Exfiltration Over Alternative Protocol: Exfiltration Over Asymmetric Encrypted Non-C2 Protocol, Sub-technique T1048.002 - Enterprise

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The data may also be sent to an alternate network location from the main command and control server. </p><p>Asymmetric encryption algorithms are those that use different keys on each end of the channel. Also known as public-key cryptography, this requires pairs of cryptographic keys that can encrypt/decrypt data from the corresponding key. Each end of the communication channels requires a private key (only in the procession of that entity) and the public key of the other entity. The public keys of each entity are exchanged before encrypted communications begin. </p><p>Network protocols that use asymmetric encryption (such as HTTPS/TLS/SSL) often utilize symmetric encryption once keys are exchanged. Adversaries may opt to use these encrypted mechanisms that are baked into a protocol. </p> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"> <div class="row card-data" id="card-id"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">ID: </span>T1048.002 </div> </div>  <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Sub-technique of: </span> <a href="/techniques/T1048">T1048</a> </div> </div>  <div id="card-tactics" class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"> <span data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="left" title="" data-test-ignore="true" data-original-title="The tactic objectives that the (sub-)technique can be used to accomplish">ⓘ</span> </div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Tactic:</span> <a href="/tactics/TA0010">Exfiltration</a> </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"> <span data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="left" title="" data-test-ignore="true" data-original-title="The system an adversary is operating within; could be an operating system or application">ⓘ</span> </div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Platforms: </span>Linux, Windows, macOS </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Contributors: </span>William Cain </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Version: </span>1.1 </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Created: </span>15 March 2020 </div> </div> <div class="row card-data"> <div class="col-md-1 px-0 text-center"></div> <div class="col-md-11 pl-0"> <span class="h5 card-title">Last Modified: </span>15 October 2021 </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text-center pt-2 version-button live"> <div class="live"> <a data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" title="Permalink to this version of T1048.002" href="/versions/v16/techniques/T1048/002/" data-test-ignore="true">Version Permalink</a> </div> <div class="permalink"> <a data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" title="Go to the live version of T1048.002" href="/versions/v16/techniques/T1048/002/" data-test-ignore="true">Live Version</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h2 class="pt-3" id ="examples">Procedure Examples</h2> <div class="tables-mobile"> <table class="table table-bordered table-alternate mt-2"> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col">ID</th> <th scope="col">Name</th> <th scope="col">Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G0007"> G0007 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G0007"> APT28 </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G0007">APT28</a> has exfiltrated archives of collected data previously staged on a target's OWA server via HTTPS.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-1') id="scite-ref-1-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="NSA, CISA, FBI, NCSC. (2021, July). Russian GRU Conducting Global Brute Force Campaign to Compromise Enterprise and Cloud Environments. Retrieved July 26, 2021."data-reference="Cybersecurity Advisory GRU Brute Force Campaign July 2021"><sup><a href="https://media.defense.gov/2021/Jul/01/2002753896/-1/-1/1/CSA_GRU_GLOBAL_BRUTE_FORCE_CAMPAIGN_UOO158036-21.PDF" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="0" aria-describedby="qtip-0">[1]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/groups/G1012"> G1012 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/groups/G1012"> CURIUM </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/groups/G1012">CURIUM</a> has used SMTPS to exfiltrate collected data from victims.