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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvonne_Brill" title="Yvonne Brill – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Yvonne Brill" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvonne_Brill" title="Yvonne Brill – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yvonne Brill" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvonne_Brill" title="Yvonne Brill – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Yvonne Brill" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a 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title="Yvonne Brill – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Yvonne Brill" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9C" title="איבון בריל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איבון בריל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvonne_Brill" title="Yvonne Brill – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Yvonne Brill" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvonne_Brill_(raketingenieur)" title="Yvonne Brill (raketingenieur) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Yvonne Brill (raketingenieur)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvonne_Brill" title="Yvonne Brill – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Yvonne Brill" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvonne_Brill" title="Yvonne Brill – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Yvonne Brill" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yvonne_Claeys_Brill&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Yvonne Claeys Brill">Yvonne Claeys Brill</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Canadian-American Rocket and Jet Propulsion Engineer</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Yvonne Brill</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Yvonne_Brill_(Ausschnitt).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Yvonne_Brill_%28Ausschnitt%29.jpg/220px-Yvonne_Brill_%28Ausschnitt%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Yvonne_Brill_%28Ausschnitt%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="259" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Yvonne Madalaine Claeys</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1924-12-30</span>)</span>December 30, 1924<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Winnipeg,_Manitoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Winnipeg, Manitoba">Winnipeg, Manitoba</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">March 27, 2013<span style="display:none">(2013-03-27)</span> (aged 88)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian">Canadian</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Manitoba" title="University of Manitoba">University of Manitoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Aerospace Engineer Rocket Scientist</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=AIAA_Wyld_Propulsion_Award&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AIAA Wyld Propulsion Award (page does not exist)">AIAA Wyld Propulsion Award</a> <small>(2002)</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/John_Fritz_Medal" title="John Fritz Medal">John Fritz Medal</a> <small>(2009)</small><br />Inducted into the <a href="/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Inventors Hall of Fame">National Inventors Hall of Fame</a> <small>(2010)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="National Medal of Technology">National Medal of Technology</a> <small>(2010)</small></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Yvonne Madelaine Brill</b> (<a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Née">née</a> <b>Claeys</b>; December 30, 1924 – March 27, 2013) was a Canadian American rocket and jet propulsion engineer. She is responsible for inventing the <a href="/wiki/Resistojet_rocket" title="Resistojet rocket">Electrothermal Hydrazine Thruster</a> (EHT/Resistojet), a fuel-efficient rocket thruster that keeps today’s satellites in orbit, and holds a patent for its invention.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During her career she was involved in a broad range of national space programs in the United States, including <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Satellite_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="International Maritime Satellite Organization">International Maritime Satellite Organization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SunObit_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SunObit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yvonne_Brill&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada</a>, Yvonne Brill, is a first-generation Canadian, as her parents were immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Weil_Brill_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weil_Brill-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was inspired to attend school by <a href="/wiki/Amelia_Earhart" title="Amelia Earhart">Amelia Earhart</a>, the first woman pilot to fly across the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>. When she was young, her father encouraged her to open a shop in their hometown, while her high school science teacher told her that a woman wouldn't get anywhere in science. She ignored both. Yvonne was the first in her family to go to college, graduating from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manitoba" title="University of Manitoba">University of Manitoba</a> in 1945 at the top of her class with a bachelor’s degree in both chemistry and mathematics (Int. Engineering).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She had originally applied to their engineering program at 18, but was denied by the school, as they claimed that their mandatory summer camp did not have the necessary facilities to host female students.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her denial to <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manitoba" title="University of Manitoba">Manitoba’s</a> school of engineering forever inspired her to encourage women in the sciences, and in her, forged an unwavering confidence against gender-based discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She went on to study at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a>, where she took night classes and graduated in 1951 with a master's degree in chemistry.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yvonne_Brill&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After completing her master's degree at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a>, Yvonne met William Brill, a research chemist, at RAND. The two were married within a year, and they soon moved East for William’s job at <a href="/wiki/FMC_Corporation" title="FMC Corporation">FMC Corporation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The couple would move wherever work took him, and Yvonne later began working part-time jobs so that she could care for their two sons, Matthew and Joseph, and a daughter, Naomi.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yvonne_Brill&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following her graduation from <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">USC</a>, Brill began working at <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Aircraft_Company" title="Douglas Aircraft Company">Douglas Aircraft</a> in 1945 after being recruited despite her lack of an engineering degree. Her main interest was in engineering, but she transferred to Douglas’ chemistry department to work with rocket propellants, rocket engines, and ramjets. She then began working on the <a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">Project RAND</a> contract at Douglas where they focused on a new field of rockets, including the first American satellite.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed that Brill was the only female rocket scientist in the 1940s, which was partly what attracted her to this line of work.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After raising her children and returning to full-time work, she took a position at <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA’s</a> rocket subsidiary, <a href="/wiki/RCA_Astro_Electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="RCA Astro Electronics">Astro Electronics</a>. Here, she developed the concept for a new rocket engine, inventing the <a href="/wiki/Resistojet_rocket" title="Resistojet rocket">Electrothermal Hydrazine Thruster</a> (EHT/Resistojet) for which she holds US Patent No. 3,807,657. Her innovation resulted in not only higher engine performance, but also increased the reliability of the propulsion system. She also proposed the use of a single propellant because of the value and simplicity that it would provide. The reduction in propellant weight requirements enabled either increased payload capability or extended mission life. The <a href="/wiki/Resistojet_rocket" title="Resistojet rocket">Resistojet</a> proved to be more suitable for controlling satellites’ orbit and their communication. </p><p>Her invention became a standard in the industry and has translated into millions of dollars of increased revenue for commercial communications satellite owners.