the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness requiring nationality to be given to children born in a territory who would otherwise be stateless.<a href="#cite_note-1961_Convention-14">[14]</a> As baby Ferouz was deemed to be an unauthorised maritime arrival, he could not be given a protection visa.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In December 2014 he and his family were given a temporary protection visa which allowed them to be released from immigration detention.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></li> <li>Said Imasi is believed to be from <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> and had been granted a protection visa in Norway in 2004. In January 2010 he had a one-way ticket to New Zealand and was traveling on a friend's passport and was detained on a stop-over in Melbourne. His application for a refugee visa was refused because he did not have a "well-founded fear of persecution" in Norway.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Because he has no visa to be in Australia and there is no country to which he can be returned, Imasi has been in immigration detention since January 2010, spending several years at the <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island_Immigration_Reception_and_Processing_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas Island Immigration Reception and Processing Centre">Christmas Island Detention Centre</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> and later at the <a href="/wiki/Villawood_Immigration_Detention_Centre" title="Villawood Immigration Detention Centre">Villawood Immigration Detention Centre</a> in Sydney.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> As of May 2023, Imasi has been released under unknown conditions.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bahrain">Bahrain</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bahrain">edit</a>]</div> Many individuals in Bahrain do not have nationality and they are called <a href="/wiki/Bidoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidoon">Bidoon</a>. A number of people have also had their citizenship revoked and are now stateless; the revocation took place after they criticised the Bahraini government. This situation also occurs in other Middle Eastern countries.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Brazil">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Maha_Mamo_ONU_Brasil.webm/220px--Maha_Mamo_ONU_Brasil.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="220" data-durationhint="90" data-mwtitle="Maha_Mamo_ONU_Brasil.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Maha_Mamo_ONU_Brasil.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c8/Maha_Mamo_ONU_Brasil.webm/Maha_Mamo_ONU_Brasil.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c8/Maha_Mamo_ONU_Brasil.webm/Maha_Mamo_ONU_Brasil.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="720" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c8/Maha_Mamo_ONU_Brasil.webm/Maha_Mamo_ONU_Brasil.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1080" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Maha_Mamo_ONU_Brasil.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1080" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c8/Maha_Mamo_ONU_Brasil.webm/Maha_Mamo_ONU_Brasil.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="144" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c8/Maha_Mamo_ONU_Brasil.webm/Maha_Mamo_ONU_Brasil.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="240" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c8/Maha_Mamo_ONU_Brasil.webm/Maha_Mamo_ONU_Brasil.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="360" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c8/Maha_Mamo_ONU_Brasil.webm/Maha_Mamo_ONU_Brasil.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="360" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Maha Mamo tells her story in this UN Brazil #IBelong campaign video.</figcaption></figure> Brazil is among the few countries in the world to have in its law the recognition of a stateless person to provide documents to this person as an official citizen of the country.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maha_Mamo" title="Maha Mamo">Maha</a> and Souad Mamo, who had lived in Brazil for four years as refugees, were the first stateless persons recognized by the Brazilian state after the creation of the new migration law (Law No. 13,445),<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> which came into force in 2017. The migration law provides protective measures for stateless persons, facilitating the guarantees of social inclusion and simplified naturalization for citizens without a homeland. The legislation follows international conventions of respect for stateless persons and seeks to reduce the number of people in this situation, giving the right to request nationality. Countries having similar laws usually offer stateless persons the access to basic rights such as education and health, while in their documents they are still recognized as stateless with a residence permit.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> With its law, Brazil offers naturalization, which means that these persons can by all effects become Brazilians. If the stateless persons do not wish to apply for immediate naturalization, they are granted at least definitive residency in the country.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brunei">Brunei</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Brunei">edit</a>]</div> Many stateless permanent residents live in <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>. Most have lived on Bruneian soil for generations, but Bruneian nationality is governed by the policy of <a href="/wiki/Jus_sanguinis" title="Jus sanguinis">jus sanguinis</a>; the right to hold it comes from blood ties. The government of Brunei has made obtaining citizenship possible, albeit difficult, for stateless persons who have inhabited Brunei for many generations. Requirements include rigorous tests in <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Malays" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Malays">Malay</a> culture, customs, and <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">language</a>. Stateless permanent residents of Brunei are given an <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_International_Certificate_of_Identity" title="Bruneian International Certificate of Identity">International Certificate of Identity</a>, which allows them to travel overseas. The majority of Brunei's Chinese and Indians are permanent residents who are stateless. Holders of International Certificates of Identity can enter Germany and <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> visa-free for a maximum of 90 days within a 180-day period. In the case of Germany, in theory, for an individual to benefit from the visa exemption, the ICI must be issued under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/1954_Convention_Relating_to_the_Status_of_Stateless_Persons" class="mw-redirect" title="1954 Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons">1954 Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons</a>, and it must contain an authorization to return to Brunei with a sufficiently long period of validity. Brunei is a signatory to the 1959 <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Declaration of the Rights of the Child">Declaration of the Rights of the Child</a>, which states that "the child shall be entitled from his birth to a name and a nationality", but it does not currently follow the guidelines of the convention. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of Brunei">Sultan of Brunei</a> has announced changes that may expedite the process by which stateless persons with permanent residence status sit for citizenship exams.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> An amendment to the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Citizenship_Act_1946" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Citizenship Act 1946">Canadian Citizenship Act</a> (S.C. 2008, c. 14, previously Bill C-37) came into effect on April 17, 2009, and changed the rules for the acquisition of foreign-born Canadian <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizenship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Individuals born outside Canada can now become Canadian citizens by descent only if at least one of their parents was either a <a href="/wiki/Native-born_citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Native-born citizen">native-born citizen</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalised</a> citizen of Canada. The new law limits citizenship by descent to one generation born outside Canada. All individuals born within one generation of the native-born or naturalised citizen parent are automatically recognised as Canadian citizens, but second-generation descendants born abroad are no longer citizens of Canada at birth, and such individuals might be stateless if they have no claim to any other citizenship. Since the passage of Bill C-37, this situation has already occurred at least twice: <ul><li>Rachel Chandler was born in China, to a Libyan-born father who is a Canadian citizen through the provision in the above paragraph and a mother who is a Chinese citizen. Because of the nationality laws of Canada and China, she was not eligible for citizenship in either country and was apparently born stateless.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> However, because Chandler's paternal grandfather was born in Ireland, she was <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationality_law" title="Irish nationality law">entitled to Irish citizenship</a> and now holds an Irish passport.<a href="#cite_note-Branham-72">[72]</a></li> <li>Chloé Goldring was born in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, to a Canadian father born in Bermuda and an Algerian mother. She was not eligible for automatic citizenship in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, Belgium, or Canada, and was thus born stateless.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Goldring is now a Canadian citizen.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></li></ul> Under Bill C-37, the term "native-born" is construed strictly: children born outside of Canada to Canadian government employees working abroad, including diplomats and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Forces">Canadian Forces</a> personnel, are considered foreign-born.<a href="#cite_note-Branham-72">[72]</a> The bill was intended to resolve the status of so-called "<a href="/wiki/Lost_Canadians" title="Lost Canadians">Lost Canadians</a>"—people who considered themselves Canadians, with undeniable connections to the country, but who had either lost or never been granted citizenship because of the vagaries of the country's previous nationality law.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dominican_Republic">Dominican Republic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Dominican Republic">edit</a>]</div> An estimated 800,000 <a href="/wiki/Haitians_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Haitians in the Dominican Republic">Haitians reside in the Dominican Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> For much of its history, the Dominican Republic had a jus soli policy, meaning that all children born in the country, even to undocumented parents, were automatically given citizenship. Most countries in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a> practice this policy, but in June 2013, the Dominican high court amended existing legislation to exclude from jus soli citizenship children born "in transit", such as the children of foreign diplomats and "those on their way to another country".<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Since 2013, the law has been expanded to address the children of non-citizens, such as Haitian migrants who immigrated after 1929. Since the passing of the amendment, nearly 200,000 Dominicans of Haitian descent have been stripped of their Dominican citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Without birth certificates, identification, or nationality, they are stateless and living illegally in the Dominican Republic. As of July 2015, according to the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">International Organization for Migration</a>, about 1,133 individuals had voluntarily or involuntarily relocated to Haiti.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> By law, many are eligible to apply for naturalised citizenship in either Haiti or the Dominican Republic, but financial, bureaucratic, and discriminatory obstacles have prevented many from doing so. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estonia_and_Latvia">Estonia and Latvia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Estonia and Latvia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Non-citizens_(Estonia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-citizens (Estonia)">Non-citizens (Estonia)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Non-citizens_(Latvia)" title="Non-citizens (Latvia)">Non-citizens (Latvia)</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, two neighboring European countries, were <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> territories, separated upon independence in 1918, re-merged under <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Soviet occupation</a> from 1940 until <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of the Baltic states during World War II">German occupation</a> in 1941 and then again under renewed <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1944)">Soviet Occupation</a> after 1944. When their independence was restored in 1991, citizenship was automatically restored to individuals who had been Latvian citizens prior to June 18, 1940, and their descendants or Estonian citizens prior to June 16, 1940, and their descendants. Citizens of the Soviet Union who had moved to Estonia or Latvia while they were part of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> did not receive citizenship automatically in 1991, and neither did their descendants. They had to apply for naturalisation as immigrants, a process that included a knowledge test and a language test in <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Children born after Latvia re-established independence (August 21, 1991), to parents who are both non-citizens, are also entitled to citizenship at the request of at least one of the parents. These criteria mainly excluded <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Russians_in_post-Soviet_states" title="Ethnic Russians in post-Soviet states">ethnic Russians</a>. Most were unable to pass the language test required. Russia has a visa waiver for stateless persons living in Estonia and Latvia, while Estonian and Latvian citizens need to obtain a visa to enter Russia. These stateless persons can also travel freely within the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Schengen area">Schengen area</a>, but they are not permitted to work within the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> As of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit">[update]</a>, more than 267,000 residents of Latvia and 91,000 residents of Estonia were stateless.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Greece">edit</a>]</div> Article 19 of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_nationality_law" title="Greek nationality law">Greek Citizenship Code</a> (Law 3370 of 1955) stated: "A person of non-Greek ethnic origin leaving Greece without the intention of returning may be declared as having lost Greek citizenship. This also applies to a person of non-Greek ethnic origin born and domiciled abroad. Minor children living abroad may be declared as having lost Greek citizenship if both their parents, or the surviving parent, have lost it as well." (The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Greece)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Greece)">Minister of the Interior</a> decides such cases, with the concurring opinion of the Citizenship Council.). Article 19 was abolished in 1998, but no provision was established for restoring citizenship to people who had lost it. Interior Minister Alekos Papadopoulos stated that, since the article's introduction in 1955, 60,000 Greeks had lost their citizenship because of it, many of these people moved and adopted the nationality of another country. However, an estimated 300–1,000 people remain stateless in Greece (primarily minorities in <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, some of whom never settled abroad) and other former Greek citizens are stateless outside the country (an estimated 1,400 in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and an unknown number elsewhere). Stateless individuals in Greece have had difficulty receiving social services like health care and education. Until December 1997, they were denied the protection of the 1954 U.N. Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, which Greece ratified in 1975. Then, as a result of pressure from <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">nongovernmental organizations</a> and minority deputies, around 100 ethnic Turks made stateless under Article 19 received identity documents from Greek authorities in accordance with the 1954 U.N. Convention. In August 1998, Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Theodoros_Pangalos_(politician)" title="Theodoros Pangalos (politician)">Theodoros Pangalos</a> stated that within a year, most or all stateless persons living in Greece would be offered Greek citizenship; this promise was repeated in subsequent months by Alternate and Deputy Foreign Ministers <a href="/wiki/George_Papandreou" title="George Papandreou">George Papandreou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giannos_Kranidiotis" title="Giannos Kranidiotis">Giannos Kranidiotis</a>. However, the government took no steps to carry out this promise. