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<span>Archaeology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bronze_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronze_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Bronze Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronze_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Bronze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Bronze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Early Bronze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Bronze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Bronze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Bronze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Middle Bronze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Bronze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Bronze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Bronze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Late Bronze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Bronze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Iron Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Medieval history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Turkmens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkmens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Turkmens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkmens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assyrians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assyrians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Assyrians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assyrians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citadel_of_Erbil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citadel_of_Erbil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Citadel of Erbil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citadel_of_Erbil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Other sights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Erbil</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 93 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">93 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbil" title="Arbil – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Arbil" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84" title="أربيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أربيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%AA%DC%92%DC%9D%DC%A0_(%DC%A1%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%AC%DC%90)" title="ܐܪܒܝܠ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܪܒܝܠ (ܡܕܝܢܬܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Frbil" title="Ərbil – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ərbil" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84" title="اربیل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اربیل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2" title="আর্বিল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আর্বিল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Эрбіль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эрбіль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Арбіль – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Арбіль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbil,_Irak" title="Erbil, Irak – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Erbil, Irak" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Арбил – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Арбил" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Erbil" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewl%C3%AAr" title="Hewlêr – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hewlêr" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbela" title="Arbela – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arbela" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbil_(kapital_sa_lalawigan_sa_Irak)" title="Erbil (kapital sa lalawigan sa Irak) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Erbil (kapital sa lalawigan sa Irak)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irb%C3%ADl" title="Irbíl – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Irbíl" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbil" title="Arbil – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Arbil" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erbil" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arb%C4%ABl" title="Arbīl – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Arbīl" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%81%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%BB" title="Ερμπίλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ερμπίλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbil_(Irak)" title="Erbil (Irak) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Erbil (Irak)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbil" title="Arbil – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arbil" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbil" title="Arbil – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arbil" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84" title="اربیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اربیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Erbil" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbil" title="Arbil – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arbil" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A5%B4%EB%B9%8C" title="아르빌 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아르빌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%AC_(%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%84)" title="Էրբիլ (Իրաք) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էրբիլ (Իրաք)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2" title="अरबील – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अरबील" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbil" title="Arbil – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Arbil" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbil" title="Arbil – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Arbil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Erbil" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Erbil" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Эрбиль – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Эрбиль" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbil" title="Arbil – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Arbil" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Erbil" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9C" title="ארביל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארביל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Erbil" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ერბილი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ერბილი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Эрбиль – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эрбиль" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewl%C3%AAr_(paytext)" title="Hewlêr (paytext) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hewlêr (paytext)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbela" title="Arbela – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Arbela" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erb%C4%ABla" title="Erbīla – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Erbīla" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbilis" title="Erbilis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Erbilis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbil" title="Arbil – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Arbil" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erb%C3%ADl" title="Erbíl – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Erbíl" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD" title="ഇർബിൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇർബിൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80piri" title="Āpiri – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Āpiri" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="अर्बिल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अर्बिल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ერბილი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ერბილი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84" title="اربيل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اربيل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1_(%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86)" title="هولار (کوردوئون) – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هولار (کوردوئون)" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbil" title="Arbil – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Arbil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbil_(stad)" title="Erbil (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Erbil (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="アルビール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルビール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Эрбиль – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Эрбиль" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbil" title="Arbil – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Arbil" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbil" title="Arbil – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Arbil" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbil" title="Arbil – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Arbil" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2" title="ਅਰਬੀਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਰਬੀਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84" title="اربیل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اربیل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="اربیل ولایت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اربیل ولایت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Erbil" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irbil" title="Irbil – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Irbil" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbil" title="Arbil – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arbil" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbil" title="Arbil – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arbil" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Эрбиль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эрбиль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbil" title="Arbil – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Arbil" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbili" title="Erbili – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Erbili" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Erbil" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arb%C3%ADl_(mesto)" title="Arbíl (mesto) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Arbíl (mesto)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbil" title="Arbil – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Arbil" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irbil" title="Irbil – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Irbil" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Erbil" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8E%D8%B1" title="ھەولێر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھەولێر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Ербил – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ербил" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbil" title="Arbil – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Arbil" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbil" title="Arbil – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Arbil" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Erbil" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="அர்பில் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அர்பில்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Әрбил – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Әрбил" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A5" title="อัรบีล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อัรบีล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Erbil" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Ербіль – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ербіль" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84" title="اربیل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اربیل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%89%D9%84" title="ئەربىل – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئەربىل" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Erbil" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbil" title="Arbil – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Arbil" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E6%AF%94%E5%8B%92" title="埃尔比勒 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="埃尔比勒" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E6%AF%94%E7%88%BE" title="艾比爾 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="艾比爾" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8D" title="ⴰⵔⴱⵉⵍ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵔⴱⵉⵍ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q132754#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Erbil&params=36.191188_N_44.009189_E_region:IQ_type:city"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°11′28″N</span> <span class="longitude">44°00′33″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.191188°N 44.009189°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.191188; 44.009189</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-protected"><img alt="Extended-protected article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbil&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbil">Arbil</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital of Kurdistan, Iraq</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Iraq</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Erbil</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="ku"><span title="Kurdish-language text"><span lang="ku" dir="rtl">ھەولێر</span></span></div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Hewlêr</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Iraq">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid black;width:280px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:2px 0 0 2px"><div style="display:table;background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shar_Park,_Hawler,_Erbil_Governorate,_Iraq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Shar_Park%2C_Hawler%2C_Erbil_Governorate%2C_Iraq.jpg/280px-Shar_Park%2C_Hawler%2C_Erbil_Governorate%2C_Iraq.