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-2') id="scite-ref-2-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="PwC Threat Intelligence. (2023, October 25). Yellow Liderc ships its scripts and delivers IMAPLoader malware. Retrieved August 14, 2024."data-reference="PWC Yellow Liderc 2023"><sup><a href="https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/cybersecurity/cyber-threat-intelligence/yellow-liderc-ships-its-scripts-delivers-imaploader-malware.html" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="1" aria-describedby="qtip-1">[2]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S0483"> S0483 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S0483"> IcedID </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S0483">IcedID</a> has exfiltrated collected data via HTTPS.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-3') id="scite-ref-3-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="DFIR. (2021, March 29). Sodinokibi (aka REvil) Ransomware. Retrieved July 22, 2024."data-reference="DFIR_Sodinokibi_Ransomware"><sup><a href="https://thedfirreport.com/2021/03/29/sodinokibi-aka-revil-ransomware/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="2" aria-describedby="qtip-2">[3]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/software/S1040"> S1040 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/software/S1040"> Rclone </a> </td> <td> <p><a href="/software/S1040">Rclone</a> can exfiltrate data over SFTP or HTTPS via WebDAV.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-4') id="scite-ref-4-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Nick Craig-Wood. (n.d.). Rclone syncs your files to cloud storage. Retrieved August 30, 2022."data-reference="Rclone"><sup><a href="https://rclone.org" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="3" aria-describedby="qtip-3">[4]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/campaigns/C0024"> C0024 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/campaigns/C0024"> SolarWinds Compromise </a> </td> <td> <p>During the <a href="https://attack.mitre.org/campaigns/C0024">SolarWinds Compromise</a>, <a href="/groups/G0016">APT29</a> exfiltrated collected data over a simple HTTPS request to a password-protected archive staged on a victim's OWA servers.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-5') id="scite-ref-5-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Cash, D. et al. (2020, December 14). Dark Halo Leverages SolarWinds Compromise to Breach Organizations. Retrieved December 29, 2020."data-reference="Volexity SolarWinds"><sup><a href="https://www.volexity.com/blog/2020/12/14/dark-halo-leverages-solarwinds-compromise-to-breach-organizations/" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="4" aria-describedby="qtip-4">[5]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <h2 class="pt-3" id ="mitigations">Mitigations</h2> <div class="tables-mobile"> <table class="table table-bordered table-alternate mt-2"> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col">ID</th> <th scope="col">Mitigation</th> <th scope="col">Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1057"> M1057 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1057"> Data Loss Prevention </a> </td> <td> <p>Data loss prevention can detect and block sensitive data being uploaded via web browsers.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1037"> M1037 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1037"> Filter Network Traffic </a> </td> <td> <p>Enforce proxies and use dedicated servers for services such as DNS and only allow those systems to communicate over respective ports/protocols, instead of all systems within a network. </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1031"> M1031 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1031"> Network Intrusion Prevention </a> </td> <td> <p>Network intrusion detection and prevention systems that use network signatures to identify traffic for specific adversary command and control infrastructure and malware can be used to mitigate activity at the network level. </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1030"> M1030 </a> </td> <td> <a href="/mitigations/M1030"> Network Segmentation </a> </td> <td> <p>Follow best practices for network firewall configurations to allow only necessary ports and traffic to enter and exit the network.<span onclick=scrollToRef('scite-6') id="scite-ref-6-a" class="scite-citeref-number" title="Microsoft. (2004, February 6). Perimeter Firewall Design. Retrieved April 25, 2016."data-reference="TechNet Firewall Design"><sup><a href="https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc700828.aspx" target="_blank" data-hasqtip="5" aria-describedby="qtip-5">[6]</a></sup></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <h2 class="pt-3" id="detection">Detection</h2> <div class="tables-mobile"> <table class="table datasources-table table-bordered"> <thead> <tr> <th class="p-2" scope="col">ID</th> <th class="p-2 nowrap" scope="col">Data Source</th> <th class="p-2 nowrap" scope="col">Data Component</th> <th class="p-2" scope="col">Detects</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr class="datasource" id="uses-DS0017"> <td> <a href="/datasources/DS0017">DS0017</a> </td> <td class="nowrap"> <a href="/datasources/DS0017">Command</a> </td>  <td> <a href="/datasources/DS0017/#Command%20Execution">Command Execution</a> </td> <td> <p>Monitor executed commands and arguments that may steal data by exfiltrating it over a symmetrically encrypted network protocol other than that of the existing command and control channel.