CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Alexander II of Russia - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"3bf5dda6-1998-4d48-b410-28b7b05d4f9c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Alexander_II_of_Russia","wgTitle":"Alexander II of Russia","wgCurRevisionId":1258587353,"wgRevisionId":1258587353,"wgArticleId":41988252,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles containing Russian-language text","CS1 Danish-language sources (da)","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)","CS1 Italian-language sources (it)","CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)","CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)", "Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from April 2022","Use British English from November 2012","Pages with Russian IPA","All articles with incomplete citations","Articles with incomplete citations from April 2023","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021","Articles containing Polish-language text","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2011","All articles that may contain original research","Articles that may contain original research from October 2011","Articles needing additional references from March 2022","All articles needing additional references","All articles with self-published sources", "Articles with self-published sources from January 2021","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica","Webarchive template archiveis links","Commons link from Wikidata","CS1: long volume value","Alexander II of Russia","1818 births","1881 deaths","1881 murders in Europe","19th-century Russian monarchs","19th-century Polish monarchs","19th-century murdered monarchs","Burials at Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg","Assassinated politicians from the Russian Empire","Children of Nicholas I of Russia","Circassian genocide perpetrators","Deaths by suicide bomber","Deaths from bleeding","Extra Knights Companion of the Garter","Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour","Grand Crosses of the Order of Aviz","Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal)","Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint-Charles", "Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint James of the Sword","Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary","House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov","Knights Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa","Knights Grand Cross of the Military Order of William","Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain","Murdered Russian monarchs","Royalty from Moscow","People from Moscow Governorate","People murdered in Russia","People of the Caucasian War","Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class","Recipients of the Order of St. George of the First Degree","Recipients of the Order of the Netherlands Lion","Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)","Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)","Heads of state of Finland","Emperors of Russia","Grand dukes of Russia","Russian people of the Crimean War","Russian people of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)","Russian terrorism victims","Sons of Russian emperors","Assassinated heads of state in Europe", "Assassinated Russian politicians","Politicians assassinated in the 1880s","Deaths by explosive device"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Alexander_II_of_Russia","wgRelevantArticleId":41988252,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false, "wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q83171","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Zar_Alexander_II_%28cropped%29.jpg/1200px-Zar_Alexander_II_%28cropped%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1718"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Zar_Alexander_II_%28cropped%29.jpg/800px-Zar_Alexander_II_%28cropped%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1145"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Zar_Alexander_II_%28cropped%29.jpg/640px-Zar_Alexander_II_%28cropped%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="916"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Alexander II of Russia - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_II_of_Russia&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Alexander_II_of_Russia rootpage-Alexander_II_of_Russia skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Alexander+II+of+Russia" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Alexander+II+of+Russia" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Alexander+II+of+Russia" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Alexander+II+of+Russia" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Reign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emancipation_of_the_serfs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emancipation_of_the_serfs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Emancipation of the serfs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emancipation_of_the_serfs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Additional reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reaction_after_1866" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reaction_after_1866"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Reaction after 1866</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reaction_after_1866-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suppression_of_separatist_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suppression_of_separatist_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Suppression of separatist movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suppression_of_separatist_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encouraging_Finnish_nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encouraging_Finnish_nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Encouraging Finnish nationalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encouraging_Finnish_nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Foreign affairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-End_of_the_Caucasian_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_Caucasian_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>End of the Caucasian War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_Caucasian_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberation_of_Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberation_of_Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Liberation of Bulgaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberation_of_Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination_attempts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination_attempts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Assassination attempts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassination_attempts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Assassination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriages_and_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriages_and_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Marriages and children</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Marriages_and_children-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Marriages and children subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Marriages_and_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>First marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Second marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_nonfiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_nonfiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In nonfiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_nonfiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ancestors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honours-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Honours subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alexander II of Russia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 90 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-90" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">90 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_II_van_Rusland" title="Aleksander II van Rusland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aleksander II van Rusland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%E1%8A%9B_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8C%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B3%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%AD" title="2ኛ አሌክሳንደር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="2ኛ አሌክሳንደር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_II" title="Aleksander II – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Aleksander II" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_II_Russena_Casere" title="Alexander II Russena Casere – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Alexander II Russena Casere" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="ألكسندر الثاني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألكسندر الثاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleixandre_II_de_Rusia" title="Aleixandre II de Rusia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Aleixandre II de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_II_de_Rusia" title="Alexandru II de Rusia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alexandru II de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Aleksandr" title="II Aleksandr – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="II Aleksandr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_II" title="Александр II – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Александр II" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_II_(%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96)" title="Аляксандр II (імператар расійскі) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аляксандр II (імператар расійскі)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_II" title="Аляксандар II – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аляксандар II" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_II_(%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Александър II (Русия) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Александър II (Русия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_II,_car_Rusije" title="Aleksandar II, car Rusije – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Aleksandar II, car Rusije" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_II_(Rusia)" title="Aleksandr II (Rusia) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aleksandr II (Rusia)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_II_de_R%C3%BAssia" title="Alexandre II de Rússia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alexandre II de Rússia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_II" title="Александр II – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Александр II" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandr_II._Nikolajevi%C4%8D" title="Alexandr II. Nikolajevič – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alexandr II. Nikolajevič" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alecsander_II,_tsar_Rwsia" title="Alecsander II, tsar Rwsia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Alecsander II, tsar Rwsia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_2._af_Rusland" title="Aleksandr 2. af Rusland – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aleksandr 2. af Rusland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_II._(Russland)" title="Alexander II. (Russland) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alexander II. (Russland)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_II" title="Aleksander II – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aleksander II" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BE%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A1%CF%89%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Αλέξανδρος Β΄ της Ρωσίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλέξανδρος Β΄ της Ρωσίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_II_de_Rusia" title="Alejandro II de Rusia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alejandro II de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandro_la_2-a_(Rusio)" title="Aleksandro la 2-a (Rusio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aleksandro la 2-a (Rusio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandro_II.a_Errusiakoa" title="Alexandro II.a Errusiakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alexandro II.a Errusiakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87" title="الکساندر دوم، امپراتور روسیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الکساندر دوم، امپراتور روسیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_II_(empereur_de_Russie)" title="Alexandre II (empereur de Russie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alexandre II (empereur de Russie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_II_fan_Rusl%C3%A2n" title="Aleksander II fan Ruslân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Aleksander II fan Ruslân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alastar_II_na_R%C3%BAise" title="Alastar II na Rúise – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Alastar II na Rúise" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_II_de_Rusia" title="Alexandre II de Rusia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alexandre II de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%89%EC%82%B0%EB%93%9C%EB%A5%B4_2%EC%84%B8" title="알렉산드르 2세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알렉산드르 2세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80_II" title="Ալեքսանդր II – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալեքսանդր II" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF" title="अलेक्सांदर द्वितीय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अलेक्सांदर द्वितीय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_II.,_ruski_car" title="Aleksandar II., ruski car – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Aleksandar II., ruski car" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandr_la_2ma_di_Rusia" title="Alexandr la 2ma di Rusia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Alexandr la 2ma di Rusia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_II_dari_Rusia" title="Aleksandr II dari Rusia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aleksandr II dari Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_2._R%C3%BAssakeisari" title="Alexander 2. Rússakeisari – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alexander 2. Rússakeisari" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_II_di_Russia" title="Alessandro II di Russia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alessandro II di Russia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99,_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94" title="אלכסנדר השני, קיסר רוסיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלכסנדר השני, קיסר רוסיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_II_(%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98)" title="ალექსანდრე II (რუსეთი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალექსანდრე II (რუსეთი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_(%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9)" title="II Александр (Ресей) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="II Александр (Ресей)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_II" title="Александр II – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Александр II" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_II_(imperator_Russiae)" title="Alexander II (imperator Russiae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alexander II (imperator Russiae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandrs_II_Romanovs" title="Aleksandrs II Romanovs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aleksandrs II Romanovs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandras_II_(Rusija)" title="Aleksandras II (Rusija) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aleksandras II (Rusija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandru_II" title="Aleksandru II – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Aleksandru II" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._S%C3%A1ndor_orosz_c%C3%A1r" title="II. Sándor orosz cár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="II. Sándor orosz cár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_II_(%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Александар II (Русија) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Александар II (Русија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandra_II_an%27i_Rosia" title="Aleksandra II an'i Rosia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Aleksandra II an'i Rosia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0" title="रशियाचा दुसरा अलेक्झांडर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रशियाचा दुसरा अलेक्झांडर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_II_(%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98)" title="ალექსანდრე II (რუსეთი) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალექსანდრე II (რუსეთი)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89_(%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%87)" title="الكسندر التانى (حاكم من الامبراطوريه الروسيه) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكسندر التانى (حاكم من الامبراطوريه الروسيه)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_II_dari_Rusia" title="Aleksandr II dari Rusia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Aleksandr II dari Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80" title="II Александр – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="II Александр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_II_van_Rusland" title="Alexander II van Rusland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alexander II van Rusland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB2%E4%B8%96_(%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D)" title="アレクサンドル2世 (ロシア皇帝) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アレクサンドル2世 (ロシア皇帝)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_II._(Ruslun)" title="Aleksander II. (Ruslun) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Aleksander II. (Ruslun)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_II_av_Russland" title="Aleksander II av Russland – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aleksander II av Russland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_II_av_Russland" title="Aleksander II av Russland – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Aleksander II av Russland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_II_de_Russia" title="Alexandre II de Russia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alexandre II de Russia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_II" title="Aleksandr II – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aleksandr II" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B2%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B1_II" title="الیگزنڈر II – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الیگزنڈر II" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81" title="الكساندر نيكولاېويچ رومانوف – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="الكساندر نيكولاېويچ رومانوف" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_II_Romanow" title="Aleksander II Romanow – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aleksander II Romanow" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_II_da_R%C3%BAssia" title="Alexandre II da Rússia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alexandre II da Rússia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Aleksandr_(Rusiye)" title="II Aleksandr (Rusiye) – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="II Aleksandr (Rusiye)" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_al_II-lea_al_Rusiei" title="Alexandru al II-lea al Rusiei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alexandru al II-lea al Rusiei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_II._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Александр II. Николаевич – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Александр II. Николаевич" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_II" title="Александр II – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Александр II" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A5%A8" title="अलेक्ज़ांडर २ – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अलेक्ज़ांडर २" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_II_o_Roushie" title="Alexander II o Roushie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Alexander II o Roushie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alexander II of Russia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_II._(Rusko)" title="Alexander II. (Rusko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alexander II. (Rusko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_II._Ruski" title="Aleksander II. Ruski – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Aleksander II. Ruski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%DB%8E%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%DB%95%D9%85%DB%8C_%DA%95%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ئەلێکساندەری دووەمی ڕووسیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەلێکساندەری دووەمی ڕووسیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_II_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Александар II Николајевич – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Александар II Николајевич" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_II_od_Rusije" title="Aleksandar II od Rusije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aleksandar II od Rusije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksanteri_II_(Ven%C3%A4j%C3%A4)" title="Aleksanteri II (Venäjä) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aleksanteri II (Venäjä)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_II_av_Ryssland" title="Alexander II av Ryssland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alexander II av Ryssland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="உருசியாவின் இரண்டாம் அலெக்சாந்தர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உருசியாவின் இரண்டாம் அலெக்சாந்தர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_II" title="Александр II – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Александр II" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="จักรพรรดิอะเลคซันดร์ที่ 2 แห่งรัสเซีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิอะเลคซันดร์ที่ 2 แห่งรัสเซีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8_II" title="Александри II – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Александри II" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Aleksandr" title="II. Aleksandr – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="II. Aleksandr" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_II_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80)" title="Олександр II (російський імператор) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Олександр II (російський імператор)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%90%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89%D8%B1_II" title="ئالېكساندىر II – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئالېكساندىر II" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_II_c%E1%BB%A7a_Nga" title="Aleksandr II của Nga – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Aleksandr II của Nga" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96%EF%BC%88%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%EF%BC%89" title="亚历山大二世（俄国） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="亚历山大二世（俄国）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF)" title="亞歷山大二世 (俄羅斯) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="亞歷山大二世 (俄羅斯)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF)" title="亚历山大二世 (俄罗斯) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亚历山大二世 (俄罗斯)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q83171#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Alexander_II_of_Russia" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_II_of_Russia&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_II_of_Russia&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_II_of_Russia&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_II_of_Russia&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Alexander_II_of_Russia" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_II_of_Russia&oldid=1258587353" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_II_of_Russia&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Alexander_II_of_Russia&id=1258587353&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAlexander_II_of_Russia"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAlexander_II_of_Russia"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Alexander_II_of_Russia&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_II_of_Russia&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Alexander_II_of_Russia" hreflang="en"><span>Wikisource</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q83171" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Emperor of Russia from 1855 to 1881</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is <i> Nikolayevich</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/Romanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanov">Romanov</a></i>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Alexander II</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Zar_Alexander_II_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black-and-white photograph of Alexander in his 60s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Zar_Alexander_II_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Zar_Alexander_II_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Zar_Alexander_II_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Zar_Alexander_II_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Zar_Alexander_II_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Zar_Alexander_II_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1987" data-file-height="2844" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Photograph, 1878–81</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Russia" title="Emperor of Russia">Emperor of Russia</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">2 March 1855 – 13 March 1881</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Russian_monarch" title="Coronation of the Russian monarch">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7 September 1856</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1818-04-29</span>)</span>29 April 1818<br /><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Kremlin">Moscow Kremlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Governorate" title="Moscow Governorate">Moscow Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">13 March 1881<span style="display:none">(1881-03-13)</span> (aged 62)<br /><a href="/wiki/Winter_Palace" title="Winter Palace">Winter Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, Russian Empire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral,_Saint_Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg">Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg</a>, Russian Empire</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Alexandrovna_(Marie_of_Hesse)" title="Maria Alexandrovna (Marie of Hesse)">Marie of Hesse and by Rhine</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1841; died 1880)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Mikhailovna_Dolgorukova" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine Mikhailovna Dolgorukova">Catherine Mikhailovna Dolgorukova</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Morganatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Morganatic">morganatic</a>)</small></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1880)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Marriages_and_children">among others...</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Alexandra_Alexandrovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Alexandra Alexandrovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Alexandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Alexandrovich,_Tsesarevich_of_Russia" title="Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsesarevich of Russia">Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsesarevich of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Vladimir_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Alexei_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Alexei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Alexandrovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia">Maria, Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Sergei_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Sergei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Paul_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Paul</a><br />Legitimized:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George_Yuryevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince George Yuryevsky">Prince George Yuryevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Olga_Alexandrovna_Yurievskaya" title="Princess Olga Alexandrovna Yurievskaya">Princess Olga Yurievskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Catherine_Alexandrovna_Yurievskaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Catherine Alexandrovna Yurievskaya">Princess Catherine Yurievskaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Alexander Nikolayevich Romanov</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov">Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I of Russia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Feodorovna_(Charlotte_of_Prussia)" title="Alexandra Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia)">Charlotte of Prussia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodox">Russian Orthodox</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_II_of_Russia_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alexander II's signature"><img alt="Alexander II's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Alexander_II_of_Russia_signature.svg/125px-Alexander_II_of_Russia_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Alexander_II_of_Russia_signature.svg/188px-Alexander_II_of_Russia_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Alexander_II_of_Russia_signature.svg/250px-Alexander_II_of_Russia_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Alexander II</b> (Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Алекса́ндр II Никола́евич</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>:</small> <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Aleksándr II Nikoláyevich</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ɐlʲɪˈksandr<span class="wrap"> </span>ftɐˈroj<span class="wrap"> </span>nʲɪkɐˈlajɪvʲɪtɕ]</a></span>; 29 April 1818 – 13 March 1881)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Russia" title="Emperor of Russia">Emperor of Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">King of Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Finland" title="Grand Duke of Finland">Grand Duke of Finland</a> from 2 March 1855 until <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Assassination of Alexander II of Russia">his assassination in 1881</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1911561_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1911561-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexander's most significant reform as emperor was the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">emancipation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia" title="Serfdom in Russia">Russia's serfs</a> in 1861, for which he is known as <b>Alexander the Liberator</b> (Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Алекса́ндр Освободи́тель</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>:</small> <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Aleksándr Osvobodítel</i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ɐlʲɪˈksandr<span class="wrap"> </span>ɐsvəbɐˈdʲitʲɪlʲ]</a></span>). </p><p>The tsar was responsible for other <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> reforms, including reorganizing the judicial system, setting up elected local judges, abolishing <a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">corporal punishment</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Reformation_by_the_Tsar_Liberator_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reformation_by_the_Tsar_Liberator-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> promoting local self-government through the <i><a href="/wiki/Zemstvo" title="Zemstvo">zemstvo</a></i> system, imposing universal military service, ending some privileges of the nobility, and promoting university education. After an assassination attempt in 1866, Alexander adopted a somewhat more conservative stance until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alexander was also notable for his foreign policy, which was mainly pacifist, supportive of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and opposed to <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Great Britain</a>. Alexander backed the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> and sent warships to <a href="/wiki/New_York_Harbor" title="New York Harbor">New York Harbor</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay" title="San Francisco Bay">San Francisco Bay</a> to deter attacks by the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Navy" title="Confederate States Navy">Confederate Navy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">sold Alaska</a> to the United States in 1867, fearing the remote colony would fall into British hands in a future war.