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Shar_Park%2C_Hawler%2C_Erbil_Governorate%2C_Iraq.jpg/420px-Shar_Park%2C_Hawler%2C_Erbil_Governorate%2C_Iraq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Shar_Park%2C_Hawler%2C_Erbil_Governorate%2C_Iraq.jpg/560px-Shar_Park%2C_Hawler%2C_Erbil_Governorate%2C_Iraq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6003" data-file-height="3666" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mudhafaria_Minaret_(evening).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Mudhafaria_Minaret_%28evening%29.jpg/139px-Mudhafaria_Minaret_%28evening%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Mudhafaria_Minaret_%28evening%29.jpg/209px-Mudhafaria_Minaret_%28evening%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Mudhafaria_Minaret_%28evening%29.jpg/278px-Mudhafaria_Minaret_%28evening%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shenglbana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Shenglbana.jpg/139px-Shenglbana.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Shenglbana.jpg/209px-Shenglbana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Shenglbana.jpg/278px-Shenglbana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5428" data-file-height="3538" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_traditional_Kurdish_house_interior,_Kurdish_Textile_and_Cultural_Museum,_Citadel_of_Erbil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/A_traditional_Kurdish_house_interior%2C_Kurdish_Textile_and_Cultural_Museum%2C_Citadel_of_Erbil.jpg/139px-A_traditional_Kurdish_house_interior%2C_Kurdish_Textile_and_Cultural_Museum%2C_Citadel_of_Erbil.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/A_traditional_Kurdish_house_interior%2C_Kurdish_Textile_and_Cultural_Museum%2C_Citadel_of_Erbil.jpg/209px-A_traditional_Kurdish_house_interior%2C_Kurdish_Textile_and_Cultural_Museum%2C_Citadel_of_Erbil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/A_traditional_Kurdish_house_interior%2C_Kurdish_Textile_and_Cultural_Museum%2C_Citadel_of_Erbil.jpg/278px-A_traditional_Kurdish_house_interior%2C_Kurdish_Textile_and_Cultural_Museum%2C_Citadel_of_Erbil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Citadel_of_Hewl%C3%AAr_(Erbil),_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Citadel_of_Hewl%C3%AAr_%28Erbil%29%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg/139px-Citadel_of_Hewl%C3%AAr_%28Erbil%29%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Citadel_of_Hewl%C3%AAr_%28Erbil%29%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg/209px-Citadel_of_Hewl%C3%AAr_%28Erbil%29%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Citadel_of_Hewl%C3%AAr_%28Erbil%29%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg/278px-Citadel_of_Hewl%C3%AAr_%28Erbil%29%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:black;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaldean_Catholic_Cathedral_of_Saint_Joseph_2005_(Ankawa,_Erbil,_Iraq).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Chaldean_Catholic_Cathedral_of_Saint_Joseph_2005_%28Ankawa%2C_Erbil%2C_Iraq%29.jpg/139px-Chaldean_Catholic_Cathedral_of_Saint_Joseph_2005_%28Ankawa%2C_Erbil%2C_Iraq%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Chaldean_Catholic_Cathedral_of_Saint_Joseph_2005_%28Ankawa%2C_Erbil%2C_Iraq%29.jpg/209px-Chaldean_Catholic_Cathedral_of_Saint_Joseph_2005_%28Ankawa%2C_Erbil%2C_Iraq%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Chaldean_Catholic_Cathedral_of_Saint_Joseph_2005_%28Ankawa%2C_Erbil%2C_Iraq%29.jpg/278px-Chaldean_Catholic_Cathedral_of_Saint_Joseph_2005_%28Ankawa%2C_Erbil%2C_Iraq%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Machko.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Machko.jpg/139px-Machko.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Machko.jpg/209px-Machko.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Machko.jpg/278px-Machko.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4224" data-file-height="5279" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div style="font-size:95%">Top-bottom, R-L:<br /> <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Erbil" title="Downtown Erbil">Downtown Erbil</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Mudhafaria_Minaret" title="Mudhafaria Minaret">Mudhafaria Minaret</a> • Nature in Erbil <br /> <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Textile_Museum" title="Kurdish Textile Museum">Textile Museum</a> • <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Erbil" title="Citadel of Erbil">Citadel of Erbil</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Joseph,_Ankawa" title="Cathedral of Saint Joseph, Ankawa">Cathedral of Saint Joseph</a> • Street view from Erbil Citadel</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">The City of Citadel and Minaret<br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani">Kurdish</a>: شاری قەڵا و منارە)</small><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:270px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:270px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:270px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraq_Kurdistan_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Erbil is located in Iraqi Kurdistan"><img alt="Erbil is located in Iraqi Kurdistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Iraq_Kurdistan_location_map.svg/270px-Iraq_Kurdistan_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Iraq_Kurdistan_location_map.svg/405px-Iraq_Kurdistan_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Iraq_Kurdistan_location_map.svg/540px-Iraq_Kurdistan_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1372" data-file-height="1225" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:33.529%;left:55.331%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Erbil"><img alt="Erbil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:4px;left:-3em"><div>Erbil</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Erbil within the Kurdistan Region</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Iraqi Kurdistan</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:270px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:270px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:270px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraq_physical_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Erbil is located in Iraq"><img alt="Erbil is located in Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iraq_physical_map.svg/270px-Iraq_physical_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iraq_physical_map.svg/405px-Iraq_physical_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iraq_physical_map.svg/540px-Iraq_physical_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1238" data-file-height="1260" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:16.224%;left:53.421%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Erbil"><img alt="Erbil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:4px;left:-3em"><div>Erbil</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Erbil within Iraq</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Iraq</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Erbil&params=36.191188_N_44.009189_E_region:IQ_type:city"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°11′28″N</span> <span class="longitude">44°00′33″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.191188°N 44.009189°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.191188; 44.009189</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Autonomous region</th><td class="infobox-data"><span data-sort-value="Kurdistan Region"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Iraq" title="Governorates of Iraq">Governorate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Erbil_Governorate" title="Erbil Governorate">Erbil</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Omed_Khoshnaw" title="Omed Khoshnaw">Omed Khoshnaw</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">115 km<sup>2</sup> (44 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">113 km<sup>2</sup> (44 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">2 km<sup>2</sup> (0.8 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">390 m (1,280 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Estimate <div class="ib-settlement-fn">(2018)<sup id="cite_ref-citypopulation.de_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citypopulation.de-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">879,071</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">10,435/km<sup>2</sup> (27,030/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B03:00#Arabia_Standard_Time" title="UTC+03:00">AST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">44001</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">066</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hawlergov.org/app/en">HawlerGov.org</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Erbil</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أربيل</span>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Arbīl</i></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: <span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܐܲܪܒܹܝܠ</span>, <span title="Syriac-language romanization"><i lang="syr-Latn">Arbel</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), also called <b>Hawler</b> (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: <span lang="ku" dir="rtl">هەولێر</span>, <span title="Kurdish-language romanization"><i lang="ku-Latn">Hewlêr</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the capital and most populated city in the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. The city is in the <a href="/wiki/Erbil_Governorate" title="Erbil Governorate">Erbil Governorate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Human settlement at Erbil may be dated back to the 5th millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Novice_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Novice-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the heart of the city is the ancient <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Erbil" title="Citadel of Erbil">Citadel of Erbil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mudhafaria_Minaret" title="Mudhafaria Minaret">Mudhafaria Minaret</a>. The earliest historical reference to the region dates to the <a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Third Dynasty of Ur</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>, when King <a href="/wiki/Shulgi" title="Shulgi">Shulgi</a> mentioned the city of Urbilum. The city was later conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-villard_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-villard-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hamblin_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamblin-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 3rd millennium BC, Erbil was an independent power in its area. It was conquered for a time by the <a href="/wiki/Gutians" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutians">Gutians</a>. Beginning in the late 2nd millennium BC, it came under Assyrian control. Subsequent to this, it was part of the geopolitical province of Assyria under several empires in turn, including the <a href="/wiki/Median_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Median Empire">Median Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Assyria" title="Achaemenid Assyria">Achaemenid Assyria</a>), <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire">Macedonian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyria_(Roman_province)" title="Assyria (Roman province)">Roman Assyria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, as well as being the capital of the tributary state of <a href="/wiki/Adiabene" title="Adiabene">Adiabene</a> between the mid-second century BC and early 2nd century AD. In ancient times the patron deity of the city was <a href="/wiki/Ishtar_of_Arbela" title="Ishtar of Arbela">Ishtar of Arbela</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a>, the region no longer remained united, and during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the city came to be ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> empires.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Erbil's archaeological museum houses a large collection of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">pre-Islamic</a> artifacts, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mesopotamia" title="Art of Mesopotamia">art of Mesopotamia</a>, and is a centre for archaeological projects in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was designated as the Arab Tourism Capital 2014 by the Arab Council of Tourism.