<sup id="cite_ref-USPTO_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USPTO-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large aeronautics and aviation companies including, but not limited to, <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">GE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orbital_Sciences_Corporation" title="Orbital Sciences Corporation">Orbital Sciences</a> have used the EHT in their communication satellites.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brill contributed to the propulsion systems of <a href="/wiki/Television_Infrared_Observation_Satellite" title="Television Infrared Observation Satellite">TIROS</a>, the first weather satellite; <a href="/wiki/Nova_(rocket)" title="Nova (rocket)">Nova</a>, a series of rocket designs that were used in American Moon missions; <a href="/wiki/Explorer_32" title="Explorer 32">Explorer 32</a>, the first upper-atmosphere satellite; and the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Observer" title="Mars Observer">Mars Observer</a>, which in 1992 almost entered a Mars orbit before losing communication with Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTObit_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTObit-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between the years of 1981 and 1983, Brill also contributed to development of the rocket engines of NASA’s space shuttles. She finished her career at <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, overseeing the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a> Solid Rocket Program and on the <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_Safety_Advisory_Panel" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel">Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yvonne_Brill&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In light of her brilliance in the field of rocket science and subsequent contributions, Brill was the recipient of many prestigious awards and founded scholarships and a lectureship. </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/NASA_Distinguished_Public_Service_Medal" title="NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal">NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal</a> (2001).  This is the highest honor that NASA awards to non-government employees who demonstrate a level of excellence that has made a profound impact to NASA mission success.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Astronautics" title="American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics">AIAA Wyld Propulsion Award</a> (2002) This award is given annually to honor outstanding achievements in the development or application or rocket propulsion systems. She was presented the award considering her innovations in electric on-orbit propulsion systems.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Engineering_Societies" title="American Association of Engineering Societies">American Association of Engineering Societies</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Fritz_Medal" title="John Fritz Medal">John Fritz Medal</a> (2009). This medal is described as Nobel prize of engineering, or the highest award within the profession.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar" title="Harper's Bazaar">Harper's Bazaar</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers">DeBeers</a> Corporation Diamond Superwoman Award (1980). Given to her for returning to a successful career after starting a family.</li> <li>In 2010, President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> bestowed her with the <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Technology_and_Innovation" title="National Medal of Technology and Innovation">National Medal of Technology and Innovation</a>.<sup>[2]</sup> is given to America’s leading innovators who have made outstanding  contributions to the development of new and important technology that support America’s economic, environmental, and social well-being.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Inventors Hall of Fame">National Inventors Hall of Fame</a> (2010)</li></ul> <p>Brill was elected to the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a> (1987).<sup id="cite_ref-NAE_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAE-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was also named fellow of <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Women_Engineers" title="Society of Women Engineers">The Society of Women Engineers</a> (SWE) in 1985 and received its highest honor, the Achievement Award, the following year. </p><p>The <b>Yvonne C. Brill Lectureship</b> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Astronautics" title="American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics">American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics</a> (AIAA) is named in her honor and presented annually.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She spent the last twenty years of her life promoting women in science and engineering and nominated them for awards and prizes she thought they deserved.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yvonne_Brill&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At age 88, Yvonne Brill died of complications of <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a>. </p><p>An obituary of Brill published in the March 30, 2013, issue of the <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a></i> drew much news coverage not necessarily because of her remarkable accomplishments in the field of rocket science, but due to apparent sexism.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It originally began: "She made a mean beef stroganoff, followed her husband from job to job and took eight years off from work to raise three children".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only several paragraphs later would you be able to find out that she was actually working part-time while raising her children, and then returning to full-time employment that lead to her fame for her research and innovations.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The obituary was heavily criticized for leading with and overemphasizing Brill's gender and family life, rather than her remarkable scientific and career achievements<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was cited as an example of an article that failed the <a href="/wiki/Finkbeiner_test" title="Finkbeiner test">Finkbeiner test</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Times</i> later dropped the reference to her cooking and changed the lead of the article.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brill’s legacy has forever impacted the present and future of rocket science, as her research and contributions to rocket propulsion systems, as well as her invention of the electrothermal hydrazine thruster have and will continue to help us to learn and understand more about the final frontier. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yvonne_Brill&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women_in_science" title="Timeline of women in science">Timeline of women in science</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yvonne_Brill&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/yvonne-brill">"Yvonne Brill | The Canadian Encyclopedia"</a>. <i>www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Futurism&rft.atitle=Know+Your+Scientist+%E2%80%93+Yvonne+Brill&rft.date=2013-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffuturism.com%2Fknow-your-scientist-yvonne-brill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYvonne+Brill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buzzfeed.com/shani/new-york-times-leads-obit-for-brilliant-rocket-scientist-wit#.fpYn7wvEO">"NYT Leads Obit For Brilliant Rocket Scientist With A Nod To Her Cooking And Parenting"</a>. <i>BuzzFeed</i>. 31 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BuzzFeed&rft.atitle=NYT+Leads+Obit+For+Brilliant+Rocket+Scientist+With+A+Nod+To+Her+Cooking+And+Parenting&rft.date=2013-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buzzfeed.com%2Fshani%2Fnew-york-times-leads-obit-for-brilliant-rocket-scientist-wit%23.fpYn7wvEO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYvonne+Brill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/31/ny-times-yvonne-brill-obituary-criticism_n_2988690.html">"NY Times' Outrageous Obituary"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i>. March 31, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=NY+Times%27+Outrageous+Obituary&rft.date=2013-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2013%2F03%2F31%2Fny-times-yvonne-brill-obituary-criticism_n_2988690.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYvonne+Brill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yvonne_Brill&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6LP2Ni0c1Bg">Video of Brill talking about her work</a>, from the National Science & Technology Medals Foundation</li></ul> <div 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