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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-us"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <link rel="icon" href="http://www.zytrax.com/favicon.ico"> <title>Tech Stuff - LAN</title>   <style type="text/css">  </style> <style type="text/css" media="print">  </style> <script type="text/javascript">  </script> </head> <body>  <div class="l-b">  <a href="http://www.zytrax.com"><img id="toplogo" src="http://www.zytrax.com/images/zytrax-logo-info.png" alt="ZYTRAX Info Logo"></a>  <p class="n-t-t"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/feedback.htm" class="n-t-sr">mail us</a>  |  <a href="http://www.zytrax.com/run/mailpage.php" class="n-t-sr">mail this page</a></p> <div class="n-t0"> <a href="http://www.zytrax.com/Company/contacts.html" class="n-t-sr">contact us</a> </div> <div class="n-t0"> <a href="http://www.zytrax.com/training/" class="n-t-sr">training</a>  |  </div> <div class="n-t0"> <a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/" class="n-t-sr">tech stuff</a>  |  <ul class="n-t1-v"> <li class="n-t1-es"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/" class="t-da">tech stuff</a>  <ul class="n-t2"> <li class="n-t2-e"><a title="collection of technology stuff" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/" class="t-da">tech stuff</a></li> <li class="n-t2-es t-da">web stuff <ul class="n-t3"> <li class="n-t3-e"><a title="collection of web based technology stuff" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/web/" class="t-da">web stuff</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a title="collection of UA strings for most browsers" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/web/browser_ids.htm" class="t-da">browser ids</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a title="collection of mobile UA strings" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/web/mobile_ids.html" class="t-da">mobile ids</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a title="our HTML5 page conversion process and thoughts" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/css/html5.html" class="t-da">HTML5 Convert</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a title="how we do server-side browser sniffing with apache" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/web/browser_sniffing.html" class="t-da">browser sniffing</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a title="apache environmental variables" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/web/env_var.htm" class="t-da">apache env's</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a title="apache server side includes - extensive notes and examples" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/web/ssi.htm" class="t-da">apache ssi</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a title="our css pop-up/pop-down/flyout menus for Gecko/Opera/MSIE" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/css/workarounds.html#popout" class="t-da">pop-outs (css)</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a title="most of those annoying HTML entity codes that we forget all the time" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/web/entities.html" class="t-da">html entities</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="n-t2-es t-da">open guides <ul class="n-t3"> <li class="n-t3-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/books/" class="t-da">open guides</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/books/dns" class="t-da">dns guide</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/books/ldap" class="t-da">ldap guide</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="n-t2-e"><a title="Decimal to Hexidecimal to Binary conversion - even Octal!" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/protocols/hex.html" class="t-da">Dec>Hex>Bin</a></li> <li class="n-t2-es t-da">survival stuff <ul class="n-t3"> <li class="n-t3-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/survival/" title="a series of survival guides for some popular open source software" class="t-da">survival stuff</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/survival/ssl.html" class="t-da">ssl/tls & x.509</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/survival/asn1.html" class="t-da">ASN.1</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/survival/kerberos.html" class="t-da">kerberos</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/survival/postfix.html" class="t-da">postfix</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/survival/cron.html" class="t-da">cron</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/survival/encryption.html" class="t-da">cryptography</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/survival/wxwidgets.html" class="t-da">wxWidgets</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="n-t2-es t-da">audio stuff <ul class="n-t3"> <li class="n-t3-e"><a title="Pages about Digital Audio, Primers, Calculator, Equalization, FFT" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/audio/" class="t-da">audio stuff</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a title="Fundamentals, harmonics, overtone, partials, loudness, ADSR envelopes" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/audio/sound.html" class="t-da">sound primer</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a title="Sound digitization, time domain, frequency domain" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/audio/digital-sound.html" class="t-da">digital sound</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a title="common frequencies of instruments and in life" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/audio/audio.html" class="t-da">frequencies</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a title="equalization principles, octaves, sound metering and FFT" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/audio/equalization.html" class="t-da">equalization</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a title="Acoustic caculators for musical notes and FFT bin frequencies" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/audio/calculator.html" class="t-da">calculators</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a title="Yet another audio glossary" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/audio/glossary.html" class="t-da">glossary</a></li> </ul> <li class="n-t2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/web/regex.htm" class="t-da">regex