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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Under Catherine II</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Under_Catherine_II-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Under Catherine II subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Under_Catherine_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Catherine_the_Great" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Catherine_the_Great"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Relationship with Catherine the Great</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Catherine_the_Great-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accession_to_the_throne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accession_to_the_throne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Accession to the throne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accession_to_the_throne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purported_eccentricities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purported_eccentricities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Purported eccentricities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purported_eccentricities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Foreign affairs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foreign_affairs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Foreign affairs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Irano-Georgian_matters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irano-Georgian_matters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Irano-Georgian matters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irano-Georgian_matters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Assassination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Portrayals_in_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portrayals_in_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Portrayals in popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portrayals_in_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Archives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Issue</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issue-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Issue subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mistresses_and_illegitimate_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mistresses_and_illegitimate_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Mistresses and illegitimate children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mistresses_and_illegitimate_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Attribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Paul I of Russia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_van_Rusland" title="Paul van Rusland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Paul van Rusland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%E1%8A%9B_%E1%8C%B3%E1%8B%8D%E1%88%8E%E1%88%B5" title="1ኛ ጳውሎስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="1ኛ ጳውሎስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paavv%C3%A2l_I" title="Paavvâl I – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Paavvâl I" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84" title="بافل الأول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بافل الأول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlo_I_de_Rusia" title="Pavlo I de Rusia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pavlo I de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Pavel" title="I Pavel – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="I Pavel" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="بیرینجی پاول – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیرینجی پاول" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_I_(%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96)" title="Павел I (імператар расійскі) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Павел I (імператар расійскі)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB_I" title="Павал I – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Павал I" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_I_(%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Павел I (Русия) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Павел I (Русия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavle,_car_Rusije" title="Pavle, car Rusije – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pavle, car Rusije" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paol_Ia%C3%B1_(Rusia)" title="Paol Iañ (Rusia) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Paol Iañ (Rusia)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pau_I_de_R%C3%BAssia" title="Pau I de Rússia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pau I de Rússia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_I" title="Павел I – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Павел I" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_I._Rusk%C3%BD" title="Pavel I. Ruský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pavel I. Ruský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawl_I,_tsar_Rwsia" title="Pawl I, tsar Rwsia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pawl I, tsar Rwsia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_1._af_Rusland" title="Paul 1. af Rusland – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Paul 1. af Rusland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_I._(Russland)" title="Paul I. (Russland) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paul I. (Russland)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_I" title="Paul I – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paul I" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A1%CF%89%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Παύλος Α΄ της Ρωσίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παύλος Α΄ της Ρωσίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_I_de_Rusia" title="Pablo I de Rusia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pablo I de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%ADlo_la_1-a_(Rusio)" title="Paŭlo la 1-a (Rusio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paŭlo la 1-a (Rusio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_I.a_Errusiakoa" title="Paulo I.a Errusiakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paulo I.a Errusiakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%85" title="پاول یکم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاول یکم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ier_(empereur_de_Russie)" title="Paul Ier (empereur de Russie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paul Ier (empereur de Russie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3l_I_na_R%C3%BAise" title="Pól I na Rúise – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pól I na Rúise" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_I_de_Rusia" title="Paulo I de Rusia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Paulo I de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EB%B2%A8_1%EC%84%B8" title="파벨 1세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파벨 1세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%AC_I" title="Պավել I – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պավել I" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE" title="पावेल प्रथम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पावेल प्रथम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavao,_ruski_car" title="Pavao, ruski car – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pavao, ruski car" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_la_1ma_di_Rusia" title="Pavel la 1ma di Rusia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pavel la 1ma di Rusia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_I_dari_Rusia" title="Pavel I dari Rusia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pavel I dari Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1ll_1._R%C3%BAssakeisari" title="Páll 1. Rússakeisari – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Páll 1. Rússakeisari" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_I_di_Russia" title="Paolo I di Russia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paolo I di Russia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%91%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F,_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94" title="פאבל הראשון, קיסר רוסיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פאבל הראשון, קיסר רוסיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94_I_(%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98)" title="პავლე I (რუსეთი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პავლე I (რუსეთი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="I Павел – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="I Павел" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_I_(imperator_Russiae)" title="Paulus I (imperator Russiae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Paulus I (imperator Russiae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81vils_I_Romanovs" title="Pāvils I Romanovs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pāvils I Romanovs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="I Павел – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="I Павел" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavelas_I" title="Pavelas I – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pavelas I" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_I" title="Pavel I – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Pavel I" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._P%C3%A1l_orosz_c%C3%A1r" title="I. Pál orosz cár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. Pál orosz cár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5_I_(%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Павле I (Русија) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Павле I (Русија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2" title="रशियाचा पहिला पॉल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रशियाचा पहिला पॉल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="بافل الاول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بافل الاول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_I_dari_Rusia" title="Pavel I dari Rusia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pavel I dari Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="I Павел – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="I Павел" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_I_van_Rusland" title="Paul I van Rusland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paul I van Rusland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB1%E4%B8%96_(%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D)" title="パーヴェル1世 (ロシア皇帝) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パーヴェル1世 (ロシア皇帝)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_I._(Ruslun)" title="Paul I. (Ruslun) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Paul I. (Ruslun)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_I_av_Russland" title="Paul I av Russland – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Paul I av Russland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_I_av_Russland" title="Paul I av Russland – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Paul I av Russland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pau_I%C3%A8r_de_Russia" title="Pau Ièr de Russia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pau Ièr de Russia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_I" title="Pavel I – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pavel I" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0ul_I" title="Pàul I – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pàul I" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_I_Romanow" title="Paweł I Romanow – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Paweł I Romanow" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_I_da_R%C3%BAssia" title="Paulo I da Rússia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paulo I da Rússia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_I" title="Pavel I – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Pavel I" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Pavel" title="I Pavel – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="I Pavel" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_I_al_Rusiei" title="Pavel I al Rusiei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pavel I al Rusiei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_I" title="Павел I – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Павел I" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_I" title="Павел I – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Павел I" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_I_o_Roushie" title="Paul I o Roushie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Paul I o Roushie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavol_I._(Rusko)" title="Pavol I. (Rusko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pavol I. (Rusko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_I._Ruski" title="Pavel I. Ruski – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pavel I. Ruski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A4%DB%8E%D9%84%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%85%DB%8C_%DA%95%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="پاڤێلی یەکەمی ڕووسیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پاڤێلی یەکەمی ڕووسیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5_I_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Павле I Петрович – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Павле I Петрович" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavle_I_od_Rusije" title="Pavle I od Rusije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pavle I od Rusije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paavali_I" title="Paavali I – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paavali I" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_I_av_Ryssland" title="Paul I av Ryssland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Paul I av Ryssland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="உருசியாவின் முதலாம் பவுல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உருசியாவின் முதலாம் பவுல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_I" title="Павел I – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Павел I" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="จักรพรรดิปัฟเวลที่ 1 แห่งรัสเซีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิปัฟเวลที่ 1 แห่งรัสเซีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_I" title="Павели I – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Павели I" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Pavel_(Rusya)" title="I. Pavel (Rusya) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="I. 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Emperor of Russia from 1796 to 1801</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is <i> Petrovich</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/Romanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanov">Romanov</a></i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Paul I</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Paul_I_of_Russia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Paul I aged 46" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Emperor_Paul_I_of_Russia.png/220px-Emperor_Paul_I_of_Russia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Emperor_Paul_I_of_Russia.png/330px-Emperor_Paul_I_of_Russia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Emperor_Paul_I_of_Russia.png/440px-Emperor_Paul_I_of_Russia.