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sought peace, moved away from bellicose France when <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> fell in 1871, and in 1872 joined with <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria</a> in the <a href="/wiki/League_of_the_Three_Emperors" title="League of the Three Emperors">League of the Three Emperors</a> that stabilized the European situation. </p><p>Despite his otherwise pacifist foreign policy, he fought a brief war with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">1877–78</a>, leading to the independence of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Bulgaria" title="Principality of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Montenegro" title="Principality of Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Principalities_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Serbia</a>. He pursued further expansion into the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>, leading to the founding of <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a>; into the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, approving plans leading to the <a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian genocide</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-KingonMiliutin_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KingonMiliutin-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and into <a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a>. Although disappointed by the results of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a> in 1878, Alexander abided by that agreement. Among his greatest domestic challenges was an <a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">uprising in Poland</a> in 1863, to which he responded by stripping that land of its separate constitution and incorporating it directly into Russia. Alexander was proposing additional parliamentary reforms to counter the rise of nascent revolutionary and anarchistic movements when he was assassinated in 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_II_of_Russia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_prince_Alexander_Nikolaevich_(F._Kr%C3%BCger,_1830).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Grand_prince_Alexander_Nikolaevich_%28F._Kr%C3%BCger%2C_1830%29.jpg/180px-Grand_prince_Alexander_Nikolaevich_%28F._Kr%C3%BCger%2C_1830%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Grand_prince_Alexander_Nikolaevich_%28F._Kr%C3%BCger%2C_1830%29.jpg/270px-Grand_prince_Alexander_Nikolaevich_%28F._Kr%C3%BCger%2C_1830%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Grand_prince_Alexander_Nikolaevich_%28F._Kr%C3%BCger%2C_1830%29.jpg/360px-Grand_prince_Alexander_Nikolaevich_%28F._Kr%C3%BCger%2C_1830%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Grand Duke Alexander Nikolayevich, by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kr%C3%BCger" title="Franz Krüger">Franz Krüger</a>, 1830</figcaption></figure> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Alexander Nikolayevich was the eldest son of <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I of Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Fyodorovna_(Charlotte_of_Prussia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandra Fyodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia)">Charlotte of Prussia</a> (eldest daughter of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III of Prussia</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a>). His early life gave little indication of his ultimate potential; until the time of his accession in 1855, aged 37, few imagined that posterity would know him for implementing the most challenging reforms undertaken in Russia since the reign of <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter I of Russia">Peter the Great</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1911559–60_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1911559–60-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His uncle <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Emperor Alexander I</a> died childless. <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Konstantin_Pavlovich_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia">Grand Duke Konstantin</a>, the next-younger brother of Alexander I, had previously renounced his rights to the throne of Russia. Thus, Alexander's father, who was the third son of Paul I, became the new <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_all_the_Russias" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of all the Russias">Emperor</a>; he took the name <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a>. At that time, Alexander became <a href="/wiki/Tsesarevich" title="Tsesarevich">Tsesarevich</a> as his father's heir to the throne. </p><p>In the period of his life as <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a> (1825 to 1855), the intellectual atmosphere of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> did not favour any kind of change: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">freedom of thought</a> and all forms of private initiative were suppressed vigorously by the order of his father. Personal and official censorship was rife; criticism of the authorities was regarded as a serious offence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1911560_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1911560-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The education of the <a href="/wiki/Tsesarevich" title="Tsesarevich">tsesarevich</a> as future emperor took place under the supervision of the liberal romantic poet and gifted translator <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zhukovsky" title="Vasily Zhukovsky">Vasily Zhukovsky</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> grasping a smattering of a great many subjects and becoming familiar with the chief modern <a href="/wiki/European_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="European languages">European languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1911560_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1911560-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unusually for the time, the young Alexander was taken on a six-month tour of Russia (1837), visiting 20 provinces in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also visited many prominent Western European countries<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1838 and 1839. As Tsesarevich, Alexander became the first <a href="/wiki/Romanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanov">Romanov</a> heir to visit <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1837). While touring Russia, he also befriended the then-exiled poet <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Ivanovich_Herzen" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Ivanovich Herzen">Alexander Herzen</a> and pardoned him. It was through Herzen's influence that he later abolished <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a> in Russia. </p><p>In 1839, when his parents sent him on a tour of Europe, he met twenty-year-old <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> and they became acquainted. Simon Sebag Montefiore speculates that a small romance emerged. Such a marriage, however, would not work, as Alexander was not a minor prince of Europe and was in line to inherit a throne himself.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1847, Alexander donated money to <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)" title="History of Ireland (1801–1923)">Ireland</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He has been described as looking like a German, somewhat of a pacifist, a heavy smoker and card player.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_II_of_Russia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Entry_Processin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Entry_Processin.jpg/220px-Entry_Processin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Entry_Processin.jpg/330px-Entry_Processin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Entry_Processin.jpg/440px-Entry_Processin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1157" /></a><figcaption>Procession of Alexander II into <a href="/wiki/Dormition_Cathedral,_Moscow" title="Dormition Cathedral, Moscow">Dormition Cathedral</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Red_Porch" title="Red Porch">Red Porch</a> during his coronation</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mih%C3%A1ly_Zichy_-_Coronation_of_Alexander_II_(1857,_Hermitage)_detail_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Mih%C3%A1ly_Zichy_-_Coronation_of_Alexander_II_%281857%2C_Hermitage%29_detail_01.jpg/220px-Mih%C3%A1ly_Zichy_-_Coronation_of_Alexander_II_%281857%2C_Hermitage%29_detail_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Mih%C3%A1ly_Zichy_-_Coronation_of_Alexander_II_%281857%2C_Hermitage%29_detail_01.jpg/330px-Mih%C3%A1ly_Zichy_-_Coronation_of_Alexander_II_%281857%2C_Hermitage%29_detail_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Mih%C3%A1ly_Zichy_-_Coronation_of_Alexander_II_%281857%2C_Hermitage%29_detail_01.jpg/440px-Mih%C3%A1ly_Zichy_-_Coronation_of_Alexander_II_%281857%2C_Hermitage%29_detail_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="885" /></a><figcaption>The coronation of Emperor Alexander II and <a href="/wiki/Empress_Maria_Alexandrovna" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Maria Alexandrovna">Empress Maria Alexandrovna</a> on 26 August/7 September 1856 at the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Dormition" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of the Dormition">Dormition Cathedral</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Kremlin">Moscow Kremlin</a>, painting by Mihály Zichy. The painting depicts the moment when the Emperor crowned the Empress.</figcaption></figure> <p>The death of his father gave Alexander a diplomatic headache, for his father was engaged in open warfare in the southwest of his empire. On 15 January 1856, the new tsar took Russia out of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> on the very unfavourable terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1856)" title="Treaty of Paris (1856)">Treaty of Paris (1856)</a>, which included the loss of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet" title="Black Sea Fleet">Black Sea Fleet</a>, and the provision that the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> was to be a demilitarized zone similar to a contemporaneous region of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>. This gave him room to breathe and pursue an ambitious plan of domestic reforms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reforms">Reforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_II_of_Russia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_reforms_of_Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Government reforms of Alexander II of Russia">Government reforms of Alexander II of Russia</a></div> <p>Encouraged by public opinion, Alexander began a period of radical reforms, including an attempt not to depend on landed aristocracy controlling the poor, an effort to develop Russia's natural resources, and to reform all branches of the administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1911560_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1911560-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Boris_Chicherin" title="Boris Chicherin">Boris Chicherin</a> (1828–1904) was a political philosopher who believed that Russia needed a strong, authoritative government by Alexander to make the reforms possible. He praised Alexander for the range of his fundamental reforms, arguing that the tsar was: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>called upon to execute one of the hardest tasks which can confront an autocratic ruler: to completely remodel the enormous state which had been entrusted to his care, to abolish an age-old order founded on slavery, to replace it with civic decency and freedom, to establish justice in a country which had never known the meaning of legality, to redesign the entire administration, to introduce freedom of the press in the context of untrammeled authority, to call new forces to life at every turn and set them on firm legal foundations, to put a repressed and humiliated society on its feet, and to give it the chance to flex its muscles.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Emancipation_of_the_serfs">Emancipation of the serfs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_II_of_Russia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Emancipation of the serfs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">Emancipation reform of 1861</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_serfdom_in_Livonia" title="Abolition of serfdom in Livonia">Abolition of serfdom in Livonia</a></div> <p>Alexander II succeeded to the throne upon the death of his father in 1855. As Tsesarevich, he had been an enthusiastic supporter of his father's reactionary policies. That is, he always obeyed the autocratic ruler. But now he was the autocratic ruler himself, and fully intended to rule according to what he thought best. He rejected any moves to set up a parliamentary system that would curb his powers. He inherited a large mess that had been wrought by his father's fear of progress during his reign. Many of the other royal families of Europe had also disliked Nicholas I, which extended to distrust of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">Romanov dynasty</a> itself. Even so, there was no one more prepared to bring the country around than Alexander II.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first year of his reign was devoted to the prosecution of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> and, after the fall of <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a>, to negotiations for peace led by his trusted counsellor, Prince <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gorchakov" title="Alexander Gorchakov">Alexander Gorchakov</a>. The country had been exhausted and humiliated by the war.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bribe-taking, theft and corruption were rampant.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grigoriy_Myasoyedov_Reading_of_the_1861_Manifesto_1873.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Grigoriy_Myasoyedov_Reading_of_the_1861_Manifesto_1873.jpg/220px-Grigoriy_Myasoyedov_Reading_of_the_1861_Manifesto_1873.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Grigoriy_Myasoyedov_Reading_of_the_1861_Manifesto_1873.jpg/330px-Grigoriy_Myasoyedov_Reading_of_the_1861_Manifesto_1873.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Grigoriy_Myasoyedov_Reading_of_the_1861_Manifesto_1873.jpg/440px-Grigoriy_Myasoyedov_Reading_of_the_1861_Manifesto_1873.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1559" data-file-height="1016" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia" title="Serfdom in Russia">Russian peasants</a> reading the Emancipation Manifesto, an 1873 painting by <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Myasoyedov" class="mw-redirect" title="Grigory Myasoyedov">Grigory Myasoyedov</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Emancipation Reform of 1861 abolished <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a> on private estates throughout the Russian Empire. By this edict more than 23 million people received their liberty.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serfs gained the full rights of free citizens, including rights to marry without having to gain consent, to own property, and to own a business. The measure was the first and most important of the liberal reforms made by Alexander II. </p><p>Polish <a href="/wiki/Landed_proprietor" class="mw-redirect" title="Landed proprietor">landed proprietors</a> of the Lithuanian provinces presented a petition hoping that their relations with the serfs might be regulated in a way more satisfactory for the proprietors. Alexander II authorized the formation of committees "for ameliorating the condition of the peasants", and laid down the principles on which the amelioration was to be effected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1911560_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1911560-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without consulting his ordinary advisers, Alexander ordered the Minister of the Interior to send a circular to the provincial governors of <a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia" title="Serfdom in Russia">serfdom</a> was rare in other parts) containing a copy of the instructions forwarded to the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General">Governor-General</a> of Lithuania, praising the supposed generous, patriotic intentions of the Lithuanian landed proprietors, and suggesting that perhaps the landed proprietors of other provinces might express a similar desire. The hint was taken: in all provinces where serfdom existed, emancipation committees were formed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1911560_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1911560-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Iwanowitsch_Morosow_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Alexander_Iwanowitsch_Morosow_001.jpg/220px-Alexander_Iwanowitsch_Morosow_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Alexander_Iwanowitsch_Morosow_001.jpg/330px-Alexander_Iwanowitsch_Morosow_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Alexander_Iwanowitsch_Morosow_001.jpg/440px-Alexander_Iwanowitsch_Morosow_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1599" /></a><figcaption>Leaving church in <a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a>, 1864</figcaption></figure> <p>Emancipation was not a simple goal capable of being achieved instantaneously by imperial decree. It contained complicated problems, deeply affecting the economic, social, and political future of the nation. Alexander had to choose between the different measures recommended to him and decide, if the serfs would become agricultural laborers dependent economically and administratively on the landlords, or if the serfs would be transformed into a class of independent communal proprietors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1911560_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1911560-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emperor gave his support to the latter project, and the Russian peasantry became one of the last groups of peasants in Europe to shake off serfdom. The architects of the emancipation manifesto were Alexander's brother <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Konstantin_Nikolayevich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia">Konstantin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yakov_Rostovtsev" title="Yakov Rostovtsev">Yakov Rostovtsev</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Milyutin" title="Nikolay Milyutin">Nikolay Milyutin</a>. On 3 March 1861, six years after his accession, the emancipation law was signed and published. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Additional_reforms">Additional reforms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_II_of_Russia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Additional reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_reforms_of_Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Government reforms of Alexander II of Russia">Government reforms of Alexander II of Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alaska_Purchase_(hi-res).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Alaska_Purchase_%28hi-res%29.jpg/220px-Alaska_Purchase_%28hi-res%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Alaska_Purchase_%28hi-res%29.jpg/330px-Alaska_Purchase_%28hi-res%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Alaska_Purchase_%28hi-res%29.jpg/440px-Alaska_Purchase_%28hi-res%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3135" data-file-height="1548" /></a><figcaption>The US$7.2 million check used to <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">pay</a> for <a href="/wiki/Russian_Alaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Alaska">Russian Alaska</a> in 1867</figcaption></figure> <p>A host of new reforms followed in diverse areas.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tsar appointed <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Milyutin" title="Dmitry Milyutin">Dmitry Milyutin</a> to carry out significant reforms in the Russian armed forces. Further important changes were made concerning industry and commerce, and the new freedom thus afforded produced a large number of <a href="/wiki/Limited_liability_company" title="Limited liability company">limited liability companies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1911560_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1911560-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plans were formed for building a great network of railways, partly to develop the natural resources of the country, and partly to increase its power for defense and attack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1911560_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1911560-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Military reforms included universal <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a>, introduced for all social classes on 1 January 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the new regulation, as of 1861, conscription was compulsorily enforced only for the peasantry. Conscription had been 25 years for serfs who were drafted by their landowners, which was widely considered to be a life sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other military reforms included extending the reserve forces and the military district system, which split the Russian states into 15 military districts, a system still in use over a hundred years later. The building of strategic railways and an emphasis on the military education of the officer corps comprised further reforms. <a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">Corporal punishment</a> in the military and branding of soldiers as punishment were banned.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bulk of important military reforms were enacted as a result of the poor showing in the Crimean War. </p><p>A new judicial administration (1864), based on the French model, introduced security of tenure.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new <a href="/wiki/Penal_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal code">penal code</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judicial_reform_of_Alexander_II" title="Judicial reform of Alexander II">a greatly simplified system of civil and criminal procedure</a> also came into operation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1911560–561_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1911560–561-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reorganisation of the judiciary occurred to include trial in open court, with judges appointed for life, a jury system, and the creation of justices of the peace to deal with minor offences at local level. Legal historian Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Maine" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Maine">Henry Maine</a> credited Alexander II with the first great attempt since the time of <a href="/wiki/Grotius" class="mw-redirect" title="Grotius">Grotius</a> to codify and humanise the usages of war.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsar_Alexander_II_and_Kaser_Wilhelm_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Tsar_Alexander_II_and_Kaser_Wilhelm_I.jpg/220px-Tsar_Alexander_II_and_Kaser_Wilhelm_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Tsar_Alexander_II_and_Kaser_Wilhelm_I.jpg/330px-Tsar_Alexander_II_and_Kaser_Wilhelm_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Tsar_Alexander_II_and_Kaser_Wilhelm_I.jpg/440px-Tsar_Alexander_II_and_Kaser_Wilhelm_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="646" /></a><figcaption>Alexander II with his uncle, German Emperor <a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">William I</a>, on a hunting trip together, 1872</figcaption></figure> <p>Alexander's bureaucracy instituted an elaborate scheme of local self-government (<a href="/wiki/Zemstvo" title="Zemstvo">zemstvo</a>) for the rural districts (1864) and the large towns (1870), with elective assemblies possessing a restricted right of taxation, and a new rural and municipal police under the direction of the <a href="/wiki/MVD_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="MVD (Russia)">Minister of the Interior</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1911561_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1911561-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Alexander's rules <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Jews</a> could not own land, and were restricted in travel. However special taxes on Jews were eliminated and those who graduated from secondary school were permitted to live outside the <a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a>, and became eligible for state employment. Large numbers of educated Jews moved as soon as possible to Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and other major cities.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Russian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian America">Alaska colony</a> was losing money, and would be impossible to defend in wartime against Britain, so in 1867 Russia <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">sold Alaska</a> to the United States for $7.2 million (equivalent to $157 million in 2023). The Russian administrators, soldiers, settlers, and some of the priests returned home. Others stayed to minister to their native parishioners, who remain members of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> into the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reaction_after_1866">Reaction after 1866</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_II_of_Russia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reaction after 1866"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Russian_Empire_at_its_height_in_1866.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Map_of_the_Russian_Empire_at_its_height_in_1866.svg/270px-Map_of_the_Russian_Empire_at_its_height_in_1866.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Map_of_the_Russian_Empire_at_its_height_in_1866.svg/405px-Map_of_the_Russian_Empire_at_its_height_in_1866.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Map_of_the_Russian_Empire_at_its_height_in_1866.svg/540px-Map_of_the_Russian_Empire_at_its_height_in_1866.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> at its height in 1866</figcaption></figure> <p>Alexander maintained a generally liberal course.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radicals complained he did not go far enough, and he became a target for numerous assassination plots. He survived attempts that took place in 1866, 1879, and 1880. Finally 13 March [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 1 March] 1881, assassins organized by the <a href="/wiki/Narodnaya_Volya" title="Narodnaya Volya">Narodnaya Volya</a> (People's Will) party killed him with a bomb. The Emperor had earlier in the day signed the <a href="/wiki/Loris-Melikov%27s_constitutional_reform" title="Loris-Melikov's constitutional reform">Loris-Melikov constitution</a>, which would have created two legislative commissions made up of indirectly elected representatives, had it not been repealed by his reactionary successor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An attempted assassination in 1866 started a more conservative period that lasted until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tsar made a series of new appointments, replacing liberal ministers with conservatives.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Minister of Education <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Tolstoy" title="Dmitry Tolstoy">Dmitry Tolstoy</a>, liberal university courses and subjects that encouraged critical thinking were replaced by a more traditional curriculum, and from 1871 onwards only students from <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">gymnasiums</a> could progress to university.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1879, governor-generals were established with powers to prosecute in military courts and exile political offenders. The government also held show trials with the intention of deterring others from revolutionary activity, but after cases such as the <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_193" title="Trial of the 193">Trial of the 193</a> where sympathetic juries acquitted many of the defendants,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this was abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suppression_of_separatist_movements">Suppression of separatist movements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_II_of_Russia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Suppression of separatist movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bitwa_pod_Mrzyg%C5%82odem_1863.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bitwa_pod_Mrzyg%C5%82odem_1863.PNG/220px-Bitwa_pod_Mrzyg%C5%82odem_1863.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bitwa_pod_Mrzyg%C5%82odem_1863.PNG/330px-Bitwa_pod_Mrzyg%C5%82odem_1863.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bitwa_pod_Mrzyg%C5%82odem_1863.PNG/440px-Bitwa_pod_Mrzyg%C5%82odem_1863.PNG 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mrzyg%C5%82%C3%B3d" title="Battle of Mrzygłód">Battle of Mrzygłód</a> during the <a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a> in 1863</figcaption></figure> <p>After Alexander II became Emperor of Russia and <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Partitioned_Poland" title="List of rulers of Partitioned Poland">King of Poland</a> in 1855, he substantially relaxed the strict and repressive regime that had been imposed on <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a> after the <a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a> of 1830–1831.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (April 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>However, in 1856, at the beginning of his reign, Alexander made a memorable speech to the deputies of the Polish nobility who inhabited <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a>, Western <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, in which he warned against further concessions with the words, "Gentlemen, let us have no dreams!"