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Erbil" title="Citadel of Erbil">Citadel of Erbil</a> was inscribed as a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Etymology"></span><span class="anchor" id="Toponymy"></span><span class="anchor" id="Name"></span> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2></div> <p><i>Erbil</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ottoman_Turkish" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ottoman Turkish">romanization</a> of the city's <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a> name <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text"><span lang="ota" dir="rtl">اربيل</span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> still used as the city's name in official English translation.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a> form of the name is <i>Arbīl</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أربيل</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In classical antiquity, it was known as <b>Arbela</b> in <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Arbēla</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἄρβηλα</span></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Greek</a>, derived from <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> <i>Arbairā</i> (<span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text"><span lang="peo">𐎠𐎼𐎲𐎡𐎼𐎠𐏓</span></span>), from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Assyrian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Assyrian language">Assyrian</a> <i>Arbaʾilu</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> <i>Urbilum</i> (<span title="Sumerian-language text"><span lang="sux"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%92%8C%A8" class="extiw" title="wikt:𒌨">𒌨</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%92%89%88" class="extiw" title="wikt:𒉈">𒉈</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%92%88%9D" class="extiw" title="wikt:𒈝">𒈝</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%92%86%A0" class="extiw" title="wikt:𒆠">𒆠</a></span></span>, <i>ur-bi₂-lum<sup>ki</sup></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2></div> <p>In 2006 a small excavation was conducted by Karel Novacek of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_West_Bohemia" title="University of West Bohemia">University of West Bohemia</a>. While the citadel remains were of the Ottoman Period a field survey of the western slope of the tell found a few pottery shards from the Neolithic to Middle Bronze Age with more numerous finds from the Late Bronze to Iron Ages and from the Hellenistic, Arsacid, Sassanid Periods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENováček2008_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENováček2008-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Being so heavily occupied, the site has never been properly excavated. In 2013 a team from the Sapienza University of Rome conducted some ground penetrating radar work on the center of the citadel. Starting in 2014 an Iraqi-led excavation began on a citadel location where the collapse of a modern building provided an opportunity for excavation. Historical aerial photographs and ground survey have also begun on the lower city.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wider plain around Erbil has a number of promising archaeological sites, most notably Tell Baqrta. The Erbil Plain Archaeological Survey began in 2012. The survey combines satellite imagery and field work to determine the development and archaeology of the plain around Erbil.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tell Baqrta is a very large, 80 hectare, site which dates back to the Early Bronze Age.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Erbil" title="Timeline of Erbil">Timeline of Erbil</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bronze_Age">Bronze Age</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Citadel_of_Hewl%C3%AAr_(Erbil),_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Citadel_of_Hewl%C3%AAr_%28Erbil%29%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg/220px-Citadel_of_Hewl%C3%AAr_%28Erbil%29%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Citadel_of_Hewl%C3%AAr_%28Erbil%29%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg/330px-Citadel_of_Hewl%C3%AAr_%28Erbil%29%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Citadel_of_Hewl%C3%AAr_%28Erbil%29%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg/440px-Citadel_of_Hewl%C3%AAr_%28Erbil%29%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Erbil" title="Citadel of Erbil">Citadel of Erbil</a>, declared <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> in 2014<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaldean_Catholic_Cathedral_of_Saint_Joseph_2005_(Ankawa,_Erbil,_Iraq).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Chaldean_Catholic_Cathedral_of_Saint_Joseph_2005_%28Ankawa%2C_Erbil%2C_Iraq%29.jpg/220px-Chaldean_Catholic_Cathedral_of_Saint_Joseph_2005_%28Ankawa%2C_Erbil%2C_Iraq%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Chaldean_Catholic_Cathedral_of_Saint_Joseph_2005_%28Ankawa%2C_Erbil%2C_Iraq%29.jpg/330px-Chaldean_Catholic_Cathedral_of_Saint_Joseph_2005_%28Ankawa%2C_Erbil%2C_Iraq%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Chaldean_Catholic_Cathedral_of_Saint_Joseph_2005_%28Ankawa%2C_Erbil%2C_Iraq%29.jpg/440px-Chaldean_Catholic_Cathedral_of_Saint_Joseph_2005_%28Ankawa%2C_Erbil%2C_Iraq%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Cathedral,_Ankawa" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Joseph's Cathedral, Ankawa">Cathedral of Saint Joseph in Ankawa</a>, a suburb of Erbil</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_Bronze">Early Bronze</h4></div> <p>The region in which Erbil lies was largely under <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> domination from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3000 BC</span>. </p><p>With the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a> (2335–2154 BC) all of the Akkadian Semites and Sumerians of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> were united under one rule.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Erridupizir" title="Erridupizir">Erridupizir</a>, king of the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Gutium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutium">Gutium</a>, captured the city in 2150 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first mention of Erbil in literary sources comes from the archives of the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a>. They record two journeys to Erbil (<i>Irbilum</i>) by a messenger from Ebla around 2300 BFC. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a> ruler of <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amar-Sin" title="Amar-Sin">Amar-Sin</a>, sacked <i>Urbilum</i> in his second year, c. 1975 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamblin_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamblin-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_Bronze">Middle Bronze</h4></div> <p>In the centuries after the fall of the Ur III empire Erbil became a power in its area. It was conquered by Shamsi-Adad I during his short lived Upper Mesopotamian Kingdom, becoming independent after its fall. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_Bronze">Late Bronze</h4></div> <p>By the time of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a> (1365–1050 BC) Erbil was within the Assyrian zone of control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_Age">Iron Age</h3></div> <p>The region fell under the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> (935–605 BC). The city then changed hands a number of times including the Persian, Greek, Parthian, Roman and Sassanid rule. </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyaxares" title="Cyaxares">Cyaxares</a> might have settled a number of people from the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">ancient Iranian</a> tribe of <a href="/wiki/Sagartians" title="Sagartians">Sagartians</a> in the Assyrian cities of Arbela and <a href="/wiki/Arrapha" title="Arrapha">Arrapha</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>), probably as a reward for their help in the capture of <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>. According to Classical authors, the Persian emperor <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> occupied Assyria in 547 BC and established it as an <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid">Achaemenid</a> military protectorate state (or satrapy) called in Old Persian <i><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Assyria" title="Achaemenid Assyria">Aθurā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Athura" class="mw-redirect" title="Athura">Athura</a>)</i>, with <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> as the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">The Medes</a>, and with them the <a href="/wiki/Sagartians" title="Sagartians">Sagarthians</a>, were to revolt against <a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius I</a> of Persia in 522 BC, but this revolt was firmly put down by the army which Darius sent out under the leadership of General Takhmaspada the following year. The events are depicted in the Behistun Inscription which stands today in the mountains of Iran's <a href="/wiki/Kermanshah_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kermanshah Province">Kermanshah province</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaugamela" title="Battle of Gaugamela">Battle of Gaugamela</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> defeated <a href="/wiki/Darius_III_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius III of Persia">Darius III of Persia</a>, took place in 331 BC approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi) west of Erbil according to <a href="/wiki/Urbano_Monti" title="Urbano Monti">Urbano Monti</a>'s world map.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the battle, Darius managed to flee to the city. (Somewhat inaccurately, the confrontation is sometimes known as the "Battle of Arbela".) Subsequently, Arbela was part of Alexander's Empire. After the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, Arbela became part of the Hellenistic <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>. </p><p>Erbil became part of the region disputed between Rome and Persia under the <a href="/wiki/Sasanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanids">Sasanids</a>. During the Parthian era to early Sassanian era, Erbil became the capital of the state of <a href="/wiki/Adiabene" title="Adiabene">Adiabene</a> (Assyrian <i>Ḥadyab</i>). The town and kingdom are known in Jewish history for the conversion of the royal family, notably Queen <a href="/wiki/Helena_of_Adiabene" title="Helena of Adiabene">Helena of Adiabene</a>, to Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its populace then gradually converted from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">ancient Mesopotamian religion</a> between the first and fourth centuries to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Pkidha" title="Pkidha">Pkidha</a> traditionally becoming its first bishop around 104 AD. The ancient Mesopotamian religion did not die out entirely in the region until the tenth century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There also existed a Christian community thought to be converts from Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Adiabene_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="Adiabene (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">Adiabene (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)</a> in Arbela (<a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: <span title="Classical Syriac-language text"><span lang="syc" dir="rtl">ܐܪܒܝܠ</span></span> <i>Arbel</i>) became a centre of eastern <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a> until late in the Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_history">Medieval history</h3></div> <p>As many of the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> who had converted to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> adopted Biblical (including Jewish) names, most of the early bishops had <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Aramaic_languages" title="Eastern Aramaic languages">Eastern Aramaic</a> or Jewish/Biblical names, which does not suggest that many of the early Christians in this city were converts from <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It served as the seat of a <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>. From the city's Christian period come many church fathers and well-known authors in <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a>, the Sassanian province of Naxwardašīragān and later <a href="/wiki/Garamig_ud_Nodardashiragan" title="Garamig ud Nodardashiragan">Garamig ud Nodardashiragan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which Erbil made part of, was dissolved, and from the mid-seventh century AD the region saw a gradual influx of <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> peoples, predominantly <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a>. </p><p>The most notable Kurdish tribe in the region was the <a href="/wiki/Hadhabani_(tribe)" title="Hadhabani (tribe)">Hadhabani</a>, of which several individuals also acted as governors for the city from the late tenth century until the 12th century when it was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Zengid_dynasty" title="Zengid dynasty">Zengids</a> and its governorship given to the Turkic Begtegenids, of whom the most notable was <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kb%C3%B6ri" title="Gökböri">Gökböri</a>, who retained the city during the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a> era.