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Borovikovsky" title="Vladimir Borovikovsky">Vladimir Borovikovsky</a>, 1800</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Russia" title="Emperor of Russia">Emperor of Russia</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">17 (6) November 1796 – <span class="nowrap">23 (11) March 1801</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Russian_monarch" title="Coronation of the Russian monarch">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5 (16) April 1797</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Holstein-Gottorp" title="Duke of Holstein-Gottorp">Duke of Holstein-Gottorp</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">9 July 1763 – <span class="nowrap">23 (11) March 1801</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1 October [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 20 September] 1754<br /><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">24 March 1801<span style="display:none">(1801-03-24)</span> (aged 46)<br /><a href="/wiki/St_Michael%27s_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="St Michael's Castle">St Michael's Castle</a>, Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg">Peter and Paul Cathedral</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Alexeievna_(Wilhelmina_of_Hesse-Darmstadt)" title="Natalia Alexeievna (Wilhelmina of Hesse-Darmstadt)">Wilhelmina Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1773; died <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="15 April 1776">1776</span>)<wbr /></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Feodorovna_(Sophie_Dorothea_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg)" title="Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg)">Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1776)<wbr /></div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Issue">detail</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Konstantin_Pavlovich_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia">Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Alexandra_Pavlovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna of Russia">Alexandra Pavlovna, Palatina of Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Elena_Pavlovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna of Russia">Elena Pavlovna, Hereditary Princess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Pavlovna_of_Russia_(1786%E2%80%931859)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia (1786–1859)">Maria Pavlovna, Grand Duchess of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Pavlovna_of_Russia" title="Catherine Pavlovna of Russia">Catherine Pavlovna, Queen of Württemberg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Olga_Pavlovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Olga Pavlovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Olga Pavlovna</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Pavlovna_of_Russia" title="Anna Pavlovna of Russia">Anna Pavlovna, Queen of the Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I of Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Pavlovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich of Russia">Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Pável Petróvich Románov</li><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Па́вел Петро́вич Рома́нов</span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romanov-Holstein-Gottorp" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanov-Holstein-Gottorp">Romanov-Holstein-Gottorp</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Russia" title="Peter III of Russia">Peter III of Russia</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine II of Russia">Catherine II of Russia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_I_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paul I's signature"><img alt="Paul I's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Paul_I_signature.svg/125px-Paul_I_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Paul_I_signature.svg/188px-Paul_I_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Paul_I_signature.svg/250px-Paul_I_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="434" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Paul I</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Па́вел I Петро́вич</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Pavel I Petrovich</i></span>; 1 October [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 20 September] 1754 – 23 March [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 11 March] 1801) was <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Russia" title="Emperor of Russia">Emperor of Russia</a> from 1796 until his 1801 assassination. Paul remained overshadowed by his mother, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a>, for most of his life. He adopted the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Laws" title="Pauline Laws">laws of succession to the Russian throne</a>—rules that lasted until the end of the <a href="/wiki/Romanov_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanov dynasty">Romanov dynasty</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. He also intervened in the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> and toward the end of his reign, added <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kartli and Kakheti</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Georgia_(country)" title="Eastern Georgia (country)">Eastern Georgia</a> into the empire, which was confirmed by his son and successor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a>. </p><p>He was <i>de facto</i> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Master_(order)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Master (order)">Grand Master</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a> from 1799 to 1801 and ordered the construction of a number of priories of the Order of Malta.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul's pro-German sentiments and unpredictable behavior made him unpopular among the <a href="/wiki/Russian_nobility" title="Russian nobility">Russian nobility</a>, and he was secretly assassinated by his own officers. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Paul was son of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Russia" title="Peter III of Russia">Peter III</a>, nephew and anointed heir of the Empress <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Russia" title="Elizabeth of Russia">Elizabeth</a> (second-eldest daughter of Tsar <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a>), and his wife <a href="/wiki/Catherine_The_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine The Great">Catherine II</a>, born Sophie of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Anhalt-Zerbst" title="Principality of Anhalt-Zerbst">Anhalt-Zerbst</a>, daughter of a minor German prince who married into the Russian <a href="/wiki/Romanov_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanov dynasty">Romanov dynasty</a>. Catherine subsequently deposed Paul's father, Peter III, to take the Russian throne and become Catherine the Great.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Catherine hinted in the first edition of her memoirs published by Alexander Herzen in 1859 that her lover <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Saltykov" title="Sergei Saltykov">Sergei Saltykov</a> was Paul's biological father, she later recanted and asserted in the final edition that Peter III was Paul's true father.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Sebag_Montefiore" title="Simon Sebag Montefiore">Simon Sebag Montefiore</a> argues that while Paul's true paternity is "impossible to know [...] he did look and behave like Peter."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paul was taken almost immediately after birth by the Empress Elizabeth, and had limited contact with his mother. As a boy, he was reported to be intelligent and good-looking, but sickly. His pug-nosed facial features in later life are attributed to an attack of <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a>, from which he suffered in 1771.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Paul was put in the charge of a trustworthy governor, <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Ivanovich_Panin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikita Ivanovich Panin">Nikita Ivanovich Panin</a>, and of competent tutors. Panin's nephew went on to become one of Paul's assassins. One of Paul's tutors, Poroshin, complained that he was "always in a hurry", acting and speaking without reflection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Under_Catherine_II">Under Catherine II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Under Catherine II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Natalia_Alexeievna_of_Russia_by_A.Roslin_(1776,_Hermitage).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Natalia_Alexeievna_of_Russia_by_A.Roslin_%281776%2C_Hermitage%29.jpg/220px-Natalia_Alexeievna_of_Russia_by_A.Roslin_%281776%2C_Hermitage%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Natalia_Alexeievna_of_Russia_by_A.Roslin_%281776%2C_Hermitage%29.jpg/330px-Natalia_Alexeievna_of_Russia_by_A.Roslin_%281776%2C_Hermitage%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Natalia_Alexeievna_of_Russia_by_A.Roslin_%281776%2C_Hermitage%29.jpg/440px-Natalia_Alexeievna_of_Russia_by_A.Roslin_%281776%2C_Hermitage%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>Natalia Alexeievna by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Roslin" title="Alexander Roslin">Alexander Roslin</a> 1776</figcaption></figure> <p>Empress Elizabeth died in 1762, when Paul was eight years old, and he became crown prince with the accession of his father to the throne as Peter III. However, within a matter of months, Paul's mother engineered a coup to depose her husband. Peter soon died in prison, either being killed by Catherine's supporters or due to a fit of apoplexy when exerting himself in a dispute with Prince Feodor, one of his jailers. The 8-year-old Paul retained his position as <a href="/wiki/Tsesarevich" title="Tsesarevich">Tsesarevich</a>, or heir apparent.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Duchess_Maria_Feodorovna_by_Roslin_(1777,_Hermitage).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Feodorovna_by_Roslin_%281777%2C_Hermitage%29.jpg/220px-Grand_Duchess_Maria_Feodorovna_by_Roslin_%281777%2C_Hermitage%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Feodorovna_by_Roslin_%281777%2C_Hermitage%29.jpg/330px-Grand_Duchess_Maria_Feodorovna_by_Roslin_%281777%2C_Hermitage%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Feodorovna_by_Roslin_%281777%2C_Hermitage%29.jpg/440px-Grand_Duchess_Maria_Feodorovna_by_Roslin_%281777%2C_Hermitage%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="993" data-file-height="1476" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maria_Feodorovna_(Sophie_Dorothea_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg)" title="Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg)">Maria Feodorovna</a>, portrait by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Roslin" title="Alexander Roslin">Alexander Roslin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1772, her son and heir, Paul, turned eighteen. Paul and his adviser, Panin, believed he was the rightful tsar of Russia, as the only son of Peter III. His adviser had also taught him that the rule of women endangered good leadership, which was why he was so interested in gaining the throne. Distracting him, Catherine took trouble to find Paul a wife among the minor princesses of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. She chose Princess Wilhelmina of Hesse-Darmstadt, who acquired the Russian name "<a href="/wiki/Natalia_Alexeievna_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Natalia Alexeievna of Russia">Natalia Alexeievna</a>", a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX,_Landgrave_of_Hesse-Darmstadt" title="Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt">Ludwig IX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landgraviate_of_Hesse-Darmstadt" title="Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt">Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt</a>. The bride's older sister, <a href="/wiki/Frederika_Louisa_of_Hesse-Darmstadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederika Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt">Frederika Louisa</a>, was already married to the <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_II_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William II of Prussia">Crown Prince of Prussia</a>. Around this time, Catherine allowed Paul to attend the council in order that he might be trained for his work as Emperor. Wilhelmina and their child died in childbirth on 15 April 1776, three years after the wedding. It soon became even clearer to Catherine that Paul wanted power, including his separate court. There was talk of having both Paul and his mother co-rule Russia, but Catherine narrowly avoided it. A fierce rivalry began between them, as Catherine knew she could never truly trust her son, as his claim to the throne was superior to hers.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul coveted his mother's position, and by the laws of succession prevalent then, it was rightfully his. </p><p>After her daughter-in-law's death, Catherine began work forthwith on the project of finding another wife for Paul, and on 7 October 1776, less than six months after the death of his first wife and their child, Paul married again. The bride was the beautiful <a href="/wiki/Maria_Feodorovna_(Sophie_Dorothea_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg)" title="Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg)">Sophia Dorothea</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a>, who received the new Russian name Maria Feodorovna. Their first child, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander</a>, was born in 1777, within a year of the wedding, and on this occasion the Empress gave Paul an estate, <a href="/wiki/Pavlovsk_Palace" title="Pavlovsk Palace">Pavlovsk</a>. Paul and his wife gained leave to travel through western Europe in 1781–1782. In 1783, the Empress granted him another estate, <a href="/wiki/Gatchina_Palace" title="Gatchina Palace">Gatchina Palace</a>, where he was allowed to maintain a brigade of soldiers whom he drilled on the <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> <a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">model</a>, an unpopular stance at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_Catherine_the_Great">Relationship with Catherine the Great</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Relationship with Catherine the Great"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Catherine and her son and heir Paul maintained a distant relationship throughout her reign. Empress Elizabeth had taken up the child and proved an obsessive but incapable caretaker, as she had not raised children of her own.<sup id="cite_ref-McGrew1992_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGrew1992-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28">: 28 </span></sup> Paul was supervised by a variety of caregivers. Roderick McGrew briefly relates the neglect to which the infant heir was sometimes subject: "On one occasion he fell out of his crib and slept the night away unnoticed on the floor."<sup id="cite_ref-McGrew1992_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGrew1992-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 30">: 30 </span></sup> Even after Elizabeth's death, relations with Catherine hardly improved. Paul was often jealous of the favours she would shower upon her lovers. In one instance, the empress gave to one of her favourites 50,000 rubles on her birthday, while Paul received a cheap watch.<sup id="cite_ref-Sorokin,_185_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sorokin,_185-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul's early isolation from his mother created a distance between them that later events would reinforce. She never considered inviting him to share power in governing Russia. Once Paul's son Alexander was born, it appeared that she had found a more suitable heir. The use made of his name by the rebel <a href="/wiki/Yemelyan_Pugachev" title="Yemelyan Pugachev">Yemelyan Pugachev</a>, who impersonated his father Peter, tended no doubt to render Paul's position more difficult. </p><p>Catherine's absolute power and the delicate balance of courtier status greatly influenced the relationship at Court with Paul, who openly disregarded his mother's opinions. Paul adamantly protested<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> his mother's policies, writing a veiled criticism in his <i>Reflections</i>, a dissertation on military reform.<sup id="cite_ref-Sorokin,_185_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sorokin,_185-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In it he directly disparaged expansionist warfare in favour of a more defensive military policy. Unenthusiastically received by his mother, the <i>Reflections</i> questioned her authority and added weight to her suspicion of an internal conspiracy with Paul at its centre. For a courtier to have openly supported or shown intimacy towards Paul, especially following this publication, would have meant political suicide. </p><p>Paul spent the following years away from the Imperial Court, content to remain at his private estates at Gatchina Palace with his growing family and perform Prussian drill exercises. As Catherine grew older, she became less concerned that her son attend court functions; her attentions focused primarily on the future Emperor Alexander I. </p><p>It was not until 1787 that Catherine may have in fact decided to exclude her son from succession.