stuff</a></li> <li class="n-t2-es t-da">cable stuff <ul class="n-t3"> <li class="n-t3-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/layer_1/" class="t-da">cable stuff</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/layer_1/cables/tech_lan.htm" class="t-da">lan wiring</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/layer_1/cables/mixed.html" class="t-da">lan & telephone</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/layer_1/cables/tech_rs232.htm" class="t-da">rs232 stuff</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/layer_1/cables/heavy.htm" class="t-da">serial primer</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/pc/serial.html" class="t-da">usb 3.2 & firewire</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/pc/monitors.htm" class="t-da">displays</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/layer_1/cables/cables_jacks.htm" class="t-da">modular jacks</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="n-t2-es t-da">protocol stuff <ul class="n-t3"> <li class="n-t3-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/protocols/" class="t-da">protocol stuff</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/protocols/tcp.html" class="t-da">tcp-udp-icmp</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/protocols/ip-classes.html" class="t-da">ipv4</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/protocols/ip-classes.html#calculator" class="t-da">ipv4 Calculator</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/protocols/ipv6.html" class="t-da">ipv6</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/protocols/ipv6.html#calculator" class="t-da">ipv6 Calculator</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/protocols/isdn" class="t-da">isdn-bri</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/protocols/lan" class="t-da">802 lan</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/ss7" class="t-da">ss7 & sigtran</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="n-t2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/pc/" class="t-da">pc stuff</a></li> <li class="n-t2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/wireless/" class="t-da">wireless stuff</a></li> <li class="n-t2-es t-da">css stuff <ul class="n-t3"> <li class="n-t3-e"><a title="collection of css notes and experiences including css menus and css liquid layout" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/css/" class="t-da">css stuff</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a title="Notes on our experience with converting to css based liquid layouts - including blow by blow css" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/css/layoutnotes.html" class="t-da">css liquid design</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a title="we have used css menus since mid-2003 - blow-by-blow implementation notes" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/css/workarounds.html#popout" class="t-da">css menus</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a title="some practical solutions on using css" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/css/workarounds.html" class="t-da">css notes</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a title="css shortforms at a glance" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/css/shortcut.html" class="t-da">css short-forms</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a title="css selectors and quick overview with links to the W3C specs" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/css/syntax.html" class="t-da">css overview</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="n-t2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/codes.htm" class="t-da">ascii codes</a></li> <li class="n-t2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/data_rates.htm" class="t-da">data rate stuff</a></li> <li class="n-t2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/telephony/" class="t-da">telephony stuff</a></li> <li class="n-t2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/mech/" class="t-da">mech. stuff</a></li> <li class="n-t2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/protocols/hex.html" class="t-da">Dec>Hex>Bin</a></li> <li class="n-t2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/lang/" class="t-da">language stuff</a></li> <li class="n-t2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/electronics/" class="t-da">electronic stuff</a></li> <li class="n-t2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/rfcs/" class="t-da">rfc stuff</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="n-t1-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/security/" class="t-da">Security</a></li> </ul> </div>  </div>  <div class="l-c">  <p class="adv"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:inline-block;width:728px;height:90px" data-ad-client="ca-pub-9419480011552853" data-ad-slot="9281933980"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </p> <h1>Tech Stuff - LAN Protocol</h1> <p>This section contains information on LAN (802.3 format) protocols and covers layer 2 - 3. You can now download for free these standards <a href="http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802" class="t-db">in PDF format</a>.</p> <table class="p-m-s"> <tr> <td class="t-td1 w-180"><a href="802_3_frame.htm" class="t-db">802.3 Frame Format</a></td> <td class="t-td2">The generic frame format including MAC format, Standard Frame format, VLAN Extended Frame format</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="t-td1"><a href="802_types.htm" class="t-db">Type/Length Field</a></td> <td class="t-td2">Type/Length field in 802.3 Ethernet LANs</td> </tr> </table> <hr> <p class="p-m-n"><br>Problems, comments, suggestions, corrections (including broken links) or something to add? Please take the time from a busy life to 'mail us' (at top of screen), the webmaster (below) or <a href="javascript:mailus('info-support','zytrax.com','Support Issue')" class="t-db">info-support at zytrax</a>. You will have a warm inner glow for the rest of the day.