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yaqut al-Hamawi further describes Erbil as being mostly Kurdish-populated in the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Si%C3%A8ge_d%27Irbil_1258-1259.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Si%C3%A8ge_d%27Irbil_1258-1259.jpeg/220px-Si%C3%A8ge_d%27Irbil_1258-1259.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Si%C3%A8ge_d%27Irbil_1258-1259.jpeg/330px-Si%C3%A8ge_d%27Irbil_1258-1259.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Si%C3%A8ge_d%27Irbil_1258-1259.jpeg/440px-Si%C3%A8ge_d%27Irbil_1258-1259.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1451" data-file-height="1181" /></a><figcaption>Siege of Erbil by the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilkhanid">Ilkhanid</a> Mongols in 1258–59 depicted in the <i><a href="/wiki/Jami%27_al-tawarikh" title="Jami' al-tawarikh">Jami' al-tawarikh</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Rashid-al-Din_Hamadani" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid-al-Din Hamadani">Rashid-al-Din Hamadani</a> Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Département des Manuscrits, Division Orientale</figcaption></figure> <p>When the Mongols <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire#Middle_East" title="Mongol Empire">invaded</a> the Near East in the 13th century, they attacked Arbil for the first time in 1237. They plundered the lower town but had to retreat before an approaching Caliphate army and had to put off the capture of the citadel.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_documentation#Possible_issues" title="Template:Harvard citation documentation"><span title="The footnote link does not work, either because the citation is missing, or there an issue with the footnote template and/or association citation (February 2020)">broken footnote</span></a></i>]</sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Baghdad (1258)">fall of Baghdad</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hulagu_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulagu Khan">Hülegü</a> and the Mongols in 1258, the last Begtegenid ruler surrendered to the Mongols, claiming the Kurdish garrison of the city would follow suit; they refused this however, therefore the Mongols returned to Arbil and were able to capture the citadel after a siege lasting six months.<sup id="cite_ref-novacek261_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-novacek261-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hülegü then appointed a <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Christian Assyrian</a> governor to the town, and the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a> was allowed to build a church. </p><p>As time passed, sustained persecutions of Christians, Jews and Buddhists throughout the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a> began in earnest in 1295 under the rule of <a href="/wiki/O%C3%AFrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Oïrat">Oïrat</a> amir <a href="/wiki/Nawr%C5%ABz_(Mongol_emir)" title="Nawrūz (Mongol emir)">Nauruz</a>, which affected the indigenous Christian Assyrians greatly.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This manifested early on in the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilkhan">Ilkhan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ghazan" title="Ghazan">Ghazan</a>. In 1297, after Ghazan had felt strong enough to overcome Nauruz's influence, he put a stop to the persecutions. </p><p>During the reign of the Ilkhan <a href="/wiki/%C3%96ljeit%C3%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Öljeitü">Öljeitü</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a> inhabitants retreated to the citadel to escape persecution. In the Spring of 1310, the <a href="/wiki/Malik" title="Malik">Malek</a> (governor) of the region attempted to seize it from them with the help of the Kurds. Despite the Turkic bishop <a href="/wiki/Yahballaha_III" title="Yahballaha III">Mar Yahballaha</a>'s best efforts to avert the impending doom, the citadel was at last taken after a siege by Ilkhanate troops and Kurdish tribesmen on 1 July 1310, and all the defenders were massacred, including many of the Assyrian inhabitants of the lower town.<sup id="cite_ref-sourdel_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sourdel-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the city's Assyrian population remained numerically significant until the destruction of the city by the forces of <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> in 1397.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, Erbil was ruled successively by the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_dynasty" title="Umayyad dynasty">Umayyads</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasids</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buwayhids</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">Seljuks</a> and then the Turkmen Begtegīnid Emirs of Erbil (1131–1232), most notably <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kb%C3%B6ri" title="Gökböri">Gökböri</a>, one of <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>'s leading generals; they were in turn followed by the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilkhanids">Ilkhanids</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jalayirids" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalayirids">Jalayirids</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Koyunlu">Kara Koyunlu</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Timurids" class="mw-redirect" title="Timurids">Timurids</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ak_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ak Koyunlu">Ak Koyunlu</a>. Erbil was the birthplace of the famous 12th and 13th century Kurdish historians and writers <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khallikan" title="Ibn Khallikan">Ibn Khallikan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Mustawfi" title="Ibn al-Mustawfi">Ibn al-Mustawfi</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaldiran" title="Battle of Chaldiran">Battle of Chaldiran</a> in 1514, Erbil came under the <a href="/wiki/Soran_Emirate" title="Soran Emirate">Soran emirate</a>. In the 18th century <a href="/wiki/Baban" title="Baban">Baban Emirate</a> took the city but it was retaken by <a href="/wiki/Soran_Emirate" title="Soran Emirate">Soran</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">Mir</a> Muhammed Kor in 1822. The Soran emirate continued ruling over Erbil until it was taken by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottomans</a> in 1851. Erbil became a part of the <a href="/wiki/Mosul_vilayet" title="Mosul vilayet">Mosul vilayet</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> until <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, when the Ottomans and their Kurdish and Turkmen allies were defeated by the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurdistan1920.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kurdistan1920.png/220px-Kurdistan1920.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kurdistan1920.png/330px-Kurdistan1920.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kurdistan1920.png/440px-Kurdistan1920.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="658" /></a><figcaption>Provisions of the Treaty of Sèvres for an independent <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a> (in 1920)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3></div><p> Erbil lies on the plain beneath the mountains, but for the most part, the inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a> dwell up above in the rugged and rocky terrain that is the traditional habitat of the Kurds since time immemorial.<sup id="cite_ref-abebooks.co.uk_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abebooks.co.uk-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Postcard_of_the_city_of_Erbil,_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A postcard showing the city of Erbil in 1900" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Postcard_of_the_city_of_Erbil%2C_1900.jpg/220px-Postcard_of_the_city_of_Erbil%2C_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Postcard_of_the_city_of_Erbil%2C_1900.jpg/330px-Postcard_of_the_city_of_Erbil%2C_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Postcard_of_the_city_of_Erbil%2C_1900.jpg/440px-Postcard_of_the_city_of_Erbil%2C_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5142" data-file-height="1754" /></a><figcaption>A postcard showing the city of Erbil in 1900</figcaption></figure> <p>The modern town of Erbil stands on a <a href="/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)" title="Tell (archaeology)">tell</a> topped by an Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fort</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, Erbil became a major trading centre on the route between <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, a role which it still plays today with important road links to the outside world. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erbil_mail_square.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Erbil_mail_square.JPG/250px-Erbil_mail_square.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Erbil_mail_square.JPG/375px-Erbil_mail_square.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Erbil_mail_square.JPG/500px-Erbil_mail_square.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption>Erbil Main Square</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_patriarchate_of_the_Assyrian_Church_of_the_East_in_Erbil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/The_patriarchate_of_the_Assyrian_Church_of_the_East_in_Erbil.jpg/200px-The_patriarchate_of_the_Assyrian_Church_of_the_East_in_Erbil.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/The_patriarchate_of_the_Assyrian_Church_of_the_East_in_Erbil.jpg/300px-The_patriarchate_of_the_Assyrian_Church_of_the_East_in_Erbil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/The_patriarchate_of_the_Assyrian_Church_of_the_East_in_Erbil.jpg/400px-The_patriarchate_of_the_Assyrian_Church_of_the_East_in_Erbil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The patriarchate of the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a> in Erbil</figcaption></figure> <p>Erbil is also home to a large population of refugees due to ongoing <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">conflicts in Syria</a>. In 2020, it was estimated that 450,000 refugees had settled in the Erbil metropolitan area since 2003, with many of them expected to remain.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The parliament of the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a> was established in Erbil in 1970 after negotiations between the Iraqi government and the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party">Kurdistan Democratic Party</a> (KDP) led by <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Barzani" title="Mustafa Barzani">Mustafa Barzani</a>, but was effectively controlled by <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> until the Kurdish uprising at the end of the 1991 <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>. The legislature ceased to function effectively in the mid-1990s when fighting broke out between the two main Kurdish factions, the Kurdistan Democratic Party and the <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">Patriotic Union of Kurdistan</a> (PUK). The city was captured by the KDP in 1996 with the assistance of the Iraqi government of Saddam Hussein. The PUK then established an alternative Kurdish government in <a href="/wiki/Sulaimaniyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaimaniyah">Sulaimaniyah</a>. KDP claimed that in March 1996, PUK asked for Iran's help to fight KDP. Considering this as a foreign attack on Iraq's soil, the KDP asked Saddam Hussein for help. </p><p>The Kurdish Parliament in Erbil reconvened after a peace agreement was signed between the Kurdish parties in 1997, but had no real power. The Kurdish government in Erbil had control only in the western and northern parts of the autonomous region. During the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>, a <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> special forces task force was headquartered just outside Erbil. The city was the scene of celebrations on 10 April 2003 after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athism" title="Ba'athism">Ba'ath</a> regime. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clock_of_Erbil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Clock_of_Erbil.jpg/220px-Clock_of_Erbil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Clock_of_Erbil.jpg/330px-Clock_of_Erbil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Clock_of_Erbil.jpg/440px-Clock_of_Erbil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption>Erbil Clock Tower</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)">U.S. occupation of Iraq</a>, sporadic attacks hit Erbil. Parallel bomb attacks against <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid</a> celebrations <a href="/wiki/2004_Erbil_bombings" title="2004 Erbil bombings">killed 117 people in February 2004</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-arab-2-feb-2004_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arab-2-feb-2004-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Responsibility was claimed by <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Sunnah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ansar al-Sunnah">Ansar al-Sunnah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-arab-2-feb-2004_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arab-2-feb-2004-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/2005_Erbil_bombing" title="2005 Erbil bombing">suicide bombing in May 2005</a> killed 60 civilians and injured 150 more outside a police recruiting centre.