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Hong Kong">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Statelessness" title="Special:EditPage/Statelessness">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2015) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Hong Kong, as a <a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">special administrative region of China</a>, does not have its own citizenship laws. The <a href="/wiki/Right_of_abode_in_Hong_Kong" title="Right of abode in Hong Kong">right of abode</a> is the status that allows unrestricted right to live, work, vote and to hold most public office in Hong Kong; persons with right of abode in Hong Kong are called <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_resident" title="Hong Kong resident">permanent residents</a>. Most permanent residents of Chinese descent are Chinese citizens as provided by the <a href="/wiki/Nationality_law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationality law of the People's Republic of China">Chinese nationality law</a>. Citizens of other countries who have obtained right of abode in Hong Kong remain the citizens of their respective countries, and enjoy all the rights accorded to permanent residents except for those restricted to permanent residents with Chinese citizenship, such as the right to a <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region_passport" title="Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport">HKSAR passport</a> and the eligibility to be elected as the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chief Executive of Hong Kong">Chief Executive</a>. When Hong Kong was <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_sovereignty_over_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong">transferred</a> from the United Kingdom to China on July 1, 1997, all <a href="/wiki/British_Dependent_Territories_citizens" class="mw-redirect" title="British Dependent Territories citizens">British Dependent Territories citizens</a> (BDTCs) connected to Hong Kong lost their <a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law_and_Hong_Kong" title="British nationality law and Hong Kong">British nationality</a>, unless they had applied for the <a href="/wiki/British_National_(Overseas)" title="British National (Overseas)">British National (Overseas)</a> (BN(O)) status. Most BDTCs of Chinese descent became Chinese citizens. BDTCs who did not become Chinese citizens and did not apply for BN(O) status while holding no other citizenship became <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_citizen" title="British Overseas citizen">British Overseas citizens</a> (BOCs). As BN(O) and BOC statuses do not provide right of abode in the United Kingdom, BN(O)s and BOCs of non-Chinese descent who do not hold any other citizenship are de facto stateless. However, <a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">British nationality law</a> allows BN(O)s and BOCs who are otherwise stateless to register for full British citizenship. In addition, the Chinese nationality law as applied in Hong Kong provides the option of naturalisation as a Chinese national.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Chinese citizens from the mainland who had migrated to Hong Kong on a <a href="/wiki/One-way_Permit" title="One-way Permit">One-way Permit</a> lose their mainland <a href="/wiki/Hukou" title="Hukou">hukou</a> (household registration). They then must reside in Hong Kong for 7 years before gaining the right of abode in Hong Kong. Therefore, persons who had migrated out of the mainland but have not obtained Hong Kong <a href="/wiki/Permanent_residency" title="Permanent residency">permanent residency</a>, while technically not stateless, are unable to exercise rights and privileges associated with citizenship in either the mainland or Hong Kong. Stateless permanent residents of Hong Kong and Chinese migrants without right of abode may apply for a <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Document_of_Identity_for_Visa_Purposes" title="Hong Kong Document of Identity for Visa Purposes">Hong Kong Document of Identity for Visa Purposes</a>, which allows them to travel overseas.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> This document (with few exceptions) requires the holder to apply for and receive a travel visa prior to departure from Hong Kong. Children born to foreign domestic workers are not classified as citizens because Chinese nationality is determined by blood ties. Under the visa regulations governing foreign domestic workers, the government of Hong Kong may award an unconditional stay visa. Many of these children can obtain citizenship in their parents' country of birth. When they are put up for <a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">adoption</a>, however, citizenship applications can become challenging. In cases where both adoptive parents are Chinese nationals, the children will likely remain stateless. Applying for <a href="/wiki/Nationality_law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationality law of the People's Republic of China">Chinese citizenship</a> by naturalisation is only possible for permanent residents of Hong Kong, and an unconditional stay visa does not grant this status.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Eliana_Rubashkyn" title="Eliana Rubashkyn">Eliana Rubashkyn</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> woman and refugee, became de facto stateless in 2013 after being detained for over eight months on the grounds that her appearance did not match her passport photo.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> She suffered mistreatment in detention at <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport" title="Hong Kong International Airport">Chek Lap Kok Airport</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Kowloon" title="Kowloon">Kowloon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Hospital,_Hong_Kong" title="Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong">Queen Elizabeth Hospital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> She was granted refugee status, but Hong Kong did not recognize her as a refugee because it is not a signatory to the refugee convention of 1951 and sought to deport her to Colombia. In 2013, the UN sought a third country to resettle her due to the lack of protections for <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> people and refugees in Hong Kong. After almost one year, a UN declaration recognized her as a woman under international law, and she was sent to New Zealand, where she received asylum. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: South Asia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2019)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> As of 2012, India and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> were each holding several hundred prisoners from the other for violations like trespass or visa overstay, often with accusations of espionage. Some of these prisoners have been denied citizenship in both countries, leaving them stateless. In Pakistani law, if one leaves the country for more than seven years without any registration from a Pakistani embassy or foreign mission of any country, they lose Pakistani citizenship. In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> reported on the case of Muhammad Idrees, who lived in Pakistan and had been held under Indian police control for approximately 13 years for overstaying his 15-day visa by 2–3 days after seeing his ill parents in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> He spent much of those 13 years in prison waiting for a hearing, sometimes homeless or living with volunteer families. Both states denied him citizenship. The BBC linked these problems to the political atmosphere caused by the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a>. The Indian <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Union_for_Civil_Liberties" title="People's Union for Civil Liberties">People's Union for Civil Liberties</a> told the BBC it had worked on hundreds of cases with similar features. It called Idrees' case a "violation of all human rights, national and international laws", adding, "Everybody has a right to a nation." The Indian <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Law_Network" title="Human Rights Law Network">Human Rights Law Network</a> blamed "officials in the home department" and slow courts, and called the case a "miscarriage of justice, a shocking case".<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, about 300,000–500,000 Bihari people (also known as <a href="/wiki/Stranded_Pakistanis_in_Bangladesh" title="Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh">Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh</a>) were rendered stateless when Bangladesh seceded from <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> in 1971. Bangladesh refused to consider them citizens because of their support for Pakistan in the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a> while Pakistan insisted that since Bangladesh was successor state of <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>, the new nation had a responsibility to absorb the Bihari people just as <a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West Pakistan</a> had done with refugees flooding from the war, including Bengali people. As a result, the Bihari people became stateless. Over 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_refugees" title="Bhutanese refugees">Bhutanese refugees</a>, who have neither Bhutanese nor Nepalese citizenship, reside in Nepal. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Indonesia">edit</a>]</div> In February 2020, the Indonesia government stated that any Indonesian national who ever joined the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (ISIL) had automatically lost their Indonesian citizenship. Presidential Chief of Staff <a href="/wiki/Moeldoko" title="Moeldoko">Moeldoko</a> stated that the ISIL sympathizers "are stateless". Article 23 of <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_nationality_law" title="Indonesian nationality law">Indonesian nationality law</a> states that Indonesian nationals can lose their citizenship after, among other things, "joining a foreign military or taking an oath of allegiance to another country".<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Japan">edit</a>]</div> When <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> lost control over Korea in 1945, those Koreans who remained in Japan received <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dsen-seki" title="Chōsen-seki">Chōsen-seki</a>, a designation of nationality that did not actually grant them <a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationality_law" title="Japanese nationality law">citizenship</a>. Roughly half of these people later received <a href="/wiki/South_Korean_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="South Korean citizenship">South Korean citizenship</a>. The other half were affiliated with <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, which is <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Japan–North Korea relations">unrecognized by Japan</a>, and they are legally stateless. Practically speaking, they mostly hold <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korean citizenship">North Korean citizenship</a> (albeit meaningless in Japan, their country of residence) and may repatriate there, and under Japanese law, they are treated as foreign nationals and given the full privileges entitled to that class. In 2010, Chōsen-seki holders were banned from <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> UNHCR published a study on statelessness in Japan in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kuwait">Kuwait</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Kuwait">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bedoon" title="Bedoon">Bedoon</a></div> Kuwait has the largest number of stateless people in the entire region.<a href="#cite_note-largest-95">[95]</a> Most stateless Bedoon of Kuwait belong to the northern tribes, especially the <a href="/wiki/Al-Muntafiq" title="Al-Muntafiq">Al-Muntafiq</a> tribal confederation.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-alarabi-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-s-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-ohchr-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-csm-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-north-103">[103]</a> A minority of stateless Bedoon in Kuwait belong to the <a href="/wiki/%27Ajam_of_Kuwait" title="'Ajam of Kuwait">'Ajam community</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ajam-104">[104]</a> Under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_nationality_law" title="Kuwaiti nationality law">Kuwait Nationality Law</a> 15/1959, all the Bedoon in Kuwait are eligible for Kuwaiti nationality by naturalization.<a href="#cite_note-rights-105">[105]</a> In practice, it is widely believed that Sunnis of Persian descent or tribal Saudis can readily achieve Kuwaiti naturalization whilst Bedoon of Iraqi tribal ancestry cannot.<a href="#cite_note-dis-106">[106]</a> As a result, many Bedoon in Kuwait feel pressured to hide their background.<a href="#cite_note-un-107">[107]</a> From 1965 until 1985, the Bedoon were treated as Kuwaiti citizens and guaranteed citizenship: they had free access to education, health care and all the other privileges of citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-una-108">[108]</a> The stateless Bedoon constituted 80-90% of the <a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwaiti Army">Kuwaiti Army</a> in the 1970s and 1980s until the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-refworld-109">[109]</a> In 1985 at the height of the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a>, the Bedoon were reclassified as "illegal residents" and denied Kuwaiti citizenship and its accompanying privileges.<a href="#cite_note-una-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-refworld-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-110">[110]</a> The Iran–Iraq War threatened Kuwait's internal stability and the authorities feared the sectarian background of the stateless Bedoon.<a href="#cite_note-refworld-109">[109]</a> The Bedoon issue in Kuwait "overlaps with historic sensitivities about <a href="/wiki/Iraqis" title="Iraqis">Iraqi</a> influence inside Kuwait", with many of those denied Kuwaiti nationality being believed to have originated from Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-aus-111">[111]</a> In 1985, the then emir, <a href="/wiki/Jaber_Al-Ahmad_Al-Sabah" title="Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah">Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah</a>, escaped an <a href="/wiki/1983_Kuwait_bombings#1985_attempted_assassination_of_Jaber" class="mw-redirect" title="1983 Kuwait bombings">assassination attempt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-newyorktimes-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-washingtinpost-113">[113]</a> After the assassination attempt, the government changed the Bedoon's status from that of legal residents to <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal residents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-refworld-109">[109]</a> By 1986, the Bedoon were fully excluded from the same social and economic rights as Kuwaiti citizens. Since 1986, the Kuwaiti government has refused to grant any form of documentation to the Bedoon, including birth certificates, death certificates, identity cards, marriage certificates, and driving licences. The Bedoon also face many restrictions in employment, travel and education. They are not permitted to educate their children in state schools and universities. In 1995, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> reported that there were 300,000 stateless Bedoon, and this number was formally repeated by the British government.<a href="#cite_note-hrw-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-british-115">[115]</a> According to several human rights organizations, the State of Kuwait is committing <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> against the stateless Bedoon.<a href="#cite_note-new-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-s-100">[100]</a> The Kuwaiti Bedoon crisis resembles the <a href="/wiki/Rohingya" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohingya">Rohingya</a> crisis in <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rights-105">[105]</a> In 1995, it was reported in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">parliament</a> that the Al Sabah ruling family had deported 150,000 stateless Bedoon to refugee camps in the Kuwaiti desert near the <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Kuwait_border" title="Iraq–Kuwait border">Iraqi border</a> with minimal water, insufficient food and no basic shelter, and that they were threatened with death if they returned to their homes in Kuwait City.<a href="#cite_note-british-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-north-103">[103]</a> As a result, many of the stateless Bedoon fled to Iraq, where they remain stateless people even today.<a href="#cite_note-ir-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-iraq-118">[118]</a> The Kuwaiti government also stands accused of attempting to falsify their nationalities in official state documents.