<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This served as a warning to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The territories of the former <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland-Lithuania</a> were excluded from liberal policies introduced by Alexander. The result was the <a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a> of 1863–1864 that was suppressed after eighteen months of fighting. Hundreds of Poles were executed, and thousands were deported to <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>. The price of suppression was Russian support for the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">unification of Germany</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> in Lithuania, introduced in 1863, lasted for the next 40 years. Native languages, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>, were completely banned from printed texts, the <a href="/wiki/Ems_Ukaz" title="Ems Ukaz">Ems Ukase</a> being an example. The authorities banned use of the Latin script for writing Lithuanian. The <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish language</a> was banned in both oral and written form from all provinces except <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a>, where it was allowed in private conversations only. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Milyutin" title="Nikolay Milyutin">Nikolay Milyutin</a> was installed as governor and he decided that the best response to the January Uprising was to make reforms regarding the peasants. He devised a program which involved the emancipation of the peasantry at the expense of the nationalist <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">szlachta</a></i></span> landowners and the expulsion of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Poland" title="Catholic Church in Poland">Roman Catholic</a> priests from schools.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_serfdom_in_Poland" title="Abolition of serfdom in Poland">Emancipation</a> of the Polish peasantry from their <a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Poland" title="Serfdom in Poland">serf</a>-like status took place in 1864, on more generous terms than the emancipation of Russian peasants in 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encouraging_Finnish_nationalism">Encouraging Finnish nationalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_II_of_Russia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Encouraging Finnish nationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_II_(Romanov)_monument_in_Helsinki,_Finland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Alexander_II_%28Romanov%29_monument_in_Helsinki%2C_Finland.jpg/170px-Alexander_II_%28Romanov%29_monument_in_Helsinki%2C_Finland.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Alexander_II_%28Romanov%29_monument_in_Helsinki%2C_Finland.jpg/255px-Alexander_II_%28Romanov%29_monument_in_Helsinki%2C_Finland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Alexander_II_%28Romanov%29_monument_in_Helsinki%2C_Finland.jpg/340px-Alexander_II_%28Romanov%29_monument_in_Helsinki%2C_Finland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_(statue_in_Helsinki)" title="Alexander II (statue in Helsinki)">Monument to Alexander II</a> "The Liberator" at the <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Senate_Square#Statue_of_Alexander_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Helsinki Senate Square">Senate Square</a> in Helsinki, by sculptor <a href="/wiki/Walter_Runeberg" title="Walter Runeberg">Walter Runeberg</a>. It was erected in 1894, when Finland was still a Russian grand duchy.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1863, Alexander II re-convened the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Finland" title="Diet of Finland">Diet of Finland</a> and initiated several reforms increasing Finland's autonomy within the Russian Empire, including establishment of its own currency, the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_markka" title="Finnish markka">Finnish markka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ц_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ц-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liberation of business led to increased <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign investment</a> and industrial development. Finland also got its first <a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Finland" title="History of rail transport in Finland">railways</a>, separately established under Finnish administration.<sup id="cite_ref-haar_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haar-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, the elevation of <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> from a language of the common people to a <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a> equal to <a href="/wiki/Finland_Swedish" title="Finland Swedish">Swedish</a> opened opportunities for a larger proportion of Finnish society. Alexander II is still regarded as "The Good Tsar" in Finland.<sup id="cite_ref-haar_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haar-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These reforms could be seen as results of a genuine belief that reforms were easier to test in an underpopulated, homogeneous country than in the whole of Russia. They may also be seen as a reward for the loyalty of its relatively western-oriented population during the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> and during the <a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">Polish uprising</a>. Encouraging Finnish nationalism and language can also be seen as an attempt to dilute ties with Sweden. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_affairs">Foreign affairs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_II_of_Russia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Foreign affairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Crimean War <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a> maintained a policy of <a href="/wiki/Armed_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed neutrality">hostile neutrality</a> towards Russia, and, while not going to war, was supportive of the Anglo-French coalition. Having abandoned its alliance with Russia, Austria was diplomatically isolated following the war, which contributed to Russia's non-intervention in the 1859 <a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Franco-Austrian War</a>, which meant the end of Austrian influence in Italy; and in the 1866 <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a>, with the loss of its influence in most German-speaking lands.<sup id="cite_ref-Figes2010_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Figes2010-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> (1861–1865), Russia supported the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>, largely due to the view that the U.S. served as a counterbalance to their geopolitical rival, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a>. In 1863, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Navy" title="Imperial Russian Navy">Russian Navy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Fleet" title="Baltic Fleet">Baltic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Fleet_(Russia)" title="Pacific Fleet (Russia)">Pacific fleets</a> wintered in the American ports of New York and San Francisco, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sofia_winter_(Tsar_Liberator_Monument,_sculptor_Arnoldo_Zocchi)_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Sofia_winter_%28Tsar_Liberator_Monument%2C_sculptor_Arnoldo_Zocchi%29_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Sofia_winter_%28Tsar_Liberator_Monument%2C_sculptor_Arnoldo_Zocchi%29_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Sofia_winter_%28Tsar_Liberator_Monument%2C_sculptor_Arnoldo_Zocchi%29_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Sofia_winter_%28Tsar_Liberator_Monument%2C_sculptor_Arnoldo_Zocchi%29_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Sofia_winter_%28Tsar_Liberator_Monument%2C_sculptor_Arnoldo_Zocchi%29_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Sofia_winter_%28Tsar_Liberator_Monument%2C_sculptor_Arnoldo_Zocchi%29_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3960" data-file-height="2640" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Tsar_Liberator" title="Monument to the Tsar Liberator">Monument to the Tsar Liberator</a> in the centre of <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, the capital of Bulgaria</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1856)" title="Treaty of Paris (1856)">Treaty of Paris of 1856</a> stood until 1871, when Prussia defeated France in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>. During his reign, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>, eager for the support of the United Kingdom, had opposed Russia over the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Question">Eastern Question</a>. France abandoned its opposition to Russia after the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a>. Encouraged by the new attitude of French diplomacy and supported by the German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>, Russia renounced the Black Sea clauses of the Paris treaty agreed to in 1856. As the United Kingdom with Austria<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> could not enforce the clauses, Russia once again established a <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet" title="Black Sea Fleet">fleet in the Black Sea</a>. France, after the Franco-Prussian War and the loss of <a href="/wiki/Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine" title="Alsace–Lorraine">Alsace–Lorraine</a>, was fervently hostile to Germany and maintained friendly relations with Russia. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a> the states of <a href="/wiki/United_Principalities_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Serbia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Montenegro" title="Principality of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> gained international recognition of their independence while <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Bulgaria" title="Principality of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rumelia" title="Eastern Rumelia">Eastern Rumelia</a> achieved their autonomy from direct Ottoman rule. Russia took over <a href="/wiki/Southern_Bessarabia" title="Southern Bessarabia">Southern Bessarabia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lost in 1856. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>the matter of complete conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> is near to conclusion. A few years of persistent efforts remain to utterly force out the hostile mountaineers from the fertile countries they occupy and settle on the latter a <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russian</a> Christian population forever. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— Imperial rescript of Alexander II ordering the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> of the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a> and advancement of Russian <a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">settler-colonial</a> program in Caucasus. (Dated 24 June, 1861)<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="End_of_the_Caucasian_War">End of the Caucasian War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_II_of_Russia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: End of the Caucasian War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_War" title="Caucasian War">Caucasian War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian genocide</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imam_Shamil_surrendered_to_Count_Baryatinsky_on_August_25,_1859_by_Kivshenko,_Alexei_Danilovich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Imam_Shamil_surrendered_to_Count_Baryatinsky_on_August_25%2C_1859_by_Kivshenko%2C_Alexei_Danilovich.jpg/220px-Imam_Shamil_surrendered_to_Count_Baryatinsky_on_August_25%2C_1859_by_Kivshenko%2C_Alexei_Danilovich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Imam_Shamil_surrendered_to_Count_Baryatinsky_on_August_25%2C_1859_by_Kivshenko%2C_Alexei_Danilovich.jpg/330px-Imam_Shamil_surrendered_to_Count_Baryatinsky_on_August_25%2C_1859_by_Kivshenko%2C_Alexei_Danilovich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Imam_Shamil_surrendered_to_Count_Baryatinsky_on_August_25%2C_1859_by_Kivshenko%2C_Alexei_Danilovich.jpg/440px-Imam_Shamil_surrendered_to_Count_Baryatinsky_on_August_25%2C_1859_by_Kivshenko%2C_Alexei_Danilovich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1541" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Imam_Shamil" title="Imam Shamil">Imam Shamil</a> surrendered to Count Baryatinsky on 25 August 1859.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Russo-Circassian_War" title="Russo-Circassian War">Russo-Circassian War</a> (1763–1864) concluded as a Russian victory during Alexander II's rule. Just before the conclusion of the war the Russian Army, under the emperor's order, implemented the mass-killings and extermination of <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassian</a> "mountaineers" in the <a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian genocide</a>, which would be often referred to as "cleansing" and "genocide" in several historic dialogues.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1857, <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Milyutin" title="Dmitry Milyutin">Dmitry Milyutin</a> first published the idea of <a href="/wiki/Circassian_diaspora" title="Circassian diaspora">mass expulsions of Circassian natives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KingonMiliutin2_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KingonMiliutin2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milyutin argued that the goal was not to simply move them so that their land could be settled by productive farmers, but rather that "eliminating the Circassians was to be an end in itself – to cleanse the land of hostile elements".<sup id="cite_ref-KingonMiliutin2_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KingonMiliutin2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Richmond200879_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richmond200879-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tsar Alexander II endorsed the plans.<sup id="cite_ref-KingonMiliutin2_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KingonMiliutin2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large portion of indigenous <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Russia" title="Islam in Russia">Muslim</a> peoples of the region were <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnically cleansed</a><sup id="cite_ref-Richmond200879_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richmond200879-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from their homeland at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Circassian_War" title="Russo-Circassian War">Russo-Circassian War</a> by Russia. A large <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">deportation</a> operation was launched against the remaining population before the end of the war in 1864<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was mostly completed by 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only a small percentage accepted surrender and resettlement within the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. The remaining Circassian populations who refused to surrender were thus variously dispersed, resettled, or killed <i>en masse</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Liberation_of_Bulgaria">Liberation of Bulgaria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_II_of_Russia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Liberation of Bulgaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a></div> <p>In April 1876, the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarian</a> population in the Balkans rebelled against <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bulgaria" title="Ottoman Bulgaria">Ottoman rule</a>. The Ottoman authorities suppressed the <a href="/wiki/April_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="April Uprising">April Uprising</a>, causing a general outcry throughout Europe. Some of the most prominent intellectuals and politicians on the Continent, most notably <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Gladstone</a>, sought to raise awareness about the atrocities that the Turks imposed on the Bulgarian population. To solve this new crisis in the "Eastern question" a <a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Conference" title="Constantinople Conference">Constantinople Conference</a> was convened by the Great Powers in Constantinople at the end of the year. The participants in the Conference failed to reach a final agreement. </p><p>After the failure of the Constantinople Conference, at the beginning of 1877, Emperor Alexander II started diplomatic preparations with the other Great Powers to secure their neutrality in case of a war between Russia and the Ottomans. Alexander II considered such agreements paramount in avoiding the possibility of causing his country a disaster similar to the Crimean War.<sup id="cite_ref-Ц_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ц-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikolai-dmitriev-orenburgsky-grand-prince-nikolai-nikolaevich-enters-trnovo-in-1877-1885.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Nikolai-dmitriev-orenburgsky-grand-prince-nikolai-nikolaevich-enters-trnovo-in-1877-1885.jpg/220px-Nikolai-dmitriev-orenburgsky-grand-prince-nikolai-nikolaevich-enters-trnovo-in-1877-1885.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Nikolai-dmitriev-orenburgsky-grand-prince-nikolai-nikolaevich-enters-trnovo-in-1877-1885.jpg/330px-Nikolai-dmitriev-orenburgsky-grand-prince-nikolai-nikolaevich-enters-trnovo-in-1877-1885.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Nikolai-dmitriev-orenburgsky-grand-prince-nikolai-nikolaevich-enters-trnovo-in-1877-1885.jpg/440px-Nikolai-dmitriev-orenburgsky-grand-prince-nikolai-nikolaevich-enters-trnovo-in-1877-1885.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1965" /></a><figcaption>In 1877, Russian general <a href="/wiki/Iosif_Gurko" title="Iosif Gurko">Iosif Gurko</a> liberated <a href="/wiki/Veliko_Tarnovo" title="Veliko Tarnovo">Veliko Tarnovo</a>, ending the 480-year rule of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Russian Emperor succeeded in his diplomatic endeavors. Having secured agreement as to non-involvement by the other Great Powers, on 17 April 1877 Russia declared war upon the Ottoman Empire. The Russians, helped by the Romanian Army under its supreme commander King Carol I (then Prince of Romania), who sought to obtain Romanian independence from the Ottomans as well, were successful against the Turks and the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%9378)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)">Russo-Turkish War</a> of 1877–1878 ended with the signing of the preliminary peace <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano" title="Treaty of San Stefano">Treaty of San Stefano</a> on 19 February [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 3 March] 1878. The treaty and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a> (June–July 1878) secured the emergence of an independent Bulgarian state for the first time since 1396, and Bulgarian parliamentarians elected the tsar's nephew, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Battenberg" title="Alexander of Battenberg">Prince Alexander of Battenberg</a>, as the Bulgarians' first ruler. </p><p>For his social reforms in Russia and his role in the liberation of Bulgaria, Alexander II became known in Bulgaria as the "Tsar-Liberator of Russians and Bulgarians". A <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Tsar_Liberator" title="Monument to the Tsar Liberator">monument to Alexander II</a> was erected in 1907 in Sofia in the "National Assembly" square, opposite to the Parliament building.<sup id="cite_ref-Ц_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ц-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monument underwent a complete reconstruction in 2012, funded by the Sofia Municipality and some Russian foundations. The inscription on the monument reads in Old-Bulgarian style: "To the Tsar-Liberator from grateful Bulgaria". There is a museum dedicated to Alexander in the Bulgarian city of <a href="/wiki/Pleven" title="Pleven">Pleven</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assassination_attempts">Assassination attempts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_II_of_Russia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Assassination attempts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 1866, there was an attempt on the emperor's life in <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a> by <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Karakozov" title="Dmitry Karakozov">Dmitry Karakozov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-verhoeven_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verhoeven-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To commemorate his narrow escape from death (which he himself referred to only as "the event of 4 April 1866"), a number of churches and chapels were built in many Russian cities. <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Hartmann" title="Viktor Hartmann">Viktor Hartmann</a>, a Russian architect, even sketched a design of a monumental gate (which was never built) to commemorate the event. <a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Modest Mussorgsky</a> later wrote his piano suite <i><a href="/wiki/Pictures_at_an_Exhibition" title="Pictures at an Exhibition">Pictures at an Exhibition</a></i>, the last movement of which, "The Great Gate of Kiev", is based on Hartmann's sketches.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/International_Exposition_(1867)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Exposition (1867)">1867 World's Fair</a> in Paris, Polish immigrant <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Berezowski" title="Antoni Berezowski">Antoni Berezowski</a> attacked the carriage containing Alexander, his two sons and <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tarsaidze_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tarsaidze-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His self-modified double-barreled pistol misfired and struck the horse of an escorting cavalryman.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On the morning of 20 April 1879, Alexander was briskly walking towards the Square of the Guards Staff and faced <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Soloviev_(Revolutionary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Soloviev (Revolutionary)">Alexander Soloviev</a>, a 33-year-old former student. Having seen a menacing revolver in his hands, the Emperor fled in a zigzag pattern. Soloviev fired five times but missed; he was sentenced to death and hanged on 28 May.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The student acted on his own, but other revolutionaries were keen to murder Alexander.<sup id="cite_ref-rowley_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rowley-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1879, the <i><a href="/wiki/Narodnaya_Volya" title="Narodnaya Volya">Narodnaya Volya</a></i> (People's Will), a radical revolutionary group which hoped to ignite a <a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">social revolution</a>, organised an explosion on the railway from <a href="/wiki/Livadiya,_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Livadiya, Ukraine">Livadia</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> to Moscow, but they missed the emperor's train.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On the evening of 5 February 1880 <a href="/wiki/Stephan_Khalturin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephan Khalturin">Stephan Khalturin</a>, also from <i>Narodnaya Volya</i>, set off a timed charge under the dining room of the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Palace" title="Winter Palace">Winter Palace</a>, right in the resting room of the guards a story below, killing 11 people and wounding 30 others.<sup id="cite_ref-rowley_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rowley-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The New York Times</i> (4 March 1880) reported "the dynamite used was enclosed in an iron box, and exploded by a system of clockwork used by the man <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Keith_Jr." title="Alexander Keith Jr.">Thomas</a> in Bremen some years ago."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, dinner had been delayed by the late arrival of the tsar's nephew, the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Battenberg" title="Alexander of Battenberg">Prince of Bulgaria</a>, so the tsar and his family were not in the dining room at the time of the explosion and were unharmed.<sup id="cite_ref-rowley_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rowley-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assassination">Assassination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_II_of_Russia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Assassination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Assassination of Alexander II of Russia">Assassination of Alexander II of Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_II_of_Russia%27s_murder_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Alexander_II_of_Russia%27s_murder_02.jpg/220px-Alexander_II_of_Russia%27s_murder_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Alexander_II_of_Russia%27s_murder_02.jpg/330px-Alexander_II_of_Russia%27s_murder_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Alexander_II_of_Russia%27s_murder_02.jpg/440px-Alexander_II_of_Russia%27s_murder_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>The explosion killed one of the Cossacks and wounded the driver.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Attentat_mortal_Alexander_II_(1881).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Attentat_mortal_Alexander_II_%281881%29.jpg/220px-Attentat_mortal_Alexander_II_%281881%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Attentat_mortal_Alexander_II_%281881%29.jpg/330px-Attentat_mortal_Alexander_II_%281881%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Attentat_mortal_Alexander_II_%281881%29.jpg/440px-Attentat_mortal_Alexander_II_%281881%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1543" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><i>The assassination of Alexander II</i>, drawing by G. Broling, 1881</figcaption></figure> <p>After the last assassination attempt in February 1880, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Tarielovich,_Count_Loris-Melikov" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Tarielovich, Count Loris-Melikov">Count Loris-Melikov</a> was appointed the head of the Supreme Executive Commission and given extraordinary powers to fight the revolutionaries. Loris-Melikov's proposals called for some form of parliamentary body, and the Emperor seemed to agree; these plans were never realized.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 13 March [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 1 March] 1881, Alexander was assassinated in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As he was known to do every Sunday for many years, the emperor went to the <a href="/wiki/Mikhailovsky_Man%C3%A8ge" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikhailovsky Manège">Mikhailovsky Manège</a> for the military <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/roll_call" class="extiw" title="wikt:roll call">roll call</a>. He travelled both to and from the <i>Manège</i> in a closed carriage accompanied by five <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> and Frank (Franciszek) Joseph Jackowski, a Polish noble, with a sixth Cossack<sup id="cite_ref-Richard_J_Harris,_Newport_Beach,_CA_USA_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richard_J_Harris,_Newport_Beach,_CA_USA-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sitting on the coachman's left. The emperor's carriage was followed by two sleighs carrying, among others, the chief of police and the chief of the emperor's guards. The route, as always, was via the <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine Canal">Catherine Canal</a> and over the <a href="/wiki/Pevchesky_Bridge" title="Pevchesky Bridge">Pevchesky Bridge</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The street was flanked by narrow pavements for the public. A young member of the <i><a href="/wiki/Narodnaya_Volya" title="Narodnaya Volya">Narodnaya Volya</a></i> ("People's Will") movement, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rysakov" title="Nikolai Rysakov">Nikolai Rysakov</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-rowley_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rowley-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was carrying a small white package wrapped in a handkerchief. He later said of his attempt to kill the Tsar: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>After a moment's hesitation I threw the bomb. I sent it under the horses' hooves in the supposition that it would blow up under the carriage... The explosion knocked me into the fence.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The explosion, while killing one of the <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> and seriously wounding the driver and people on the sidewalk,<sup id="cite_ref-rowley_61-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rowley-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had only damaged the <a href="/wiki/Bulletproofing" title="Bulletproofing">bulletproof</a> carriage, a gift from <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> of France. The emperor emerged shaken but unhurt.<sup id="cite_ref-rowley_61-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rowley-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rysakov was captured almost immediately. Police Chief Dvorzhitzky heard Rysakov shout out to someone else in the gathering crowd. Dvorzhitzky offered to drive the Tsar back to the Palace in his sleigh. The Tsar agreed, but he decided to first see the culprit, and to survey the damage. He expressed solicitude for the victims. To the anxious inquires of his entourage, Alexander replied, "Thank God, I'm untouched". </p><p>Nevertheless, a second young member of the <i>Narodnaya Volya</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Hryniewiecki" title="Ignacy Hryniewiecki">Ignacy Hryniewiecki</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-rowley_61-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rowley-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> standing by the canal fence, raised both arms and threw something at the emperor's feet. He was alleged to have shouted, "It is too early to thank God".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dvorzhitzky was later to write: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I was deafened by the new explosion, burned, wounded and thrown to the ground. Suddenly, amid the smoke and snowy fog, I heard His Majesty's weak voice cry, 'Help!' Gathering what strength I had, I jumped up and rushed to the emperor. His Majesty was half-lying, half-sitting, leaning on his right arm. Thinking he was merely wounded heavily, I tried to lift him but the czar's legs were shattered, and the blood poured out of them. Twenty people, with wounds of varying degree, lay on the sidewalk and on the street. Some managed to stand, others to crawl, still others tried to get out from beneath bodies that had fallen on them. Through the snow, debris, and blood you could see fragments of clothing, epaulets, sabres, and bloody chunks of human flesh.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Later, it was learnt there was a third bomber in the crowd. <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Emelyanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Emelyanov">Ivan Emelyanov</a> stood ready, clutching a briefcase containing a bomb that was to be used if the other two bombers failed.