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-5-may-2005_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-5-may-2005-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Erbil_International_Airport" title="Erbil International Airport">Erbil International Airport</a> opened in the city in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2013, a <a href="/wiki/2013_Erbil_bombings" title="2013 Erbil bombings">quintuple car bombing</a> killed six people. </p><p>In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a> moved its seat from <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> to Erbil. </p><p>In February 2021, a <a href="/wiki/2021_Erbil_rocket_attacks" title="2021 Erbil rocket attacks">series of missiles hit the city</a> killing two and injuring eight people. <a href="/wiki/2022_Erbil_rocket_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Erbil rocket attacks">Further missile attacks</a> took place in March 2022. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Erbil_International_Airport" title="Erbil International Airport">Erbil International Airport</a> is one of Iraq's busiest airports. Services include direct flights to many domestic destinations such as Baghdad international airport. There are international flights from Erbil to many countries; such as the Netherlands, Germany, Saudi Arabia, Austria, Turkey, Jordan and elsewhere around the world. There are occasionally seasonal flights from Erbil international airport. Erbil International Airport was briefly closed to international commercial flights in September 2017 by the Iraqi government in retaliation for the Kurdish independence vote but reopened in March 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another important form of transportation between Erbil and the surrounding areas is by bus. Among others, bus services offer connections to Turkey and Iran. A new bus terminal was opened in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Erbil has a system of six ring roads encircling the city.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2></div> <p>Erbil has a <a href="/wiki/Hot-summer_Mediterranean_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-summer Mediterranean climate">hot-summer Mediterranean climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> <i>Csa</i>) with long, extremely hot summers and mild winters. Summers are arid, with little to no precipitation occurring between June and September. Winters are usually wet with occasional flooding, with January being the wettest month.<sup id="cite_ref-Climate-Data.org_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate-Data.org-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> A downpour on 17 December 2021 caused flash floods in the area, killing 14 people.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Erbil </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20<br />(68) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27<br />(81) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30<br />(86) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34<br />(93) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42<br />(108) </td> <td style="background: #DC0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44<br />(111) </td> <td style="background: #A50000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48<br />(118) </td> <td style="background: #970000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49<br />(120) </td> <td style="background: #CE0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45<br />(113) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39<br />(102) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31<br />(88) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24<br />(75) </td> <td style="background: #970000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">49<br />(120) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4<br />(54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2<br />(57.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1<br />(64.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0<br />(75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.5<br />(88.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1700; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.1<br />(100.6) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.0<br />(107.6) </td> <td style="background: #F90000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.9<br />(107.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.9<br />(100.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.7<br />(87.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.2<br />(70.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4<br />(57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">27.2<br />(81.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4<br />(45.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9<br />(48.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4<br />(54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5<br />(63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1<br />(75.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.7<br />(85.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.4<br />(92.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.1<br />(91.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.0<br />(84.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6<br />(72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0<br />(59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1<br />(48.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">20.2<br />(68.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4<br />(36.3) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6<br />(38.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7<br />(44.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1<br />(52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7<br />(62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.4<br />(70.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9<br />(76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4<br />(75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1<br />(68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5<br />(58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9<br />(48.0) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9<br />(39.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.2<br />(55.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4<br />(25) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6<br />(21) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1<br />(30) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3<br />(37) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6<br />(43) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10<br />(50) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13<br />(55) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17<br />(63) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11<br />(52) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4<br />(39) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2<br />(28) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2<br />(28) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−6<br />(21) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #59FF59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">111<br />(4.4) </td> <td style="background: #60FF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">97<br />(3.8) </td> <td style="background: #7AFF7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89<br />(3.5) </td> <td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69<br />(2.7) </td> <td style="background: #D8FFD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26<br />(1.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #EDFFED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12<br />(0.5) </td> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56<br />(2.2) </td> <td style="background: #87FF87; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80<br />(3.1) </td> <td style="background: #BAFFBA; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">540<br />(21.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">62 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000E1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #1F1FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">58.5 </td> <td style="background: #6060FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.5 </td> <td style="background: #9191FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5 </td> <td style="background: #9F9FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25 </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5 </td> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.5 </td> <td style="background: #5858FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.5 </td> <td style="background: #1717FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000DD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.5 </td> <td style="background: #3F3FFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">50.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <i>Climate-Data.org</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Climate-Data.org_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Climate-Data.org-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>My Forecast</i> for records, humidity, snow and precipitation days<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <i>What's the Weather Like.org</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Erbilia</i><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics">Demographics</h3></div> <p>The city is predominantly <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> and has minorities of local <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Turkmen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turkmens">Turkmens</h4></div> <p>The Turkmen population in Erbil is estimated to be around 300,000. They mainly reside in the neighbourhoods of Taci, Mareke and Three Tak in Erbil's city centre, around the citadel. Until 2006, they were living in the Tophane, Tekke and Saray neighborhoods of the Citadel, which contained almost 700 houses. In 2006, the citadel was emptied, and the Turkmen in the citadel were relocated to other neighbourhoods. Turkmens participate in the political institutions of the KRG, including the Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iraq's first two Turkmen schools were opened on 17 November 1993, one in Erbil and the other in <a href="/wiki/Kifri" title="Kifri">Kifri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Erbil's citadel also contains the <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Culture_House" title="Turkmen Culture House">Turkmen Culture House</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Assyrians">Assyrians</h4></div> <p>Erbil's <a href="/wiki/Ankawa" title="Ankawa">Ankawa</a> district is mainly populated by Christian Assyrians. The district houses approximately 40 churches.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citadel_of_Erbil">Citadel of Erbil</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%82%D9%87_%D9%84%D8%A7_%D9%89_%D9%87%D9%87_%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%D9%82%D9%87_%D9%84%D8%A7_%D9%89_%D9%87%D9%87_%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B1.jpg/220px-%D9%82%D9%87_%D9%84%D8%A7_%D9%89_%D9%87%D9%87_%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%D9%82%D9%87_%D9%84%D8%A7_%D9%89_%D9%87%D9%87_%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B1.jpg/330px-%D9%82%D9%87_%D9%84%D8%A7_%D9%89_%D9%87%D9%87_%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%D9%82%D9%87_%D9%84%D8%A7_%D9%89_%D9%87%D9%87_%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B1.jpg/440px-%D9%82%D9%87_%D9%84%D8%A7_%D9%89_%D9%87%D9%87_%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1460" data-file-height="858" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Erbil" title="Citadel of Erbil">Citadel of Erbil</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:One_of_the_halls_of_the_Erbil_Civilization_Museum_displaying_Mesopotamian_artifacts_from_the_Urartian,_Hurrian,_and_Hatra_periods.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/One_of_the_halls_of_the_Erbil_Civilization_Museum_displaying_Mesopotamian_artifacts_from_the_Urartian%2C_Hurrian%2C_and_Hatra_periods.jpg/220px-One_of_the_halls_of_the_Erbil_Civilization_Museum_displaying_Mesopotamian_artifacts_from_the_Urartian%2C_Hurrian%2C_and_Hatra_periods.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/One_of_the_halls_of_the_Erbil_Civilization_Museum_displaying_Mesopotamian_artifacts_from_the_Urartian%2C_Hurrian%2C_and_Hatra_periods.jpg/330px-One_of_the_halls_of_the_Erbil_Civilization_Museum_displaying_Mesopotamian_artifacts_from_the_Urartian%2C_Hurrian%2C_and_Hatra_periods.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/One_of_the_halls_of_the_Erbil_Civilization_Museum_displaying_Mesopotamian_artifacts_from_the_Urartian%2C_Hurrian%2C_and_Hatra_periods.jpg/440px-One_of_the_halls_of_the_Erbil_Civilization_Museum_displaying_Mesopotamian_artifacts_from_the_Urartian%2C_Hurrian%2C_and_Hatra_periods.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Erbil_Civilization_Museum" title="Erbil Civilization Museum">Erbil Civilization Museum</a> contains artifacts from the <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hatra" title="Hatra">Hatra</a> periods.