<sup id="cite_ref-McGrew1992_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGrew1992-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 184">: 184 </span></sup> After Alexander and his brother <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Constantine_Pavlovich_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich of Russia">Constantine</a> were born, she had them placed under her charge, just as Elizabeth had done with Paul. That Catherine grew to favour Alexander as successor rather than Paul is unsurprising. She met secretly with Alexander's tutor, <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric-C%C3%A9sar_de_La_Harpe" title="Frédéric-César de La Harpe">Frédéric-César de La Harpe</a>, to discuss his pupil's ascension, and attempted to convince Alexander's mother Maria to sign a proposal authorizing her son's legitimacy. Both efforts proved fruitless, and though Alexander agreed to his grandmother's wishes, he remained respectful of his father's position as immediate successor to the Russian throne. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accession_to_the_throne">Accession to the throne</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Accession to the throne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Monogram_of_Tsar_Paul_I_of_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Imperial_Monogram_of_Tsar_Paul_I_of_Russia.svg/120px-Imperial_Monogram_of_Tsar_Paul_I_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Imperial_Monogram_of_Tsar_Paul_I_of_Russia.svg/180px-Imperial_Monogram_of_Tsar_Paul_I_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Imperial_Monogram_of_Tsar_Paul_I_of_Russia.svg/240px-Imperial_Monogram_of_Tsar_Paul_I_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption>Imperial monogram of Paul I</figcaption></figure> <p>Catherine suffered a <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> on 17 November 1796, and died without regaining consciousness. Paul's first act as Emperor was to inquire about and, if possible, destroy her testament, as he feared it would exclude him from succession and leave the throne to Alexander. These fears may have contributed to Paul's promulgation of the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Laws" title="Pauline Laws">Pauline Laws</a>, which established the strict principle of <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a> in the House of Romanov, leaving the throne to the next male heir. </p><p>The army, then <a href="/wiki/Persian_Expedition_of_1796" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Expedition of 1796">poised to attack Persia</a> in accordance with Catherine's last design, was recalled to the capital within one month of Paul's accession. In a remarkable poem, the Russian court poet <a href="/wiki/Gavrila_Derzhavin" title="Gavrila Derzhavin">Derzhavin</a> commented bitterly on the inglorious return from that expedition of its commander Count <a href="/wiki/Valerian_Zubov" title="Valerian Zubov">Valerian Zubov</a>, who was the youthful brother of <a href="/wiki/Platon_Zubov" title="Platon Zubov">Prince Platon Zubov</a>, the lover of the Empress Саtherine. </p><p>Upon his death in 1762, Peter III had been buried without any honors in the <a href="/wiki/Annunciation_Church_of_the_Alexander_Nevsky_Lavra" title="Annunciation Church of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra">Annunciation Church</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> at the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Nevsky Monastery">Alexander Nevsky Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>. Immediately after the death of his mother, Paul ordered his father's remains transferred, first to the church in the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Palace" title="Winter Palace">Winter Palace</a> and then to the <a href="/wiki/Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg">Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg</a>, the burial site of the Romanovs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> 60-year-old Count Alexei Orlov, who had played a role in deposing Peter III and possibly also in his death, was made to walk in the funeral cortege, holding the Imperial Crown of Russia as he walked in front of Peter's coffin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Peter III had never been crowned so at the time of his reburial, Paul personally performed the ritual of coronation on his remains.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Paul responded to the rumour of his illegitimacy by parading his descent from Peter the Great. The inscription on the <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Peter_I_(St._Michael%27s_Castle)" title="Monument to Peter I (St. Michael's Castle)">monument to the first Emperor of Russia</a> near the <a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Michael's Castle">St. Michael's Castle</a> reads in Russian "<i>To the Great-Grandfather from the Great-Grandson</i>". This is an allusion to the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> "PETRO PRIMO CATHARINA SECUNDA", the dedication by Catherine on the '<a href="/wiki/Bronze_Horseman" title="Bronze Horseman">Bronze Horseman</a>' statue of Peter the Great. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purported_eccentricities">Purported eccentricities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Purported eccentricities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Personality_and_reputation_of_Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Personality and reputation of Paul I of Russia">Personality and reputation of Paul I of Russia</a></div> <p>Paul was idealistic and capable of great generosity, but he was also mercurial and capable of vindictiveness. In spite of doubts of his legitimacy, he greatly resembled his father, Peter III, and other Romanovs as well and shared the same character. During the first year of his reign, Paul emphatically reversed many of his mother's policies. Although he accused many of <a href="/wiki/Jacobinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobinism">Jacobinism</a>, he allowed Catherine's best known critic, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Radishchev" title="Alexander Radishchev">Alexander Radishchev</a>, to return from <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberian</a> exile. Besides Radishchev, he liberated <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Novikov" title="Nikolay Novikov">Nikolay Novikov</a> from <a href="/wiki/Shlisselburg" title="Shlisselburg">Schlüsselburg fortress</a>, and also <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko" title="Tadeusz Kościuszko">Tadeusz Kościuszko</a>, yet after liberation both were confined to their own estates under police supervision. He viewed the <a href="/wiki/Russian_nobility" title="Russian nobility">Russian nobility</a> as decadent and corrupt, and was determined to transform them into a disciplined, principled, loyal caste resembling a medieval <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Chivalric order">chivalric order</a>. To those few who conformed to his view of a modern-day knight (e.g., his favourites <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kutuzov" title="Mikhail Kutuzov">Mikhail Kutuzov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Arakcheyev" title="Aleksey Arakcheyev">Aleksey Arakcheyev</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Rostopchin" class="mw-redirect" title="Feodor Rostopchin">Feodor Rostopchin</a>) he granted more serfs during the five years of his reign than his mother had presented to her lovers during her thirty-four years. Those who did not share his chivalric views were dismissed or lost their places at court: seven field marshals and 333 generals fell into this category. </p><p>Paul made several idiosyncratic and deeply unpopular attempts to reform the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a>. Under Catherine's reign, <a href="/wiki/Grigori_Potemkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Grigori Potemkin">Grigori Potemkin</a> introduced new uniforms that were cheap, comfortable, practical and designed in a distinctly Russian style. Paul decided to fulfill his father Peter III's intention of introducing Prussian uniforms. Impractical for active duty, these were deeply unpopular with the men, as was the effort required to maintain them.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His love of parades and ceremony was not well-liked either. He ordered that <i>Wachtparad</i> ("Watch parades") take place early every morning in the parade ground of the palace, regardless of the weather conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He would personally sentence soldiers to be flogged if they made a mistake, and on one occasion ordered a Guards regiment to march to Siberia after they became disordered during maneuvers, although he changed his mind after they had walked about 10 miles (16 km).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attempted to reform the organization of the army in 1796 by introducing <i>The Infantry Codes</i>, a series of guidelines for the army based largely upon show and glamour. But his greatest commander, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Suvorov" title="Alexander Suvorov">Alexander Suvorov</a>, completely ignored them, believing them to be worthless. At great expense, he built three palaces in or around the Russian capital. Much was made of his <a href="/wiki/Courtly_love" title="Courtly love">courtly love</a> affair with <a href="/wiki/Anna_Lopukhina" title="Anna Lopukhina">Anna Lopukhina</a>. </p><p>Emperor Paul also ordered the bones of <a href="/wiki/Grigori_Potemkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Grigori Potemkin">Grigori Potemkin</a>, the famed military commander and one of his mother's lovers, dug out of his grave and scattered.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_affairs">Foreign affairs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Foreign affairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_I_by_A.F._Mitrokhin.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Paul_I_by_A.F._Mitrokhin.jpeg/220px-Paul_I_by_A.F._Mitrokhin.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Paul_I_by_A.F._Mitrokhin.jpeg/330px-Paul_I_by_A.F._Mitrokhin.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Paul_I_by_A.F._Mitrokhin.jpeg/440px-Paul_I_by_A.F._Mitrokhin.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Paul I in the early 1790s</figcaption></figure> <p>Paul's early foreign policy can largely be seen as reactions against his mother's. In foreign policy, this meant that he opposed the many expansionary wars she fought and instead preferred to pursue a more peaceful, diplomatic path. Immediately upon taking the throne, he recalled all troops outside Russian borders, including the struggling expedition Catherine II had sent to conquer <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar Iran</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> and the 60,000 men she had promised to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austria</a> to help them defeat the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul hated the French before their revolution, and afterwards, with their republican and anti-religious views, he detested them even more.<sup id="cite_ref-Haukeil,_351_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haukeil,_351-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to this, he knew French expansion hurt Russian interests, but he recalled his mother's troops primarily because he firmly opposed wars of expansion. He also believed that Russia needed substantial governmental and military reforms to avoid an economic collapse and a revolution, before Russia could wage war on foreign soil.<sup id="cite_ref-McGrew1992_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGrew1992-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 283">: 283 </span></sup> </p><p>Paul offered to mediate between Austria and France through Prussia and pushed Austria to make peace, but the two countries made peace without his assistance, signing the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campoformio" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Campoformio">Treaty of Campoformio</a> in October 1797.<sup id="cite_ref-McGrew1992_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGrew1992-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 286">: 286 </span></sup> This treaty, with its affirmation of French control over islands in the Mediterranean and the partitioning of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>, upset Paul, who saw it as creating more instability in the region and displaying France's ambitions in the Mediterranean. In response, he offered asylum to the <a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé">Prince of Condé</a> and his army, as well as the future <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a>, both of whom had been forced out of Austria by the treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-McGrew1992_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGrew1992-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 288–289">: 288–289 </span></sup> By this point, the French Republic had seized Italy, the Netherlands, and Switzerland, establishing <a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">republics</a> with constitutions in each, and Paul felt that Russia now needed to play an active role in Europe in order to overthrow what the republic had created and restore traditional authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-McGrew1992_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGrew1992-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 289–290">: 289–290 </span></sup> In this goal he found a willing ally in the Austrian chancellor <a href="/wiki/Johann_Amadeus_Francis_de_Paula,_Baron_of_Thugut" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Amadeus Francis de Paula, Baron of Thugut">Baron Thugut</a>, who hated the French and loudly criticized revolutionary principles. Britain and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> joined Austria and Russia to stop French expansion, free territories under their control and re-establish the old monarchies. The only major power in Europe who did not join Paul in his anti-French campaign was Prussia, whose distrust of Austria and the security they got from their current relationship with France prevented them from joining the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">Second Coalition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McGrew1992_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGrew1992-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 286–287">: 286–287 </span></sup> Despite the Prussians’ reluctance, Paul decided to move ahead with the war, promising 60,000 men to support Austria in Italy and 45,000 men to help Britain in North Germany and the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-Haukeil,_351_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haukeil,_351-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another important factor in Paul's decision to go to war with France was the island of <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, the home of the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a>. In addition to Malta, the Order had priories in the Catholic countries of Europe that held large estates and paid the revenue from them to the Order. In 1796, the Order approached Paul about the Priory of Poland, which had been in a state of neglect and paid no revenue for 100 years, and was now on Russian land.<sup id="cite_ref-McGrew1979_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGrew1979-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 46–48">: 46–48 </span></sup> Paul as a child had read the histories of the Order and was impressed by their honor and connection to the old order it represented. He relocated the Priories of Poland to St. Petersburg in January 1797.<sup id="cite_ref-McGrew1979_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGrew1979-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 48">: 48 </span></sup> The knights responded by making him a protector of the Order in August of that same year, an honour he had not expected but, in keeping with his chivalric ideals, he happily accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-McGrew1979_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGrew1979-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 49–50">: 49–50 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pawlowsk-Palast_2005_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Pawlowsk-Palast_2005_b.jpg/220px-Pawlowsk-Palast_2005_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Pawlowsk-Palast_2005_b.jpg/330px-Pawlowsk-Palast_2005_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Pawlowsk-Palast_2005_b.jpg/440px-Pawlowsk-Palast_2005_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption>A statue of Emperor Paul in front of the <a href="/wiki/Pavlovsk_Palace" title="Pavlovsk Palace">Pavlovsk Palace</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In June 1798, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Malta" title="French invasion of Malta">seized Malta</a>; this greatly offended Paul.