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alexander was carried by sleigh to the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Palace" title="Winter Palace">Winter Palace</a><sup id="cite_ref-rowley_61-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rowley-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to his study where almost the same day twenty years earlier, he had signed the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">Emancipation Edict</a> freeing the serfs. Alexander was bleeding to death, with his legs torn away, his stomach ripped open, and his face mutilated.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the <a href="/wiki/Romanov_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanov family">Romanov family</a> came rushing to the scene.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The dying emperor was given <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Communion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Last_rites#In_the_Orthodox_Church" title="Last rites">Last Rites</a>. When the attending physician, <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Botkin" title="Sergey Botkin">Sergey Botkin</a>, was asked how long it would be, he replied, "Up to fifteen minutes."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 3:30 that day, the standard of Alexander II (his personal flag) was lowered for the last time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_II_of_Russia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_7.jpg/220px-%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_7.jpg/330px-%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_7.jpg/440px-%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1995" data-file-height="1325" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Savior_on_Blood" title="Church of the Savior on Blood">Church of the Savior on Blood</a> was built on the site of Alexander II's assassination.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slsa1070_31_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Slsa1070_31_3.jpg/220px-Slsa1070_31_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Slsa1070_31_3.jpg/330px-Slsa1070_31_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Slsa1070_31_3.jpg/440px-Slsa1070_31_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4728" data-file-height="3507" /></a><figcaption>Alexander II, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Finland" title="Grand Duke of Finland">Grand Duke of Finland</a>, was well regarded among the majority of <a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Statue of Alexander II at the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Square,_Helsinki" title="Senate Square, Helsinki">Senate Square</a> in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, Finland, flowered on 13 March 1899, the day of the commemoration of the emperor's death.</figcaption></figure> <p>Alexander II's death caused a great setback for the reform movement. One of his last acts was the approval of <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Loris-Melikov" title="Mikhail Loris-Melikov">Mikhail Loris-Melikov</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Loris-Melikov%27s_constitutional_reform" title="Loris-Melikov's constitutional reform">constitutional reforms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the reforms were conservative in practice, their significance lay in the value Alexander II attributed to them: "I have given my approval, but I do not hide from myself the fact that it is the first step towards a constitution."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a matter of 48 hours, Alexander II planned to release these plans to the Russian people. Instead, following his succession, Alexander III, under the advice of <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Pobedonostsev" title="Konstantin Pobedonostsev">Konstantin Pobedonostsev</a>, chose to abandon these reforms and went on to pursue a policy of greater autocratic power.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The assassination triggered major suppression of civil liberties in Russia, and <a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">police brutality</a> burst back in full force after experiencing some restraint under the reign of Alexander II, whose death was witnessed first-hand by his son, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a>, and his grandson, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a>, both future emperors who vowed not to have the same fate befall them. Both of them used the <a href="/wiki/Okhrana" title="Okhrana">Okhrana</a> to arrest protestors and uproot suspected rebel groups, creating further suppression of personal freedom for the Russian people. A series of anti-Jewish <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> and antisemitic legislation, the <a href="/wiki/May_Laws" title="May Laws">May Laws</a>, were yet another result.<sup id="cite_ref-Ц_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ц-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, the tsar's assassination also inspired <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchists</a> to advocate "'<a href="/wiki/Propaganda_by_the_deed" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda by the deed">propaganda by deed</a>'—the use of a spectacular act of violence to incite revolution."<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1881, the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Church" title="Alexander Church">Alexander Church</a>, designed by Theodor Decker and named after Alexander II, was completed in <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, with construction starting in 1883, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Savior_on_Blood" title="Church of the Savior on Blood">Church of the Savior on Blood</a> was built on the site of Alexander's assassination and dedicated in his memory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriages_and_children">Marriages and children</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_II_of_Russia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Marriages and children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_marriage">First marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_II_of_Russia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: First marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Scribner%27s_Monthly_Magazine/Volume_3/Issue_2/The_Imperial_Family_of_Russia" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Scribner's Monthly Magazine/Volume 3/Issue 2/The Imperial Family of Russia">An intimate glimpse into the family life of Alexander II (1871)</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cartetsar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Cartetsar.JPG/220px-Cartetsar.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Cartetsar.JPG/330px-Cartetsar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Cartetsar.JPG/440px-Cartetsar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Emperor Alexander II and his wife, Empress Maria, with their son, the future <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Lvovich_Levitsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Lvovich Levitsky">Sergei Lvovich Levitsky</a> 1870</div></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1838–39, the young bachelor, Alexander made the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour" title="Grand Tour">Grand Tour</a> of Europe which was standard for young men of his class at that time. One of the purposes of the tour was to select a suitable bride for himself. His father <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I of Russia</a> suggested <a href="/wiki/Princess_Alexandrine_of_Baden" title="Princess Alexandrine of Baden">Princess Alexandrine of Baden</a> as a suitable choice, but he was prepared to allow Alexander to choose his own bride, as long as she was not Roman Catholic or a commoner.<sup id="cite_ref-Kiste,_1959,_p._11_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiste,_1959,_p._11-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexander stayed for three days with the maiden <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>. The two got along well, but there was no question of marriage between two major monarchs. </p><p>In Germany, Alexander made an unplanned stop in Darmstadt. He was reluctant to spend "a possibly dull evening" with their host <a href="/wiki/Louis_II,_Grand_Duke_of_Hesse" title="Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse">Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine</a>, but he agreed to do so because <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zhukovsky" title="Vasily Zhukovsky">Vasily Zhukovsky</a> insisted that his entourage was exhausted and needed a rest.<sup id="cite_ref-Kiste,_1959,_p._11_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiste,_1959,_p._11-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During dinner, he met and was charmed by <a href="/wiki/Maria_Alexandrovna_(Marie_of_Hesse)" title="Maria Alexandrovna (Marie of Hesse)">Princess Marie</a>, the 14-year-old daughter of <a href="/wiki/Louis_II,_Grand_Duke_of_Hesse" title="Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse">Louis II</a>. He was so smitten that he declared that he would rather abandon the succession than not marry her.<sup id="cite_ref-Kiste,_1959,_p._12_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiste,_1959,_p._12-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote to his father: "I liked her terribly at first sight. If you permit it, dear father, I will come back to Darmstadt after England."<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he left Darmstadt, she gave him a locket that contained a piece of her hair.<sup id="cite_ref-Kiste,_1959,_p._12_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiste,_1959,_p._12-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alexander's parents initially did not support his decision to marry Princess Marie of Hesse. There were troubling rumors about her paternity. Although she was the legal daughter of Louis II, there were rumors that Marie was the biological daughter of her mother's lover, <a href="/wiki/August_von_Senarclens_de_Grancy" title="August von Senarclens de Grancy">Baron August von Senarclens de Grancy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kiste,_1959,_p._12_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiste,_1959,_p._12-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexander's parents worried that Marie could have inherited her mother's consumption. Alexander's <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Feodorovna_(Charlotte_of_Prussia)" title="Alexandra Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia)">mother</a> considered the Hesse family grossly inferior to the Hohenzollerns and Romanovs.<sup id="cite_ref-Kiste,_1959,_p._12_79-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiste,_1959,_p._12-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1840, Alexander's engagement to Princess Marie was officially announced.<sup id="cite_ref-Kiste,_1959,_p._13_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiste,_1959,_p._13-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August, the 16-year-old Marie left Darmstadt for Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-Kiste,_1959,_p._13_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiste,_1959,_p._13-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December, she was received into the Orthodox Church and received the names <i>Maria Alexandrovna</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 16 April 1841, aged 23, Tsesarevitch Alexander married Marie in St. Petersburg. </p><p>The marriage produced six sons and two daughters: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Alexandra_Alexandrovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Alexandra Alexandrovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Alexandra Alexandrovna of Russia</a> (30 August 1842 – 10 July 1849), nicknamed Lina, died of <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">infant meningitis</a> in St. Petersburg at the age of six</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Alexandrovich,_Tsesarevich_of_Russia" title="Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsesarevich of Russia">Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsesarevich of Russia</a> (20 September 1843 – 24 April 1865), engaged to <a href="/wiki/Maria_Feodorovna_(Dagmar_of_Denmark)" title="Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)">Princess Dagmar of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Emperor Alexander III</a> (10 March 1845 – 1 November 1894) he married <a href="/wiki/Maria_Feodorovna_(Dagmar_of_Denmark)" title="Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)">Princess Dagmar of Denmark</a> on 9 November 1866. They had six children.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Vladimir_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia</a> (22 April 1847 – 17 February 1909) he married <a href="/wiki/Duchess_Marie_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a> on 28 August 1874. They had five children.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Alexei_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich</a> (14 January 1850 – 14 November 1908) he married <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Zhukovskaya" title="Alexandra Zhukovskaya">Alexandra Zhukovskaya</a> in 1870. They had one son.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Alexandrovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia</a> (17 October 1853 – 24 October 1920) she married <a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a> on 23 January 1874. They had six children.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Sergei_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia</a> (11 May 1857 – 17 February 1905) he married <a href="/wiki/Princess_Elisabeth_of_Hesse_and_by_Rhine_(1864%E2%80%931918)" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine (1864–1918)">Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine</a> on 15 June 1884. They had no children.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Paul_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia</a> (3 October 1860 – 24 January 1919) he married <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Georgievna_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandra Georgievna of Greece">Princess Alexandra of Greece and Denmark</a> on 17 June 1889. They had two children. He remarried <a href="/wiki/Olga_Valerianovna_Paley" class="mw-redirect" title="Olga Valerianovna Paley">Olga Karnovich</a> on 10 October 1902. They had three children.</li></ul> <p>Alexander particularly placed hope in his eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Alexandrovich,_Tsesarevich_of_Russia" title="Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsesarevich of Russia">Tsesarevich Nicholas</a>. In 1864, Alexander II found Nicholas a bride, <a href="/wiki/Dagmar_of_Denmark_(Maria_Feodorovna)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dagmar of Denmark (Maria Feodorovna)">Princess Dagmar of Denmark</a>, second daughter of <a href="/wiki/King_Christian_IX_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="King Christian IX of Denmark">King Christian IX of Denmark</a> and younger sister to <a href="/wiki/Queen_Alexandra" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Alexandra">Alexandra, Princess of Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_George_I_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="King George I of Greece">King George I of Greece</a>. In 1865, Nicholas died of cerebrospinal <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a>. Alexander was devastated by Nicholas' death, and his nephew <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Alexander_Mikhailovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia">Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia</a> reflected that "his shoulders were bent, and he walked so slowly that we all felt as though his loss had robbed him of all his strength."<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alexander's second son, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Grand Duke Alexander</a> became heir and married his late <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Alexandrovich,_Tsesarevich_of_Russia" title="Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsesarevich of Russia">brother</a>'s fiancée. The couple married in November 1866, with Dagmar converting to Orthodoxy and taking the name Maria Feodorovna.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Alexander grew estranged from his second son, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Grand Duke Alexander</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alexander's favorite child was his daughter, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Marie_Alexandrovna_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchess Marie Alexandrovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Marie Alexandrovna</a>. He reflected that his daughter had "never caused us anything but joy. We lost our eldest girl and we had so ardently wished for another – her birth was a joy and a delight, not to be described, and her whole life has been a continuation."<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1873, a quarrel broke out between the courts of Queen Victoria and Alexander II, when Victoria's second son, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Alfred,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Alfred</a>, made it known that he wished to marry the Grand Duchess. The tsar objected to the queen's request to have his daughter come to England in order to meet her,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and after the January 1874 wedding in St. Petersburg, the tsar insisted that his daughter be granted precedence over the Princess of Wales, which the queen rebuffed.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that year, after attending the engagement ceremonies of his second surviving son, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Vladimir_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia">Vladimir</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin_(Maria_Pavlovna_of_Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (Maria Pavlovna of Russia)">Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a> in Berlin, Alexander II, with his third son, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Alexei_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia">Alexei</a>, accompanying him, made a visit to England.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While not a state visit, but simply a trip to see his daughter, he nevertheless partook in receptions at Buckingham Palace and Marlborough House, inspected the artillery at the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich, reviewed troops at Aldershot and met both Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a> and the leader of the opposition, <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Gladstone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Der_Kiste,_pg._75_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Der_Kiste,_pg._75-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disraeli observed of the tsar that "his mien and manners are gracious and graceful, but the expression of his countenance, which I could now very closely examine, is sad. Whether it is satiety, or the loneliness of despotism, or fear of a violent death, I know not, but it was a visage of, I should think, habitual mournfulness."<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Der_Kiste,_pg._75_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Der_Kiste,_pg._75-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1866, Alexander II took a mistress, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Dolgorukova" title="Catherine Dolgorukova">Catherine Dolgorukova</a>, with whom he would father three surviving children. In 1880, he moved his mistress and their children into the Winter Palace. Alexander's affair alienated all his children except Alexei and Marie Alexandrovna.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Courtiers spread stories that the dying Empress Marie was forced to hear the noise of Catherine's children moving about overhead, but their respective rooms were actually far.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1880, Grand Duchess Marie Alexandrovna visited Russia to see her dying mother. She was horrified to learn that Catherine lived in the Palace and she confronted him.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Der_Kiste,_pg._97_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Der_Kiste,_pg._97-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shocked by the loss of support from his daughter, he quietly retreated to <a href="/wiki/Gatchina_Palace" title="Gatchina Palace">Gatchina Palace</a> for military reviews.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Der_Kiste,_pg._97_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Der_Kiste,_pg._97-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The quarrel, however, evidently, jolted his conscience enough to lead him to return to St. Petersburg each morning to ask after his wife's health.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Der_Kiste,_pg._97_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Der_Kiste,_pg._97-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Empress Marie Alexandrovna suffered from <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>. She succumbed to it on 3 June 1880. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_marriage">Second marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_II_of_Russia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Second marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsar_Alexander_II_1881.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Tsar_Alexander_II_1881.jpg/220px-Tsar_Alexander_II_1881.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Tsar_Alexander_II_1881.jpg/330px-Tsar_Alexander_II_1881.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Tsar_Alexander_II_1881.jpg/440px-Tsar_Alexander_II_1881.jpg 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Tsar Alexander II, photo by <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Lvovich_Levitsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Lvovich Levitsky">Sergei Lvovich Levitsky</a>, 1881 (The Di Rocco Wieler Private Collection, Toronto, Canada)</figcaption></figure> <p>On 18 July [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 6 July] 1880, Alexander II married his mistress <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Dolgorukova" title="Catherine Dolgorukova">Catherine Dolgorukova</a> <a href="/wiki/Morganatic_marriage" title="Morganatic marriage">morganatically</a> in a secret ceremony at <a href="/wiki/Tsarskoye_Selo" title="Tsarskoye Selo">Tsarskoye Selo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The action scandalized both his family and the court. It violated Orthodox custom which required a minimum period of 40 days mourning between the death of a spouse and the remarriage of a surviving spouse, eliciting criticism in foreign courts.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Der_Kiste,_pg._98_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Der_Kiste,_pg._98-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexander bestowed on Catherine the title of Princess Yurievskaya and legitimized their children.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Der_Kiste,_pg._98_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Der_Kiste,_pg._98-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before their marriage, Alexander and Catherine had four children: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George_Alexandrovich_Yuryevsky" title="Prince George Alexandrovich Yuryevsky">Prince George Alexandrovich Yuryevsky</a> (12 May 1872 – 13 September 1913) he married <a href="/wiki/Countess_Alexandra_von_Zarnekau" title="Countess Alexandra von Zarnekau">Countess Alexandra von Zarnekau</a> on 11 February 1900 and they were divorced in 1908. They had one son.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Olga_Alexandrovna_Yurievskaya" title="Princess Olga Alexandrovna Yurievskaya">Princess Olga Alexandrovna Yurievskaya</a> (7 November 1873 – 10 August 1925) she married Count Georg of Merenberg on 12 May 1895. They had three children.</li> <li>Prince Boris Alexandrovich Yurievsky (23 February – 11 April 1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Catherine_Alexandrovna_Yurievskaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Catherine Alexandrovna Yurievskaya">Princess Catherine Alexandrovna Yurievskaya</a> (9 September 1878 – 22 December 1959) she married Prince Alexander Vladimirovich Baryatinsky (1870–1910) on 18 October 1901. They had two sons. She remarried <a href="/wiki/Serge_Obolensky" title="Serge Obolensky">Prince Sergei Platonovich Obolensky</a> on 6 October 1916 and they were divorced in 1924.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_II_of_Russia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alexander II appears prominently in the opening two chapters of <a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Strogoff" title="Michael Strogoff">Michael Strogoff</a></i> (published in 1876 during Alexander's own lifetime). The Emperor sets the book's plot in motion and sends its eponymous protagonist on the dangerous and vital mission which would occupy the rest of the book. Verne presents Alexander II in a highly positive light, as an enlightened yet firm monarch, dealing confidently and decisively with a rebellion. Alexander's liberalism shows in a dialogue with the chief of police, who says "There was a time, sire, when NONE returned from Siberia", to be immediately rebuked by the Emperor who answers: "Well, whilst I live, Siberia is and shall be a country whence men CAN return."<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The films <i><a href="/wiki/Katia_(film)" title="Katia (film)">Katia</a></i> (1938) and <i><a href="/wiki/Magnificent_Sinner" title="Magnificent Sinner">Magnificent Sinner</a></i> (1959) depict a highly fictionalized account of the Tsar's romance with the woman who became his second wife. </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tiger_in_the_Well" title="The Tiger in the Well">The Tiger in the Well</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Pullman" title="Philip Pullman">Philip Pullman</a> refers to the assassination – though he never names Alexander – and to the pogroms that followed. The anti-Jewish attacks play an important role in the novel's plot. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Williams_(novelist)" title="Andrew Williams (novelist)">Andrew Williams's</a> historical thriller, To Kill A Tsar, tells the story of The People's Will revolutionaries and the assassination through the eyes of an Anglo-Russian doctor living in St Petersburg. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>'s first play <i><a href="/wiki/Vera;_or,_The_Nihilists" title="Vera; or, The Nihilists">Vera; or, The Nihilists</a></i>, written in 1880—Alexander II's last year—features Russian revolutionaries who seek to assassinate a reform-minded Emperor (and who, in the play, ultimately fail in their plot). Though Wilde's fictional Emperor differs from the actual Alexander, contemporary events<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2011)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> in Russia – as published in the British press of the time – clearly<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (October 2011)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> influenced Wilde. </p><p>Alexander II's reasons to <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">sell Alaska</a> to the United States in 1867 are fictionized in the epilogue of the novel <i>Forty-Ninth</i><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by Boris Pronsky and Craig Britton, in a form of a letter to Catherine Dolgorukova. Prior to that, the book explores the events immediately after the first assassination attempt on the Tsar in 1866, as well as the relationship with his brother, Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_nonfiction">In nonfiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_II_of_Russia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In nonfiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a> describes a short visit with Alexander II in Chapter 37 of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Innocents_Abroad" title="The Innocents Abroad">The Innocents Abroad</a></i>, describing him as "very tall and spare, and a determined-looking man, though a very pleasant-looking one nevertheless. It is easy to see that he is kind and affectionate. There is something very noble in his expression when his cap is off."<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestors">Ancestors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_II_of_Russia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ancestors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Alexander II of Russia">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Alexander II of Russia</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Russia" title="Peter III of Russia">Peter III of Russia</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Paul I of Russia</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Catherine_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine II of Russia">Catherine II of Russia</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I of Russia</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_Eugene,_Duke_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg">Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Feodorovna_(Sophie_Dorothea_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg)" title="Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg)">Duchess Sophie Dorothea of Württemburg</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Friederike_of_Brandenburg-Schwedt" title="Princess Friederike of Brandenburg-Schwedt">Princess Friederike of Brandenburg-Schwedt</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Alexander II of Russia</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_II_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William II of Prussia">Frederick William II of Prussia</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III of Prussia</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Frederica_Louisa_of_Hesse-Darmstadt" title="Frederica Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt">Princess Frederica Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Feodorovna_(Charlotte_of_Prussia)" title="Alexandra Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia)">Princess Charlotte of Prussia</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/Charles_II,_Grand_Duke_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Charles II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Charles II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Duchess Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Friederike_of_Hesse-Darmstadt" title="Princess Friederike of Hesse-Darmstadt">Princess Friederike of Hesse-Darmstadt</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_II_of_Russia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Domestic orders and decorations<sup id="cite_ref-Army_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Army-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (January 2021)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Andrew" title="Order of St. Andrew">Knight of St. Andrew</a>, <i>29 April 1818</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Alexander_Nevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Alexander Nevsky">Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky</a>, <i>29 April 1818</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Anna" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Anna">Knight of St. Anna</a>, 1st Class, <i>29 April 1818</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Vladimir" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Vladimir">Knight of St. Vladimir</a>, 1st Class, <i>1 January 1846</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._George" title="Order of St. George">Knight of St. George</a>, 4th Class, <i>10 November 1850</i>; 1st Class, <i>26 November 1869</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Stanislaus_(House_of_Romanov)" title="Order of Saint Stanislaus (House of Romanov)">Knight of St. Stanislaus</a>, 1st Class, <i>11 June 1865</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Weapon_for_Bravery" title="Golden Weapon for Bravery">Golden Sword "For Bravery"</a>, <i>28 November 1877</i></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Military_ensign_of_Vistula_Flotilla_of_Congress_Poland.svg/23px-Military_ensign_of_Vistula_Flotilla_of_Congress_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Military_ensign_of_Vistula_Flotilla_of_Congress_Poland.svg/35px-Military_ensign_of_Vistula_Flotilla_of_Congress_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Military_ensign_of_Vistula_Flotilla_of_Congress_Poland.svg/45px-Military_ensign_of_Vistula_Flotilla_of_Congress_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Poland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Poland)" title="Order of the White Eagle (Poland)">Knight of the White Eagle</a>, <i>12 July 1829</i><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>Foreign orders and decorations<sup id="cite_ref-Army_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Army-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Stephen_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Stephen of Hungary">Order of St. Stephen</a>, <i>1839</i></li> <li>Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_Maria_Theresa" title="Military Order of Maria Theresa">Military Order of Maria Theresa</a>, <i>1875</i></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg/46px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Baden_%281891%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Knight of the <a href="/wiki/House_Order_of_Fidelity" title="House Order of Fidelity">House Order of Fidelity</a>, <i>1839</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Z%C3%A4hringer_Lion" title="Order of the Zähringer Lion">Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion</a>, <i>1839</i></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28striped%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Kingdom of Bavaria</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Hubert" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Hubert">Knight of St. Hubert</a>, <i>1829</i><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>: Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_(Belgium)" title="Order of Leopold (Belgium)">Order of Leopold</a>, <i>25 April 1856</i><sup id="cite_ref-Veldekens1858_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veldekens1858-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281822%E2%80%931870%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="439" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Southern_Cross" title="Order of the Southern Cross">Grand Cross of the Southern Cross</a>, <i>15 May 1845</i></li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Pedro_I" title="Order of Pedro I">Order of Pedro I</a>, <i>14 February 1856</i></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Bukhara.