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> There have been reports of <a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearances" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearances">forced disappearances</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mass_graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass graves">mass graves</a> of Bedoon.<a href="#cite_note-new-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-united_nations2-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-mass_graves_bedoon-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-mass_graves_bedoon2-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-mass_graves_bedoon4-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-mass_graves_bedoon3-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-north-103">[103]</a> The 1995 Human Rights Watch report stated: <blockquote>"The totality of the treatment of the Bedoons amounts to a policy of denationalization of native residents, relegating them to an apartheid-like existence in their own country. The Kuwaiti government policy of harassment and intimidation of the Bedoons and of denying them the right to lawful residence, employment, travel and movement, contravene basic principles of human rights. Denial of citizenship to the Bedoons clearly violates international law. Denying Bedoons the right to petition the courts to challenge governmental decisions regarding their claims to citizenship and lawful residence in the country violates the universal right to due process of law and equality before the law."<a href="#cite_note-british-115">[115]</a> </blockquote> British MP <a href="/wiki/George_Galloway" title="George Galloway">George Galloway</a> stated: <blockquote>"Of all the human rights atrocities committed by the ruling family in Kuwait, the worst and the greatest is that against the people known as the Bedoons. There are more than 300,000 Bedoons—one third of Kuwait's native population. Half of them—150,000—have been driven into refugee camps in the desert across the <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Kuwait_border" title="Iraq–Kuwait border">Iraqi border</a> by the regime and left there to bake and to rot. The other 150,000 are treated not as second-class or even fifth-class citizens, but not as any sort of citizen. They are bereft of all rights. It is a scandal that almost no one in the world cares a thing about the plight of 300,000 people, 150,000 of them cast out of the land in which they have lived [when] many have lived in the Kuwaiti area for many centuries."<a href="#cite_note-british-115">[115]</a> </blockquote> By 2004, the Bedoon accounted for only 40% of the Kuwaiti Army, a major reduction from their presence in the 1970s and 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-armytwo-125">[125]</a> In 2013, the UK government estimated that there were 110,729 "documented" Bedoon in Kuwait, without giving a total estimate, but noting that all stateless individuals in Kuwait remain at risk of persecution and human rights breaches.<a href="#cite_note-ukgove-126">[126]</a> The Bedoon are generally categorized into three groups: stateless tribespeople, stateless police/military and the stateless children of Kuwaiti women who married Bedoon men.<a href="#cite_note-refworld-109">[109]</a> According to the Kuwaiti government, there are only 93,000 "documented" Bedoon in Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-ukgove-126">[126]</a> In 2018, the Kuwaiti government claimed that it would naturalize up to 4,000 stateless Bedoon per year but this is considered unlikely.<a href="#cite_note-dis-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> In recent years, the rate of <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> among Bedoon has risen sharply.<a href="#cite_note-una-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Myanmar">Myanmar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Myanmar">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_people#Human_rights_violations_and_refugees" title="Rohingya people">Rohingya people</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_people" title="Rohingya people">Rohingya people</a> are a minority group in <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> (formerly Burma). They are considered racially inferior by the Myanmar government, and are thus denied citizenship from birth. Instead, they are given identification cards which single them out and which do not grant them the rights of citizenship. This has created some 700,000 stateless persons, been a basis for the <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a>, and precipitated an international refugee crisis.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Pakistan">edit</a>]</div> Inside <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> city there is a stateless population of approximately 1.2 million <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Bengali" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani Bengali">Pakistani Bengalis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> As of January 2022, there were approximately 3 million Afghans living in Pakistan, around 1.4 million of them are Proof of Registration (PoR) cardholders, approximately 840 000 hold an Afghan Citizen Card (ACC), and an estimated 775 000 are undocumented.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palestinians">Palestinians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Palestinians">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_nationality" title="History of Palestinian nationality">History of Palestinian nationality</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Abbas_Shiblak" title="Abbas Shiblak">Abbas Shiblak</a> estimates that over half of the Palestinian people in the world are stateless.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated113-131">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Palestinians_in_Lebanon" title="Palestinians in Lebanon">Palestinians in Lebanon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palestinians_in_Syria" title="Palestinians in Syria">those in Syria</a> are constitutionally denied citizenship, and are thus stateless. After Israel annexed <a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> in 1967, Palestinians living there received, along with Israeli <a href="/wiki/Permanent_residency" title="Permanent residency">permanent residency</a> status, the right to apply for citizenship. Shortly after the offer was made, it was rejected by Arab leaders. Between 1967 and 2007, only 12,000 of the 250,000 Palestinians living in Jerusalem have been granted Israeli citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Since 2007, more have applied, although the majority still reject it.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Those who do not have Israeli citizenship are generally stateless. Many descendants of Palestinian refugees live permanently in countries of which they would be expected to be citizens, but they are not citizens because that country adheres to the policy of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> in denying citizenship to Palestinians.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Even though Palestinians living in the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> were issued <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_passport" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian passport">Palestinian passports</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Accords" title="Oslo Accords">Oslo Accords</a> and Palestinian legal statehood is somewhat widely acknowledged internationally as of 2018, some countries (such as the United States), recognize them as travel documents but do not recognize their citizenship. According to international law,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] only states can have nationals (meaning citizens), meaning that the remainder states who do not consider <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> a state implements such policies and deem its holders as “stateless”. A similar situation exists for <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Israel_and_Palestine" title="Armenians in Israel and Palestine">Armenians in Israel and Palestine</a>, where as of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit">[update]</a>, about 2,000 Armenians in Israeli-controlled territory were stateless.<a href="#cite_note-ap2023-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Philippines">edit</a>]</div> As of 2021, there are around 700 people of Japanese descent who are considered as stateless. Most of these people are descendants of Japanese fathers who settled in the Philippines in the early 20th century. Due to the outbreak of the World War II, many of these individuals got separated from their fathers who either got enlisted in the Imperial Japanese Army, repatriated to Japan or died during the war. After the war many of them settled in more remote areas of the Philippines and discarded proof of the Japanese nationality as a preventive measure against <a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">anti-Japanese</a> retaliatory attacks due to atrocities committed by Japan during the war.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puerto_Rico">Puerto Rico</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Puerto Rico">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Mari_Br%C3%A1s" title="Juan Mari Brás">Juan Mari Brás</a></div> In 1994, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Mari_Br%C3%A1s" title="Juan Mari Brás">Juan Mari Brás</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican people">Puerto Rican</a> lawyer and political historian, renounced his American citizenship before a consular agent in the United States Embassy of <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>. In December 1995, his loss of nationality was confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">US Department of State</a>. That same month, he requested that the Puerto Rico State Department furnish him with proof of his <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican citizenship">Puerto Rican citizenship</a>. The request involved more than just a bureaucratic formality; Mari Brás tested the <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> by trying to become the first Puerto Rican citizen who was not also an American citizen.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Mari Brás claimed that as a Puerto Rican national born and raised in Puerto Rico, he was clearly a Puerto Rican citizen and therefore had every right to continue to reside, work, and, most importantly, vote in Puerto Rico. The State Department responded promptly, claiming that Puerto Rican citizenship did not exist independent of American citizenship, and in 1998, the department rescinded its recognition of his renunciation of citizenship. The official response to Mari Brás stated that Puerto Rican citizenship existed only as an equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Residency_(domicile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Residency (domicile)">residency</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Department_of_State" title="Puerto Rico Department of State">Puerto Rico State Department</a> issues certificates of citizenship to people born outside of Puerto Rico to a Puerto Rican parent, including some people who may have never resided in the territory.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qatar">Qatar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Qatar">edit</a>]</div> Most of <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bidoon_(stateless)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidoon (stateless)">Bedoon</a> are stateless tribesmen from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghufrani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghufrani (page does not exist)">Ghufrani</a> tribe. In 2005, Qatar stripped the citizenship of over 5,000 members of the tribe. After international outcry, it restored the citizenship of approximately 2,000.<a href="#cite_note-observatory-139">[139]</a> Today, there are between 1,200 and 1,500 Bedoon in Qatar.<a href="#cite_note-observatory-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Saudi Arabia">edit</a>]</div> Dissidents and other people can have their citizenship revoked.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> was asked to hand in his passport in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syria">Syria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Syria">edit</a>]</div> By 2011, close to an estimated 300,000 <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Syria#Citizenship" title="Kurds in Syria">stateless Kurds were in Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> While the government's implementation of the 2011 Decree did reduce the number of stateless persons, a significant part of Syria's remaining statelessness problem has now been 'exported' to new geographic and legal contexts with the displacement of affected persons out of the country.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Turkey">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_purges_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="2016–17 purges in Turkey">2016–17 purges in Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enes_Kanter_Freedom" title="Enes Kanter Freedom">Enes Kanter Freedom</a></div> Following a <a href="/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt">failed coup</a> in 2016, the Turkish <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Turkey" title="Government of Turkey">government</a> revoked about 50,000 passports.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> While most of the people whose passports were revoked were in Turkey at the time, one notable Turkish expatriate affected by this action was <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">NBA</a> player <a href="/wiki/Enes_Kanter_Freedom" title="Enes Kanter Freedom">Enes Kanter</a>. He is a vocal critic of Turkish president <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> and a public supporter of the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BClen_movement" title="Gülen movement">Gülen movement</a>, which the government blamed for the coup attempt. Kanter's passport was canceled while he was attempting to travel to the U.S., and he was briefly detained in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> before being allowed to continue his travel. Turkey issued an arrest warrant against Kanter in May 2017, claiming that he was a member of "an armed terrorist organization."<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> The government's action effectively rendered Kanter stateless, and soon after this incident expressed a desire to seek U.S. citizenship. He then held a U.S. <a href="/wiki/Permanent_residence_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent residence (United States)">green card</a>, which technically enabled him to travel to and from Canada for games <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Raptors" title="Toronto Raptors">in Toronto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> However, in the <a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_NBA_season" title="2018–19 NBA season">2018–19 season</a>, Kanter did not travel with his team to games in London or Toronto because Turkey had requested an <a href="/wiki/Interpol_notice" title="Interpol notice">Interpol red notice</a> against him.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> On November 29, 2021, he became a naturalized U.S. citizen, changing his name to <a href="/wiki/Enes_Kanter_Freedom" title="Enes Kanter Freedom">Enes Kanter Freedom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Ukraine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mikheil_Saakashvili" title="Mikheil Saakashvili">Mikheil Saakashvili</a></div> After the completion of his term, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgian</a> President <a href="/wiki/Mikheil_Saakashvili" title="Mikheil Saakashvili">Mikheil Saakashvili</a> moved to <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> where he was given citizenship and appointed <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Odesa_Oblast" title="Governor of Odesa Oblast">Governor</a> of Ukraine's <a href="/wiki/Odesa_Oblast" title="Odesa Oblast">Odesa Oblast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty-151">[151]</a> Due to Georgian restrictions on <a href="/wiki/Georgian_nationality_law" title="Georgian nationality law">dual nationality</a>, he was stripped of his Georgian citizenship. While visiting the U.S. in 2017, Saakashvili's Ukrainian citizenship was revoked by Ukrainian President <a href="/wiki/Petro_Poroshenko" title="Petro Poroshenko">Petro Poroshenko</a>, leaving Saakashvili stateless.<a href="#cite_note-auto-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> After the election of <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelensky" class="mw-redirect" title="Volodymyr Zelensky">Volodymyr Zelensky</a> in 2019, Saakashvili's Ukrainian citizenship was restored.