<sup id="cite_ref-McGrew1979_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGrew1979-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 51">: 51 </span></sup> In September, the Priory of St. Petersburg declared that <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Hompesch_zu_Bolheim" title="Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim">Grand Master Hompesch</a> had betrayed the Order by selling Malta to Napoleon. A month later the Priory elected Paul <a href="/wiki/Grand_Master_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller">Grand Master</a> on 24 November 1798, according to the 1847 edition of the <i>Glossary of Heraldry</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-McGrew1979_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGrew1979-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 55–58">: 55–58 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This election resulted in the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_tradition_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller" title="Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller">Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller</a> within the Imperial Orders of Russia. The election of the sovereign of an Orthodox nation as the head of a Catholic order was controversial, and it was some time before the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> or any of the Order's other priories approved it. This delay created political issues between Paul, who insisted on defending his legitimacy, and the priories’ respective countries.<sup id="cite_ref-McGrew1979_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGrew1979-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 59">: 59 </span></sup> Though recognition of Paul's election would become a more divisive issue later in his reign, the election immediately gave Paul, as Grand Master of the Order, another reason to fight the French Republic: to reclaim the Order's ancestral home. </p><p>The Russian army in Italy played the role of an auxiliary force sent to support the Austrians, though the Austrians offered the position of chief commander over all the allied armies to Alexander Suvorov, a distinguished Russian general. Under Suvorov, the allies managed to push the French out of Italy, though they suffered heavy losses.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by this point in time, cracks had started to appear in the Russo-Austrian alliance, due to their different goals in Italy. While Paul and Suvorov wanted the liberation and restoration of the Italian monarchies, the Austrians sought territorial acquisitions in Italy, and were willing to sacrifice later Russian support to acquire them.<sup id="cite_ref-McGrew1992_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGrew1992-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 299">: 299 </span></sup> The Austrians, therefore, happily saw Suvorov and his army out of Italy in 1799 to go meet up with the army of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Korsakov" title="Alexander Korsakov">Alexander Korsakov</a>, at the time assisting the Austrian <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Charles</a> to expel the French armies currently occupying Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the campaign in Switzerland had become a stalemate, without much activity on either side until the Austrians withdrew. Because this happened before Korsakov and Suvorov could unite their forces, the French could attack their armies one at a time, destroying Korsakov's and forcing Suvorov to fight his way out of Switzerland, suffering heavy losses.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suvorov, shamed, blamed the Austrians for the terrible defeat in Switzerland, as did his furious sovereign. This defeat, combined with Austria's refusal to reinstate the old monarchies in Italy and their disrespect of the Russian flag during the taking of <a href="/wiki/Ancona" title="Ancona">Ancona</a>, led to the formal cessation of the alliance in October 1799.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although by the fall of 1799 the Russo-Austrian alliance had more or less fallen apart, Paul still cooperated willingly with the British. Together, they planned to invade the Netherlands, and through that country attack France proper. Unlike Austria, neither Russia nor Britain appeared to have any secret territorial ambitions: they both simply sought to defeat the French.<sup id="cite_ref-McGrew1992_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGrew1992-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 309">: 309 </span></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_invasion_of_Holland" title="Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland">Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland</a> started well, with a British victory – the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Callantsoog" title="Battle of Callantsoog">Battle of Callantsoog</a> (27 August 1799) – in the north, but when the Russian army arrived in September, the allies found themselves faced with bad weather, poor coordination, and unexpectedly fierce resistance from the Dutch and the French, and their success evaporated.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the month wore on, the weather worsened and the allies suffered more and more losses, eventually signing an armistice in October 1799.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russians suffered three-quarters of allied losses and the British left the Russian troops on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a> in the Channel after the retreat, as it was illegal for foreign troops to enter Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-McGrew1992_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGrew1992-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 309–310">: 309–310 </span></sup> This defeat and subsequent maltreating of Russian troops strained Russo-British relations, but a definitive break did not occur until later.<sup id="cite_ref-McGrew1992_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGrew1992-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 311">: 311 </span></sup> The reasons for this break are less clear and simple than those of the split with Austria, but several key events occurred over the winter of 1799–1800 that helped: Bonaparte released 7,000 captive Russian troops that Britain had refused to pay the ransom for; Paul grew closer to the Scandinavian countries of <a href="/wiki/Denmark-Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Denmark-Norway">Denmark-Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gustavian_era" title="Gustavian era">Sweden</a>, whose claim to neutral shipping rights offended Britain; Paul had the British ambassador in St. Petersburg (<a href="/wiki/Charles_Whitworth,_1st_Earl_Whitworth" title="Charles Whitworth, 1st Earl Whitworth">Whitworth</a>) recalled (1800) and Britain did not replace him, without any clear reason given as to why; and Britain, needing to choose between their two allies, chose Austria, who had with certainty committed to fighting the French to the end.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PavelI-FShubin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/PavelI-FShubin.jpg/220px-PavelI-FShubin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/PavelI-FShubin.jpg/330px-PavelI-FShubin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/PavelI-FShubin.jpg/440px-PavelI-FShubin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3097" data-file-height="5000" /></a><figcaption> Portrait of Paul I of Russia by <a href="/wiki/Fedot_Shubin" title="Fedot Shubin">F. Shubin</a>, marble, 1800, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Museum" title="Russian Museum">Russian Museum</a>, Saint-Petersburg</figcaption></figure> <p>Finally, two events occurred in rapid succession that destroyed the alliance completely: first, in July 1800, the British seized a Danish frigate, prompting Paul to close the British trading factories in St. Petersburg as well as impound British ships and cargo; second, even though the allies resolved this crisis, Paul could not forgive the British for <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Horatio Nelson">Admiral Nelson's</a> refusal to return Malta to the Order of St. John, and therefore to Paul, when the British captured it from the French in September 1800.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a drastic response, Paul seized all British vessels in Russian ports, sent their crews to detention camps and took British traders hostage until he received satisfaction.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the next winter, he went further, using his new <a href="/wiki/Second_League_of_Armed_Neutrality" title="Second League of Armed Neutrality">Armed Neutrality coalition</a> with Sweden, Denmark and Prussia to prepare the Baltic against possible British attack, prevent the British from searching neutral merchant vessels, and freeze all British trade in Northern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As France had already closed all of Western and Southern Europe to British trade, Britain, which relied heavily upon imports (especially for timber, naval products, and grain) felt seriously threatened by Paul's move and reacted fast.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1801, Britain sent a fleet to Denmark, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1801)" title="Battle of Copenhagen (1801)">bombarding Copenhagen</a> and forcing the Danes to surrender in the beginning of April.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nelson then sailed towards St. Petersburg, reaching <a href="/wiki/Reval" class="mw-redirect" title="Reval">Reval</a> (14 May 1801), but after the conspiracy assassinated Paul (23 March 1801), the new Tsar Alexander opened peace-negotiations shortly after taking the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-McGrew1992_9-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGrew1992-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 314">: 314 </span></sup> </p><p>The most original aspect of Paul I's foreign policy was his rapprochement with France after the coalition fell apart. Several scholars have argued that this change in position, radical though it seemed, made sense, as Bonaparte became <a href="/wiki/First_Consul" class="mw-redirect" title="First Consul">First Consul</a> and made France a more conservative state, consistent with Paul's view of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul also decided to <a href="/wiki/Indian_March_of_Paul" title="Indian March of Paul">send a Cossack army to take British India</a>, as Britain itself was almost impervious to direct attack, being an island nation with a formidable navy, but the British had left <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> largely unguarded and would have great difficulty staving off a force that came over land to attack it.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British themselves considered this enough of a problem that they signed three treaties with Persia, in <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Treaty_of_1801" title="Anglo-Persian Treaty of 1801">1801</a>, 1809 and 1812, to guard against an army attacking India through Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul sought to attack the British where they were weakest: through their commerce and their colonies. Throughout his reign, his policies focused reestablishing peace and the balance of power in Europe, while supporting autocracy and old monarchies, without seeking to expand Russia's borders.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irano-Georgian_matters">Irano-Georgian matters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Irano-Georgian matters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Georgia_within_the_Russian_Empire" title="Georgia within the Russian Empire">Georgia within the Russian Empire</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Georgievsk" title="Treaty of Georgievsk">Treaty of Georgievsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krtsanisi" title="Battle of Krtsanisi">Battle of Krtsanisi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roubaud._Russian_troops_entering_Tiflis_in_1799.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Roubaud._Russian_troops_entering_Tiflis_in_1799.JPG/220px-Roubaud._Russian_troops_entering_Tiflis_in_1799.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Roubaud._Russian_troops_entering_Tiflis_in_1799.JPG/330px-Roubaud._Russian_troops_entering_Tiflis_in_1799.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Roubaud._Russian_troops_entering_Tiflis_in_1799.JPG/440px-Roubaud._Russian_troops_entering_Tiflis_in_1799.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption><i>Entrance of the Russian troops in Tiflis, 26 November 1799</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Roubaud" title="Franz Roubaud">Franz Roubaud</a>, 1886</figcaption></figure> <p>In lieu of Russia's failure to honour the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Georgievsk" title="Treaty of Georgievsk">Treaty of Georgievsk</a>, Qajar Iran reinvaded Georgia. Georgian rulers felt they had nowhere else to turn now as Georgia was again re-subjugated by Iran. <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krtsanisi" title="Battle of Krtsanisi">Tbilisi</a> was captured and burnt to the ground, and eastern Georgia reconquered. However, <a href="/wiki/Agha_Mohammad_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Agha Mohammad Khan">Agha Mohammad Khan</a>, Persia's ruler, was assassinated in 1797 in <a href="/wiki/Shusha" title="Shusha">Shusha</a>, after which the Persian grip on Georgia softened again. <a href="/wiki/Heraclius_II_of_Georgia" title="Heraclius II of Georgia">Erekle, King of Kartli-Kakheti</a>, still dreaming of a united Georgia, died a year later. After his death, a civil war broke out over the succession to the throne of Kartli-Kakheti, and one of the rival candidates called on Russia to intervene and decide matters. On 8 January 1801, Tsar Paul I signed a decree on the incorporation of Georgia (Kartli-Kakheti) within the Russian Empire,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was confirmed by Tsar Alexander I on 12 September 1801.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Georgian envoy in Saint Petersburg, <a href="/wiki/Garsevan_Chavchavadze" title="Garsevan Chavchavadze">Garsevan Chavchavadze</a>, reacted with a note of protest that was presented to the Russian vice-chancellor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kurakin" title="Alexander Kurakin">Alexander Kurakin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1801, after Paul's death, Russian General <a href="/wiki/Carl_Heinrich_von_Knorring" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Heinrich von Knorring">Carl Heinrich von Knorring</a> removed the Georgian heir to the throne, <a href="/wiki/David_Bagrationi" class="mw-redirect" title="David Bagrationi">David</a> <a href="/wiki/Batonishvili" title="Batonishvili">Batonishvili</a>, from power and deployed a provisional government headed by General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Petrovich_Lazarev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Petrovich Lazarev (page does not exist)">Ivan Petrovich Lazarev</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assassination">Assassination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Assassination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spb_06-2017_img21_StMichael_Castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Spb_06-2017_img21_StMichael_Castle.jpg/300px-Spb_06-2017_img21_StMichael_Castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Spb_06-2017_img21_StMichael_Castle.jpg/450px-Spb_06-2017_img21_StMichael_Castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Spb_06-2017_img21_StMichael_Castle.jpg/600px-Spb_06-2017_img21_StMichael_Castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3486" data-file-height="2324" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael%27s_Castle" title="Saint Michael's Castle">St. Michael's Castle</a> in Saint Petersburg, where Emperor Paul was murdered mere weeks after the opening festivities</figcaption></figure> <p>Paul's premonitions of <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">assassination</a> were well-founded. His attempts to force the nobility to adopt a code of <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalry</a> alienated many of his trusted advisors. The Emperor also discovered outrageous machinations and <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a> in the Russian <a href="/wiki/Treasury" title="Treasury">treasury</a>. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracies_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conspiracies (political)">conspiracy</a> was organized, some months before it was executed, by Counts <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ludwig_von_der_Pahlen" title="Peter Ludwig von der Pahlen">Peter Ludwig von der Pahlen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Petrovich_Panin" title="Nikita Petrovich Panin">Nikita Petrovich Panin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Ribas" title="José de Ribas">Admiral de Ribas</a>, with the alleged support of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Great_Britain_to_Russia" title="List of ambassadors of Great Britain to Russia">British ambassador in Saint Petersburg</a>, Charles Whitworth.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The death of de Ribas in December 1800 delayed the assassination; but, on the night of 23 March [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 11 March] 1801, a band of dismissed officers murdered Paul at the newly completed palace of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael%27s_Castle" title="Saint Michael's Castle">Saint Michael's Castle</a>. The assassins included General <a href="/wiki/Levin_August,_Count_von_Bennigsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Levin August, Count von Bennigsen">Levin August, Count von Bennigsen</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanoverian</a> in the Russian service and General <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Mikhailovich_Yashvil" title="Vladimir Mikhailovich Yashvil">Vladimir Mikhailovich Yashvil</a>, a Georgian. They charged into Paul's bedroom, flushed with drink after dining together, and found the emperor hiding behind some drapes in the corner.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conspirators pulled him out, forced him to the table, and tried to compel him to sign his <a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">abdication</a>. Paul offered some resistance, and <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Alexandrovich_Zubov" title="Nikolay Alexandrovich Zubov">Nikolay Zubov</a> struck him with a sword, after which the assassins strangled and trampled him to death. Paul's successor on the Russian throne, his 23-year-old son Alexander, was actually in the palace at the time of the killing; he had "given his consent to the overthrow of Paul, but had not supposed that this would be carried out by means of assassination".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zubov announced his accession to the heir, accompanied by the admonition, "Time to grow up! Go and rule!" Alexander I did not punish the assassins, and the court physician, <a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Wylie,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir James Wylie, 1st Baronet">James Wylie</a>, declared <a href="/wiki/Apoplexy" title="Apoplexy">apoplexy</a> the official cause of death.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paulparade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Paulparade.jpg/300px-Paulparade.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Paulparade.jpg/450px-Paulparade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Paulparade.jpg/600px-Paulparade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1649" data-file-height="1176" /></a><figcaption><i>Military Parade of Emperor Paul in front of Mikhailovsky Castle</i> painting by <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Benois" title="Alexandre Benois">Alexandre Benois</a>, taken from the art book <i><a href="/wiki/Mir_iskusstva" title="Mir iskusstva">Mir iskusstva</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>There is some evidence that Paul I was venerated as a saint among the Russian Orthodox populace,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though he was never officially canonized by any of the Orthodox Churches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portrayals_in_popular_culture">Portrayals in popular culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Portrayals in popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 1906, <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Merezhkovsky" title="Dmitry Merezhkovsky">Dmitry Merezhkovsky</a> published his tragedy <i>Paul I</i>; the most prominent performance of which was made on the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Army_Theatre" title="Russian Army Theatre">Soviet Army Theatre</a>'s stage in 1989, with <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Borisov" title="Oleg Borisov">Oleg Borisov</a> as Paul.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Patriot_(1928_film)" title="The Patriot (1928 film)">The Patriot</a></i> (1928 film), directed by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Lubitsch" title="Ernst Lubitsch">Ernst Lubitsch</a>, is a biopic starring <a href="/wiki/Emil_Jannings" title="Emil Jannings">Emil Jannings</a> as Paul. It won the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Adapted_Screenplay" title="Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay">Best Writing</a> Oscar at the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Academy_Awards" title="2nd Academy Awards">2nd Academy Awards</a>. It is now mostly <a href="/wiki/Lost_film" title="Lost film">lost</a>, with about one-third of the film preserved in archives.</li> <li>The Soviet film <i><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Kij%C3%A9_(film)" title="Lieutenant Kijé (film)">Lieutenant Kijé</a></i> (1937), directed by Aleksandr Faintsimmer and based on a novella of the same name by Yury Tynyanov, satirizes Paul's obsession with rigid drill, instant obedience, and martinet discipline.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Nausea_(novel)" title="Nausea (novel)">Nausea</a></i> (1938), Marquis de Rollebon, a fictional character being studied by the protagonist Antoine Roquentin, is implicit in Paul I's assassination.</li> <li>The Soviet experimental film <i><a href="/wiki/Assa_(film)" title="Assa (film)">Assa</a></i> (1987) has a subplot revolving around Paul's murder; Paul is portrayed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dmitry_Dolinin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dmitry Dolinin (page does not exist)">Dmitry Dolinin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Долинин, Дмитрий Алексеевич">ru</a>]</span>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poor_Poor_Paul" title="Poor Poor Paul">Poor Poor Paul</a></i> (2003; Бе́дный бе́дный Па́вел) is a film about Paul's rule produced by <a href="/wiki/Lenfilm" title="Lenfilm">Lenfilm</a>, directed by Vitaliy Mel'nikov, and starring <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Sukhorukov" title="Viktor Sukhorukov">Viktor Sukhorukov</a> as Paul and <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Yankovsky" title="Oleg Yankovsky">Oleg Yankovsky</a> as Count Pahlen, who headed the conspiracy against him. The film portrays Paul more compassionately than the long-existing stories about him. The movie won the Michael Tariverdiev Prize for best music to a film at the Open Russian Film Festival <a href="/wiki/Kinotavr" title="Kinotavr">Kinotavr</a>, in 2003.</li> <li>The young Paul appears in the 2014 <a href="/wiki/Russia-1" title="Russia-1">Russia-1</a> television series <a href="/wiki/Ekaterina_(TV_series)" title="Ekaterina (TV series)"><i>Ekaterina</i></a> and features heavily as a main character in its second, third, and fourth seasons.</li> <li>The young Paul is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Quinn_(actor)" title="Joseph Quinn (actor)">Joseph Quinn</a> in the 2019 <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> mini-series <i><a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great_(miniseries)" title="Catherine the Great (miniseries)">Catherine the Great</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An adult Paul is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Langley" title="Bruce Langley">Bruce Langley</a> in the third season of the 2020 <a href="/wiki/Hulu" title="Hulu">Hulu</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_(TV_series)" title="The Great (TV series)">The Great</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archives">Archives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Archives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Paul's letters to his first mother-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Countess_Palatine_Caroline_of_Zweibr%C3%BCcken" title="Countess Palatine Caroline of Zweibrücken">Countess Palatine Caroline of Zweibrücken</a>, (together with letters from his first wife to her mother) are preserved in the Hessian State Archive (Hessisches Staatsarchiv Darmstadt) in <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a>, Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Paul's letters to his first father-in-law, Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, (together with letters from his first wife to her father) are also preserved in the Hessian State Archive in Darmstadt.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paul's correspondence with his brother-in-law, King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Frederick I of Württemberg">Frederick I of Württemberg</a> (Maria Feodorovna's brother), written between 1776 and 1801, is preserved in the State Archive of Stuttgart (Hauptstaatsarchiv Stuttgart) in Stuttgart, Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul's correspondence with his parents-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_Eugene,_Duke_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg">Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Princess_Friederike_of_Brandenburg-Schwedt" title="Princess Friederike of Brandenburg-Schwedt">Friederike of Brandenburg-Schwedt</a>, written between 1776 and 1797, is also preserved in the State Archive of Stuttgart.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issue">Issue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Paul and Sophie had ten children; nine survived to adulthood (and from whom can be traced <a href="/wiki/List_of_grandchildren_of_Paul_I_of_Russia" title="List of grandchildren of Paul I of Russia">30 legitimate grandchildren</a>): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Birth </th> <th>Death </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I, Emperor of Russia</a> </td> <td>12 December 1777 </td> <td>19 November 1825 </td> <td>m. <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Alexeiyevna_(Louise_of_Baden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Alexeiyevna (Louise of Baden)">Luise Auguste, Princess of Baden (Elizabeth Alexeiyevna)</a> (1779–1826), and had two daughters (both died in childhood). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Konstantin_Pavlovich_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia">Grand Duke Constantine of Russia</a> </td> <td>27 April 1779 </td> <td>15 June 1831 </td> <td>m. first <a href="/wiki/Juliane_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Juliane of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Juliane, Princess of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (Anna Feodorovna)</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (divorced 1820); married second <a href="/wiki/Countess_Joanna_Grudzi%C5%84ska" class="mw-redirect" title="Countess Joanna Grudzińska">Countess Joanna Grudzińska</a> morganatically. He had with Joanna one child, Charles (b. 1821) and 3 illegitimate children: Paul Alexandrov from first relationship; Constantine Constantinovich and Constance Constantinovna from second relationship. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Pavlovna_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandra Pavlovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna</a> </td> <td>9 August 1783 </td> <td>16 March 1801 </td> <td>m. <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Joseph_of_Austria,_Palatine_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke Joseph of Austria, Palatine of Hungary">Joseph, Archduke of Austria, Count Palatine of Hungary</a> (1776–1847), and had one daughter (both mother and infant died in childbirth). <p>Formerly engaged with King <a href="/wiki/Gustav_IV_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav IV of Sweden">Gustav IV of Sweden</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elena_Pavlovna_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Elena Pavlovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna</a> </td> <td>13 December 1784 </td> <td>24 September 1803 </td> <td>m. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Louis,_Hereditary_Grand_Duke_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Frederick Louis, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Friedrich Ludwig, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a> (1778–1819), and had two children. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Pavlovna_of_Russia_(1786%E2%80%931859)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia (1786–1859)">Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna</a> </td> <td>4 February 1786 </td> <td>23 June 1859 </td> <td>m. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick,_Grand_Duke_of_Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Karl Friedrich, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a> (1783–1853), and had four children. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Pavlovna_of_Russia" title="Catherine Pavlovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Catherine Pavlovna</a> </td> <td>21 May 1788 </td> <td>9 January 1819 </td> <td>m. <a href="/wiki/Duke_George_of_Oldenburg" title="Duke George of Oldenburg">Georg, Duke of Oldenburg</a> (1784–1812), had two sons; married <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="William I of Württemberg">Wilhelm I, King of Württemberg</a> (1781–1864), and had two daughters. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Olga_Pavlovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Olga Pavlovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Olga Pavlovna</a> </td> <td>22 July 1792 </td> <td>26 January 1795 </td> <td>died age 2 years, 6 months from complications of a tooth abscess. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anna_Pavlovna_of_Russia" title="Anna Pavlovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Anna Pavlovna</a> </td> <td>7 January 1795 </td> <td>1 March 1865 </td> <td>m. <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands" title="William II of the Netherlands">Willem II, King of the Netherlands</a> (1792–1849), and had five children. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia</a> </td> <td>25 June 1796 </td> <td>18 February 1855 </td> <td>m. <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Feodorovna_(Charlotte_of_Prussia)" title="Alexandra Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia)">Charlotte, Princess of Prussia (Alexandra Feodorovna)</a> (1798–1860), and had seven children by her. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Pavlovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich of Russia">Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich</a> </td> <td>8 February 1798 </td> <td>9 September 1849 </td> <td>m. <a href="/wiki/Elena_Pavlovna_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Elena Pavlovna of Württemberg">Charlotte, Princess of Württemberg (Elena Pavlovna)</a> (1807–1873), and had five daughters. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mistresses_and_illegitimate_children">Mistresses and illegitimate children</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mistresses and illegitimate children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Razumovskaya" title="Sophia Razumovskaya">Sophia Razumovskaya</a> (1746–1803), lady in waiting of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a>. <ul><li>Semyon Afanasyevich Velikiy (1772 – 13 August 1794)– became a naval officer and died in a shipwreck in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Mavra Yuryeva (1760–1828), spouse of Aleksey Vakar <ul><li>Marfa Pavlovna Musina-Yuryeva (1801–1803) – died prematurely</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Paul I of Russia<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_IV,_Duke_of_Holstein-Gottorp" title="Frederick IV, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp">Frederick IV, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick,_Duke_of_Holstein-Gottorp" title="Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp">Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Hedvig_Sophia_of_Sweden" title="Hedvig Sophia of Sweden">Hedvig Sophia of Sweden</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Russia" title="Peter III of Russia">Peter III of Russia</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Anna_Petrovna_of_Russia" title="Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Catherine_I_of_Russia" title="Catherine I of Russia">Catherine I of Russia</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Paul I of Russia</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/John_Louis_I,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Dornburg" title="John Louis I, Prince of Anhalt-Dornburg">John Louis I, Prince of Anhalt-Dornburg</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Christian_August,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Zerbst" title="Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst">Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. Christine Eleonore von Zeutsch</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine II of Russia</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/Christian_August_of_Holstein-Gottorp,_Prince_of_Eutin" title="Christian August of Holstein-Gottorp, Prince of Eutin">Prince Christian August of Holstein-Gottorp</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Joanna_Elisabeth_of_Holstein-Gottorp" title="Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp">Princess Johanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Albertina_Frederica_of_Baden-Durlach" title="Princess Albertina Frederica of Baden-Durlach">Princess Albertina Frederica of Baden-Durlach</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_three-day_corvee" title="Manifesto of three-day corvee">Manifesto of three-day corvee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsars_of_Russia_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsars of Russia family tree">Tsars of Russia family tree</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Saltykov" title="Sergei Saltykov">Sergei Saltykov</a> (rumoured)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encspb.ru/object/2855702197?lc=ru">"Мальтийский орден"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia of Saint Petersburg</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Saint+Petersburg&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encspb.ru%2Fobject%2F2855702197%3Flc%3Dru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John T. Alexander, <i>Catherine the Great: Life and Legend</i> (Oxford UP, 1989) pp 3–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSafonov" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Safonov, M. M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history-gatchina.ru/article/pavel_birth.htm">"О происхоҗдении Павла І"</a> [About the origin of Paul I]. <i>history-gatchina.ru</i> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history-gatchina.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9E+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D2%97%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%86&rft.aulast=Safonov&rft.aufirst=M.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory-gatchina.ru%2Farticle%2Fpavel_birth.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sebag Montefiore, p. 187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sebag Montefiore, p. 309-310</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sebag Montefiore, p. 321-322</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. M. Almedingen, <i>So dark a stream; a study of the Emperor Paul I of Russia, 1754-1801</i> (1959) pp 56–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGrew1992-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McGrew1992_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGrew1992_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGrew1992_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGrew1992_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGrew1992_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGrew1992_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGrew1992_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGrew1992_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGrew1992_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGrew1992_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGrew1992_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGrew1992_9-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGrew1992_9-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McGrew, Roderick E. (1992), <i>Paul I of Russia</i>. (Oxford: Clarendon Press) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-822567-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-822567-9">0-19-822567-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sorokin,_185-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sorokin,_185_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sorokin,_185_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sorokin, 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Digby Smith (2008). <i>An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Uniforms of the Napoleonic wars... 1792-1815</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7548-1571-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7548-1571-4">0-7548-1571-4</a>. pp. 157-187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211023194259/http://www.napolun.com/mirror/napoleonistyka.atspace.com/img/Russian_military_parade_by_Benois.jpg">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Russian military parade", Alexandre Benois, 1907"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napolun.com/mirror/napoleonistyka.atspace.com/img/Russian_military_parade_by_Benois.jpg">the original</a> on 2021-10-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Russian+military+parade%22%2C+Alexandre+Benois%2C+1907&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.napolun.com%2Fmirror%2Fnapoleonistyka.atspace.com%2Fimg%2FRussian_military_parade_by_Benois.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laurence Spring. <i>Russian Grenadiers and Infantry 1799-1815</i>. Ed. Osprey Publishing, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841763804" title="Special:BookSources/9781841763804">9781841763804</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7NUPxCVT2DAC&pg=PA56">Pg. 56</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Count Cherep-Spriridovich. <i>The Secret World Government Or "The Hidden Hand": The Unrevealed in History</i>. Ed. Osprey Publishing, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841763804" title="Special:BookSources/9781841763804">9781841763804</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zKFBPKa8vxoC&pg=PA79">p. 79</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farquhar, Michael (2001). <i>A Treasure of Royal Scandals</i>, p.192. Penguin Books, New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7394-2025-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7394-2025-9">0-7394-2025-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the Iranian expedition, see Haukeil, 349. For the 60,000 troops to Europe, see McGrew (1992), 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haukeil,_351-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haukeil,_351_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haukeil,_351_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Haukeil, 351.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGrew1979-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McGrew1979_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGrew1979_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGrew1979_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGrew1979_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGrew1979_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGrew1979_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McGrew, Roderick E. (1979) "Paul I and the Knights of Malta," in <i>Paul I: A Reassessment of His Life and Reign</i>, ed. Hugh Ragsdale (Pittsburgh: University Center for International Studies, University of Pittsburgh) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-916002-28-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-916002-28-4">0-916002-28-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orderofmalta.int/history/680/the-79-grand-masters/?lang=en">The 79 Grand Masters</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111113211958/http://www.orderofmalta.int/history/680/the-79-grand-masters/?lang=en">Archived</a> 2011-11-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – official website of the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130521021025/http://www.spirituallysmart.com/History_After_Malta.html">"History After Malta"</a>. Spirituallysmart.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spirituallysmart.com/History_After_Malta.html">the original</a> on 2013-05-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+After+Malta&rft.pub=Spirituallysmart.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spirituallysmart.com%2FHistory_After_Malta.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCeyrep1855" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Ceyrep (21 April 1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/nq/article-abstract/s1-XI/286/309/4535653?redirectedFrom=fulltext"><i>The grand master of the order of Malta</i></a>. Vol. s1-XI. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 309–310. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnq%2Fs1-XI.286.309c">10.1093/nq/s1-XI.286.309c</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-3970">0029-3970</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7756812923">7756812923</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+grand+master+of+the+order+of+Malta&rft.pages=309-310&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1855-04-21&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7756812923&rft.issn=0029-3970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnq%2Fs1-XI.286.309c&rft.au=Ceyrep&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fnq%2Farticle-abstract%2Fs1-XI%2F286%2F309%2F4535653%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haukei, 355-57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haukeil, 358.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For Archduke Charles withdrawing early, see McGrew (1992), 301. For more information on the battles Korsakov and Suvorov fought, see Haukeil, 361–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a summary of the taking of Ancona, see McGrew (1992), 306. For a quick summary of all the issues involved, see Hugh Ragsdale, "A Continental System in 1801: Paul I and Bonaparte," <i>The Journal of Modern History</i>, 42 (1970), 70–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> For a summary of the Netherlands campaign, see McGrew (1992), 309. For a more detailed look at the events, with a slight British bias, see Haukeil, 364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haukeil, 364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a summary, with more information on Paul growing closer to the Baltic states, see McGrew (1992), 311–12. For information on the British ambassador and their choice of Austria over Russia, see Ragsdale, "A Continental System in 1801: Paul I and Bonaparte," <i>The Journal of Modern History</i>, 71–72. For Napoleon's actions and Paul's feelings towards him, see Haukeil, 365.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For information on the Danish frigate, see Hugh Ragsdale, "Was Paul Bonaparte's Fool?: The Evidence of Neglected Archives," in <i>Paul I: A Reassessment of His Life and Reign</i>, ed. Hugh Ragsdale (Pittsburgh: University Center for International Studies, University of Pittsburgh, 1979), 80. For Paul's reaction to the seizure and then the events at Malta, see McGrew (1992), 313–14. For the date of the Maltese events, and a more English view of them, see Haukeil, 366.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a summary of Paul's reaction, see McGrew (1992), 314. For more details, see Haukeil, 366.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For information on the military side of these measures, see McGrew (1992), 314. For information on the economic side and how Paul interacted with the Armed Neutrality, see Ragsdale, "Was Paul Bonaparte's Fool?" in <i>Paul I: A Reassessment of His Life and Reign</i>, 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ragsdale, "A Continental System in 1801: Paul I and Bonaparte," <i>The Journal of Modern History</i>, 81–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haukeil, 366.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For arguments about consistency and Paul's reasons to fight, see McGrew (1992), 318. For the arguments as to why Paul was willing to reach an agreement with Bonaparte, see Muriel Atkin, "The Pragmatic Diplomacy of Paul I: Russia's Relations with Asia, 1796–1801," <i>Slavic Review</i>, 38 (1979), 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atkin, "The Pragmatic Diplomacy of Paul I," 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"While the British were signing treaties with Persia to protect their holding in India in the late 18th century Paul I was working with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti</a> and made them a protectorate of the Russian Empire in 1768 and then in 1801 Georgia was attacked by Iranian forces. This attack would push Paul I to take further steps beyond what was in place in order to protect his interests in the Caucasus. Paul I intended to annex the kingdom but he was assassinated before he could finish the decree but Alexander I, Paul I's successor, would finish the deal and provide full protection." Atkin, "The Pragmatic Diplomacy of Paul I", p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ragsdale, "Was Paul Bonaparte's Fool?" in <i>Paul I: A Reassessment of His Life and Reign</i>, 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gvosdev (2000), p. 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Avalov (1906), p. 186</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gvosdev (2000), p. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Marshall_Lang" title="David Marshall Lang">Lang</a> (1957), p. 249</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lang (1957), p. 251</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lang (1957), p. 247</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Newton_(author)" title="Michael Newton (author)">Newton, Michael</a> (2014). "Paul I of Russia (1754-1801)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F4-dAwAAQBAJ"><i>Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 411. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610692861" title="Special:BookSources/9781610692861"><bdi>9781610692861</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-27</span></span>. <q>The plot's mastermind was Count Nikolay Alexandrovich Zubov .... Count Zubov hatched the conspiracy with Count Peter Alekseyevich Pahlen .... Allegedly financed by Zubov's sister, Olga Zherebetsova, with funds procured from her lover -- Charles Whitworth, 1st Earl Whitworth, Britain's envoy-extraordinary and minister-plenipotentiary at St. Petersburg under Catherine -- the conspirators recruited others.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paul+I+of+Russia+%281754-1801%29&rft.btitle=Famous+Assassinations+in+World+History%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=411&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781610692861&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF4-dAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Radzinsky, Edvard. <i>Alexander II, The last great tsar</i> Freepress, 2005. Pages 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A History of Russia</i> by George Vernadsky, Yale University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marbot, Jean. (Oliver C. Colt, trans.) <i>The Memoirs of General the Baron de Marbot</i>, Volume 2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2401/pg2401-images.html">Chapter 3 "The intrigues of Count Czernicheff"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hutchison, Robert. "A Medical Adventurer. 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Moscow.