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Bukhara.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Bukhara.svg/34px-Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Bukhara.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Bukhara.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Emirate_of_Bukhara.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="272" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Emirate of Bukhara</a>: Order of Noble Bukhara, <i>1881</i></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Elephant" title="Order of the Elephant">Knight of the Elephant</a>, <i>23 April 1834</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Golden Collar, <i>1838</i></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha"><img alt="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg/45px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxe-Altenburg" title="Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg"><img alt="Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Saxe-Altenburg_%281893-1918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saxe-Altenburg_%281893-1918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Saxe-Altenburg_%281893-1918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saxe-Altenburg_%281893-1918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Saxe-Altenburg_%281893-1918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saxe-Altenburg_%281893-1918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen"><img alt="Saxe-Meiningen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg/45px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ernestine_duchies" title="Ernestine duchies">Ernestine duchies</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Ernestine_House_Order" title="Saxe-Ernestine House Order">Saxe-Ernestine House Order</a>, <i>June 1847</i><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>: <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg/23px-Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg/35px-Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg/45px-Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Kingdom of France</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Order of the Holy Spirit">Knight of the Holy Spirit</a>, <i>5 February 1824</i><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">French Empire</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a>, <i>30 July 1856</i><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom of Greece</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Redeemer" title="Order of the Redeemer">Grand Cross of the Redeemer</a>, <i>8 November 1835</i></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Kingdom of Hanover</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Guelphic_Order" title="Royal Guelphic Order">Royal Guelphic Order</a>, <i>1838</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._George_(Hanover)" title="Order of St. George (Hanover)">Knight of St. George</a>, <i>1840</i></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse"><img alt="Hesse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hesse" title="Electorate of Hesse">Electorate of Hesse</a>: <a href="/wiki/House_Order_of_the_Golden_Lion_(Hesse-Kassel)" class="mw-redirect" title="House Order of the Golden Lion (Hesse-Kassel)">Grand Cross of the Golden Lion</a>, <i>18 August 1847</i><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg/19px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg/29px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg/38px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Hessen_ohne_Wappen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Grand Duchy of Hesse</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Order" title="Ludwig Order">Ludwig Order</a>, <i>25 March 1839</i></li> <li>Grand Cross of the Merit <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Philip_the_Magnanimous" title="Order of Philip the Magnanimous">Order of Philip the Magnanimous</a>, <i>25 December 1843</i></li> <li>Military Merit Cross, <i>16 May 1878</i></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>: Grand Cordon of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Chrysanthemum" title="Order of the Chrysanthemum">Order of the Chrysanthemum</a>, <i>27 April 1877</i><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg/23px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg/35px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg/45px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogt%C3%BCmer_Mecklenburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg" title="Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a>: <a href="/wiki/House_Order_of_the_Wendish_Crown" title="House Order of the Wendish Crown">Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown</a>, with Crown in Ore and Golden Collar, <i>21 June 1864</i></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Mexico_%281864-1867%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281864-1867%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Mexico_%281864-1867%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281864-1867%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Mexico_%281864-1867%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281864-1867%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Mexican Empire</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Imperial_Orders#Imperial_Order_of_the_Mexican_Eagle" title="Mexican Imperial Orders">Grand Cross of the Mexican Eagle</a>, with Collar, <i>1865</i><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/19px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/29px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/38px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint-Charles" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint-Charles">Grand Cross of St. Charles</a>, <i>22 July 1873</i><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Montenegro" title="Principality of Montenegro">Principality of Montenegro</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Peter_of_Cetinje" title="Order of Saint Peter of Cetinje">Knight of St. Peter of Cetinje</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg/45px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Nassau_%281806-1866%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Lion_of_Nassau" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Golden Lion of Nassau">Knight of the Gold Lion of Nassau</a>, <i>May 1858</i><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion" title="Order of the Netherlands Lion">Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion</a>, <i>2 December 1834</i></li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Military_William_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Military William Order">Military William Order</a>, <i>13 September 1855</i><sup id="cite_ref-Military_William_Order_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Military_William_Order-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Flagge_Herzogtum_Oldenburg.svg/23px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Oldenburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Flagge_Herzogtum_Oldenburg.svg/35px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Oldenburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Flagge_Herzogtum_Oldenburg.svg/46px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Oldenburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a>: <a href="/wiki/House_and_Merit_Order_of_Peter_Frederick_Louis" title="House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis">Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig</a>, with Golden Crown, <i>27 September 1847</i><sup id="cite_ref-Oldenburg1873_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oldenburg1873-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Medjidie" title="Order of the Medjidie">Order of the Medjidie</a>, 1st Class, <i>1 February 1860</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Osmanieh" title="Order of Osmanieh">Order of Osmanieh</a>, 1st Class, <i>25 May 1871</i></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Parma.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Parma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Parma.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Parma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Parma.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Duchy_of_Parma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Parma">Duchy of Parma</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Military_Constantinian_Order_of_Saint_George" title="Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George">Senator Grand Cross of the Constantinian Order of St. George</a>, with Collar, <i>1851</i><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amir_Kabir_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Amir_Kabir_Flag.svg/20px-Amir_Kabir_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Amir_Kabir_Flag.svg/30px-Amir_Kabir_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Amir_Kabir_Flag.svg/40px-Amir_Kabir_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Persian Empire</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Lion_and_the_Sun" title="Order of the Lion and the Sun">Order of the Lion and the Sun</a>, 1st Class, <i>10 July 1850</i></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281830%E2%80%931910%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Sash_of_the_Three_Orders" title="Sash of the Three Orders">Sash of the Three Orders</a>, <i>27 November 1855</i><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Black_Eagle" title="Order of the Black Eagle">Knight of the Black Eagle</a>, <i>10 June 1826</i>; with Collar, <i>1856</i><sup id="cite_ref-prus_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prus-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grand Commander's Cross of the Royal <a href="/wiki/House_Order_of_Hohenzollern" title="House Order of Hohenzollern">House Order of Hohenzollern</a>, <i>30 May 1856</i><sup id="cite_ref-prus_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prus-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite">Pour le Mérite</a> (military), <i>8 December 1869</i>; with Oak Leaves, <i>8 December 1871</i>; Grand Cross, <i>24 April 1878</i><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Civil_Flag_and_Civil_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg/23px-Civil_Flag_and_Civil_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Civil_Flag_and_Civil_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg/35px-Civil_Flag_and_Civil_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Civil_Flag_and_Civil_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg/45px-Civil_Flag_and_Civil_Ensign_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281816-1848%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Kingdom of Sardinia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Knight of the Annunciation</a>, <i>20 October 1845</i><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg/45px-Flagge_Gro%C3%9Fherzogtum_Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach_%281813-1897%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Falcon" title="Order of the White Falcon">Grand Cross of the White Falcon</a>, <i>12 September 1838</i><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg/23px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg/35px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg/45px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_Sachsen_%281815-1918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Kingdom of Saxony</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rue_Crown" title="Order of the Rue Crown">Knight of the Rue Crown</a>, <i>1840</i><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Knight of the Golden Fleece</a>, <i>14 May 1826</i><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Swedish_and_Norwegian_merchant_flag_1818-1844.svg/21px-Swedish_and_Norwegian_merchant_flag_1818-1844.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Swedish_and_Norwegian_merchant_flag_1818-1844.svg/32px-Swedish_and_Norwegian_merchant_flag_1818-1844.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Swedish_and_Norwegian_merchant_flag_1818-1844.svg/42px-Swedish_and_Norwegian_merchant_flag_1818-1844.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sweden-Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweden-Norway">Sweden-Norway</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Seraphim" title="Order of the Seraphim">Knight of the Seraphim</a>, <i>6 March 1826</i><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Ferdinand_and_of_Merit" title="Order of Saint Ferdinand and of Merit">Grand Cross of St. Ferdinand and Merit</a>, <i>20 January 1839</i></li> <li><span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></span>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Stranger Knight of the Garter</a>, <i>14 August 1867</i><sup id="cite_ref-p64_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p64-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/23px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/35px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/46px-Flagge_K%C3%B6nigreich_W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Württemberg1869_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Württemberg1869-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_(W%C3%BCrttemberg)" title="Order of the Crown (Württemberg)">Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown</a>, <i>1829</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Merit_Order_(W%C3%BCrttemberg)" title="Military Merit Order (Württemberg)">Knight of the Military Merit Order</a>, <i>25 December 1850</i></li></ul></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arms">Arms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_II_of_Russia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_russia_1856_Alexander_II.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="1856-1883" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Coat_of_arms_of_russia_1856_Alexander_II.png/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_russia_1856_Alexander_II.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Coat_of_arms_of_russia_1856_Alexander_II.png/330px-Coat_of_arms_of_russia_1856_Alexander_II.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Coat_of_arms_of_russia_1856_Alexander_II.png/440px-Coat_of_arms_of_russia_1856_Alexander_II.png 2x" data-file-width="2429" data-file-height="2921" /></a><figcaption>Lesser coat of arms of russia 1856</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_II_of_Russia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_II_by_E.Botman_(1856,_Russian_museum).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Alexander II, 1856"><img alt="Portrait of Alexander II, 1856" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Alexander_II_by_E.Botman_%281856%2C_Russian_museum%29.jpg/77px-Alexander_II_by_E.Botman_%281856%2C_Russian_museum%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Alexander_II_by_E.Botman_%281856%2C_Russian_museum%29.jpg/116px-Alexander_II_by_E.Botman_%281856%2C_Russian_museum%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Alexander_II_by_E.Botman_%281856%2C_Russian_museum%29.jpg/154px-Alexander_II_by_E.Botman_%281856%2C_Russian_museum%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="2020" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portrait of Alexander II, 1856</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_II_of_Russia_by_Monogrammist_V.G._(1888,_Hermitage)_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Emperor Alexander II wearing the greatcoat and cap of the Imperial Horse-Guards Regiment. c. 1865"><img alt="Portrait of Emperor Alexander II wearing the greatcoat and cap of the Imperial Horse-Guards Regiment. c. 1865" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Alexander_II_of_Russia_by_Monogrammist_V.G._%281888%2C_Hermitage%29_detail.jpg/99px-Alexander_II_of_Russia_by_Monogrammist_V.G._%281888%2C_Hermitage%29_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Alexander_II_of_Russia_by_Monogrammist_V.G._%281888%2C_Hermitage%29_detail.jpg/149px-Alexander_II_of_Russia_by_Monogrammist_V.G._%281888%2C_Hermitage%29_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Alexander_II_of_Russia_by_Monogrammist_V.G._%281888%2C_Hermitage%29_detail.jpg/198px-Alexander_II_of_Russia_by_Monogrammist_V.G._%281888%2C_Hermitage%29_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1445" data-file-height="1750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portrait of Emperor Alexander II wearing the greatcoat and cap of the Imperial Horse-Guards Regiment. c. 1865</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_II_S_L_Levitsky.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Alexander II, by Sergei Lvovich Levitsky, 1860 (The Di Rocco Wieler Private Collection, Toronto, Canada)"><img alt="Alexander II, by Sergei Lvovich Levitsky, 1860 (The Di Rocco Wieler Private Collection, Toronto, Canada)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Alexander_II_S_L_Levitsky.JPG/92px-Alexander_II_S_L_Levitsky.JPG" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Alexander_II_S_L_Levitsky.JPG/138px-Alexander_II_S_L_Levitsky.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Alexander_II_S_L_Levitsky.JPG/184px-Alexander_II_S_L_Levitsky.JPG 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="403" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Alexander II, by Sergei Lvovich Levitsky, 1860 (The Di Rocco Wieler Private Collection, Toronto, Canada)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_II_of_Russia_by_K.Makovskiy_(1881,_GTG).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alexander II, portrait by Konstantin Makovsky. 1881"><img alt="Alexander II, portrait by Konstantin Makovsky. 1881" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Alexander_II_of_Russia_by_K.Makovskiy_%281881%2C_GTG%29.jpg/80px-Alexander_II_of_Russia_by_K.Makovskiy_%281881%2C_GTG%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Alexander_II_of_Russia_by_K.Makovskiy_%281881%2C_GTG%29.jpg/120px-Alexander_II_of_Russia_by_K.Makovskiy_%281881%2C_GTG%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Alexander_II_of_Russia_by_K.Makovskiy_%281881%2C_GTG%29.jpg/160px-Alexander_II_of_Russia_by_K.Makovskiy_%281881%2C_GTG%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="2098" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Alexander II, portrait by <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Makovsky" title="Konstantin Makovsky">Konstantin Makovsky</a>. 1881</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsar-liberator-imagesfrombulgaria.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Monument to the Tsar Liberator in Sofia commemorates Alexander II's decisive role in the Liberation of Bulgaria from Ottoman rule during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78."><img alt="The Monument to the Tsar Liberator in Sofia commemorates Alexander II's decisive role in the Liberation of Bulgaria from Ottoman rule during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Tsar-liberator-imagesfrombulgaria.jpg/90px-Tsar-liberator-imagesfrombulgaria.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Tsar-liberator-imagesfrombulgaria.jpg/135px-Tsar-liberator-imagesfrombulgaria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Tsar-liberator-imagesfrombulgaria.jpg/180px-Tsar-liberator-imagesfrombulgaria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Tsar_Liberator" title="Monument to the Tsar Liberator">Monument to the Tsar Liberator</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> commemorates Alexander II's decisive role in the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Bulgaria" title="Liberation of Bulgaria">Liberation of Bulgaria</a> from Ottoman rule during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_of_1877%E2%80%9378" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78">Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chenstokhov.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A monument to Alexander II in Częstochowa, removed after liberation of Poland."><img alt="A monument to Alexander II in Częstochowa, removed after liberation of Poland." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Chenstokhov.jpg/120px-Chenstokhov.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Chenstokhov.jpg/180px-Chenstokhov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Chenstokhov.jpg/240px-Chenstokhov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="715" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A monument to Alexander II in <a href="/wiki/Jasna_G%C3%B3ra_Monastery" title="Jasna Góra Monastery">Częstochowa</a>, removed after liberation of Poland.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monument_of_Alexander_II_of_Russia_in_Plovdiv.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A monument to Alexander II in Plovdiv, Bulgaria."><img alt="A monument to Alexander II in Plovdiv, Bulgaria." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Monument_of_Alexander_II_of_Russia_in_Plovdiv.jpg/90px-Monument_of_Alexander_II_of_Russia_in_Plovdiv.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Monument_of_Alexander_II_of_Russia_in_Plovdiv.jpg/135px-Monument_of_Alexander_II_of_Russia_in_Plovdiv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Monument_of_Alexander_II_of_Russia_in_Plovdiv.jpg/180px-Monument_of_Alexander_II_of_Russia_in_Plovdiv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A monument to Alexander II in <a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a>, Bulgaria.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_II_of_Russia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Section_of_His_Imperial_Majesty%27s_Own_Chancellery" title="Third Section of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery">Third Section of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsars_of_Russia_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsars of Russia family tree">Tsars of Russia family tree</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_II_of_Russia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Old style: 17 April 1818; 1 March 1881</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_II_of_Russia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1911561-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1911561_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1911561_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWallace1911">Wallace 1911</a>, p. 561.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reformation_by_the_Tsar_Liberator-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reformation_by_the_Tsar_Liberator_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inforefuge.com/reformation-by-the-tsar-liberator">"Reformation by the Tsar Liberator"</a>. <i>InfoRefuge</i>. 16 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InfoRefuge&rft.atitle=Reformation+by+the+Tsar+Liberator&rft.date=2007-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inforefuge.com%2Freformation-by-the-tsar-liberator&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-II-emperor-of-Russia">"Alexander II | emperor of Russia"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alexander+II+%7C+emperor+of+Russia&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAlexander-II-emperor-of-Russia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYegorov2017" class="citation web cs1">Yegorov, Oleg (16 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbth.com/politics_and_society/2017/08/16/what-role-did-russia-play-in-the-us-civil-war_823252">"What role did Russia play in the U.S. Civil War?"</a>. <i>Russia Beyond</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Russia+Beyond&rft.atitle=What+role+did+Russia+play+in+the+U.S.+Civil+War%3F&rft.date=2017-08-16&rft.aulast=Yegorov&rft.aufirst=Oleg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbth.com%2Fpolitics_and_society%2F2017%2F08%2F16%2Fwhat-role-did-russia-play-in-the-us-civil-war_823252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaus-M.1987" class="citation book cs1">Claus-M., Naske (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alaskahistoryof40000nask/page/61"><i>Alaska, a history of the 49th state</i></a>. Slotnick, Herman E. (2nd ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alaskahistoryof40000nask/page/61">61</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806125732" title="Special:BookSources/978-0806125732"><bdi>978-0806125732</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44965514">44965514</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alaska%2C+a+history+of+the+49th+state&rft.place=Norman&rft.pages=61&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44965514&rft.isbn=978-0806125732&rft.aulast=Claus-M.&rft.aufirst=Naske&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falaskahistoryof40000nask%2Fpage%2F61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KingonMiliutin-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KingonMiliutin_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King, Charles. <i>The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus</i>. p. 94. <i>In a policy memorandum in of 1857, Dmitri Milyutin, chief-of-staff to Bariatinskii, summarized the new thinking on dealing with the northwestern highlanders. The idea, Milyutin argued, was not to clear the highlands and coastal areas of Circassians so that these regions could be settled by productive farmers...[but] Rather, eliminating the Circassians was to be an end in itself – to cleanse the land of hostile elements. <a href="/wiki/Tsar_Alexander_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsar Alexander II">Tsar Alexander II</a> formally approved the resettlement plan...Milyutin, who would eventually become minister of war, was to see his plans realized in the early 1860s.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scepsis.net/library/id_1536.html">"Контрреформы 1889–1892 гг.: Содержание контрреформ // Николай Троицкий"</a>. <i>scepsis.net</i> (in Russian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scepsis.net&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8B+1889%E2%80%931892+%D0%B3%D0%B3.%3A+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC+%2F%2F+%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9+%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscepsis.net%2Flibrary%2Fid_1536.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1911559–60-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1911559–60_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWallace1911">Wallace 1911</a>, pp. 559–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1911560-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1911560_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1911560_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1911560_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1911560_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1911560_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1911560_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1911560_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1911560_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWallace1911">Wallace 1911</a>, p. 560.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=52BmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA113"><i>The McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of world biography: an international reference work</i></a>. McGraw-Hill. 1973. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780070796331" title="Special:BookSources/9780070796331"><bdi>9780070796331</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+McGraw-Hill+encyclopedia+of+world+biography%3A+an+international+reference+work&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780070796331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D52BmAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edvard Radzinsky, <i>Alexander II: the Last Great Tsar</i>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edvard Radzinsky, <i>Alexander II: The Last Great Tsar</i>, pp. 65–69, 190–91 & 199–200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadzinsky2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Radzinsky" title="Edvard Radzinsky">Radzinsky, Edvard</a> (2005). "How to Bring Up a Caesar". <i>Alexander II: The Last Great Tsar</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Antonina_W._Bouis" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonina W. Bouis">Bouis, Antonina</a> (reprint ed.). New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0743281973" title="Special:BookSources/978-0743281973"><bdi>978-0743281973</bdi></a>. <q>The tsesarevich was the first Romanov heir to visit Siberia, where convicts and exiles were sent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+to+Bring+Up+a+Caesar&rft.btitle=Alexander+II%3A+The+Last+Great+Tsar&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=62&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0743281973&rft.aulast=Radzinsky&rft.aufirst=Edvard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sebag Montefiore, p. 512</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/irish-famine-sparked-international-fundraising-237694651">"Irish Famine sparked international fundraising"</a>. <i>IrishCentral</i>. 