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Erbil" title="Citadel of Erbil">Citadel of Erbil</a> is a tell or occupied mound in the historical heart of Erbil, rising between 25 and 32 metres (82 and 105 ft) from the surrounding plain. The buildings on top of the tell stretch over a roughly oval area of 430 by 340 metres (1,410 ft × 1,120 ft) occupying 102,000 square metres (1,100,000 sq ft). It has been claimed that the site is the oldest continuously inhabited town in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest evidence for occupation of the citadel mound dates to the fifth millennium BC and possibly earlier. It appears for the first time in historical sources during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Ur III</a> period and gained particular importance during the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> (tenth to seventh centuries BC) period. West of the citadel at Ary Kon quarter, a chamber tomb dating to the Neo-Assyrian Empire period has been excavated.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Sassanian period and the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>, Erbil was an important centre for <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> in general. After the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongols</a> captured the citadel in 1258, Erbil's importance began to decline. The main gate is guarded by an immense statue of a Kurd reading: "the house of the citadel behind him are built into stony ground of the mound and look down on the streets and tarmacked roads that circle them". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Ibn_al-Mustawfi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Statue_of_Ibn_al-Mustawfi.png/220px-Statue_of_Ibn_al-Mustawfi.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Statue_of_Ibn_al-Mustawfi.png/330px-Statue_of_Ibn_al-Mustawfi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Statue_of_Ibn_al-Mustawfi.png/440px-Statue_of_Ibn_al-Mustawfi.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Mustawfi" title="Ibn al-Mustawfi">Ibn al-Mustawfi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the 20th century, the urban structure was significantly modified, as a result of which a number of houses and public buildings were destroyed. In 2007, the High Commission for Erbil Citadel Revitalization (HCECR) was established to oversee the <a href="/wiki/Building_restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Building restoration">restoration</a> of the citadel. In the same year, all inhabitants, except one family, were evicted from the citadel as part of a large restoration project. Since then, <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeological</a> research and restoration works have been carried out at and around the tell by various international teams and in co-operation with local specialists, and many areas remain off-limits to visitors due to the danger of unstable walls and infrastructure. The government plans to have 50 families live in the citadel once it is renovated. </p><p>The only religious structure that currently survives in the citadel is the <a href="/wiki/Mulla_Effendi" title="Mulla Effendi">Mulla Effendi</a> mosque. When it was fully occupied, the citadel was divided in three districts or <i><a href="/wiki/Mahallah" title="Mahallah">mahallas</a></i>: from east to west the Serai, the Takya and the Topkhana. The Serai was occupied by notable families; the Takya district was named after the homes of <a href="/wiki/Dervish" title="Dervish">dervishes</a>, which are called <i><a href="/wiki/Takya" class="mw-redirect" title="Takya">takyas</a></i>; and the Topkhana district housed craftsmen and farmers. Other sights to visit in the citadel include the bathing rooms (<i><a href="/wiki/Turkish_bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish bath">hammam</a></i>) built in 1775 located near the mosque and the Textile Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Erbil citadel has been inscribed on the World Heritage List on 21 June 2014. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_sights">Other sights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Erbil_Governorate" title="List of archaeological sites in Erbil Governorate">List of archaeological sites in Erbil Governorate</a></div> <ul><li>The 36-metre-high (118-foot) <a href="/wiki/Mudhafaria_Minaret" title="Mudhafaria Minaret">Mudhafaria Minaret</a>, situated in Minaret Park several blocks from the citadel, dates back to the late 12th century AD and the Governor of Erbil, in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>, Muzaffar Al-Din Abu Sa’eed Al-Kawkaboori (<a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kb%C3%B6ri" title="Gökböri">Gökböri</a>), who had entered in the obedience of Saladin without war and married his sister. It has an octagonal base decorated with two tiers of niches, which is separated from the main shaft by a small balcony, also decorated. Another historical minaret with turquoise glazed tiles is nearby.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_Rahman_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami Rahman Park">Sami Abdul Rahman Park</a></li> <li>The Mound of Qalich Agha lies within the grounds of the Museum of Civilization, 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) from the citadel. An excavation in 1996 found tools from the <a href="/wiki/Tell_Halaf" title="Tell Halaf">Halaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk periods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_School_of_the_Medes" title="Classical School of the Medes">Classical School of the Medes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <p>The local major football team is <a href="/wiki/Erbil_SC" title="Erbil SC">Erbil Soccer Club</a> which plays its football matches at <a href="/wiki/Franso_Hariri_Stadium" title="Franso Hariri Stadium">Franso Hariri Stadium</a> (named after the assassinated Assyrian politician, former governor of Erbil city <a href="/wiki/Franso_Hariri" title="Franso Hariri">Franso Hariri</a>) which is based in the south part of central Erbil. They won 3 Iraqi nation league titles and reached the AFC Final twice, but lost both times. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sister_cities">Sister cities</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a>, Tennessee, United States of America<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Arbil" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Arbil">Arbil</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Kurdistan_Region" title="List of cities in Kurdistan Region">List of cities in Kurdistan Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_of_Iraq" title="List of largest cities of Iraq">List of largest cities in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="List of cities of the ancient Near East">List of cities of the ancient Near East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakaly_Hospital_for_Hematology_%26_Oncology" title="Nanakaly Hospital for Hematology & Oncology">Nanakaly Hospital for Hematology & Oncology</a> (Azady)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbil_International_Airport" title="Erbil International Airport">Erbil International Airport</a> – capital's airport in Kurdistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Village,_Erbil" title="English Village, Erbil">English Village</a>, a luxury compound in Erbil.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210730142337/http://chawykurd.com/details.aspx?=hewal&jmare=271&Jor=65&Jor2=4">"ھەولێر"</a>. <i>chawykurd.com</i>. چاوی کورد. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chawykurd.com/details.aspx?=hewal&jmare=271&Jor=65&Jor2=4">the original</a> on 30 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chawykurd.com&rft.atitle=%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8E%D8%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchawykurd.com%2Fdetails.aspx%3F%3Dhewal%26jmare%3D271%26Jor%3D65%26Jor2%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErbil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-citypopulation.de-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-citypopulation.de_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citypopulation.de/iraq/cities.html">"Iraq: Governorates & Cities"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iraq%3A+Governorates+%26+Cities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Firaq%2Fcities.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErbil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/citiesandregions/2015/5/21/أربيل">"أربيل"</a> (in Arabic). Al Jazeera<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.net%2Fencyclopedia%2Fcitiesandregions%2F2015%2F5%2F21%2F%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErbil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.assyrianlanguages.org/sureth/dosearch.php?searchkey=16848&language=id">"Search Entry"</a>. <i>assyrianlanguages.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=assyrianlanguages.org&rft.atitle=Search+Entry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.assyrianlanguages.org%2Fsureth%2Fdosearch.php%3Fsearchkey%3D16848%26language%3Did&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErbil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan1999" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Geoffrey (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0rS9CwAAQBAJ"><i>A Grammar of Neo-Aramaic: The Dialect of the Jews of Arbel</i></a>. BRILL. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30504-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30504-5"><bdi>978-90-04-30504-5</bdi></a>. <q>There are a number of variant forms of the name Arbel. The form Arbel, which is used throughout this book, is the Neo-Aramaic form of the name. The Arabic-speaking Jews of the town refer to it as Arbīl or Arwīl. In Classical Arabic sources it is known as Irbīl. The Kurds call it Hawler, which appears to have developed from the form Arbel by a series of metatheses of consonants. The name appears to be of non-Semitic origin. It is first found in cuneiform texts dating to the third millennium B.C., where it usually has the form Urbilum.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Neo-Aramaic%3A+The+Dialect+of+the+Jews+of+Arbel&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-90-04-30504-5&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0rS9CwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErbil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rudaw.net/kurmanci/kurdistan/160920198">"Hewlêr dixwaze Bexda paşekeftiya mûçeyan bide"</a> (in Kurdish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hewl%C3%AAr+dixwaze+Bexda+pa%C5%9Fekeftiya+m%C3%BB%C3%A7eyan+bide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rudaw.net%2Fkurmanci%2Fkurdistan%2F160920198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErbil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanilovich2018" class="citation book cs1">Danilovich, Alex (12 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_yVxDwAAQBAJ&q=rudaw.net+kurdistan&pg=PT54"><i>Federalism, Secession, and International Recognition Regime: Iraqi Kurdistan</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429827655" title="Special:BookSources/9780429827655"><bdi>9780429827655</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Federalism%2C+Secession%2C+and+International+Recognition+Regime%3A+Iraqi+Kurdistan&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018-10-12&rft.isbn=9780429827655&rft.aulast=Danilovich&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_yVxDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Drudaw.net%2Bkurdistan%26pg%3DPT54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErbil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Novice-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Novice_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovice2008" class="citation journal cs1">Novice, Karel (2008). "Research of the Arbil Citadel, Iraq, First Season". <i>Památky Archaeological</i> (XCIX): 259–302.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pam%C3%A1tky+Archaeological&rft.atitle=Research+of+the+Arbil+Citadel%2C+Iraq%2C+First+Season&rft.issue=XCIX&rft.pages=259-302&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Novice&rft.aufirst=Karel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErbil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-villard-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-villard_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVillard2001">Villard 2001</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamblin-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hamblin_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamblin_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamblin2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_J._Hamblin" title="William J. Hamblin">Hamblin, William J.