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Arab_Emirates">United Arab Emirates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: United Arab Emirates">edit</a>]</div> In the United Arab Emirates some stateless people were granted citizenship after many years and even decades. Children of a foreign parent were also granted citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/British_Nationality_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="British Nationality Law">British Nationality Law</a></div> Different classes in <a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">British nationality law</a> have led to situations in which people were considered British subjects but not nationals, or in which people held a <a href="/wiki/British_passport" title="British passport">British passport</a> without <a href="/wiki/Right_of_Abode_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of Abode (United Kingdom)">right of abode</a> in the United Kingdom. Examples include <a href="/wiki/British_Protected_Person" class="mw-redirect" title="British Protected Person">British Protected Persons</a>, who are considered British nationals. British nationals (irrespective of the class of nationality) who reside abroad but are not entitled to protection by the British government are de facto stateless.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] Many situations that put people at risk of statelessness were resolved after April 30, 2003, when the <a href="/wiki/Nationality,_Immigration_and_Asylum_Act_2002" title="Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002">Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act of 2002</a> came into force. As a result of this act, the United Kingdom gave most people with residual British nationality but no other citizenship the right to register as full British citizens. However, there are still some people who have not been able or willing to register as citizens.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">specify</a>] Following the publication of a joint UNHCR-Asylum Aid report in 2011,<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> the UK adopted a statelessness determination procedure in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In January 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_2014" title="Immigration Act 2014">Immigration Bill 2013–14</a> was introduced to extend the <a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_home_secretary" title="Powers of the home secretary">powers of the Home Secretary</a> to deprive a naturalised British citizen of their citizenship, even if that renders the individual stateless, if the Secretary of State is satisfied that the deprivation of citizenship is conducive to the public good because the person "has conducted him or herself in a manner which is seriously prejudicial to the vital interests of the UK." A naturalised British citizen is someone who was not born a British citizen but has become one through the legal process of naturalisation, by which someone with no automatic claim to British citizenship can obtain the same rights and privileges as someone who was born a British citizen. The bill was initially blocked by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> in April 2014.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> However, the Lords reconsidered their decision in May 2014, and the bill returned to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> before being set into UK law.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> The United States, which is not a signatory to the 1954 <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Status_of_Stateless_Persons" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on the Status of Stateless Persons">Convention on the Status of Stateless Persons</a> or the <a href="/wiki/1961_Convention_on_the_Reduction_of_Statelessness" class="mw-redirect" title="1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness">1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness</a>, is one of the countries that allow their citizens to <a href="/wiki/Renunciation_of_citizenship" title="Renunciation of citizenship">renounce their citizenship</a> even if they do not hold any other. The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State_Foreign_Affairs_Manual" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual">Foreign Affairs Manual</a> instructs <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a> employees to make it clear to Americans who will become stateless after renunciation that they may face extreme difficulties (including deportation back to the United States) following their renunciation, but to afford such persons their right to give up citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_citizens_who_relinquished_their_nationality" title="List of former United States citizens who relinquished their nationality">Former Americans</a> who have voluntarily made themselves stateless include <a href="/wiki/Garry_Davis" title="Garry Davis">Garry Davis</a> in the beginning years of the United Nations,<a href="#cite_note-Chronicle19910704-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-GlobalPost-164">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jolley" title="Thomas Jolley">Thomas Jolley</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-PPG19711110-165">[165]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joel_Slater" title="Joel Slater">Joel Slater</a> as a political protest in 1987 while believing that he would obtain Australian citizenship,<a href="#cite_note-Chronicle19910704-163">[163]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mike_Gogulski" title="Mike Gogulski">Mike Gogulski</a> as a political protest in 2008 without attempting to take any other citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-GlobalPost-164">[164]</a> The UNHCR published a report on statelessness in the United States in 2012 in which it recommended the establishment of a determination procedure that incorporates a definition of statelessness in accordance with international law to ensure that stateless persons are permitted to reside in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">US Constitution</a> granted citizenship to <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African American</a> <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slaves</a>. The Supreme Court ruling in <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wong_Kim_Ark" title="United States v. Wong Kim Ark">United States v. Wong Kim Ark</a> clarified that people born to aliens on US soil were entitled to citizenship under the Fourteenth Amendment.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> However, it excluded Native Americans by defining a citizen as any person born in the US, but only if "subject to the jurisdiction thereof"; this latter clause excluded anyone who was born in <a href="/wiki/Tribal_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal nation">tribal nations</a> within the United States, as the Supreme Court ruled in <a href="/wiki/Elk_v._Wilkins" title="Elk v. Wilkins">Elk v. Wilkins</a> that they are "quasi-foreign nations who deal with Congress using treaties". The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Citizenship_Act" title="Indian Citizenship Act">Indian Citizenship Act</a> addressed the issue by granting citizenship to America's indigenous peoples.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uruguay">Uruguay</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Uruguay">edit</a>]</div> Uruguay has ratified both the 1954 <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Status_of_Stateless_Persons" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on the Status of Stateless Persons">Convention on the Status of Stateless Persons</a> and the 1961 <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Reduction_of_Statelessness" title="Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness">Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness</a>, and implemented law <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/leyes/19682-2018">19682</a> to meet these ratified commitments. It is also a signatory of the "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acnur.org/declaracion-y-plan-de-accion-de-brasil">Brazil Declaration</a>" which commits countries in the South American region to end statelessness by January 1, 2024. However the 1968 law provides for Uruguayan citizenship as one of the mechanisms to end statelessness. While the process of naturalization to citizenship is similar to other ius domicilii regimes, it does not lead to Uruguayan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://Uruguayan_nationality_law#:~:text=Uruguayan%20nationality%20law%20is%20based,limited%20form%20of%20Jus%20sanguinis.">nationality</a>. As a result, stateless residents will become stateless citizens, and also citizens of countries that do not allow for dual citizenship also become stateless citizens of Uruguay. Uruguayan passports issued to this group of citizens highlights their status through "XXX" in the national field, meaning "unknown nationality". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizations">Organizations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Organizations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Statelessness_mandate">Statelessness mandate</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Statelessness mandate">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">UNHCR</a>'s responsibilities were initially limited to stateless persons who were refugees, as set out in Paragraph 6(A)(II) of its statute and Article 1(A)(2) of the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees.<a href="#cite_note-UNHCR-36">[36]</a> They were expanded following the adoption of the 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons and the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness. General Assembly Resolutions 3274 (XXIV) and 31/36 designated UNHCR as the body responsible for examining the cases of persons who claimed the benefit of the 1961 convention and assisting such persons in presenting their claims to the appropriate national authorities.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Subsequently, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> conferred upon UNHCR a global mandate for the identification, prevention, and reduction of statelessness and for the international protection of stateless persons.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> This mandate has continued to evolve as the General Assembly has endorsed the conclusions of the UNHCR Executive Committee, notably Executive Committee Conclusion No. 106 of 2006 on the "identification, prevention, and reduction of statelessness and protection of stateless persons".<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Global_campaign_to_end_statelessness">Global campaign to end statelessness</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Global campaign to end statelessness">edit</a>]</div> The UNHCR launched a global campaign on November 4, 2014, to end statelessness within 10 years. As part of the campaign, it published a special report providing a comprehensive overview of statelessness and delving into the human impact of the phenomenon.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> It also published an open letter addressed to states, urging them to take action. In addition to UNHCR High Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a>, the letter was signed by <a href="/wiki/Angelina_Jolie" title="Angelina Jolie">Angelina Jolie</a>, a UNHCR special envoy; <a href="/wiki/Surin_Pitsuwan" title="Surin Pitsuwan">Surin Pitsuwan</a>, former secretary-general of ASEAN; <a href="/wiki/Shirin_Ebadi" title="Shirin Ebadi">Shirin Ebadi</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> laureate; Archbishop Emeritus <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a>; <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hendricks" title="Barbara Hendricks">Barbara Hendricks</a>, a UNHCR honorary lifetime goodwill ambassador; <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a>, former US secretary of state; <a href="/wiki/Carla_Del_Ponte" title="Carla Del Ponte">Carla Del Ponte</a>, former chief prosecutor of two UN international criminal tribunals; <a href="/wiki/Zeid_Ra%27ad_Al_Hussein" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein">Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louise_Arbour" title="Louise Arbour">Louise Arbour</a>, former UN high commissioners for human rights; and Dame <a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Higgins" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosalyn Higgins">Rosalyn Higgins</a>, former president of the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> In addition, a "global action plan to end statelessness" was launched following consultation with states, civil society, and international organisations. It sets out a guiding framework of 10 actions that need to be taken to end statelessness by 2024.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> The plan includes actions to: <ul><li>resolve existing situations of statelessness;</li> <li>prevent new cases of statelessness from emerging; and</li> <li>better identify and protect stateless persons.</li></ul> The 10 actions are: <ul><li>Action 1: Resolve existing major situations of statelessness.</li> <li>Action 2: Ensure that no child is born stateless.</li> <li>Action 3: Remove gender discrimination from nationality laws.</li> <li>Action 4: Prevent denial, loss, or deprivation of nationality on discriminatory grounds.</li> <li>Action 5: Prevent statelessness in cases of state succession.</li> <li>Action 6: Grant protection status to stateless migrants and facilitate their naturalisation.</li> <li>Action 7: Ensure birth registration for the prevention of statelessness.</li> <li>Action 8: Issue nationality documentation to those entitled to it.</li> <li>Action 9: Accede to the UN statelessness conventions.</li> <li>Action 10: Improve quantitative and qualitative data on stateless populations.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_Stateless_Persons_Organisation">International Stateless Persons Organisation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: International Stateless Persons Organisation">edit</a>]</div> In March 2012, the International Stateless Persons Organisation (ISPO), an <a href="/wiki/International_non-governmental_organization" title="International non-governmental organization">international non-governmental organization</a>, was founded by Dr. Fernando Macolor Cruz, a tribal prince and instructor of history and political science at <a href="/wiki/Palawan_State_University" title="Palawan State University">Palawan State University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">the Philippines</a>. It aims to provide institutional representation to stateless persons throughout the world through a network of volunteer human rights law practitioners who act as country representatives. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institute_on_Statelessness_and_Inclusion">Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion">edit</a>]</div> The Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion is an independent non-profit organisation dedicated to leading an integrated, interdisciplinary response to statelessness. It works on research, analysis, empowerment, advocacy, and awareness globally. It also maintains an online forum on statelessness.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Network_on_Statelessness">European Network on Statelessness</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: European Network on Statelessness">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/European_Network_on_Statelessness" title="European Network on Statelessness">European Network on Statelessness</a>, a civil society alliance, was set up to address the problem of 600,000 stateless persons in Europe and to act as a coordinating body and expert resource for organisations across Europe that work with or come into contact with stateless persons. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_(law)" title="Alien (law)">Alien (law)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvas_ceiling" class="mw-redirect" title="Canvas ceiling">Canvas ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_identity" title="Certificate of identity">Certificate of identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_lived_at_airports" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people who have lived at airports">List of people who have lived at airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Without_a_Country" title="The Man Without a Country">The Man Without a Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">Multiple citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nansen_passport" title="Nansen passport">Nansen passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">Nomad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_traveller" class="mw-redirect" title="Perpetual traveller">Perpetual traveller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_law" title="Refugee law">Refugee law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_nation" title="Stateless nation">Stateless nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Terminal" title="The Terminal">The Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncontacted_peoples" title="Uncontacted peoples">Uncontacted peoples</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-population-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-population_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-population_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-population_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-population_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-population_1-4">e</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unhcr.org/sites/default/files/2023-06/global-trends-report-2022.pdf">"Global Trends Report 2022"</a> (PDF). UNHCR global. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231007052415/https://www.unhcr.org/sites/default/files/2023-06/global-trends-report-2022.