10 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IrishCentral&rft.atitle=Irish+Famine+sparked+international+fundraising&rft.date=2010-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishcentral.com%2Froots%2Firish-famine-sparked-international-fundraising-237694651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Advocate: or, Irish Industrial Journal, 7 March 1855, page 3, column 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in David Saunders, <i>Russia in the Age of Reaction and Reform: 1801–1881</i>. London: Longman, 1992. p. 213. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780582489783" title="Special:BookSources/9780582489783">9780582489783</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sebag Montefiore, pp. 541–542</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edvard Radzinsky, <i>Alexander II: The Last Great Tsar</i>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edvard, Radzinsky, <i>Alexander II: The Last Great Tsar</i> p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mee, Arthur; Hammerton, J.A.; Innes, Arthur D.; <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/harmsworthhistor07meea/harmsworthhistor07meea_djvu.txt">Harmsworth History of the World: Volume 7</a></i>, 1907, Carmelite House, London; p. 5193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Bruce Lincoln, <i>The great reforms: Autocracy, bureaucracy, and the politics of change in imperial Russia</i> (Northern Illinois UP, 1990).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ben Eklof, John Bushnell, and Larisa Georgievna Zakharova, eds. <i>Russia's great reforms, 1855–1881</i> (Indiana University Press, 1994).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edvard Radzinsky, <i>Alexander II: The Last Great Tsar</i> p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathon Bromley, "Russia 1848–1917"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edvard Radzinsky, <i>Alexander II: The Last Great Tsar</i>, pp. 150–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Keep, in Robert Auty and Dimitri Obolensky, eds. (1976), <i>An Introduction to Russian History</i>, p. 238</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace1911560–561-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace1911560–561_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWallace1911">Wallace 1911</a>, pp. 560–561.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaine1888" class="citation book cs1">Maine, Henry (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/internationallaw00mainiala#page/n7/mode/2up"><i>International Law: A Series of Lectures Delivered Before the University of Cambridge, 1887</i></a> (1st ed.). London: John Murray. p. 128<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Law%3A+A+Series+of+Lectures+Delivered+Before+the+University+of+Cambridge%2C+1887&rft.place=London&rft.pages=128&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Maine&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Finternationallaw00mainiala%23page%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKareshHurvitz2005" class="citation book cs1">Karesh, Sara E.; Hurvitz, Mitchell M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2cCZBDm8F8C&pg=PA10"><i>Encyclopedia of Judaism</i></a>. Infobase. pp. 10–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816069828" title="Special:BookSources/9780816069828"><bdi>9780816069828</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Judaism&rft.pages=10-11&rft.pub=Infobase&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780816069828&rft.aulast=Karesh&rft.aufirst=Sara+E.&rft.au=Hurvitz%2C+Mitchell+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ2cCZBDm8F8C%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James P. Duffy, Vincent L. Ricci, <i>Czars: Russia's Rulers for Over One Thousand Years</i>, p. 324</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James R. Gibson (1979). "Why the Russians Sold Alaska". <i>Wilson Quarterly</i> 3.3: 179–188. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40255691">40255691</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simon Sebag Montefiore (2016), <i>The Romanovs: 1613–1918</i>, pp. 392ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100210084358/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history.do?action=Article&id=4833">"This Day in History – 13 March 1881"</a>, <i>History</i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history.do?action=Article&id=4833">the original</a> on 10 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=This+Day+in+History+%E2%80%93+13+March+1881&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history.do%3Faction%3DArticle%26id%3D4833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaller2015" class="citation book cs1">Waller, Sally (2015). <i>Tsarist and Communist Russia 1855–1964</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-835467-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-835467-3"><bdi>978-0-19-835467-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tsarist+and+Communist+Russia+1855%E2%80%931964&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-835467-3&rft.aulast=Waller&rft.aufirst=Sally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dmitry-Andreyevich-Graf-Tolstoy">"Dmitry Andreyevich, Count Tolstoy | Russian statesman"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dmitry+Andreyevich%2C+Count+Tolstoy+%7C+Russian+statesman&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FDmitry-Andreyevich-Graf-Tolstoy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hingley, Ronald, <i>Nihilists: Russian Radicals and Revolutionaries in the Reign of Alexander II, 1855–81</i> (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1967) p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-II-emperor-of-Russia">"Alexander II"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Alexander+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAlexander-II-emperor-of-Russia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/January-Insurrection">"January Insurrection"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 15 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=January+Insurrection&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2024-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FJanuary-Insurrection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorfill1902" class="citation book cs1">Morfill, William (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistoryrussiaf00morfgoog"><i>A history of Russia: from the birth of Peter the Great to Nicholas II</i></a>. James Pott. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistoryrussiaf00morfgoog/page/n447">429</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Russia%3A+from+the+birth+of+Peter+the+Great+to+Nicholas+II&rft.pages=429&rft.pub=James+Pott&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Morfill&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fahistoryrussiaf00morfgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lincoln, W. Bruce (1977). <i>Nikolai Miliutin, an enlightened Russian Bureaucrat.</i> pp. 90–102. New York: Oriental Research Partners. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89250-133-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-89250-133-2">0-89250-133-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zyzniewski, Stanley J. (1966). "The Russo-Polish Crucible of the 1860s: A Review of Some Recent Literature". <i>The Polish Review</i> 23–46. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25776655">25776655</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ц-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ц_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ц_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ц_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ц_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120516061230/http://krotov.info/lib_sec/04_g/gol/ovanov_01.htm#_Toc468949488">"krotov.info"</a>. <i>www.krotov.info</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krotov.info/lib_sec/04_g/gol/ovanov_01.htm#_Toc468949488">the original</a> on 16 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.krotov.info&rft.atitle=krotov.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krotov.info%2Flib_sec%2F04_g%2Fgol%2Fovanov_01.htm%23_Toc468949488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-haar-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-haar_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-haar_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaarmann2016" class="citation book cs1">Haarmann, Harald (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KEA4DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA211"><i>Modern Finland: Portrait of a Flourishing Society</i></a>. McFarland. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1476625652" title="Special:BookSources/978-1476625652"><bdi>978-1476625652</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Finland%3A+Portrait+of+a+Flourishing+Society&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1476625652&rft.aulast=Haarmann&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKEA4DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Figes2010-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Figes2010_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiges2010" class="citation book cs1">Figes, Orlando (2010). <i>Crimea: The Last Crusade</i>. London: Allen Lane. p. 433. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9704-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9704-0"><bdi>978-0-7139-9704-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crimea%3A+The+Last+Crusade&rft.place=London&rft.pages=433&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9704-0&rft.aulast=Figes&rft.aufirst=Orlando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman E. Saul, Richard D. McKinzie. <i>Russian-American Dialogue on Cultural Relations, 1776–1914</i> p. 95. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826210975" title="Special:BookSources/9780826210975">9780826210975</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hugh Ragsdale, <i>Imperial Russian Foreign Policy</i> (Cambridge University Press. 1993). p. 227</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederick Kellogg, <i>The Road to Romanian Independence</i>, Purdue University Press, 1995, p. 191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Natho, Kadir I (2009). <i>Circassian History</i>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/2009902994">2009-902994</a>, p. 361</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichmond2013" class="citation book cs1">Richmond, Walter (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LHlwZwpA70cC"><i>The Circassian Genocide</i></a>. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-6069-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-6069-4"><bdi>978-0-8135-6069-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Circassian+Genocide&rft.series=Genocide%2C+Political+Violence%2C+Human+Rights&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-6069-4&rft.aulast=Richmond&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLHlwZwpA70cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Y. Abramov,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.circassianworld.com/RU/CaucasianMountaineers.html"><i>Caucasian Mountaineers, Materials For the History of Circassian People</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110321190324/http://www.circassianworld.com/RU/CaucasianMountaineers.html">Archived</a> 21 March 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1990</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Justin McCarthy, <i>Death and Exile, the Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims</i>, 1821–1922, Princeton, New Jersey, 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KingonMiliutin2-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KingonMiliutin2_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KingonMiliutin2_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KingonMiliutin2_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">King, Charles. <i>The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus</i>. p. 94. "In a policy memorandum in of 1857, Dmitri Milyutin, chief-of-staff to Bariatinskii, summarized the new thinking on dealing with the northwestern highlanders. The idea, Milyutin argued, was not to clear the highlands and coastal areas of Circassians so that these regions could be settled by productive farmers ... [but] Rather, eliminating the Circassians was to be an end in itself – to cleanse the land of hostile elements. <a href="/wiki/Tsar_Alexander_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsar Alexander II">Tsar Alexander II</a> formally approved the resettlement plan ... Milyutin, who would eventually become minister of war, was to see his plans realized in the early 1860s".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richmond200879-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richmond200879_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richmond200879_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichmond2008">Richmond 2008</a>, p. 79. "In his memoirs <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Milyutin" title="Dmitry Milyutin">Milutin</a>, who proposed deporting Circassians from the mountains as early as 1857, recalls: "the plan of action decided upon for 1860 was to cleanse [<span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">ochistit'</i></span>] the mountain zone of its indigenous population".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/exile-of-ethnic-circassian-community-remembered-with-sorrow-160-years-later/3226292">"Exile of ethnic Circassian community remembered with sorrow 160 years later"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Anadolu_Agency" title="Anadolu Agency">Anadolu Agency</a></i>. 21 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anadolu+Agency&rft.atitle=Exile+of+ethnic+Circassian+community+remembered+with+sorrow+160+years+later&rft.date=2024-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Fen%2Fasia-pacific%2Fexile-of-ethnic-circassian-community-remembered-with-sorrow-160-years-later%2F3226292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazemzadeh 1974</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing" class="citation book cs1">King, Charles. <i>The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus</i>. p. 95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ghost+of+Freedom%3A+A+History+of+the+Caucasus&rft.pages=95&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span>. "One after another, entire Circassian tribal groups were dispersed, resettled, or killed en masse".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-verhoeven-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-verhoeven_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerhoeven2009" class="citation book cs1">Verhoeven, Claudia (2009). <i>The odd man Karakozov: Imperial Russia, modernity, and the birth of terrorism</i>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4652-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4652-8"><bdi>978-0-8014-4652-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+odd+man+Karakozov%3A+Imperial+Russia%2C+modernity%2C+and+the+birth+of+terrorism&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-4652-8&rft.aulast=Verhoeven&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tarsaidze-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tarsaidze_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarsaidze1970" class="citation book cs1">Tarsaidze, Alexandre (1970). <i>Katia: Wife before God</i>. New York: Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Katia%3A+Wife+before+God&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Tarsaidze&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rowley-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rowley_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rowley_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rowley_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rowley_61-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rowley_61-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rowley_61-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rowley_61-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rowley_61-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowley2017" class="citation journal cs1">Rowley, Alison (Summer 2017). "Dark Tourism and the Death of Russian Emperor Alexander II, 1881–1891". <i>Historian</i>. <b>79</b> (2): 229–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fhisn.12503">10.1111/hisn.12503</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2370">0018-2370</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148924679">148924679</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historian&rft.atitle=Dark+Tourism+and+the+Death+of+Russian+Emperor+Alexander+II%2C+1881%E2%80%931891&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=229-55&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148924679%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0018-2370&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fhisn.12503&rft.aulast=Rowley&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarabee2005" class="citation book cs1">Larabee, Ann (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dynamitefiendchi0000lara"><i>The Dynamite Fiend: The Chilling Tale of a Confederate Spy, Con Artist, and Mass Murderer</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1403967947" title="Special:BookSources/978-1403967947"><bdi>978-1403967947</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dynamite+Fiend%3A+The+Chilling+Tale+of+a+Confederate+Spy%2C+Con+Artist%2C+and+Mass+Murderer&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1403967947&rft.aulast=Larabee&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdynamitefiendchi0000lara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prlib.ru/en/history/619641">"On the place of the emperor Alexander II assassination in St. Petersburg the Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood was founded"</a>. <i>Presidential Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Library&rft.atitle=On+the+place+of+the+emperor+Alexander+II+assassination+in+St.+Petersburg+the+Church+of+the+Savior+on+Spilled+Blood+was+founded&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prlib.ru%2Fen%2Fhistory%2F619641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richard_J_Harris,_Newport_Beach,_CA_USA-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Richard_J_Harris,_Newport_Beach,_CA_USA_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Richard. <i>Mother's recounting of her father's experience</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mother%27s+recounting+of+her+father%27s+experience&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Radzinsky, Edvard, <i>Alexander II: The Last Great Czar</i>, (Freepress 2005) p. 413</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert K. Massie, <i>Nicholas and Alexandra</i>, Dell Publishing Company, New York, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Radzinsky, (2005) p. 415</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManaev2021" class="citation web cs1">Manaev, Georgy (13 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbth.com/history/333524-5-attempts-alexander-of-russia-murder">"5 times terrorists FAILED to kill the Russian Emperor"</a>. <i>Russia Beyond</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Russia+Beyond&rft.atitle=5+times+terrorists+FAILED+to+kill+the+Russian+Emperor&rft.date=2021-03-13&rft.aulast=Manaev&rft.aufirst=Georgy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbth.com%2Fhistory%2F333524-5-attempts-alexander-of-russia-murder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Massie, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Radzinsky, (2005) p. 419</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">YLE: The statue of the Russian emperor arouses wonder among tourists – Why is it still in the middle of Helsinki? – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-10984227">Venäjän keisarin patsas herättää turisteissa ihmetystä – Miksi se on yhä keskellä Helsinkiä?</a> (in Finnish)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heilbronner, Hans, 'Alexander III and the Reform Plan of Loris-Melikov', <i>The Journal of Modern History</i>, 33:4 (1961) 384–97 [386]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Venturi, Franco, <i>Roots of Revolution: A History of the Populist and Socialist Movements in Nineteenth Century Russia</i>, trans. by Francis Haskell (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1960)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heilbronner, pp. 390–96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palmer, Brian (29 December 2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2279457/">What do anarchists want from us?</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Slate.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Slate.com">Slate.com</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visittampere.fi/en/attraction/alexander-church/">"Alexander Church"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alexander+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisittampere.fi%2Fen%2Fattraction%2Falexander-church%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discoveringfinland.com/destination/alexander-church-tampere/">"Alexander Church – Tampere Tampere"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alexander+Church+%E2%80%93+Tampere+Tampere&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.discoveringfinland.com%2Fdestination%2Falexander-church-tampere%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kiste,_1959,_p._11-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kiste,_1959,_p._11_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kiste,_1959,_p._11_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Van der Kiste, "The Romanovs 1818–1959," p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kiste,_1959,_p._12-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kiste,_1959,_p._12_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kiste,_1959,_p._12_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kiste,_1959,_p._12_79-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kiste,_1959,_p._12_79-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Van der Kiste, "The Romanovs 1818–1959," p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edvard Radzinsky, "Alexander II: The Last Great Tsar," p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kiste,_1959,_p._13-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kiste,_1959,_p._13_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kiste,_1959,_p._13_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Van der Kiste, "The Romanovs 1818–1959," p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Alexander II of Russia". <i>Spirit of the Times; A Chronicle of the Turf, Agriculture, Field Sports, Literature and the Stage (1835–1861)</i>. <b>25</b>: 304. 11 August 1855 – via ProQuest.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spirit+of+the+Times%3B+A+Chronicle+of+the+Turf%2C+Agriculture%2C+Field+Sports%2C+Literature+and+the+Stage+%281835%E2%80%931861%29&rft.atitle=Alexander+II+of+Russia&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=304&rft.date=1855-08-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Van der Kiste, "The Romanovs 1818–1959," p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Der Kiste, p. 94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Van der Kiste, "The Romanovs 1818–1959," p. 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Der Kiste, John <i>The Romanovs: 1818–1959</i> (Sutton Publishing, 2004) p. 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Der Kiste p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Der Kiste, p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Van_Der_Kiste,_pg._75-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Der_Kiste,_pg._75_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Der_Kiste,_pg._75_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Der Kiste, p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Der Kiste, p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Radzinsky, Edvard (2005). Alexander II: The Last Great Tsar. Free Press, a division of Simon and Schuster, Inc. p. 300. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-7332-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-7332-9">978-0-7432-7332-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Van_Der_Kiste,_pg._97-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Der_Kiste,_pg._97_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Der_Kiste,_pg._97_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Der_Kiste,_pg._97_92-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Der Kiste, p. 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Der Kiste, pp. 97 & 98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Van_Der_Kiste,_pg._98-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Der_Kiste,_pg._98_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Der_Kiste,_pg._98_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Der Kiste, p. 98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Michael_Strogoff/Chapter_II" class="extiw" title="s:Michael Strogoff/Chapter II">Jules Verne, "Michael Strogoff", Ch. 2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPronskyBritton" class="citation book cs1">Pronsky, Boris; Britton, Craig. <i>Forty-Ninth</i>. pp. 114–117, 130–136, 180–182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9798201386238" title="Special:BookSources/9798201386238"><bdi>9798201386238</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forty-Ninth&rft.pages=114-117%2C+130-136%2C+180-182&rft.isbn=9798201386238&rft.aulast=Pronsky&rft.aufirst=Boris&rft.au=Britton%2C+Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwain1869" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Twain, Mark</a> (1869), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/5691/5691-h/5691-h.htm#ch37"><i>The Innocents Abroad, or the New Pilgrim's Progress – ch. 37</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Innocents+Abroad%2C+or+the+New+Pilgrim%27s+Progress+%E2%80%93+ch.+37&rft.date=1869&rft.aulast=Twain&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F5691%2F5691-h%2F5691-h.htm%23ch37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Army-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Army_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Army_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://regiment.ru/bio/A/2.htm">Russian Imperial Army – Emperor Alexander II of Russia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181218010506/http://regiment.ru/bio/A/2.htm">Archived</a> 18 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (In Russian)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kawalerowie i statuty Orderu Orła Białego 1705–2008</i> (2008), p. 289</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1878&page=237&size=45">"Ritter-Orden"</a>, <i>Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie</i>, 1878, pp. 61, 64<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ritter-Orden&rft.btitle=Hof-+und+Staatshandbuch+der+%C3%96sterreichisch-Ungarischen+Monarchie&rft.pages=61%2C+64&rft.date=1878&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falex.onb.ac.at%2Fcgi-content%2Falex%3Faid%3Dshb%26datum%3D1878%26page%3D237%26size%3D45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden</i> (1850), "Großherzogliche Orden" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1870429">p. 32</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1870445">48</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2zBRAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA8"><i>Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern: 1870</i></a>. Landesamt. 1870. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hof-+und+Staatshandbuch+des+K%C3%B6nigreichs+Bayern%3A+1870&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Landesamt&rft.date=1870&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2zBRAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Veldekens1858-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Veldekens1858_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerdinand_Veldekens1858" class="citation book cs1">Ferdinand Veldekens (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_6lAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP11"><i>Le livre d'or de l'ordre de Léopold et de la croix de fer</i></a>. lelong. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_6lAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA212">212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+livre+d%27or+de+l%27ordre+de+L%C3%A9opold+et+de+la+croix+de+fer&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=lelong&rft.date=1858&rft.au=Ferdinand+Veldekens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_6lAAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPP11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJørgen_Pedersen2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jørgen Pedersen (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=glw-AQAAIAAJ"><i>Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009</i></a> (in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 468. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7674-434-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7674-434-2"><bdi>978-87-7674-434-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Riddere+af+Elefantordenen%2C+1559%E2%80%932009&rft.pages=468&rft.pub=Syddansk+Universitetsforlag&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-87-7674-434-2&rft.au=J%C3%B8rgen+Pedersen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dglw-AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Staatshandbücher für das Herzogtums Sachsen-Altenburg</i> (1869), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00243702/Parladrusa_Staatshandbuch_SA_166810592_1869_0034.tif?logicalDiv=jportal_jparticle_00472815">p. 20</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeulet1863" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Teulet, Alexandre (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k122126/f377.item.zoom">"Liste chronologique des chevaliers de l'ordre du Saint-Esprit depuis son origine jusqu'à son extinction (1578–1830)"</a> [Chronological list of knights of the Order of the Holy Spirit from its origin to its extinction (1578–1830)]. <i>Annuaire-bulletin de la Société de l'Histoire de France</i> (in French) (2): 117<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annuaire-bulletin+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+de+l%27Histoire+de+France&rft.atitle=Liste+chronologique+des+chevaliers+de+l%27ordre+du+Saint-Esprit+depuis+son+origine+jusqu%27%C3%A0+son+extinction+%281578%E2%80%931830%29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=117&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=Teulet&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k122126%2Ff377.item.zoom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="M._et_B._Wattel" class="citation book cs1">M. Wattel; B. Wattel (2009). <i>Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers</i>. Paris: Archives & Culture. p. 514. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35077-135-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35077-135-9"><bdi>978-2-35077-135-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Grand%27Croix+de+la+L%C3%A9gion+d%27honneur+de+1805+%C3%A0+nos+jours.+Titulaires+fran%C3%A7ais+et+%C3%A9trangers&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=514&rft.pub=Archives+%26+Culture&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-35077-135-9&rft.au=M.+Wattel&rft.au=B.+Wattel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zp9jAAAAcAAJ"><i>Hof- und Staats-Handbuch für das Königreich Hannover</i></a>. Berenberg. 1854. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zp9jAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA32">32</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zp9jAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA61">61</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hof-+und+Staats-Handbuch+f%C3%BCr+das+K%C3%B6nigreich+Hannover&rft.pages=32+61&rft.pub=Berenberg&rft.date=1854&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzp9jAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C_RSAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA11"><i>Kurfürstlich Hessisches Hof- und Staatshandbuch: 1856</i></a>. Waisenhaus. 1856. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kurf%C3%BCrstlich+Hessisches+Hof-+und+Staatshandbuch%3A+1856&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Waisenhaus&rft.date=1856&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC_RSAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Hessen und bei Rhein</i> (1879), "Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen ", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hofundstaatshan00gergoog/page/n34">pp. 10</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hofundstaatshan00gergoog/page/n72">47</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hofundstaatshan00gergoog/page/n154/mode/2up">130</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF刑部芳則2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">刑部芳則 (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meijiseitoku.org/pdf/f54-5.pdf"><i>明治時代の勲章外交儀礼</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Japanese). 明治聖徳記念学会紀要. p. 143.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E3%81%AE%E5%8B%B2%E7%AB%A0%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E5%84%80%E7%A4%BC&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E8%81%96%E5%BE%B3%E8%A8%98%E5%BF%B5%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A%E7%B4%80%E8%A6%81&rft.date=2017&rft.au=%E5%88%91%E9%83%A8%E8%8A%B3%E5%89%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeijiseitoku.org%2Fpdf%2Ff54-5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VOAxAQAAMAAJ">"Seccion IV: Ordenes del Imperio"</a>, <i>Almanaque imperial para el año 1866</i> (in Spanish), 1866, p. 242<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Seccion+IV%3A+Ordenes+del+Imperio&rft.btitle=Almanaque+imperial+para+el+a%C3%B1o+1866&rft.pages=242&rft.date=1866&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVOAxAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journaldemonaco.gouv.mc/var/jdm/storage/original/application/b2d2198a20c00236d3cec1d0e69bb09e.pdf">Sovereign Ordonnance of 22 July 1873</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Staats- und Adreß-Handbuch des Herzogthums Nassau</i> (1866), "Herzogliche Orden" p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10021632?page=23">7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Military_William_Order-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Military_William_Order_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/onderscheidingen/dapperheidsonderscheidingen/databank-dapperheidsonderscheidingen/1855/09/13/romanov-aleksandr-ii-nikolajevitsj">"Militaire Willems-Orde: Romanov, Aleksandr II Nikolajevitsj"</a> [Military William Order: Romanov, Alexander II Nikolaevich]. <i>Ministerie van Defensie</i> (in Dutch). 13 September 1855<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministerie+van+Defensie&rft.atitle=Militaire+Willems-Orde%3A+Romanov%2C+Aleksandr+II+Nikolajevitsj&rft.date=1855-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.defensie.nl%2Fonderwerpen%2Fonderscheidingen%2Fdapperheidsonderscheidingen%2Fdatabank-dapperheidsonderscheidingen%2F1855%2F09%2F13%2Fromanov-aleksandr-ii-nikolajevitsj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oldenburg1873-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oldenburg1873_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaat_Oldenburg1873" class="citation book cs1">Staat Oldenburg (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NpBYAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA28"><i>Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Oldenburg: für ... 1872/73</i></a>. Schulze. p. 28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hof-+und+Staatshandbuch+des+Gro%C3%9Fherzogtums+Oldenburg%3A+f%C3%BCr+...+1872%2F73&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Schulze&rft.date=1873&rft.au=Staat+Oldenburg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNpBYAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EqYSAAAAYAAJ&q=Almanacco%20di%20Parma&pg=PA220"><i>Almanacco di corte</i></a> (in Italian). 1858<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Almanacco+di+corte&rft.date=1858&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEqYSAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DAlmanacco%2520di%2520Parma%26pg%3DPA220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBragançaEstrela2017" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bragança, Jose Vicente de; Estrela, Paulo Jorge (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35782766">"Troca de Decorações entre os Reis de Portugal e os Imperadores da Rússia"</a> [Exchange of Decorations between the Kings of Portugal and the Emperors of Russia]. <i>Pro Phalaris</i> (in Portuguese). <b>16</b>: 10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pro+Phalaris&rft.atitle=Troca+de+Decora%C3%A7%C3%B5es+entre+os+Reis+de+Portugal+e+os+Imperadores+da+R%C3%BAssia&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Bragan%C3%A7a&rft.aufirst=Jose+Vicente+de&rft.au=Estrela%2C+Paulo+Jorge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F35782766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prus-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prus_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prus_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878864&view=1up&seq=5&skin=2021">"Königlich Preussische Ordensliste"</a>, <i>Preussische Ordens-Liste</i> (in German), <b>1</b>, Berlin: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878864&view=1up&seq=12&skin=2021">8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878864&view=1up&seq=935&skin=2021">923</a>, 1877 – via hathitrust.org</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Preussische+Ordens-Liste&rft.atitle=K%C3%B6niglich+Preussische+Ordensliste&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=8%2C+923&rft.date=1877&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015049878864%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D5%26skin%3D2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehmann1913" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lehmann, Gustaf (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN135808618"><i>Die Ritter des Ordens pour le mérite 1812–1913</i></a> [<i>The Knights of the Order of the Pour le Mérite</i>] (in German). Vol. 2. Berlin: <a href="/wiki/E.S._Mittler_%26_Sohn" title="E.S. Mittler & Sohn">Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn</a>. p. 499.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Ritter+des+Ordens+pour+le+m%C3%A9rite+1812%E2%80%931913&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=499&rft.pub=Ernst+Siegfried+Mittler+%26+Sohn&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Lehmann&rft.aufirst=Gustaf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de%2Fid%2FPPN135808618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCibrario1869" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cibrario, Luigi (1869). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2aP6enNFoYC&q=Ordine%20supremo%20della%20Santissima%20Annunziata&pg=PA110"><i>Notizia storica del nobilissimo ordine supremo della santissima Annunziata. Sunto degli statuti, catalogo dei cavalieri</i></a> (in Italian). Eredi Botta. p. 110<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notizia+storica+del+nobilissimo+ordine+supremo+della+santissima+Annunziata.+Sunto+degli+statuti%2C+catalogo+dei+cavalieri&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Eredi+Botta&rft.date=1869&rft.aulast=Cibrario&rft.aufirst=Luigi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ2aP6enNFoYC%26q%3DOrdine%2520supremo%2520della%2520Santissima%2520Annunziata%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach</i> (1840), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00184597/Staatshandbuch_Film_Nr_11_0328.tif">p. 7</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200607093315/https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00184597/Staatshandbuch_Film_Nr_11_0328.tif">Archived</a> 7 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SBFTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA3"><i>Staatshandbuch für den Freistaat Sachsen: 1865/66</i></a>. Heinrich. 1866. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Staatshandbuch+f%C3%BCr+den+Freistaat+Sachsen%3A+1865%2F66&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Heinrich&rft.date=1866&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSBFTAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Caballeros existentes en la insignie Orden del Toison de Oro". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0000936054&search=&lang=en"><i>Guía de forasteros en Madrid para el año de 1835</i></a> (in Spanish). En la Imprenta Nacional. 1835. p. 73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caballeros+existentes+en+la+insignie+Orden+del+Toison+de+Oro&rft.btitle=Gu%C3%ADa+de+forasteros+en+Madrid+para+el+a%C3%B1o+de+1835&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=En+la+Imprenta+Nacional&rft.date=1835&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhemerotecadigital.bne.es%2Fissue.vm%3Fid%3D0000936054%26search%3D%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/statskal/1877/0392.html"><i>Sveriges statskalender</i></a> (in Swedish). 1877. p. 368<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2018</span> – via runeberg.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sveriges+statskalender&rft.pages=368&rft.date=1877&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruneberg.org%2Fstatskal%2F1877%2F0392.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p64-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p64_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) <i>The Knights of England</i>, <b>I</b>, London, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n153/mode/2up">p. 64</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Württemberg1869-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Württemberg1869_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWürttemberg1869" class="citation book cs1">Württemberg (1869). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=awdTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1"><i>Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreichs Württemberg: 1869</i></a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=awdTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA30">30</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=awdTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA55">55</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hof-+und+Staats-Handbuch+des+K%C3%B6nigreichs+W%C3%BCrttemberg%3A+1869&rft.pages=30%2C+55&rft.date=1869&rft.au=W%C3%BCrttemberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DawdTAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_II_of_Russia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Mackenzie_Wallace" title="Donald Mackenzie Wallace">Wallace, Donald Mackenzie</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Alexander_II._(tsar)" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Alexander II. (tsar)">Alexander II.</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 559–561.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alexander+II.&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=559-561&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Donald+Mackenzie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichmond2008" class="citation book cs1">Richmond, Walter (2008). <i>The Northwest Caucasus : past, present, future</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415693219" title="Special:BookSources/9780415693219"><bdi>9780415693219</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Northwest+Caucasus+%3A+past%2C+present%2C+future&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780415693219&rft.aulast=Richmond&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_II_of_Russia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Russian_history_(1613%E2%80%931917)" title="Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917)">Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917)</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrankshaw2000" class="citation book cs1">Crankshaw, Edward (2000). <i>The Shadow of the Winter Palace: The Drift to Revolution, 1825–1917</i>. Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80940-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80940-8"><bdi>978-0-306-80940-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shadow+of+the+Winter+Palace%3A+The+Drift+to+Revolution%2C+1825%E2%80%931917&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80940-8&rft.aulast=Crankshaw&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEklof,_BenJohn_BushnellL._Larisa_Georgievna_Zakharova1994" class="citation book cs1">Eklof, Ben; John Bushnell; L. Larisa Georgievna Zakharova (1994). <i>Russia's Great Reforms, 1855–1881</i>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20861-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20861-3"><bdi>978-0-253-20861-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+Great+Reforms%2C+1855%E2%80%931881&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-253-20861-3&rft.au=Eklof%2C+Ben&rft.au=John+Bushnell&rft.au=L.+Larisa+Georgievna+Zakharova&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lincoln, W. Bruce. <i>The Romanovs: Autocrats of All the Russias</i> (1983) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Romanovs-Autocrats-All-Russias/dp/0385279086/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Lincoln, W. Bruce. <i> The Great Reforms: Autocracy, Bureaucracy, and the Politics of Change in Imperial Russia</i> (1990)</li> <li>Moss, Walter G., <i>Alexander II and His Times: A Narrative History of Russia in the Age of Alexander II, Tolstoy, and Dostoevsky</i>. London: Anthem Press, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.emich.edu/wmoss/publications/">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20060112121614/http://www.praiseofglory.com/taleantichrist.htm">Archived</a> 12 January 2006 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></li> <li>Mosse, W. E. <i>Alexander II and the Modernization of Russia</i> (1958) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/4022637/alexander-ii-and-the-modernization-of-russia">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170813012409/https://www.questia.com/library/4022637/alexander-ii-and-the-modernization-of-russia">Archived</a> 13 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Pereira, N.G.O.,<i>Tsar Emancipator: Alexander II of Russia, 1818–1881</i>, Newtonville, Mass: Oriental Research Partners, 1983.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolunow2005" class="citation book cs1">Polunow, Alexander (2005). <i>Russia in the Nineteenth Century: Autocracy, Reform, And Social Change, 1814–1914</i>. M E Sharpe Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0672-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0672-3"><bdi>978-0-7656-0672-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+in+the+Nineteenth+Century%3A+Autocracy%2C+Reform%2C+And+Social+Change%2C+1814%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=M+E+Sharpe+Incorporated&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-0672-3&rft.aulast=Polunow&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Radzinsky" title="Edvard Radzinsky">Radzinsky, Edvard</a>, <i>Alexander II: The Last Great Tsar</i>. New York: The Free Press, 2005.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZakharova1910" class="citation book cs1">Zakharova, Larissa (1910). <i>Alexander II: Portrait of an Autocrat and His Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-1491-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-1491-4"><bdi>978-0-8133-1491-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+II%3A+Portrait+of+an+Autocrat+and+His+Times&rft.date=1910&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-1491-4&rft.aulast=Zakharova&rft.aufirst=Larissa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Watts, Carl Peter. "Alexander II's Reforms: Causes and Consequences" <i>History Review</i> (1998): 6–15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/ibhistoryrussia/syllabus-overview---imperial-russia/alexander-ii/AlexanderII-twoHistoryReviewarticles.pdf?attredirects=0&d=1">Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220418183610/https://sites.google.com/site/ibhistoryrussia/syllabus-overview---imperial-russia/alexander-ii/AlexanderII-twoHistoryReviewarticles.pdf?attredirects=0&d=1">Archived</a> 18 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_II_of_Russia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" class="extiw" title="commons:Alexander II of Russia"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Alexander II of Russia</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Alexander_II_of_Russia" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II of Russia</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Alexander_II_of_Russia" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II of Russia</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">"Alexander II (Obituary Notice, Monday, March 14, 1881)". <i>Eminent Persons: Biographies reprinted from the Times</i>. Vol. II (1876–1881). London: Macmillan and Co. 1893. pp. 268–291. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fosu.32435022453492">2027/osu.32435022453492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alexander+II+%28Obituary+Notice%2C+Monday%2C+March+14%2C+1881%29&rft.btitle=Eminent+Persons%3A+Biographies+reprinted+from+the+Times&rft.place=London&rft.pages=268-291&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co.&rft.date=1893&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fosu.32435022453492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+II+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170410050848/http://diaryrh.ru/historical-photos/emperor-alexander-ii/">The Emperor Alexander II. Photos with dates.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20050106.shtml">The Assassination of Tsar Alexander II</a> from <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(BBC_Radio_4)" class="mw-redirect" title="In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)"><i>In Our Time</i> (BBC Radio 4)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kantor.forum24.ru/">Alexander II – the Liberator. Russian-speaking forum. </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SS5oCZvCdhM"><span class="plainlinks">Romanovs. Romanovs. The seventh film. Nicholas I; Alexander II</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Alexander II of Russia </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov</a></b></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg" title="House of Oldenburg">House of Oldenburg</a> </b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 29 April 1818</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 13 March 1881</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Russia" title="Emperor of Russia">Emperor of Russia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Finland" title="Grand Duke of Finland">Grand Duke of Finland</a> </b><br />1855–1881 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Poland">King of Poland</a> </b><br />1855–1864 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Annexation by Russia</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_Russian_monarchs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_sovereigns" title="Template:Russian sovereigns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_sovereigns" title="Template talk:Russian sovereigns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_sovereigns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian sovereigns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_Russian_monarchs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_monarchs" title="List of Russian monarchs">List of Russian monarchs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Prince_of_Vladimir" title="Grand Prince of Vladimir">Grand princes of Vladimir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prince_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Prince of Moscow">Moscow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_I_Dolgorukiy" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuri I Dolgorukiy">Yuri I Dolgorukiy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Bogolyubsky" title="Andrey Bogolyubsky">Andrei I Bogolyubsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_of_Vladimir" title="Mikhail of Vladimir">Mikhail of Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_the_Big_Nest" title="Vsevolod the Big Nest">Vsevolod the Big Nest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_II_of_Vladimir" title="Yuri II of Vladimir">Yuri II of Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_of_Rostov" title="Konstantin of Rostov">Konstantin of Rostov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_II_of_Vladimir" title="Yuri II of Vladimir">Yuri II of Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_II_of_Vladimir" title="Yaroslav II of Vladimir">Yaroslav II of Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_III_of_Vladimir" title="Sviatoslav III of Vladimir">Sviatoslav III of Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_II_of_Vladimir" title="Andrey II of Vladimir">Andrey II of Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky" title="Alexander Nevsky">Alexander Nevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_of_Tver" title="Yaroslav of Tver">Yaroslav of Tver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_of_Kostroma" title="Vasily of Kostroma">Vasily of Kostroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_of_Pereslavl" title="Dmitry of Pereslavl">Dmitry of Pereslavl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_of_Gorodets" title="Andrey of Gorodets">Andrey of Gorodets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_of_Tver" title="Mikhail of Tver">Mikhail of Tver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yury_of_Moscow" title="Yury of Moscow">Yuri of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_of_Tver" title="Dmitry of Tver">Dmitry the Terrible Eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Mikhailovich_of_Tver" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Mikhailovich of Tver">Alexander of Tver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_I_of_Moscow" title="Ivan I of Moscow">Ivan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_of_Moscow" title="Simeon of Moscow">Simeon the Proud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_II_of_Moscow" title="Ivan II of Moscow">Ivan II the Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_of_Suzdal" title="Dmitry of Suzdal">Dmitry of Suzdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Donskoy" title="Dmitry Donskoy">Dmitry of the Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_I_of_Moscow" title="Vasily I of Moscow">Vasily I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_II_of_Moscow" title="Vasily II of Moscow">Vasily II the Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia" title="Ivan III of Russia">Ivan III the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_III_of_Russia" title="Vasili III of Russia">Vasily III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsar_of_all_Russia" title="Tsar of all Russia">Tsars of all Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan IV the Terrible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_I_of_Russia" title="Feodor I of Russia">Feodor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irina_Godunova" title="Irina Godunova">Irina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Godunov" title="Boris Godunov">Boris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_II_of_Russia" title="Feodor II of Russia">Feodor II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/False_Dmitry_I" title="False Dmitry I">False Dmitry I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_IV_of_Russia" title="Vasili IV of Russia">Vasili IV</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa" title="Władysław IV Vasa">Vladislav</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Russia" title="Michael of Russia">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_of_Russia" title="Alexis of Russia">Alexis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_III_of_Russia" title="Feodor III of Russia">Feodor III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivan_V_of_Russia" title="Ivan V of Russia">Ivan V</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(co-rulers)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Russia" title="Emperor of Russia">Emperors of all Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_I_of_Russia" title="Catherine I of Russia">Catherine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Russia" title="Peter II of Russia">Peter II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Russia" title="Anna of Russia">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_VI_of_Russia" title="Ivan VI of Russia">Ivan VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Russia" title="Elizabeth of Russia">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Russia" title="Peter III of Russia">Peter III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heirs_to_the_Russian_throne" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_tsareviches" title="Template:Russian tsareviches"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_tsareviches" title="Template talk:Russian tsareviches"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_tsareviches" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian tsareviches"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heirs_to_the_Russian_throne" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Heirs to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_monarchs" title="List of Russian monarchs">Russian throne</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> (1547–1721) / <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (1721–1917)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Tsareviches<sup>1</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsarevich_Dmitry_Ivanovich_of_Russia_(1552%E2%80%931553)" title="Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich of Russia (1552–1553)">Dmitry</a> (1552–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarevich_Ivan_Ivanovich_of_Russia" title="Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich of Russia">Ivan</a> (1554–81)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Feodor_I_of_Russia" title="Feodor I of Russia">Feodor</a></b> (1581–84)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_of_Uglich" title="Dmitry of Uglich">Dmitry</a></i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Feodor_II_of_Russia" title="Feodor II of Russia">Feodor</a></b> (1598–1605)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsarevich_Ivan_Dmitriyevich" title="Tsarevich Ivan Dmitriyevich">Ivan</a></i><sup>3</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Alexis_of_Russia" title="Alexis of Russia">Alexis</a></b> (1629–45)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarevich_Dmitry_Alexeyevich_of_Russia" title="Tsarevich Dmitry Alexeyevich of Russia">Dmitry</a> (1648–49)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarevich_Alexei_Alexeyevich_of_Russia" title="Tsarevich Alexei Alexeyevich of Russia">Alexis</a> (1654–70)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Feodor_III_of_Russia" title="Feodor III of Russia">Feodor</a></b> (1670–76)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ivan_V_of_Russia" title="Ivan V of Russia">Ivan</a></b> (1676–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_III_of_Russia#Family" title="Feodor III of Russia">Ilya</a> (1681)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Petrovich,_Tsarevich_of_Russia" title="Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia">Alexei</a> (1690–1718)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Without special title</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ivan_VI_of_Russia" title="Ivan VI of Russia">Ivan</a></b> (1740)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Russia" title="Peter III of Russia">Peter</a></b> (1742–62)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Tsesareviches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Paul</a></b> (1762–96)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander</a></b> (1796–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Konstantin_Pavlovich_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia">Konstantin</a> (1801–23)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas</a></b> (1823–25)</li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexander</a></b> (1825–55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Alexandrovich,_Tsarevich_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsarevich of Russia">Nicholas</a> (1855–65)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander</a></b> (1865–81)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas</a></b> (1881–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_George_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia">George</a> (1894–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia">Michael</a> (1899–1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Nikolaevich,_Tsarevich_of_Russia" title="Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia">Alexei</a> (1904–17)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup>Title of <i>Tsarevich</i> was used for all Tsar's sons from the times of Ivan IV to Peter I. Only heirs to the throne included in this template.