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=en9tzr1-VM4C"><i>Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-25589-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-25589-9"><bdi>0-415-25589-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+in+the+Ancient+Near+East+to+1600+BC&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-415-25589-9&rft.aulast=Hamblin&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Den9tzr1-VM4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErbil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, Barbara Nevling, "Ishtar of Niniveh and her collaborator, Ishtar of Arbela, in the Reign of Assurbanipal", Iraq, vol. 66, pp. 41–44, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Georges Roux – Ancient Iraq</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">'Directorate Antiquities of Erbil's Guide' Brochure produced by General Directorate of Antiquities, KRG, Ministry of Tourism</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cabinet.gov.krd/a/d.aspx?l=12&a=45887">Erbil named 2014 Arab Tourism Capital</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150708071630/http://cabinet.gov.krd/a/d.aspx?l=12&a=45887">Archived</a> 8 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 30 January 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rudaw.net/english/opinion/23122013">"Erbil: Kurdish City, Arab Capital"</a>, Rudaw. Retrieved 30 January 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentre" class="citation web cs1">Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1437/">"Erbil Citadel"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Erbil+Citadel&rft.aulast=Centre&rft.aufirst=UNESCO+World+Heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1437%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErbil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasrullah1908" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Nasrullah, Mehmet (1908), <i>مكمل آوروپا خريطه سى</i> [<i>Complete Map of Europe</i>] (in Ottoman Turkish), Istanbul: Tefeyyüz Kitaphanesi</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D9%85%D9%83%D9%85%D9%84+%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7+%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%87+%D8%B3%D9%89&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pub=Tefeyy%C3%BCz+Kitaphanesi&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Nasrullah&rft.aufirst=Mehmet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErbil" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gov.krd/english/the-governments-mission/erbil-baghdad-relations/">"Erbil–Baghdad Relations..."</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gov.krd/english/"><i><span></span></i>Official site<i><span></span></i></a>, Erbil: Kurdistan Regional Government, 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Erbil%E2%80%93Baghdad+Relations...&rft.btitle=Official+site&rft.place=Erbil&rft.pub=Kurdistan+Regional+Government&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgov.krd%2Fenglish%2Fthe-governments-mission%2Ferbil-baghdad-relations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErbil" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gov.krd/arabic/the-governments-mission/erbil-baghdad-relations/">"العلاقات بين أربيل وبغداد"</a> [Erbil–Baghdad Relations...], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gov.krd/arabic/"><i><span></span></i>Official site<i><span></span></i></a> (in Arabic), Erbil: Kurdistan Regional Government, 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84+%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF&rft.btitle=Official+site&rft.place=Erbil&rft.pub=Kurdistan+Regional+Government&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgov.krd%2Farabic%2Fthe-governments-mission%2Ferbil-baghdad-relations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErbil" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSourdel1978" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sourdel, D. (1978). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/irbil-SIM_3589?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=irbil">"Irbil"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> & <a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume IV:<i> Iran–Kha</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/758278456">758278456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Irbil&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+IV%3A+Iran%E2%80%93Kha&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F758278456&rft.aulast=Sourdel&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Firbil-SIM_3589%3Fs.num%3D0%26s.f.s2_parent%3Ds.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2%26s.q%3Dirbil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErbil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKessler2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kessler, Karlheinz (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/*-e131650">"Arbela"</a>. In Salazar, Christine F.; Landfester, Manfred; Gentry, Francis G. (eds.). <i>Brill's New Pauly</i>. Brill Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arbela&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+New+Pauly&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.aufirst=Karlheinz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fbrill-s-new-pauly%2F%2A-e131650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErbil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/epsd2/cbd/sux/o0048244.html">"Urbilum [1] (SN)"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oracc.museum.upenn.edu"><i>Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus</i></a>, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Urbilum+%5B1%5D+%28SN%29&rft.btitle=Open+Richly+Annotated+Cuneiform+Corpus&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foracc.museum.upenn.edu%2Fepsd2%2Fcbd%2Fsux%2Fo0048244.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErbil" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENováček2008-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENováček2008_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNováček2008">Nováček 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawler, Andrew, "Erbil Revealed", Archaeology, vol. 67, no. 5, pp. 38–43, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Al Yaqoobi, Dara, et al., "Archaeological investigations on the citadel of Erbil: background, framework and results", The archaeology of the Kurdistan region of Iraq and adjacent regions, pp. 23-27, 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macginnis, J. D. A., "Archaeology of the Town under the Citadel Erbil/Hawlér", Subartu 4-5, pp. 10-13, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ur, Jason, et al., "Ancient Cities and Landscapes in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq: The Erbil Plain Archaeological Survey 2012 Season", Iraq, vol. 75, pp. 89–117, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kopanias, Konstantinos, et al., "The Tell Nader and Tell Baqrta Project in the Kurdistan region of Iraq: Preliminary report of the 2011 season", Subartu 6, pp. 23–57, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peyronel, Luca et al., "The Italian Archaeological Expedition in the Erbil Plain, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Preliminary Report on the 2016 – 2018 Excavations at Helawa", Mesopotamia, vol. 54, pp. 1-104, 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentre" class="citation web cs1">Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1437/">"Erbil Citadel"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Erbil+Citadel&rft.aulast=Centre&rft.aufirst=UNESCO+World+Heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1437%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErbil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStatistics" class="citation web cs1">Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unpo.org/members/7859">"UNPO: Assyria"</a>. <i>unpo.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unpo.org&rft.atitle=UNPO%3A+Assyria&rft.au=Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funpo.org%2Fmembers%2F7859&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErbil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erbilcitadel.org/arbil/index.php?option=com_k2&view=itemlist&layout=category&task=category&id=116&Itemid=696">Timeline</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140814010854/http://www.erbilcitadel.org/arbil/index.php?option=com_k2&view=itemlist&layout=category&task=category&id=116&Itemid=696">Archived</a> 14 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ErbilCitadel.orq</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (1993). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 482. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20092-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20092-9">978-0-521-20092-9</a>. <q>Of the four residences of the Achaemenids named by <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>—<a href="/wiki/Ecbatana" title="Ecbatana">Ecbatana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a> or <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>—the last [situated in Iraq] was maintained as their most important capital, the fixed winter quarters, the central office of bureaucracy, exchanged only in the heat of summer for some cool spot in the highlands. Under the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucids</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a> the site of the Mesopotamian capital moved slightly to the north on the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a>—to <a href="/wiki/Seleucia" title="Seleucia">Seleucia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a>. It is indeed symbolic that these new foundations were built from the bricks of ancient <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, just as later <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, a little further upstream, was built out of the ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sassanian</a> double city of <a href="/wiki/Al-Mada%27in" title="Al-Mada'in">Seleucia-Ctesiphon</a>.</q></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/workspace/handleMediaPlayer?lunaMediaId=RUMSEY~8~1~303667~90074316">"Composite: Tavola 1–60. 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Iraq, 75, 1–42. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021088900000401">10.1017/S0021088900000401</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. James. Le « territoire tribal des Kurdes » et l’aire iraqienne (xe-xiiie siècles): Esquisse des recompositions spatiales. Revue des Mondes Musulmans et de la Méditerranée, 2007. 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P. 159-161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grousset, p. 379</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sourdel-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sourdel_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSourdel2010">Sourdel 2010</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grousset, p. 383</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwin Munsell Bliss, <i>Turkey and the Armenian Atrocities</i>, (Chicago 1896) p. 153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abebooks.co.uk-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-abebooks.co.uk_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abebooks.co.uk/9781906768188/Kurdistan-Nation-Emerges-Jonathan-Fryer-1906768188/plp">"9781906768188: Kurdistan – a Nation Emerges – AbeBooks – Jonathan Fryer: 1906768188"</a>. <i>abebooks.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reliefweb.int&rft.atitle=Iraq%3A+Flash+Floods+-+Final+Report+DREF+Operation+n%C2%B0+MDRIQ014+-+Iraq+%7C+ReliefWeb&rft.date=2023-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freliefweb.int%2Freport%2Firaq%2Firaq-flash-floods-final-report-dref-operation-ndeg-mdriq014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErbil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215139/http://www.myforecast.com/bin/climate.m?city=66293&metric=true">"Irbil, Iraq Climate"</a>. My Forecast. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myforecast.com/bin/climate.m?city=66293&metric=true">the original</a> on 4 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Irbil%2C+Iraq+Climate&rft.pub=My+Forecast&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myforecast.com%2Fbin%2Fclimate.m%3Fcity%3D66293%26metric%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErbil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215222/http://www.whatstheweatherlike.org/iraq/erbil.htm">"Erbil climate info"</a>. What's the Weather Like.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whatstheweatherlike.org/iraq/erbil.htm">the original</a> on 4 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Erbil+climate+info&rft.pub=What%27s+the+Weather+Like.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whatstheweatherlike.org%2Firaq%2Ferbil.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErbil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130709000508/http://www.erbilia.com/erbil-info/weather/">"Erbil Weather Forecast and Climate Information"</a>. Erbilia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erbilia.com/erbil-info/weather/">the original</a> on 9 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Erbil+Weather+Forecast+and+Climate+Information&rft.pub=Erbilia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.erbilia.com%2Ferbil-info%2Fweather%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErbil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.institutkurde.org/en/info/the-kurdish-population-1232551004">The Kurdish Population</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Institute_of_Paris" title="Kurdish Institute of Paris">Kurdish Institute of Paris</a>, 2017 estimate.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minorityrights.org/minorities/turkmen/">"Iraqi Turkmen"</a>. <i>Minority Rights Group International</i>. 19 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minority+Rights+Group+International&rft.atitle=Iraqi+Turkmen&rft.date=2015-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminorityrights.org%2Fminorities%2Fturkmen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErbil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cosit.gov.iq/ar/">Central Statistics Agency – Home Page</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170716115359/http://www.cosit.gov.iq/">the original</a> on 16 July 2017. on the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> website.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilgay_Duman2016" class="citation report cs1">Bilgay Duman (August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orsam.org.tr/en/the-situation-of-turkmens-and-the-turkmen-areas-after-isis/">The Situation of Turkmens and The Turkmen Areas After ISIS</a> (Report). Ortadoğu Araştırmaları Merkezi (ORSAM).