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 7, 2023. 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Retrieved February 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Escape+from+a+life+in+Limbo&rft.date=2007-10-27&rft.aulast=Marr&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Farticles%2F2007%2F10%2F26%2F1192941339538.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatelessness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Plaintiff B9/2014 v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/FCAFC/2014/178.html">[2014] FCAFC 178</a>, (2014) 227 <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_Reports" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Court Reports">FCR</a> 494 (18 December 2014), <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Court of Australia">Federal Court (Full Court)</a> (Australia) </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-01-20/baby-ferouz-and-his-family-released-from-darwin-detention/6026628">"Baby Ferouz and his asylum seeking family released from Darwin detention"</a>. ABC.net.au. January 20, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160522133018/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-01-20/baby-ferouz-and-his-family-released-from-darwin-detention/6026628">Archived</a> from the original on May 22, 2016. Retrieved March 28, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC.net.au&rft.atitle=Baby+Ferouz+and+his+asylum+seeking+family+released+from+Darwin+detention&rft.date=2015-01-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2015-01-20%2Fbaby-ferouz-and-his-family-released-from-darwin-detention%2F6026628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatelessness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> 1007284 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/RRTA/2010/811.html">[2010] RRTA 811</a> (20 September 2010), <a href="/wiki/Refugee_Review_Tribunal" title="Refugee Review Tribunal">Refugee Review Tribunal</a> (Australia). </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/jan/15/every-day-i-am-crushed-the-stateless-man-held-without-trial-by-australia-for-eight-years">"'Every day I am crushed': the stateless man held without trial by Australia for eight years"</a>. TheGuardian.com. January 15, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180331173548/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/jan/15/every-day-i-am-crushed-the-stateless-man-held-without-trial-by-australia-for-eight-years">Archived</a> from the original on March 31, 2018. Retrieved March 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=%27Every+day+I+am+crushed%27%3A+the+stateless+man+held+without+trial+by+Australia+for+eight+years&rft.date=2008-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Faustralia-news%2F2018%2Fjan%2F15%2Fevery-day-i-am-crushed-the-stateless-man-held-without-trial-by-australia-for-eight-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatelessness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAili" class="citation web cs1">Aili, Massilia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/1/8/refugee-diaries-10-years-in-immigration-detention-in-australia">"Refugee diaries: 10 years in immigration detention in Australia"</a>. www.aljazeera.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201162043/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/1/8/refugee-diaries-10-years-in-immigration-detention-in-australia">Archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Refugee+diaries%3A+10+years+in+immigration+detention+in+Australia&rft.aulast=Aili&rft.aufirst=Massilia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F1%2F8%2Frefugee-diaries-10-years-in-immigration-detention-in-australia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatelessness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/11/08/bahrain-dont-arbitrarily-revoke-citizenship">"Bahrain: Don't Arbitrarily Revoke Citizenship"</a>. November 8, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220308030306/https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/11/08/bahrain-dont-arbitrarily-revoke-citizenship">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2022. Retrieved March 8, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bahrain%3A+Don%27t+Arbitrarily+Revoke+Citizenship&rft.date=2012-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2012%2F11%2F08%2Fbahrain-dont-arbitrarily-revoke-citizenship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatelessness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rightsinexile.tumblr.com/post/96370403457/brazil-will-offer-citizenship-to-stateless-persons">"Brazil will offer citizenship to stateless persons"</a>. Rights in Exile. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200704205007/https://rightsinexile.tumblr.com/post/96370403457/brazil-will-offer-citizenship-to-stateless-persons">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rights+in+Exile&rft.atitle=Brazil+will+offer+citizenship+to+stateless+persons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frightsinexile.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F96370403457%2Fbrazil-will-offer-citizenship-to-stateless-persons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatelessness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://help.unhcr.org/brazil/en/statelessness/">"Statelessness – UNHCR Brazil – Help for refugees and asylum-seekers"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200706135647/https://help.unhcr.org/brazil/en/statelessness/">Archived</a> from the original on July 6, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statelessness+%E2%80%93+UNHCR+Brazil+%E2%80%93+Help+for+refugees+and+asylum-seekers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelp.unhcr.org%2Fbrazil%2Fen%2Fstatelessness%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatelessness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2015-2018/2017/lei/l13445.htm">"L13445"</a>. www.planalto.gov.br. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312192815/http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2015-2018/2017/Lei/L13445.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 12, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.planalto.gov.br&rft.atitle=L13445&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planalto.gov.br%2Fccivil_03%2F_ato2015-2018%2F2017%2Flei%2Fl13445.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatelessness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssunção2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Assunção, Thiago (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://redib.org/Record/oai_articulo2093497-statelessness-brazil-from-invisibility-invitation-becoming-a-citizen">"Statelessness in Brazil: from invisibility to the invitation for becoming a citizen"</a>. redib.org (in Portuguese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200704160333/https://redib.org/Record/oai_articulo2093497-statelessness-brazil-from-invisibility-invitation-becoming-a-citizen">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=redib.org&rft.atitle=Statelessness+in+Brazil%3A+from+invisibility+to+the+invitation+for+becoming+a+citizen&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Assun%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.aufirst=Thiago&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fredib.org%2FRecord%2Foai_articulo2093497-statelessness-brazil-from-invisibility-invitation-becoming-a-citizen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatelessness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/direitos-humanos/noticia/2018-06/brasil-reconhece-condicao-de-apatrida-pela-primeira-vez-na-historia">"Brasil reconhece condição de apátrida pela primeira vez na história"</a>. Agência Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). June 25, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200704135112/https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/direitos-humanos/noticia/2018-06/brasil-reconhece-condicao-de-apatrida-pela-primeira-vez-na-historia">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ag%C3%AAncia+Brasil&rft.atitle=Brasil+reconhece+condi%C3%A7%C3%A3o+de+ap%C3%A1trida+pela+primeira+vez+na+hist%C3%B3ria&rft.date=2018-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagenciabrasil.ebc.com.br%2Fdireitos-humanos%2Fnoticia%2F2018-06%2Fbrasil-reconhece-condicao-de-apatrida-pela-primeira-vez-na-historia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatelessness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/i-born-raised-stateless-today-im-brazilian-adriano-maluf-amui">"I was born and raised in stateless ... today, I'm a Brazilian"</a>. www.linkedin.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211227145049/https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/i-born-raised-stateless-today-im-brazilian-adriano-maluf-amui">Archived</a> from the original on December 27, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.linkedin.com&rft.atitle=I+was+born+and+raised+in+stateless+...+today%2C+I%27m+a+Brazilian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linkedin.com%2Fpulse%2Fi-born-raised-stateless-today-im-brazilian-adriano-maluf-amui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatelessness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRachel_Thien_and_Bandar_Seri_Begawan2011" class="citation web cs1">Rachel Thien and Bandar Seri Begawan (January 26, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bt.com.bn/news-national/2011/01/26/citizenship-news-lifts-spirits-stateless-prs">"Citizenship news lifts spirits of stateless PRs"</a>. Brunei Times. Bt.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120327085633/http://www.bt.com.bn/news-national/2011/01/26/citizenship-news-lifts-spirits-stateless-prs">Archived</a> from the original on March 27, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brunei+Times&rft.atitle=Citizenship+news+lifts+spirits+of+stateless+PRs&rft.date=2011-01-26&rft.au=Rachel+Thien+and+Bandar+Seri+Begawan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bt.com.bn%2Fnews-national%2F2011%2F01%2F26%2Fcitizenship-news-lifts-spirits-stateless-prs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatelessness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> See the Executive summary of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/2009/2009-04-15/html/sor-dors108-eng.html">REGULATIONS AMENDING THE CITIZENSHIP REGULATIONS, 1993 (SOR/2009-108)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002053218/http://www.gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/2009/2009-04-15/html/sor-dors108-eng.html">Archived</a> October 2, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Act to amend the Citizenship Act itself states (sec. 14): "The provisions of this Act, other than section 13, come into force on a day or days to be fixed by order of the Governor in Council, but no later than 365 days after the day on which this Act receives royal assent." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/annualstatutes/2008_14/">Royal assent was given</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202204312/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/annualstatutes/2008_14/">Archived</a> February 2, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on April 17, 2008. No Order in Council appears to have been made. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604120258/http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/editorial/story.html?id=c3a5560d-5170-4d4a-a318-a8675e759171">"Citizenship Act creates a 'stateless' child"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Vancouver_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="The Vancouver Sun">The Vancouver Sun</a>. September 25, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/editorial/story.html?id=c3a5560d-5170-4d4a-a318-a8675e759171">the original</a> on June 4, 2011. Retrieved March 13, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Vancouver+Sun&rft.atitle=Citizenship+Act+creates+a+%27stateless%27+child&rft.date=2009-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.com%2Fvancouversun%2Fnews%2Feditorial%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3Dc3a5560d-5170-4d4a-a318-a8675e759171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatelessness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Branham-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Branham_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Branham_72-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranham2010" class="citation web cs1">Branham, Daphne (October 9, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324084319/http://www.lostcanadians.org/forum/topics/ireland-saves-canadians">"Rachel Chandler's status highlights a policy that could see thousands of stateless children born abroad to Canadians"</a>. The Vancouver Sun. LostCanadians.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lostcanadians.org/forum/topics/ireland-saves-canadians">the original</a> on March 24, 2012. 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Platform Post (in Arabic). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227125059/http://platformpost.net/article/-27">Archived</a> from the original on February 27, 2021. 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As-Safir Al-Arabi (in Arabic). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124210805/http://assafirarabi.com/ar/3094/2012/09/19/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%af%d9%88%d9%86-%d9%81%d9%80%d9%80%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d9%88%d9%8a%d9%80%d9%80%d9%80%d8%aa-%d9%85%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%86%d9%88%d9%86-%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%a7-%d9%87%d9%88%d9%8a/">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2020. 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Education as Change. 22 (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25159%2F1947-9417%2F3435">10.25159/1947-9417/3435</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240259439">240259439</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Education+as+Change&rft.atitle=The+Bedoun+Archive%3A+A+public+archive+created+for+the+northern+tribes+Bedouin+of+Kuwait&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25159%2F1947-9417%2F3435&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240259439%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Susan+Kennedy+Nour+al+Deen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.25159%252F1947-9417%252F3435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatelessness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ajam-104"><a href="#cite_ref-ajam_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAjam_Media_Collective2018" class="citation web cs1">Ajam Media Collective (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ajammc.com/2018/03/01/two-deserts-kuwaiti-bidoon/">"Between Two Deserts: Visual Vignettes from an Iranian-Kuwaiti Bidoon in New Mexico"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225222143/https://ajammc.com/2018/03/01/two-deserts-kuwaiti-bidoon/">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2021. 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Oxford University Press. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199547821" title="Special:BookSources/9780199547821"><bdi>9780199547821</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240110235009/https://books.google.com/books?id=_4somFYg1REC&pg=PA98#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on January 10, 2024. 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The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/turkey-coup-attempt-erdogan-news-latest-government-cancels-50000-passports-amid-international-a7163961.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2022. 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The Crossover. <a href="/wiki/Sports_Illustrated" title="Sports Illustrated">Sports Illustrated</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171223033455/https://www.si.com/nba/2017/05/26/enes-kanter-erdogan-turkey-arrest-warrant-turkish-government-us-citizenship-okc-thunder">Archived</a> from the original on December 23, 2017. 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United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919174912/http://www.refworld.org/docid/50c620f62.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 19, 2015. Retrieved September 11, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Citizens+of+Nowhere%3A+Solutions+for+the+Stateless+in+the+U.S&rft.pub=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Refugees&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F50c620f62.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatelessness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/1850-1900/169us649">"United States v. Wong Kim Ark"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oyez_Project" title="Oyez Project">Oyez</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago-Kent_College_of_Law" title="Chicago-Kent College of Law">Chicago-Kent College of Law</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160924200420/https://www.oyez.org/cases/1850-1900/169us649">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2016. Retrieved September 24, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oyez&rft.atitle=United+States+v.+Wong+Kim+Ark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oyez.org%2Fcases%2F1850-1900%2F169us649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatelessness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/amendmentxiv">"14th Amendment"</a>. Cornell University Law School. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190601193729/https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/amendmentxiv">Archived</a> from the original on June 1, 2019. Retrieved June 27, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=14th+Amendment&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Law+School&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fconstitution%2Famendmentxiv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatelessness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180526232645/http://www.nebraskastudies.org/0700/stories/0701_0146.html">"Native American Citizenship: 1924 Indian Citizenship Act"</a>. Nebraska Studies. Lincoln, Nebraska: NET Foundation for Television. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nebraskastudies.org/0700/frameset_reset.html?http://www.nebraskastudies.org/0700/stories/0701_0146.html">the original</a> on May 26, 2018. Retrieved March 6, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nebraska+Studies&rft.atitle=Native+American+Citizenship%3A+1924+Indian+Citizenship+Act&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nebraskastudies.org%2F0700%2Fframeset_reset.html%3Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.nebraskastudies.org%2F0700%2Fstories%2F0701_0146.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatelessness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.refworld.org/docid/4b9e0c3d2.html">"UNHCR Action to Address Statelessness: A Strategy Note"</a>. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. March 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910042704/http://www.refworld.org/docid/4b9e0c3d2.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 10, 2015. Retrieved September 11, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNHCR+Action+to+Address+Statelessness%3A+A+Strategy+Note&rft.pub=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Refugees&rft.date=2010-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F4b9e0c3d2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatelessness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNGA1994" class="citation web cs1">UNGA (December 23, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/49/a49r169.htm">"UNGA resolutions A/RES49/169"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181103221930/http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/49/a49r169.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 3, 2018. Retrieved June 29, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNGA+resolutions+A%2FRES49%2F169&rft.date=1994-12-23&rft.au=UNGA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fdocuments%2Fga%2Fres%2F49%2Fa49r169.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatelessness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNGA1995" class="citation web cs1">UNGA (December 21, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/50/ares50-152.htm">"UNGA resolutions A/RES/50/152"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170421064751/http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/50/ares50-152.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 21, 2017. Retrieved June 29, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNGA+resolutions+A%2FRES%2F50%2F152&rft.date=1995-12-21&rft.au=UNGA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fdocuments%2Fga%2Fres%2F50%2Fares50-152.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatelessness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNGA2006" class="citation web cs1">UNGA (December 19, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/61/137&Lang=E">"UNGA resolutions A/RES/61/137"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170918042828/http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/61/137&Lang=E">Archived</a> from the original on September 18, 2017. Retrieved June 29, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNGA+resolutions+A%2FRES%2F61%2F137&rft.date=2006-12-19&rft.au=UNGA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fga%2Fsearch%2Fview_doc.asp%3Fsymbol%3DA%2FRES%2F61%2F137%26Lang%3DE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatelessness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/546217229.html">"Special report: Ending Statelessness within 10 years"</a>. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151216170308/http://www.unhcr.org/546217229.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 16, 2015. Retrieved September 11, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Special+report%3A+Ending+Statelessness+within+10+years&rft.pub=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Refugees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2F546217229.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatelessness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibelong.unhcr.org/en/join/index.do">"UNHCR's Open Letter to End Statelessness"</a>. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150325102734/http://ibelong.unhcr.org/en/join/index.do">Archived</a> from the original on March 25, 2015. Retrieved September 11, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNHCR%27s+Open+Letter+to+End+Statelessness&rft.pub=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Refugees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fibelong.unhcr.org%2Fen%2Fjoin%2Findex.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatelessness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150718163418/http://ibelong.unhcr.org/cms-web/upl/entities/story/FINAL%20Global%20Action%20Plan%20-%20PDF%20Version.pdf">"Global Action Plan to End Statelessness: 2014–2024"</a> (PDF). United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibelong.unhcr.org/cms-web/upl/entities/story/FINAL%20Global%20Action%20Plan%20-%20PDF%20Version.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 18, 2015. Retrieved September 11, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Action+Plan+to+End+Statelessness%3A+2014%E2%80%932024&rft.pub=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Refugees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fibelong.unhcr.org%2Fcms-web%2Fupl%2Fentities%2Fstory%2FFINAL%2520Global%2520Action%2520Plan%2520-%2520PDF%2520Version.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStatelessness" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.institutesi.org">http://www.institutesi.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141026150317/http://www.institutesi.org/">Archived</a> October 26, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> www.institutesi.org </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Bronwen Manby, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130415215041/http://www.soros.org/initiatives/justice/articles_publications/publications/struggles_20091009">Struggles for Citizenship in Africa</a>, 2009</li> <li>Laura Bingham, Julia Harrington-Reddy and Sebastian Kohn, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soros.org/initiatives/justice/articles_publications/publications/prato-20110302">De Jure Statelessness in the Real World: Applying the Prato Summary Conclusions</a>, 2011</li> <li>Jay Milbrandt, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=1919045">Stateless</a>, 2011</li> <li>Open Society Foundations and Refugees International, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soros.org/initiatives/justice/articles_publications/publications/without-citizenship-20110509">Without Citizenship: Statelessness, Discrimination, and Repression in Kuwait</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309145459/http://www.soros.org/initiatives/justice/articles_publications/publications/without-citizenship-20110509">Archived</a> March 9, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2011</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipu.org/PDF/publications/nationality_en.pdf">Nationality and Statelessness: a Handbook for Parliamentarians</a>. <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioner for Refugees">High Commissioner for Refugees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inter-Parliamentary_Union" title="Inter-Parliamentary Union">Inter-Parliamentary Union</a>, 2005</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fmreview.org/FMRpdfs/FMR26/FMR2603.pdf">Stateless Palestinians</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140124052024/http://www.fmreview.org/FMRpdfs/FMR26/FMR2603.pdf">Archived</a> January 24, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/prm/rls/fs/2008/107638.htm">Report describing US contributions to the resettlement of stateless populations in 2007</a></li> <li>Brad K. Blitz and Maureen Lynch. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.udhr60.ch/report/statelessness_paper0609.pdf">Statelessness and the Benefits of Citizenship: A Comparative Study</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111008171613/http://www.udhr60.ch/report/statelessness_paper0609.pdf">Archived</a> October 8, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>."</li> <li>Siegelberg, Mira L. 2020. Statelessness: A Modern History. Harvard University Press.</li> <li>Somers, Margaret. 2008. Genealogies of Citizenship: Markets, Statelessness, and the Right to Have Rights. Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79394-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79394-0">978-0-521-79394-0</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.equalrightstrust.org/ertdocumentbank/UNRAVELLING%20ANOMALY%20small%20file.pdf">Unravelling Anomaly. Detention, Discrimination and the Protection Needs of the Stateless Persons</a>. London: Equal Rights Trust, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9560717-3-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9560717-3-6">978-0-9560717-3-6</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trust.org/alertnet/multimedia/in-focus/statelessness/">Stateless: The World's Most Invisible People</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130318162648/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/multimedia/in-focus/statelessness/">Archived</a> March 18, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters_AlertNet" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuters AlertNet">Reuters AlertNet</a>, 2011</li> <li>UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 2012 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.refworld.org/docid/5100fec32.html">The State of the World's Refugees: In Search of Solidarity</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Statelessness&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Statelessness" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Statelessness">Statelessness</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>International law: treaties and case law <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/6_1_1961.pdf">Full Convention text of 1961 Convention</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.refworld.org/docid/54576a754.html">Map showing State Parties to the Statelessness Conventions</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/protect/PROTECTION/45178f542.pdf">Council of Europe Convention on Reduction of Statelessness in Relation to State Succession</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/stateless.htm">UN Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121227004503/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/stateless.htm">Archived</a> December 27, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (full text)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/45179cbd4.html">International case law on statelessness</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhakatribune.com/around-the-web/2017/06/12/woes-bangalis-karachi">dhakatribune The stateless bangalis of karachi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Intergovernmental organizations: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/statelessness">UNHCR page on prevention and reduction of statelessness and protection of stateless persons – background information, tools and news</a> From <a href="/wiki/UNHCR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNHCR">UNHCR</a> website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.refworld.org/statelessness.html">Refworld's special feature page on Statelessness</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141107013054/http://ibelong.unhcr.org/en/home.do">UNHCR's #IBELONG campaign microsite</a></li></ul></li> <li>International NGOs <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soros.org/initiatives/justice/focus/statelessness">Statelessness</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120116185734/http://www.soros.org/initiatives/justice/focus/statelessness">Archived</a> January 16, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on the website of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soros.org/">Open Society Foundations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090212165033/http://refugeesinternational.org/who-we-are/our-issues/statelessness">Statelessness</a> on the website of <a href="/wiki/Refugees_International" title="Refugees International">Refugees International</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalityforall.org">Website of the International Observatory on Statelessness a clearinghouse for NGOs, academics, advocacy groups and policy-makers working on issues of statelessness</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.institutesi.org/">Website of the Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statelessness.eu/about-us">Website of the European Network on Statelessness</a></li></ul></li> <li>Academic Institutions <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tilburguniversity.edu/statelessness">Website of the Statelessness Programme, an initiative of Tilburg Law School (Netherlands) dedicated to research, training and outreach on statelessness and related issues</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170522151438/http://www.tilburguniversity.edu/statelessness/">Archived</a> May 22, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Specific states <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ind.homeoffice.gov.uk/ind/en/home/applying/british_nationality/advice_about_nationality/bn5_-_provisions_for.html">British nationality – provisions for reducing statelessness</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060502214409/http://www.ind.homeoffice.gov.uk/ind/en/home/applying/british_nationality/advice_about_nationality/bn5_-_provisions_for.html">Archived</a> May 2, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f8898.pdf">United States IRS Form 8898</a> (Renouncing citizenship).</li></ul></li> <li>Documentary Film on Stateless person <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ed_6nXLJfk/">Man without a nation-documentary film</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nationality_laws" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nationality_laws" title="Template:Nationality laws"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nationality_laws" title="Template talk:Nationality laws"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nationality_laws" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nationality laws"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nationality_laws" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law" title="Nationality law">Nationality laws</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By continent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_nationality_law" title="Algerian nationality law">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_nationality_law" title="Angolan nationality law">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beninese_nationality_law" title="Beninese nationality law">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswanan_nationality_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Botswanan nationality law">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkinabe_nationality_law" title="Burkinabe nationality law">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_nationality_law" title="Burundian nationality law">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_nationality_law" title="Cameroonian nationality law">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_nationality_law" title="Cape Verdean nationality law">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_nationality_law" title="Central African nationality law">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_nationality_law" title="Chadian nationality law">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comorian_nationality_law" title="Comorian nationality law">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_nationality_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Congolese nationality law">Congo Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_nationality_law" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo nationality law">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_nationality_law" title="Djiboutian nationality law">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationality_law" title="Egyptian nationality law">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_nationality_law" title="Equatoguinean nationality law">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_nationality_law" title="Eritrean nationality law">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emaswati_nationality_law" title="Emaswati nationality law">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_nationality_law" title="Ethiopian nationality law">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_nationality_law" title="Gabonese nationality law">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_nationality_law" title="Gambian