</li> <li><sup>2</sup><a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan IV</a>'s son from his fifth (or seventh) marriage, and thus illegitimate by the <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a></li> <li><sup>3</sup>Son of a <a href="/wiki/False_Dmitry_II" title="False Dmitry II">man</a> claimed to be <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_of_Uglich" title="Dmitry of Uglich">tsarevich Dmitry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grand_Dukes_of_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_grand_dukes" title="Template:Russian grand dukes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_grand_dukes" title="Template talk:Russian grand dukes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_grand_dukes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian grand dukes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grand_Dukes_of_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_grand_dukes_of_Russia" title="List of grand dukes of Russia">Grand Dukes of Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>The generations are numbered from <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter I of Russia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Petrovich,_Tsarevich_of_Russia" title="Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia">Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Russia" title="Peter II of Russia">Peter II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Russia" title="Peter III of Russia">Peter III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Paul I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Konstantin_Pavlovich_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia">Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Pavlovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich of Russia">Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Konstantin_Nikolayevich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia">Grand Duke Constantine Nikolaevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Nikolaevich_of_Russia_(1831%E2%80%931891)" title="Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1831–1891)">Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Nikolaevich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia">Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Alexandrovich,_Tsesarevich_of_Russia" title="Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsesarevich of Russia">Tsarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Vladimir_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Alexei_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Sergei_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Paul_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Konstantinovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Nicholas Konstantinovich of Russia">Grand Duke Nicholas Konstantinovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Konstantin_Konstantinovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia">Grand Duke Konstantine Konstantinovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Dmitry_Konstantinovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich of Russia">Grand Duke Dmitri Konstantinovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Vyacheslav_Konstantinovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Vyacheslav Konstantinovich of Russia">Grand Duke Vyacheslav Konstantinovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Nikolaevich_of_Russia_(1856%E2%80%931929)" title="Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1856–1929)">Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Peter_Nikolaevich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich of Russia">Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Mikhailovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich of Russia">Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Mikhailovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich of Russia">Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_George_Mikhailovich_of_Russia_(1863%E2%80%931919)" title="Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia (1863–1919)">Grand Duke George Mikhailovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Alexander_Mikhailovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia">Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Sergei_Mikhailovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich of Russia">Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Alexei_Mikhailovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich of Russia">Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Alexander_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_George_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke George Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Kirill_Vladimirovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich of Russia">Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Boris_Vladimirovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich of Russia">Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Andrei_Vladimirovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich of Russia">Grand Duke Andrew Vladimirovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Dmitri_Pavlovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia">Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_John_Konstantinovich_of_Russia" title="Prince John Konstantinovich of Russia">Grand Duke John Konstantinovich</a></i> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Nikolaevich,_Tsarevich_of_Russia" title="Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia">Tsesarevich Alexei Nikolaevich</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Vladimir_Kirillovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich of Russia">Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich</a></i> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Franz_Wilhelm_Prinz_von_Preussen" title="Franz Wilhelm Prinz von Preussen">Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich</a></i> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_George_Mikhailovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia">Grand Duke George Mikhailovich</a></i> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> <span class="wrap">born a Grand Duke, but stripped of his title by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ukase" title="Ukase">ukase</a> of 1886, limiting the style to sons and male-line grandsons of a tsar</span></li></ul> <ul><li><sup><small>2</small></sup> <span class="wrap">title of pretence granted by Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich as claimant to the Russian throne</span></li></ul> <ul><li><sup><small>3</small></sup> <span class="wrap">title of pretence granted by Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich as claimant to the Russian throne</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Poland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Poland" title="Template:Monarchs of Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Poland" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Poland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs" title="List of Polish monarchs">Monarchs of Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs#Legendary_rulers" title="List of Polish monarchs">Legendary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lech,_Czech,_and_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Lech, Czech, and Rus'">Lech I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Krakus" title="Krakus">Krakus I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Krakus_II" title="Krakus II">Krakus II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lech_II" title="Lech II">Lech II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Princess_Wanda" title="Princess Wanda">Wanda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leszko_I" title="Leszko I">Leszko I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leszko_II" title="Leszko II">Leszko II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leszko_III" title="Leszko III">Leszko III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Popiel_I" title="Popiel I">Popiel I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Popiel" title="Popiel">Popiel II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cho%C5%9Bcisko" title="Chościsko">Chościsko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piast_the_Wheelwright" title="Piast the Wheelwright">Piast the Wheelwright</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs#Semi-legendary_dukes_of_the_Polans_in_Greater_Poland" title="List of Polish monarchs">Proto-historic</a> (before 966)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siemowit" title="Siemowit">Siemowit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lestek" title="Lestek">Lestek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemomys%C5%82" title="Siemomysł">Siemomysł</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">Piast dynasty</a> (966–1138)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mieszko_I" title="Mieszko I">Mieszko I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_the_Brave" title="Bolesław I the Brave">Bolesław I the Brave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezprym" title="Bezprym">Bezprym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mieszko_II_Lambert" title="Mieszko II Lambert">Mieszko II Lambert</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_the_Forgotten" title="Bolesław the Forgotten">Bolesław the Forgotten</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_I_the_Restorer" title="Casimir I the Restorer">Casimir I the Restorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_II_the_Bold" title="Bolesław II the Bold">Bolesław II the Bold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_I_Herman" title="Władysław I Herman">Władysław I Herman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_of_Poland" title="Zbigniew of Poland">Zbigniew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_III_Wrymouth" title="Bolesław III Wrymouth">Bolesław III Wrymouth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Piast_dynasty#Fragmentation_of_the_realm_(1138–1320)" title="History of Poland during the Piast dynasty">Fragmentation<br />period</a> (1138–1320)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Seniorate_Province" title="Seniorate Province">Senior or Supreme Princes</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_the_Exile" title="Władysław II the Exile">Władysław II the Exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_IV_the_Curly" title="Bolesław IV the Curly">Bolesław IV the Curly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mieszko_III_of_Poland" title="Mieszko III of Poland">Mieszko III the Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_II_the_Just" title="Casimir II the Just">Casimir II the Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_the_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Leszek the White">Leszek the White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_III_Spindleshanks" title="Władysław III Spindleshanks">Władysław III Spindleshanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Odonic" title="Władysław Odonic">Władysław Odonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mieszko_IV_Tanglefoot" title="Mieszko IV Tanglefoot">Mieszko IV Tanglefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_I_of_Masovia" title="Konrad I of Masovia">Konrad I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Bearded" title="Henry the Bearded">Henry the Bearded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_the_Pious" title="Henry II the Pious">Henry II the Pious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_II_the_Horned" title="Bolesław II the Horned">Bolesław the Horned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_V_the_Chaste" title="Bolesław V the Chaste">Bolesław V the Chaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_II_the_Black" title="Leszek II the Black">Leszek II the Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_IV_Probus" class="mw-redirect" title="Henryk IV Probus">Henryk IV Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przemys%C5%82_II" title="Przemysł II">Przemysł II</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Silesia" title="Duke of Silesia">Dukes of Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Greater_Poland#Dukes_of_Greater_Poland" title="Duchy of Greater Poland">Dukes of Greater Poland</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99ta_sandomierscy" class="extiw" title="pl:Książęta sandomierscy">Dukes of Little Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Masovia" title="Duke of Masovia">Dukes of Masovia</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adcy_Kujaw" class="extiw" title="pl:Władcy Kujaw">Dukes of Kuyavia</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99ta_%C5%82%C4%99czyccy" class="extiw" title="pl:Książęta łęczyccy">Dukes of Sieradz-Łęczyca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pomeranian_duchies_and_dukes#Duchy_of_Pomerelia" title="List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes">Dukes of Gdańsk Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pomeranian_duchies_and_dukes#Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes">Dukes of Pomerania</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/P%C5%99emyslid_dynasty" title="Přemyslid dynasty">Přemyslid dynasty</a> (1296–1306)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_II_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus II of Bohemia">Wenceslaus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_III_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus III of Bohemia">Wenceslaus III</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Restored <a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">Piast dynasty</a> (1320–1370)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_I_%C5%81okietek" title="Władysław I Łokietek">Władysław I Łokietek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_III_the_Great" title="Casimir III the Great">Casimir III the Great</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Capet-Anjou dynasty</a> (1370-1399)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary" title="Louis I of Hungary">Louis I the Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadwiga_of_Poland" title="Jadwiga of Poland">Jadwiga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_dynasty" title="Jagiellonian dynasty">Jagiellonian dynasty</a> (1386–1572)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_Jagie%C5%82%C5%82o" title="Władysław II Jagiełło">Władysław II Jagiełło</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_III_of_Poland" title="Władysław III of Poland">Władysław III of Varna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon" title="Casimir IV Jagiellon">Casimir IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Albert" title="John I Albert">John I Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jagiellon" title="Alexander Jagiellon">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_I_the_Old" title="Sigismund I the Old">Sigismund I the Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus" title="Sigismund II Augustus">Sigismund II Augustus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Royal_elections_in_Poland" title="Royal elections in Poland">Elective monarchy</a> (1572–1795)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Jagiellon" title="Anna Jagiellon">Anna Jagiellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Stephen Báthory">Stephen Báthory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa">Sigismund III Vasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa" title="Władysław IV Vasa">Władysław IV Vasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Casimir_Vasa" title="John II Casimir Vasa">John II Casimir Vasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Korybut_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki" title="Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki">Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_Sobieski" title="John III Sobieski">John III Sobieski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong" title="Augustus II the Strong">Augustus II the Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Leszczy%C5%84ski" title="Stanisław Leszczyński">Stanisław I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland" title="Augustus III of Poland">Augustus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Stanisław August Poniatowski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a> (1807–1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Augustus I of Saxony">Frederick Augustus I</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanov_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanov dynasty">Romanov dynasty</a> (1815–1917)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.4em 0.2em 0.2em; line-height:1.3em;"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicates monarch of questioned historicity</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83171#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83171#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83171#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110266417">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/51698037">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/11295/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmTqk3GK3TXD49MBWd84q">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118501860">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50033490">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119699551">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119699551">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01010778">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20011210344&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000078812&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070252319">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90574501">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000065838&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=100632">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000000884">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/b8nqrnxv513wrm3">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810569011305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/21828">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007257508605171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000103406">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058615047406706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA10972337?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118501860.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118501860">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027716600">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582043">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6280jcr">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/66317">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/126060">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_II_of_Russia&oldid=1258587353">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_II_of_Russia&oldid=1258587353</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Category:Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II of Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1818_births" title="Category:1818 births">1818 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1881_deaths" title="Category:1881 deaths">1881 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1881_murders_in_Europe" title="Category:1881 murders in Europe">1881 murders in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_Russian_monarchs" title="Category:19th-century Russian monarchs">19th-century Russian monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_Polish_monarchs" title="Category:19th-century Polish monarchs">19th-century Polish monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_murdered_monarchs" title="Category:19th-century murdered monarchs">19th-century murdered monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Category:Burials at Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg">Burials at Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Assassinated_politicians_from_the_Russian_Empire" title="Category:Assassinated politicians from the Russian Empire">Assassinated politicians from the Russian Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Children_of_Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Category:Children of Nicholas I of Russia">Children of Nicholas I of Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Circassian_genocide_perpetrators" title="Category:Circassian genocide perpetrators">Circassian genocide perpetrators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_by_suicide_bomber" title="Category:Deaths by suicide bomber">Deaths by suicide bomber</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_bleeding" title="Category:Deaths from bleeding">Deaths from bleeding</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Extra_Knights_Companion_of_the_Garter" title="Category:Extra Knights Companion of the Garter">Extra Knights Companion of the Garter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Cross_of_the_Legion_of_Honour" title="Category:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour">Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Crosses_of_the_Order_of_Aviz" title="Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Aviz">Grand Crosses of the Order of Aviz</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Crosses_of_the_Order_of_Christ_(Portugal)" title="Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal)">Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Crosses_of_the_Order_of_Saint-Charles" title="Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint-Charles">Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint-Charles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Crosses_of_the_Order_of_Saint_James_of_the_Sword" title="Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint James of the Sword">Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint James of the Sword</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_Crosses_of_the_Order_of_Saint_Stephen_of_Hungary" title="Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary">Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:House_of_Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov" title="Category:House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov">House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_Cross_of_the_Military_Order_of_Maria_Theresa" title="Category:Knights Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa">Knights Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_Grand_Cross_of_the_Military_Order_of_William" title="Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Military Order of William">Knights Grand Cross of the Military Order of William</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_of_the_Golden_Fleece_of_Spain" title="Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain">Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Murdered_Russian_monarchs" title="Category:Murdered Russian monarchs">Murdered Russian monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Royalty_from_Moscow" title="Category:Royalty from Moscow">Royalty from Moscow</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Moscow_Governorate" title="Category:People from Moscow Governorate">People from Moscow Governorate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_murdered_in_Russia" title="Category:People murdered in Russia">People murdered in Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_the_Caucasian_War" title="Category:People of the Caucasian War">People of the Caucasian War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_St._Anna,_1st_class" title="Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class">Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_St._George_of_the_First_Degree" title="Category:Recipients of the Order of St. George of the First Degree">Recipients of the Order of St. George of the First Degree</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion" title="Category:Recipients of the Order of the Netherlands Lion">Recipients of the Order of the Netherlands Lion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite_(military_class)" title="Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)">Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Poland)" title="Category:Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)">Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heads_of_state_of_Finland" title="Category:Heads of state of Finland">Heads of state of Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Emperors_of_Russia" title="Category:Emperors of Russia">Emperors of Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_dukes_of_Russia" title="Category:Grand dukes of Russia">Grand dukes of Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russian_people_of_the_Crimean_War" title="Category:Russian people of the Crimean War">Russian people of the Crimean War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russian_people_of_the_Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Category:Russian people of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russian people of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russian_terrorism_victims" title="Category:Russian terrorism victims">Russian terrorism victims</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sons_of_Russian_emperors" title="Category:Sons of Russian emperors">Sons of Russian emperors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Assassinated_heads_of_state_in_Europe" title="Category:Assassinated heads of state in Europe">Assassinated heads of state in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Assassinated_Russian_politicians" title="Category:Assassinated Russian politicians">Assassinated Russian politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politicians_assassinated_in_the_1880s" title="Category:Politicians assassinated in the 1880s">Politicians assassinated in the 1880s</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_by_explosive_device" title="Category:Deaths by explosive device">Deaths by explosive device</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Danish-language_sources_(da)" title="Category:CS1 Danish-language sources (da)">CS1 Danish-language sources (da)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Japanese-language_sources_(ja)" title="Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)">CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Dutch-language_sources_(nl)" title="Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)">CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Portuguese-language_sources_(pt)" title="Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)">CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Swedish-language_sources_(sv)" title="Category:CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)">CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2022">Use dmy dates from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_November_2012" title="Category:Use British English from November 2012">Use British English from November 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Russian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Russian IPA">Pages with Russian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_April_2023" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from April 2023">Articles with incomplete citations from April 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Polish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Polish-language text">Articles containing Polish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2012" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_October_2011" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2011">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research" title="Category:All articles that may contain original research">All articles that may contain original research</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_October_2011" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research from October 2011">Articles that may contain original research from October 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_March_2022" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2022">Articles needing additional references from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_self-published_sources" title="Category:All articles with self-published sources">All articles with self-published sources</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_self-published_sources_from_January_2021" title="Category:Articles with self-published sources from January 2021">Articles with self-published sources from January 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_the_1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica">Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_archiveis_links" title="Category:Webarchive template archiveis links">Webarchive template archiveis links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons link from Wikidata">Commons link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2024, at 14:47<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_II_of_Russia&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7c4dcdbb87-2f7dx","wgBackendResponseTime":222,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.122","walltime":"2.734","ppvisitednodes":{"value":17470,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":355270,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":65473,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":24,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":320114,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2273.419 1 -total"," 21.41% 486.643 2 Template:Reflist"," 14.69% 333.910 2 Template:Infobox"," 14.45% 328.545 1 Template:Infobox_royalty"," 8.89% 202.174 37 Template:Cite_book"," 8.71% 197.986 2 Template:Lang-rus"," 8.12% 184.616 1 Template:Columns-list"," 6.46% 146.922 4 Template:Lang"," 6.44% 146.510 2 Template:Language_with_name"," 6.44% 146.426 2 Template:Plainlist"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.129","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22084968,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 {\n}\n\"\"\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBragançaEstrela2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCibrario1869\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClaus-M.1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrankshaw2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEklof,_BenJohn_BushnellL._Larisa_Georgievna_Zakharova1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerdinand_Veldekens1858\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFiges2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaarmann2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJørgen_Pedersen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKareshHurvitz2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarabee2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLehmann1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaine1888\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManaev2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorfill1902\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolunow2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPronskyBritton\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadzinsky2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichmond2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichmond2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowley2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaat_Oldenburg1873\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTarsaidze1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeulet1863\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTwain1869\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerhoeven2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallace1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaller2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWürttemberg1869\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYegorov2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZakharova1910\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF刑部芳則2017\"] = 1,\n [\"M._et_B._Wattel\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"Ahnentafel\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 5,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 37,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 9,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Alexander 02 Of Russia\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Family name hatnote\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 24,\n [\"Flagcountry\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 6,\n [\"Flagicon image\"] = 6,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation/year\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox royalty\"] = 1,\n [\"JSTOR\"] = 2,\n [\"LCCN\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Lang-rus\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 6,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 2,\n [\"Mdash\"] = 2,\n [\"Monarchs of Poland\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"OldStyleDate\"] = 4,\n [\"Original research inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 2,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Russian emperors\"] = 1,\n [\"Russian grand dukes\"] = 1,\n [\"Russian tsareviches\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 1,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-hou\"] = 1,\n [\"S-reg\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 2,\n [\"S-vac\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Self-published inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 12,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Spnd\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 6,\n [\"Which\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource author\"] = 1,\n [\"YouTube\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","360","27.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","15.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","9.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","80","6.1"],["(for generator)","80","6.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","6.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","6.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","4.5"],["newFrame \u003Cmw.lua:153\u003E","40","3.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","40","3.0"],["[others]","180","13.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5857dfdcd6-m7fb6","timestamp":"20241203074304","ttl":2477821,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Alexander II of Russia","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alexander_II_of_Russia","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q83171","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q83171","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-08-22T08:28:03Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T14:47:40Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e9\/Zar_Alexander_II_%28cropped%29.jpg","headline":"The 12th Emperor of Russia (1855\u20131881)"}</script> </body> </html>