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Situation+of+Turkmens+and+The+Turkmen+Areas+After+ISIS&rft.pub=Ortado%C4%9Fu+Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmalar%C4%B1+Merkezi+%28ORSAM%29&rft.date=2016-08&rft.au=Bilgay+Duman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forsam.org.tr%2Fen%2Fthe-situation-of-turkmens-and-the-turkmen-areas-after-isis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErbil" class="Z3988"></span> Also available via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/40261120">Academia.edu</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kirkuknow.com/en/news/61220">"Iraqi Turkmen are happy as their national days recognized"</a>. <i>Kirkuknow</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kirkuknow&rft.atitle=Iraqi+Turkmen+are+happy+as+their+national+days+recognized&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkirkuknow.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2F61220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErbil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newarab.com/analysis/what-will-autonomy-mean-iraqs-largest-christian-town">"What will autonomy mean for Iraq's largest Christian town?"</a>. 4 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+will+autonomy+mean+for+Iraq%27s+largest+Christian+town%3F&rft.date=2021-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newarab.com%2Fanalysis%2Fwhat-will-autonomy-mean-iraqs-largest-christian-town&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErbil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chaldeannews.com/features-1/2021/10/29/finding-their-voice">"Finding Their Voice"</a>. 29 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Finding+Their+Voice&rft.date=2021-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chaldeannews.com%2Ffeatures-1%2F2021%2F10%2F29%2Ffinding-their-voice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErbil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UN_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5479/">"Erbil Citadel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Erbil+Citadel&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Ftentativelists%2F5479%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErbil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Erbil Citadel' Brochure, High Commission for Erbil Citadel Revitalization (HCECR). www.erbilcitadel.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eu.tennessean.com/story/news/local/2022/12/16/nashville-seeking-sister-city-with-kurdish-capital/69728529007/">"Kurdish presence in Nashville grows as city hopes to link with Erbil as sister city"</a>. The Tennessean<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kurdish+presence+in+Nashville+grows+as+city+hopes+to+link+with+Erbil+as+sister+city&rft.pub=The+Tennessean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feu.tennessean.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2F2022%2F12%2F16%2Fnashville-seeking-sister-city-with-kurdish-capital%2F69728529007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErbil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Grousset" title="René Grousset">Grousset, René</a>, <i>The Empire of the Steppes</i>, (Translated from the French by Naomi Walford), New Brunswick: <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a> (1970)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNováček2008" class="citation journal cs1">Nováček, Karel (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gemaart.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/PAPER_Citadel-Research_Novacek.pdf">"Research of the Arbil Citadel, Iraqi Kurdistan, First Season"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Památky archeologické</i>. <b>99</b>: 259–302.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pam%C3%A1tky+archeologick%C3%A9&rft.atitle=Research+of+the+Arbil+Citadel%2C+Iraqi+Kurdistan%2C+First+Season&rft.volume=99&rft.pages=259-302&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Nov%C3%A1%C4%8Dek&rft.aufirst=Karel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gemaart.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F09%2FPAPER_Citadel-Research_Novacek.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErbil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSourdel2010" class="citation cs2">Sourdel, D. (2010), "Irbil", in Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth, C.E.</a>; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.), <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</i>, Brill Online, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/624382576">624382576</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Irbil&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F624382576&rft.aulast=Sourdel&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErbil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillard2001" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Villard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Villard (page does not exist)">Villard, Pierre</a> (2001), "Arbèles", in Joannès, Francis (ed.), <i>Dictionnaire de la civilisation mésopotamienne</i>, Bouquins (in French), Paris: Robert Laffont, pp. 68–69, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-221-09207-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-221-09207-1"><bdi>978-2-221-09207-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arb%C3%A8les&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+de+la+civilisation+m%C3%A9sopotamienne&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Bouquins&rft.pages=68-69&rft.pub=Robert+Laffont&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-2-221-09207-1&rft.aulast=Villard&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErbil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods1977" class="citation cs2">Woods, John E. (1977), "A note on the Mongol capture of Isfahān", <i>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i>, <b>36</b> (1): 49–51, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F372531">10.1086/372531</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2968">0022-2968</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/544126">544126</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161867404">161867404</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=A+note+on+the+Mongol+capture+of+Isfah%C4%81n&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49-51&rft.date=1977&rft.issn=0022-2968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161867404%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F544126%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F372531&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErbil" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Erbil#Q132754" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Erbil">Erbil</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150401011526/http://hawler.gov.krd/ku/">Hawler Governorate</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ierbil.com/">Erbil</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121028193449/http://www.ierbil.com/">Archived</a> 28 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Portal for international visitors</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/ap-ark/arbela/arbela.html">Livius.org: Arbela</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230506/http://www.livius.org/ap-ark/arbela/arbela.html">Archived</a> 2 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erbilia.com/">Erbil Information Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150223182930/http://studentreader.com/hawler-erbil/">Hawler/Erbil visitor's guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phototravels.smrkovsky.name/erbil">Erbil seen through camera lens</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iraqi_Kurdistan_topics" title="Template:Iraqi Kurdistan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iraqi_Kurdistan_topics" title="Template talk:Iraqi Kurdistan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iraqi_Kurdistan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iraqi Kurdistan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iraqi_Kurdistan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan#History" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region"><img alt="Kurdistan Region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/90px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/120px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan#Geography" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbil_Governorate" title="Erbil Governorate">Erbil <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hewlêr)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halabja_Governorate" title="Halabja Governorate">Halabja <span style="font-size:85%;"> (Helebce)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dohuk_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Dohuk Governorate">Dohuk <span style="font-size:85%;">(Dihok)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah_Governorate" title="Sulaymaniyah Governorate">Sulaymaniyah <span style="font-size:85%;">(Slêmanî)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disputed_territories_of_Northern_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Disputed territories of Northern Iraq">Disputed territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region#Government_and_politics" title="Kurdistan Region">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a> (autonomous region)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Human rights in Iraqi Kurdistan">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshmerga" title="Peshmerga">Military <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Peshmerga</i>)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Presidency_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Presidency Council">Presidency Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Kurdistan_Region" title="President of Kurdistan Region">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Kurdistan_Region" title="Vice President of Kurdistan Region">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kurdistan_Region" title="Prime Minister of Kurdistan Region">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iraqi_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of Iraqi Kurdistan">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Kurdistan_Region" title="List of diplomatic missions in Kurdistan Region">Foreign missions in Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Kurdistan_Region" title="List of diplomatic missions of Kurdistan Region">Missions of Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-state_solution_(Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_negotiations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-state solution (Iraqi–Kurdish negotiations)">Two-state solution (Iraqi–Kurdish negotiations)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Kurdistan_Region_independence_referendum" title="2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum">Independence referendum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kurdistan_Region" title="Economy of Kurdistan Region">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_of_Iraqi_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil reserves of Iraqi Kurdistan">Oil reserves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirkuk%E2%80%93Ceyhan_Oil_Pipeline" title="Kirkuk–Ceyhan Oil Pipeline">Taqtaq-Feshkhabur pipeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iraqi_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Iraqi Kurdistan">Demographics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan#Culture" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ey_Req%C3%AEb" title="Ey Reqîb">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Kurdistan" title="Flag of Kurdistan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">People</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Security forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peshmerga" title="Peshmerga">Peshmerga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parastin_u_Zanyari" title="Parastin u Zanyari">Parastin u Zanyari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asayish_(Kurdistan_Regional_Government)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asayish (Kurdistan Regional Government)">Asaish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeravani" title="Zeravani">Zeravani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Category:Iraqi Kurdistan">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Kurdistan" title="Portal:Kurdistan">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132754#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132754#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132754#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/130212079">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Arbil"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4068823-9">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82137042">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Erbíl (Irák)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge328183&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564435605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10036796">NARA</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044347">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erbil&oldid=1259642849">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erbil&oldid=1259642849</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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