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiseman2018" class="citation web cs1">Wiseman, Andreas (9 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deadline.com/2018/08/howards-end-joseph-quinn-helen-mirren-jason-clarke-hbo-sky-catherine-the-great-1202442494/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Howards End' Star Joseph Quinn Set To Join Helen Mirren & Jason Clarke In HBO-Sky Drama 'Catherine The Great'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Deadline</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deadline&rft.atitle=%27Howards+End%27+Star+Joseph+Quinn+Set+To+Join+Helen+Mirren+%26+Jason+Clarke+In+HBO-Sky+Drama+%27Catherine+The+Great%27&rft.date=2018-08-09&rft.aulast=Wiseman&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeadline.com%2F2018%2F08%2Fhowards-end-joseph-quinn-helen-mirren-jason-clarke-hbo-sky-catherine-the-great-1202442494%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arcinsys.hessen.de/arcinsys/detailAction.action?detailid=v3325185">"Briefe der Großfürstin Wilhelmine (Natalija) an ihre Mutter [Karoline]"</a> [Letters from Grand Duchess Wilhelmine (Natalija) to her mother [Karoline]] (in German). Hessisches Staatsarchiv Darmstadt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Briefe+der+Gro%C3%9Ff%C3%BCrstin+Wilhelmine+%28Natalija%29+an+ihre+Mutter+%5BKaroline%5D&rft.pub=Hessisches+Staatsarchiv+Darmstadt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farcinsys.hessen.de%2Farcinsys%2FdetailAction.action%3Fdetailid%3Dv3325185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arcinsys.hessen.de/arcinsys/detailAction.action?detailid=v3557098">"Korrespondenz des Landgrafen Ludwig IX. mit seiner Tochter Großfürstin Natalija von Russland, seinem Schwiegersohn Großfürst Paul und dem russischen Hof"</a> [Correspondence of Landgrave Ludwig IX. with his daughter Grand Duchess Natalija of Russia, his son-in-law Grand Duke Paul and the Russian court] (in German). Hessisches Staatsarchiv Darmstadt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Korrespondenz+des+Landgrafen+Ludwig+IX.+mit+seiner+Tochter+Gro%C3%9Ff%C3%BCrstin+Natalija+von+Russland%2C+seinem+Schwiegersohn+Gro%C3%9Ff%C3%BCrst+Paul+und+dem+russischen+Hof&rft.pub=Hessisches+Staatsarchiv+Darmstadt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farcinsys.hessen.de%2Farcinsys%2FdetailAction.action%3Fdetailid%3Dv3557098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.landesarchiv-bw.de/plink/?f=1-1137990">"König Friedrich (1754-1816) - Briefwechsel mit dem kaiserlichen Hause von Russland - 3. Briefwechsel mit Kaiser Paul, 1776-1801"</a> [King Frederick (1754-1816) - Correspondence with the Imperial House of Russia - 3. Correspondence with Emperor Paul, 1776-1801] (in German). Hauptstaatsarchiv Stuttgart<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=K%C3%B6nig+Friedrich+%281754-1816%29+-+Briefwechsel+mit+dem+kaiserlichen+Hause+von+Russland+-+3.+Briefwechsel+mit+Kaiser+Paul%2C+1776-1801&rft.pub=Hauptstaatsarchiv+Stuttgart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.landesarchiv-bw.de%2Fplink%2F%3Ff%3D1-1137990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.landesarchiv-bw.de/plink/?f=1-1173812">"Herzog Friedrich Eugen (1732-1797) - Briefwechsel des Herzogs mit dem kaiserlichen Hause von Russland, 1776-1797"</a> [Duke Friedrich Eugen (1732-1797) - Correspondence of the Duke with the Imperial House of Russia, 1776-1797] (in German). Hauptstaatsarchiv Stuttgart<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Herzog+Friedrich+Eugen+%281732-1797%29+-+Briefwechsel+des+Herzogs+mit+dem+kaiserlichen+Hause+von+Russland%2C+1776-1797&rft.pub=Hauptstaatsarchiv+Stuttgart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.landesarchiv-bw.de%2Fplink%2F%3Ff%3D1-1173812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTondini1871" class="citation book cs1">Tondini, Caesar (1871). <i>The Pope of Rome and the Popes of the Oriental Orthodox Church</i>. p. 61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pope+of+Rome+and+the+Popes+of+the+Oriental+Orthodox+Church&rft.pages=61&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=Tondini&rft.aufirst=Caesar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://royal-genealogy.com/persons/russia/semyon_velikiy_1772.html">Semen Velikiy</a> Retrieved 20 January 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AINPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA23"><i>Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans</i></a> [<i>Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living</i>] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genealogie+ascendante+jusqu%27au+quatrieme+degre+inclusivement+de+tous+les+Rois+et+Princes+de+maisons+souveraines+de+l%27Europe+actuellement+vivans&rft.place=Bourdeaux&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Frederic+Guillaume+Birnstiel&rft.date=1768&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAINPAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attribution">Attribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Attribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Paul_I." class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Paul I.">Paul I.</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paul+I.&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmanPeckColby1905" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Coit_Gilman" title="Daniel Coit Gilman">Gilman, D. C.</a>; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Paul I., Petrovitch"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Paul_I.,_Petrovitch">"Paul I., Petrovitch" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i> (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paul+I.%2C+Petrovitch&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Russian_history_(1613%E2%80%931917)" title="Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917)">Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917)</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander1989" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, John T. (1989). <i>Catherine the Great: Life and Legend</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catherine+the+Great%3A+Life+and+Legend&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlmedingen1959" class="citation book cs1">Almedingen, E. M. (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sodarkstreamstud0000alme"><i>So Dark a Stream: a Study of the Emperor Paul I of Russia, 1754-1801</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=So+Dark+a+Stream%3A+a+Study+of+the+Emperor+Paul+I+of+Russia%2C+1754-1801&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Almedingen&rft.aufirst=E.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsodarkstreamstud0000alme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaukeilTyrrell1854" class="citation book cs1">Haukeil, Henry A.; Tyrrell, H. (1854). <i>The History of Russia from the foundation of the Empire to the War with Turkey in 1877–78</i>. Vol. 1. London: The London Printing and Publishing Company, Limited.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Russia+from+the+foundation+of+the+Empire+to+the+War+with+Turkey+in+1877%E2%80%9378&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+London+Printing+and+Publishing+Company%2C+Limited&rft.date=1854&rft.aulast=Haukeil&rft.aufirst=Henry+A.&rft.au=Tyrrell%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacek2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Macek, Bernhard A. (2012). <i>Haydn, Mozart und die Großfürstin: Eine Studie zur Uraufführung der "Russischen Quartette" op. 33 in den Kaiserappartements der Wiener Hofburg</i> [<i>Haydn, Mozart and the Grand Duchess: A study for the premiere of the "Russian Quartets" op. 33 in the imperial apartments of the Vienna Hofburg</i>] (in German). Wien: Schloß Schönbrunn Kultur- und Betriebsges.m.b.H. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-901568-72-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-901568-72-5"><bdi>978-3-901568-72-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haydn%2C+Mozart+und+die+Gro%C3%9Ff%C3%BCrstin%3A+Eine+Studie+zur+Urauff%C3%BChrung+der+%22Russischen+Quartette%22+op.+33+in+den+Kaiserappartements+der+Wiener+Hofburg&rft.place=Wien&rft.pub=Schlo%C3%9F+Sch%C3%B6nbrunn+Kultur-+und+Betriebsges.m.b.H.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-901568-72-5&rft.aulast=Macek&rft.aufirst=Bernhard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Madariaga1981" class="citation book cs1">de Madariaga, Isabel (1981). <i>Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great</i>. Yale U.P.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+in+the+Age+of+Catherine+the+Great&rft.pub=Yale+U.P.&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=de+Madariaga&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamenskii1997" class="citation book cs1">Kamenskii, Aleksandr (1997). <i>The Russian Empire in the Eighteenth Century: Searching for a Place in the World</i>. pp. 265–280.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Empire+in+the+Eighteenth+Century%3A+Searching+for+a+Place+in+the+World&rft.pages=265-280&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Kamenskii&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassie2011" class="citation book cs1">Massie, Robert K. (2011). <i>Catherine the Great: Portrait of a Woman</i>. New York, NY: Random House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catherine+the+Great%3A+Portrait+of+a+Woman&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Massie&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrew1979" class="citation book cs1">McGrew, Roderick E. (1979). "Paul I and the Knights of Malta". In Ragsdale, Hugh (ed.). <i>Paul I: A Reassessment of His Life and Reign</i>. Pittsburgh: University Center for International Studies, University of Pittsburgh. pp. 44 ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-916002-28-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-916002-28-4"><bdi>0-916002-28-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paul+I+and+the+Knights+of+Malta&rft.btitle=Paul+I%3A+A+Reassessment+of+His+Life+and+Reign&rft.place=Pittsburgh&rft.pages=44+ff&rft.pub=University+Center+for+International+Studies%2C+University+of+Pittsburgh&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-916002-28-4&rft.aulast=McGrew&rft.aufirst=Roderick+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrew1992" class="citation book cs1">McGrew, Roderick E. (1992). <i>Paul I of Russia</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-822567-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-822567-9"><bdi>0-19-822567-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+I+of+Russia&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-19-822567-9&rft.aulast=McGrew&rft.aufirst=Roderick+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24657306">online review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander1993" class="citation journal cs1">Alexander, J. T. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/24657306">"Review of Paul I of Russia 1754-1801, by R. E. McGrew"</a>. <i>Russian History</i>. <b>20</b> (1/4): 281–283. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F187633193X00243">10.1163/187633193X00243</a> (inactive 2024-11-19). <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24657306">24657306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russian+History&rft.atitle=Review+of+Paul+I+of+Russia+1754-1801%2C+by+R.+E.+McGrew&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=281-283&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F187633193X00243&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24657306%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=J.+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24657306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRagsdale1979" class="citation book cs1">Ragsdale, Hugh, ed. (1979). <i>Paul I: A Reassessment of His Life and Reign</i>. University of Pittsburgh: University Center for International Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780916002282" title="Special:BookSources/9780916002282"><bdi>9780916002282</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+I%3A+A+Reassessment+of+His+Life+and+Reign&rft.place=University+of+Pittsburgh&rft.pub=University+Center+for+International+Studies&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780916002282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebag_Montefiore2016" class="citation book cs1">Sebag Montefiore, Simon (2016). <i>The Romanovs: 1613—1918</i>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romanovs%3A+1613%E2%80%941918&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Sebag+Montefiore&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorokin1996" class="citation book cs1">Sorokin, Iurii Alekseevich (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emperorsempresse00akhm/page/178">"Emperor Paul I, 1796–1801"</a>. In Raleigh, Donald J. (ed.). <i>The Emperors and Empresses of Russia: Rediscovering the Romanovs</i>. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56324-759-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56324-759-3"><bdi>1-56324-759-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Emperor+Paul+I%2C+1796%E2%80%931801&rft.btitle=The+Emperors+and+Empresses+of+Russia%3A+Rediscovering+the+Romanovs&rft.place=Armonk%2C+NY&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-56324-759-3&rft.aulast=Sorokin&rft.aufirst=Iurii+Alekseevich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Femperorsempresse00akhm%2Fpage%2F178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaliszewski1895" class="citation book cs1">Waliszewski, K. (1895). <i>The Story of a Throne</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+a+Throne&rft.place=London&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Waliszewski&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+I+of+Russia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_I_of_Russia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paul_I_of_Russia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Paul I of Russia">Paul I of Russia</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alexanderpalace.org/palace/Paul.html">Paul I of Russia</a> at AlexanderPalace.org<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (November 2021)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/subjects/person:paul_i_emperor_of_russia_(1754-1801)">Works about Paul I of Russia</a> at <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Emperor Paul I of Russia</div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov</a></b></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg" title="House of Oldenburg">House of Oldenburg</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 1 October 1754</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 23 March 1801</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine II</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Russia" title="Emperor of Russia">Emperor of Russia</a> </b><br />6 November 1796 – 23 March 1801 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/German_nobility" title="German nobility">German nobility</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Russia" title="Peter III of Russia">Charles Peter Ulrich</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Holstein-Gottorp" class="mw-redirect" title="Holstein-Gottorp">Duke of Holstein-Gottorp</a> </b><br />17 July 1762 – 1 July 1773 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Ceded to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Denmark">Denmark</a> </b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Christian_VII_of_Denmark" title="Christian VII of Denmark">Christian</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Oldenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Oldenburg">Count of Oldenburg</a> </b><br />1 July 1773 – 14 December 1773 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_I,_Duke_of_Oldenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Augustus I, Duke of Oldenburg">Frederick August</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Hompesch_zu_Bolheim" title="Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim">Ferdinand von Hompesch<br />zu Bolheim</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Master_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller">Grand Master of the<br />Knights Hospitaller</a> </b><br />October 1798 – 23 March 1801 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Saltykov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolay Saltykov">Nikolay Saltykov</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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Dolgorukiy">Yuri I Dolgorukiy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Bogolyubsky" title="Andrey Bogolyubsky">Andrei I Bogolyubsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_of_Vladimir" title="Mikhail of Vladimir">Mikhail of Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_the_Big_Nest" title="Vsevolod the Big Nest">Vsevolod the Big Nest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_II_of_Vladimir" title="Yuri II of Vladimir">Yuri II of Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_of_Rostov" title="Konstantin of Rostov">Konstantin of Rostov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_II_of_Vladimir" title="Yuri II of Vladimir">Yuri II of Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_II_of_Vladimir" title="Yaroslav II of Vladimir">Yaroslav II of Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_III_of_Vladimir" title="Sviatoslav III of Vladimir">Sviatoslav III of Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_II_of_Vladimir" title="Andrey II of Vladimir">Andrey II of Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky" title="Alexander Nevsky">Alexander Nevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_of_Tver" title="Yaroslav of Tver">Yaroslav of Tver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_of_Kostroma" title="Vasily