nationality law">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_nationality_law" title="Ghanaian nationality law">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_nationality_law" title="Guinean nationality law">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissau-Guinean_nationality_law" title="Bissau-Guinean nationality law">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_nationality_law" title="Ivorian nationality law">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_nationality_law" title="Kenyan nationality law">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basotho_nationality_law" title="Basotho nationality law">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_nationality_law" title="Liberian nationality law">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_nationality_law" title="Libyan nationality law">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_nationality_law" title="Malagasy nationality law">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_nationality_law" title="Malawian nationality law">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_nationality_law" title="Malian nationality law">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritanian_nationality_law" title="Mauritanian nationality law">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_nationality_law" title="Mauritian nationality law">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_nationality_law" title="Moroccan nationality law">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_nationality_law" title="Mozambican nationality law">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_nationality_law" title="Namibian nationality law">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerien_nationality_law" title="Nigerien nationality law">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_nationality_law" title="Nigerian nationality law">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_nationality_law" title="Rwandan nationality law">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9an_nationality_law" title="São Toméan nationality law">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_nationality_law" title="Senegalese nationality law">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_nationality_law" title="Seychellois nationality law">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_nationality_law" title="Sierra Leonean nationality law">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_nationality_law" title="Somali nationality law">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_citizenship_and_nationality" class="mw-redirect" title="Somaliland citizenship and nationality">Somaliland</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_nationality_law" title="South African nationality law">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_nationality_law" title="South Sudanese nationality law">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_nationality_law" title="Sudanese nationality law">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_nationality_law" title="Tanzanian nationality law">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_nationality_law" title="Togolese nationality law">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_nationality_law" title="Tunisian nationality law">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_nationality_law" title="Ugandan nationality law">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_citizenship_and_nationality" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahrawi citizenship and nationality">Western Sahara</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_nationality_law" title="Zambian nationality law">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_nationality_law" title="Zimbabwean nationality law">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiguan_and_Barbudian_nationality_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiguan and Barbudian nationality law">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_nationality_law" title="Bahamian nationality law">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_nationality_law" title="Barbadian nationality law">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_nationality_law" title="Belizean nationality law">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_nationality_law" title="Canadian nationality law">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_nationality_law" title="Costa Rican nationality law">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_nationality_law" title="Cuban nationality law">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_nationality_law" title="Dominican nationality law">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic_nationality_law" title="Dominican Republic nationality law">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_nationality_law" title="Salvadoran nationality law">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_nationality_law" title="Danish nationality law">Greenland (Kingdom of Denmark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadian_nationality_law" title="Grenadian nationality law">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_nationality_law" title="Guatemalan nationality law">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haitian_nationality_and_citizenship" title="History of Haitian nationality and citizenship">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_nationality_law" title="Honduran nationality law">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_nationality_law" title="Jamaican nationality law">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_nationality_law" title="Mexican nationality law">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_nationality_law" title="Nicaraguan nationality law">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_nationality_law" title="Panamanian nationality law">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittitian_and_Nevisian_nationality_law" title="Kittitian and Nevisian nationality law">St. Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_nationality_law" title="Saint Lucian nationality law">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincentian_nationality_law" title="Vincentian nationality law">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_nationality_law" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian nationality law">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_nationality_law" title="United States nationality law">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_citizenship_and_nationality" title="Puerto Rican citizenship and nationality">Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islander_citizenship_and_nationality" title="United States Virgin Islander citizenship and nationality">US Virgin Islands</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_nationality_law" title="Argentine nationality law">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_nationality_law" title="Bolivian nationality law">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_nationality_law" title="Brazilian nationality law">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_nationality_law" title="Chilean nationality law">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_nationality_law" title="Colombian nationality law">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_nationality_law" title="Ecuadorian nationality law">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyanese_nationality_law" title="Guyanese nationality law">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_nationality_law" title="Paraguayan nationality law">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_nationality_law" title="Peruvian nationality law">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_nationality_law" title="Surinamese nationality law">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_nationality_law" title="Uruguayan nationality law">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_nationality_law" title="Venezuelan nationality law">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_nationality_law" title="Afghan nationality law">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_nationality_law" title="Bahraini nationality law">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationality_law" title="Bangladeshi nationality law">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_nationality_law" title="Bhutanese nationality law">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_nationality_law" title="Bruneian nationality law">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_nationality_law" title="Cambodian nationality law">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationality_law" title="Chinese nationality law">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timorese_nationality_law" title="East Timorese nationality law">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationality_law" title="Indian nationality law">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_nationality_law" title="Indonesian nationality law">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationality_law" title="Iranian nationality law">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationality_law" title="Iraqi nationality law">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_citizenship_law" title="Israeli citizenship law">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationality_law" title="Japanese nationality law">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_nationality_law" title="Jordanian nationality law">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstani_nationality_law" title="Kazakhstani nationality law">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyrgyzstani_nationality_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyrgyzstani nationality law (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_nationality_law" title="Kuwaiti nationality law">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laotian_nationality_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laotian nationality law (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nationality_law" title="Lebanese nationality law">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_nationality_law" title="Malaysian nationality law">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_nationality_law" title="Mongolian nationality law">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_nationality_law" title="Myanmar nationality law">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_nationality_law" title="Nepali nationality law">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_nationality_law" title="North Korean nationality law">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_nationality_law" title="Omani nationality law">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationality_law" title="Pakistani nationality law">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_nationality" title="History of Palestinian nationality">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_nationality_law" title="Philippine nationality law">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_nationality_law" title="Qatari nationality law">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_nationality_law" title="Saudi Arabian nationality law">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_nationality_law" title="Singaporean nationality law">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_nationality_law" title="South Korean nationality law">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_nationality_law" title="Sri Lankan nationality law">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationality_law" title="Syrian nationality law">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajikistani_nationality_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tajikistani nationality law (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationality_law" title="Taiwanese nationality law">Taiwan</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_nationality_law" title="Thai nationality law">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationality_law" title="Turkish nationality law">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_nationality_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen nationality law">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_nationality_law" title="Emirati nationality law">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzbek_nationality_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uzbek nationality law (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_passport" title="Vietnamese passport">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yemeni_nationality_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yemeni nationality law (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of the European Union">European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_nationality_law" title="Austrian nationality law">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_nationality_law" title="Belgian nationality law">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_nationality_law" title="Bulgarian nationality law">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_nationality_law" title="Croatian nationality law">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_nationality_law" title="Cypriot nationality law">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_nationality_law" title="Czech nationality law">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_nationality_law" title="Danish nationality law">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_nationality_law" title="Estonian nationality law">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_nationality_law" title="Finnish nationality law">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_nationality_law" title="French nationality law">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationality_law" title="German nationality law">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationality_law" title="Greek nationality law">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nationality_law" title="Hungarian nationality law">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_nationality_law" title="Icelandic nationality law">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationality_law" title="Irish nationality law">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_nationality_law" title="Latvian nationality law">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtensteiner_nationality_law" title="Liechtensteiner nationality law">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_nationality_law" title="Lithuanian nationality law">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_nationality_law" title="Luxembourg nationality law">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_nationality_law" title="Maltese nationality law">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_nationality_law" title="Dutch nationality law">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_nationality_law" title="Norwegian nationality law">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_nationality_law" title="Polish nationality law">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_nationality_law" title="Portuguese nationality law">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_nationality_law" title="Romanian nationality law">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_nationality_law" title="Slovak nationality law">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_nationality_law" title="Slovenian nationality law">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationality_law" title="Spanish nationality law">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_nationality_law" title="Swedish nationality law">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_nationality_law" title="Swiss nationality law">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">Rest of Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationality_law" title="Albanian nationality law">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_nationality_law" title="Armenian nationality law">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorran_nationality_law" title="Andorran nationality law">Andorra</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_nationality_law" title="Azerbaijani nationality law">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian citizenship">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_nationality_law" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina nationality law">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_nationality_law" title="Georgian nationality law">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovan_nationality_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovan nationality law">Kosovo</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_nationality_law" title="Moldovan nationality law">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_nationality_law" title="Monégasque nationality law">Monaco</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nationality_law" title="Montenegrin nationality law">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law_of_North_Macedonia" title="Nationality law of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus_citizenship" title="Northern Cyprus citizenship">Northern Cyprus</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_citizenship_law" title="Russian citizenship law">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino_nationality_law" title="San