</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="datasource" id="uses-DS0022"> <td> <a href="/datasources/DS0022">DS0022</a> </td> <td class="nowrap"> <a href="/datasources/DS0022">File</a> </td>  <td> <a href="/datasources/DS0022/#File%20Access">File Access</a> </td> <td> <p>Monitor files viewed in isolation that may steal data by exfiltrating it over a symmetrically encrypted network protocol other than that of the existing command and control channel.</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="datasource" id="uses-DS0029"> <td> <a href="/datasources/DS0029">DS0029</a> </td> <td class="nowrap"> <a href="/datasources/DS0029">Network Traffic</a> </td>  <td> <a href="/datasources/DS0029/#Network%20Connection%20Creation">Network Connection Creation</a> </td> <td> <p>Monitor for newly constructed network connections that are sent or received by untrusted hosts. </p> </td> </tr> <tr class="datacomponent datasource" id="uses-DS0029-Network Traffic Content"> <td></td> <td></td> <td> <a href="/datasources/DS0029/#Network%20Traffic%20Content">Network Traffic Content</a> </td> <td> <p>Monitor and analyze traffic patterns and packet inspection associated to protocol(s) that do not follow the expected protocol standards and traffic flows (e.g extraneous packets that do not belong to established flows, gratuitous or anomalous traffic patterns, anomalous syntax, or structure). Consider correlation with process monitoring and command line to detect anomalous processes execution and command line arguments associated to traffic patterns (e.g. monitor anomalies in use of files that do not normally initiate connections for respective protocol(s)).</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="datacomponent datasource" id="uses-DS0029-Network Traffic Flow"> <td></td> <td></td> <td> <a href="/datasources/DS0029/#Network%20Traffic%20Flow">Network Traffic Flow</a> </td> <td> <p>Monitor network data for uncommon data flows. Processes utilizing the network that do not normally have network communication or have never been seen before are suspicious.</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <h2 class="pt-3" id="references">References</h2> <div class="row"> <div class="col"> <ol> <li> <span id="scite-1" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-1" href="https://media.defense.gov/2021/Jul/01/2002753896/-1/-1/1/CSA_GRU_GLOBAL_BRUTE_FORCE_CAMPAIGN_UOO158036-21.PDF" target="_blank"> NSA, CISA, FBI, NCSC. (2021, July). Russian GRU Conducting Global Brute Force Campaign to Compromise Enterprise and Cloud Environments. Retrieved July 26, 2021. </a> </span> </span> </li> <li> <span id="scite-2" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-2" href="https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/cybersecurity/cyber-threat-intelligence/yellow-liderc-ships-its-scripts-delivers-imaploader-malware.html" target="_blank"> PwC Threat Intelligence. (2023, October 25). Yellow Liderc ships its scripts and delivers IMAPLoader malware. Retrieved August 14, 2024. </a> </span> </span> </li> <li> <span id="scite-3" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-3" href="https://thedfirreport.com/2021/03/29/sodinokibi-aka-revil-ransomware/" target="_blank"> DFIR. (2021, March 29). Sodinokibi (aka REvil) Ransomware. Retrieved July 22, 2024. </a> </span> </span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="col"> <ol start="4.0"> <li> <span id="scite-4" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-4" href="https://rclone.org" target="_blank"> Nick Craig-Wood. (n.d.). Rclone syncs your files to cloud storage. Retrieved August 30, 2022. </a> </span> </span> </li> <li> <span id="scite-5" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-5" href="https://www.volexity.com/blog/2020/12/14/dark-halo-leverages-solarwinds-compromise-to-breach-organizations/" target="_blank"> Cash, D. et al. (2020, December 14). Dark Halo Leverages SolarWinds Compromise to Breach Organizations. Retrieved December 29, 2020. </a> </span> </span> </li> <li> <span id="scite-6" class="scite-citation"> <span class="scite-citation-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" name="scite-6" href="https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc700828.aspx" target="_blank"> Microsoft. (2004, February 6). Perimeter Firewall Design. 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