of Kostroma">Vasily of Kostroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_of_Pereslavl" title="Dmitry of Pereslavl">Dmitry of Pereslavl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_of_Gorodets" title="Andrey of Gorodets">Andrey of Gorodets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_of_Tver" title="Mikhail of Tver">Mikhail of Tver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yury_of_Moscow" title="Yury of Moscow">Yuri of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_of_Tver" title="Dmitry of Tver">Dmitry the Terrible Eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Mikhailovich_of_Tver" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Mikhailovich of Tver">Alexander of Tver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_I_of_Moscow" title="Ivan I of Moscow">Ivan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_of_Moscow" title="Simeon of Moscow">Simeon the Proud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_II_of_Moscow" title="Ivan II of Moscow">Ivan II the Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_of_Suzdal" title="Dmitry of Suzdal">Dmitry of Suzdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Donskoy" title="Dmitry Donskoy">Dmitry of the Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_I_of_Moscow" title="Vasily I of Moscow">Vasily I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_II_of_Moscow" title="Vasily II of Moscow">Vasily II the Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia" title="Ivan III of Russia">Ivan III the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_III_of_Russia" title="Vasili III of Russia">Vasily III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsar_of_all_Russia" title="Tsar of all Russia">Tsars of all Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan IV the Terrible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_I_of_Russia" title="Feodor I of Russia">Feodor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irina_Godunova" title="Irina Godunova">Irina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Godunov" title="Boris Godunov">Boris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_II_of_Russia" title="Feodor II of Russia">Feodor II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/False_Dmitry_I" title="False Dmitry I">False Dmitry I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_IV_of_Russia" title="Vasili IV of Russia">Vasili IV</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa" title="Władysław IV Vasa">Vladislav</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Russia" title="Michael of Russia">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_of_Russia" title="Alexis of Russia">Alexis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_III_of_Russia" title="Feodor III of Russia">Feodor III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivan_V_of_Russia" title="Ivan V of Russia">Ivan V</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(co-rulers)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Russia" title="Emperor of Russia">Emperors of all Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_I_of_Russia" title="Catherine I of Russia">Catherine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Russia" title="Peter II of Russia">Peter II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Russia" title="Anna of Russia">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_VI_of_Russia" title="Ivan VI of Russia">Ivan VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Russia" title="Elizabeth of Russia">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Russia" title="Peter III of Russia">Peter III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heirs_to_the_Russian_throne" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_tsareviches" title="Template:Russian tsareviches"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_tsareviches" title="Template talk:Russian tsareviches"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_tsareviches" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian tsareviches"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heirs_to_the_Russian_throne" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Heirs to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_monarchs" title="List of Russian monarchs">Russian throne</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> (1547–1721) / <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (1721–1917)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Tsareviches<sup>1</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsarevich_Dmitry_Ivanovich_of_Russia_(1552%E2%80%931553)" title="Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich of Russia (1552–1553)">Dmitry</a> (1552–53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarevich_Ivan_Ivanovich_of_Russia" title="Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich of Russia">Ivan</a> (1554–81)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Feodor_I_of_Russia" title="Feodor I of Russia">Feodor</a></b> (1581–84)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_of_Uglich" title="Dmitry of Uglich">Dmitry</a></i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Feodor_II_of_Russia" title="Feodor II of Russia">Feodor</a></b> (1598–1605)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsarevich_Ivan_Dmitriyevich" title="Tsarevich Ivan Dmitriyevich">Ivan</a></i><sup>3</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Alexis_of_Russia" title="Alexis of Russia">Alexis</a></b> (1629–45)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarevich_Dmitry_Alexeyevich_of_Russia" title="Tsarevich Dmitry Alexeyevich of Russia">Dmitry</a> (1648–49)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarevich_Alexei_Alexeyevich_of_Russia" title="Tsarevich Alexei Alexeyevich of Russia">Alexis</a> (1654–70)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Feodor_III_of_Russia" title="Feodor III of Russia">Feodor</a></b> (1670–76)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ivan_V_of_Russia" title="Ivan V of Russia">Ivan</a></b> (1676–81)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_III_of_Russia#Family" title="Feodor III of Russia">Ilya</a> (1681)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Petrovich,_Tsarevich_of_Russia" title="Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia">Alexei</a> (1690–1718)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Without special title</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ivan_VI_of_Russia" title="Ivan VI of Russia">Ivan</a></b> (1740)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Russia" title="Peter III of Russia">Peter</a></b> (1742–62)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Tsesareviches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul</a></b> (1762–96)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander</a></b> (1796–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Konstantin_Pavlovich_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia">Konstantin</a> (1801–23)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas</a></b> (1823–25)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander</a></b> (1825–55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Alexandrovich,_Tsarevich_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsarevich of Russia">Nicholas</a> (1855–65)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander</a></b> (1865–81)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas</a></b> (1881–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_George_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia">George</a> (1894–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia">Michael</a> (1899–1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Nikolaevich,_Tsarevich_of_Russia" title="Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia">Alexei</a> (1904–17)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup>Title of <i>Tsarevich</i> was used for all Tsar's sons from the times of Ivan IV to Peter I. Only heirs to the throne included in this template.</li> <li><sup>2</sup><a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan IV</a>'s son from his fifth (or seventh) marriage, and thus illegitimate by the <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a></li> <li><sup>3</sup>Son of a <a href="/wiki/False_Dmitry_II" title="False Dmitry II">man</a> claimed to be <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_of_Uglich" title="Dmitry of Uglich">tsarevich Dmitry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grand_Dukes_of_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_grand_dukes" title="Template:Russian grand dukes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_grand_dukes" title="Template talk:Russian grand dukes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_grand_dukes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian grand dukes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grand_Dukes_of_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_grand_dukes_of_Russia" title="List of grand dukes of Russia">Grand Dukes of Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>The generations are numbered from <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter I of Russia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Petrovich,_Tsarevich_of_Russia" title="Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia">Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Russia" title="Peter II of Russia">Peter II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Russia" title="Peter III of Russia">Peter III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Konstantin_Pavlovich_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia">Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Pavlovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich of Russia">Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Konstantin_Nikolayevich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia">Grand Duke Constantine Nikolaevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Nikolaevich_of_Russia_(1831%E2%80%931891)" title="Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1831–1891)">Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Nikolaevich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia">Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Alexandrovich,_Tsesarevich_of_Russia" title="Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsesarevich of Russia">Tsarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Vladimir_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Alexei_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Sergei_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Paul_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Konstantinovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Nicholas Konstantinovich of Russia">Grand Duke Nicholas Konstantinovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Konstantin_Konstantinovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia">Grand Duke Konstantine Konstantinovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Dmitry_Konstantinovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich of Russia">Grand Duke Dmitri Konstantinovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Vyacheslav_Konstantinovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Vyacheslav Konstantinovich of Russia">Grand Duke Vyacheslav Konstantinovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Nikolaevich_of_Russia_(1856%E2%80%931929)" title="Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1856–1929)">Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Peter_Nikolaevich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich of Russia">Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Mikhailovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich of Russia">Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Mikhailovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich of Russia">Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_George_Mikhailovich_of_Russia_(1863%E2%80%931919)" title="Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia (1863–1919)">Grand Duke George Mikhailovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Alexander_Mikhailovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia">Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Sergei_Mikhailovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich of Russia">Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Alexei_Mikhailovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich of Russia">Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Alexander_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_George_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke George Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Kirill_Vladimirovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich of Russia">Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Boris_Vladimirovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich of Russia">Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Andrei_Vladimirovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich of Russia">Grand Duke Andrew Vladimirovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Dmitri_Pavlovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia">Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_John_Konstantinovich_of_Russia" title="Prince John Konstantinovich of Russia">Grand Duke John Konstantinovich</a></i> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Nikolaevich,_Tsarevich_of_Russia" title="Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia">Tsesarevich Alexei Nikolaevich</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Vladimir_Kirillovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich of Russia">Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich</a></i> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Franz_Wilhelm_Prinz_von_Preussen" title="Franz Wilhelm Prinz von Preussen">Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich</a></i> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_George_Mikhailovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia">Grand Duke George Mikhailovich</a></i> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> <span class="wrap">born a Grand Duke, but stripped of his title by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ukase" title="Ukase">ukase</a> of 1886, limiting the style to sons and male-line grandsons of a tsar</span></li></ul> <ul><li><sup><small>2</small></sup> <span class="wrap">title of pretence granted by Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich as claimant to the Russian throne</span></li></ul> <ul><li><sup><small>3</small></sup> <span class="wrap">title of pretence granted by Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich as claimant to the Russian throne</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15189#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15189#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15189#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120959647">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/39415809">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/222428/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjHbDgPfpbvPcbcJ9hbVC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118739549">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87917101">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12156145b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12156145b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000604371&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000082651&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5443081">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071996354">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90757374">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000069932&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=149317">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/b8nqrn3v15kxfc2">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810597374405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/35788">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266336405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000153647">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058620224306706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500354102">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/05473864-586f-4ea4-b886-da63e6c14290">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/489897">RKD Artists</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118739549.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118739549">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030071860">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/66293">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/30115889">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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