Marino nationality law">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationality_law" title="Serbian nationality law">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationality_law" title="Turkish nationality law">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationality_law" title="Ukrainian nationality law">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationality_law" title="Australian nationality law">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_nationality_law" title="Micronesian nationality law">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_nationality_law" title="Fijian nationality law">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_nationality_law" title="Nauruan nationality law">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-Kiribati_nationality_law" title="I-Kiribati nationality law">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_nationality_law" title="Marshallese nationality law">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_nationality_law" title="New Zealand nationality law">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_nationality_law" title="Palauan nationality law">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_nationality_law" title="Papua New Guinean nationality law">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_nationality_law" title="Samoan nationality law">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_nationality_law" title="Solomon Islands nationality law">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_nationality_law" title="Tongan nationality law">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_nationality_law" title="Tuvaluan nationality law">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_nationality_law" title="United States nationality law">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_Samoan_citizenship_and_nationality" title="American Samoan citizenship and nationality">American Samoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_citizenship_and_nationality" title="Northern Mariana citizenship and nationality">Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guamanian_citizenship_and_nationality" title="Guamanian citizenship and nationality">Guam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni-Vanuatu_nationality_law" title="Ni-Vanuatu nationality law">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em; text-align:center;">International organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_citizen" title="Commonwealth citizen">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_citizenship" title="European Union citizenship">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_Mercosur" title="Citizenship of the Mercosur">Mercosur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Passport_Union" title="Nordic Passport Union">Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARICOM_Single_Market_and_Economy" title="CARICOM Single Market and Economy">Caribbean Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union#Migration" title="African Union">African Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By procedure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_citizenship" title="Loss of citizenship">Loss of citizenship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denaturalization" title="Denaturalization">Denaturalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renunciation_of_citizenship" title="Renunciation of citizenship">Renunciation of citizenship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">Naturalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_aboard_aircraft_and_ships" title="Birth aboard aircraft and ships">Birth aboard aircraft and ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ius_sanguinis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ius sanguinis">Ius sanguinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ius_soli" class="mw-redirect" title="Ius soli">Ius soli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repatriation" title="Repatriation">Repatriation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By result</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">Multiple citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport" title="Passport">Passport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_passport" title="Internal passport">Internal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_residency" title="Permanent residency">Permanent residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_return" title="Right of return">Right of return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">Second-class citizen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Statelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">Travel visa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_nationality_law" title="Soviet nationality law">Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size:88%;"><div> <ul><li>1 <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a>.</li> <li>2 Open border with <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a>.</li> <li>3 Partially recognized.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nationality_law" title="Category:Nationality law">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_class" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_class" title="Template:Social class"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_class" title="Template talk:Social class"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_class" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social class"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_class" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">Social class</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">Status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Stratum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_classes" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic classes">Economic classes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_model" title="Gilbert model">Gilbert model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_class_theory" title="Marxian class theory">Marxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_class" title="New class">New class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoon_class_theory" title="Spoon class theory">Spoon class theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-component_theory_of_stratification" title="Three-component theory of stratification">Weberian (three-component)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattering_classes" title="Chattering classes">Chattering classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Class society">Class society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_traitor" title="Class traitor">Class traitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicide" title="Classicide">Classicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_society" title="High society">High society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_riche" title="Nouveau riche">Nouveau riche</a> / <a href="/wiki/Parvenu" title="Parvenu">Parvenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_society" title="Ranked society">Ranked society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">Social mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_orphan" title="Social orphan">Social orphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_position" title="Social position">Social position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subaltern_(postcolonialism)" title="Subaltern (postcolonialism)">Subaltern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_Anxiety" title="Status Anxiety">Status Anxiety</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_demographic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="demographic">By demographic</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_detention" title="Administrative detention">Administrative detainee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_(law)" title="Alien (law)">Alien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal immigrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">dual or multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">native-born</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">second-class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clique" title="Clique">Clique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_clique" title="Adolescent clique">adolescent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_rights_due_to_conviction_for_criminal_offense" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of rights due to conviction for criminal offense">Convicted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_worker" title="Migrant worker">Migrant worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">Political prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">Socioeconomic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stateless</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By "<a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">collar</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_worker" title="Blue-collar worker">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-collar_worker" title="Green-collar worker">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-collar" title="Grey-collar">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-collar_worker" title="New-collar worker">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-collar_worker" title="Pink-collar worker">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristoi" title="Aristoi">Aristoi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseaten_(class)" title="Hanseaten (class)">Hanseaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">Magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian oligarch">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Patrician <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)" title="Patrician (post-Roman Europe)">Post-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_class" title="Political class">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_family" title="Political family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families" title="List of political families">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_politicians" title="Hereditary politicians">Hereditary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">Royal family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">Intellectual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_worker" title="Knowledge worker">Knowledge worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">Scholar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhetri" title="Chhetri">Chhetri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_warrior" title="Eagle warrior">Cuāuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Hashashin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nair_castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nair castes">Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar_warrior" title="Jaguar warrior">Ocēlōtl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendekar" title="Pendekar">Pendekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartiate" title="Spartiate">Spartiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanniyar" title="Vanniyar">Vanniyar</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vanniar_(Chieftain)" title="Vanniar (Chieftain)">Vanniar (Chieftain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">Business magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landed_nobility" title="Landed nobility">Landed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petty_nobility" title="Petty nobility">Petty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_money" title="Old money">Old money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overclass" title="Overclass">Overclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)" title="Robber baron (industrialist)">Robber baron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seigneur" title="Seigneur">Seigneur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superclass_(book)" title="Superclass (book)">Superclass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Creative_class" title="Creative class">Creative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">Middle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petite_bourgeoisie" title="Petite bourgeoisie">Petite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_(social_class)" title="Burgher (social class)">Burgher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_middle_class" title="Lower middle class">Lower middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class" title="Upper middle class">Upper middle class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">Working</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">Commoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazzaroni_(Naples)" title="Lazzaroni (Naples)">Lazzaroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">Lumpenproletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pea-pickers" title="Pea-pickers">Pea-pickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precariat" title="Precariat">Precariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">Working poor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Underclass" title="Underclass">Under</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_tribe" title="Ant tribe">Ant tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcast_(person)" title="Outcast (person)">Outcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">Outlaw</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prisoner" title="Prisoner">Prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebeian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_tribe" title="Rat tribe">Rat tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slave</a> / <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_country_or_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="country">By country or region</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="United_States" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_American_history" title="Social class in American history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_mobility_in_the_United_States" title="Socioeconomic mobility in the United States">Mobility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Social class in the United States">Classes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_upper_class" title="American upper class">Upper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Donor Class">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_gentry" title="American gentry">Gentry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican-American_middle_class" title="Mexican-American middle class">Mexican-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class_in_the_United_States" title="Upper middle class in the United States">Upper Middle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Underprivileged</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_lower_class" title="American lower class">Lower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Under</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_States" title="Income in the United States">Income</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home-ownership_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Home-ownership in the United States">Home-ownership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other regions or countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_systems_in_Africa" title="Caste systems in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_society" title="Belizean society">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Cambodia" title="Social class in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_China" title="Social structure of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Colombia" title="Social class in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_France" title="Social class in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Haiti" title="Social class in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Iran" title="Social class in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Luxembourg" title="Social class in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_Nepal" title="Caste system in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_New_Zealand" title="Social class in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Nigeria" title="Social class in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_Romania" title="Social structure of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Social class in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Tibet" title="Social class in Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_18th-century_Spain" title="Social class in 18th-century Spain">18th-century Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_classes_in_ancient_Greece" title="Category:Social classes in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Aztec_society" title="Social class in Aztec society">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Social class in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_occupations" title="Four occupations">Pre-industrial East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">Pre-industrial Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Social_classes" title="Category:Social classes">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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