</p>  </div> <div class="l-l">  <div class="n-l"> <p class="c-g t-b t-o m-h5 t-r">Tech Stuff</p>  <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech" class="n-l-c">tech home</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a title="Digital Audio - primers, calculators, equalization, frequency tables, file formats, glossary - a mere splash in the ocean" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/audio/" class="n-l-c">audio stuff</a> <ul class="n-l2"> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/audio/sound.html" class="n-l-f">sound primer</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/audio/digital-sound.html" class="n-l-f">digital primer</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/audio/audio.html" class="n-l-f">note frequencies</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/audio/equalization.html" class="n-l-f">eq, meters & fft</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/audio/calculator.html" class="n-l-f">calculators</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/audio/formats.html" class="n-l-f">files & codecs</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/audio/glossary.html" class="n-l-f">glossary</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a title="Browser IDs, SSIs, Apache Configuration, regular expressions" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/web/" class="n-l-c">web stuff</a> <ul class="n-l2"> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/web/browser_ids.htm" class="n-l-f">browser ids</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/web/mobile_ids.html" class="n-l-f">mobile_ids</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/web/env_var.htm" class="n-l-f">apache env vars</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/web/ssi.htm" class="n-l-f">apache ssi</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/css/workarounds.html#popout" class="n-l-f">css popout menus</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a title="most of those annoying HTML entity codes that we forget all the time" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/web/entities.html" class="n-l-f">html entities</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a title="Decimal to Hexidecimal to Binary conversion - even Octal!" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/protocols/hex.html" class="n-l-f">dec > hex > bin</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/dom/" class="n-l-c">dom stuff</a><br> <ul class="n-l2"> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/dom/guide.html" class="n-l-f">dom guide</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/dom/w3c_dom.html" class="n-l-f">page explorer</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/dom/navigate.html" class="n-l-f">dom navigation</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a title="CSS is about a lot more than STYLE. Wheezes, table-less layouts, CSS pop-ups, CSS Shortcuts" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/css/" class="n-l-c">css stuff</a> <ul class="n-l2"> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/css/layoutnotes.html" class="n-l-f">css liquid design</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/css/workarounds.html#popout" class="n-l-f">css popout menus</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/css/workarounds.html" class="n-l-f">css notes</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/css/syntax.html" class="n-l-f">css syntax</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/css/shortcut.html" class="n-l-f">css short-forms</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a title="includes PHP, Ruby and some Java stuff (all about obscure solutions to stupid problems)" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/lang/" class="n-l-c">language stuff</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a title="quick overview 'cos we always forget - not that we ever knew much - now includes a nifty browser-based tester" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/web/regex.htm" class="n-l-c">regex stuff</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a title="rfc ordered by subject" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/rfcs/" class="n-l-c">rfc stuff</a> <ul class="n-l2"> <li title="dns rfcs" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/books/dns/apd/" class="n-l-f">dns rfcs</a></li> <li title="ldap rfcs" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/books/ldap/apc/" class="n-l-f">ldap rfcs</a></li> <li title="ipv6 rfcs" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/protocols/ipv6.html#rfcs" class="n-l-f">ipv6 rfcs</a></li> <li title="tls/x.509 rfcs" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/survival/ssl.html#rfcs" class="n-l-f">tls/x.509 rfcs</a></li> <li title="some other subjects - we only update these when we are active - some lists are consequently long in the tooth" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/rfcs" class="n-l-f">other rfcs</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a title="TCP/IP, IPv4, IPv6, ISDN, LAN, VoIP, ITU Multi-Media" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/protocols/" class="n-l-c">protocol stuff</a> <ul class="n-l2"> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/protocols/tcp.html" class="n-l-f">tcp, udp, icmp</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/protocols/ip-classes.html" class="n-l-f">ipv4</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/protocols/ipv6.html" class="n-l-f">ipv6</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/protocols/isdn/" class="n-l-f">isdn</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/survival/ssl.html" class="n-l-f">ssl/tls/x.509</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/ss7/" class="n-l-f">ss7 &sigtran</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/protocols/lan/" class="n-l-f">802.3 lan</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a title="PC Parallel Ports, LAN wiring, RS232, Centronics, DIN" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/layer_1/" class="n-l-c">cable stuff</a> <ul class="n-l2"> <li title="10baseT, 100base-TX/T4, 1000baseT, 10Gbase-T, RJ45, STP" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/layer_1/cables/tech_lan.htm" class="n-l-f">lan pinouts</a></li> <li title="mixing telephony and 802.3 LAN can be done on cat5/5e/6 wiring" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/layer_1/mixed.html" class="n-l-f">lan & telephone</a></li> <li title="RS 232 pinouts on db9, db24 and T1" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/layer_1/cables/tech_rs232.htm" class="n-l-f">rs232 pinouts</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/layer_1/cables/heavy.htm" class="n-l-f">serial primer</a></li> <li title="USB 2.0, 3.0, 3.1 and 3.2 plus Firewire (i.Link) IEE 1394" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/pc/serial.html" class="n-l-f">usb & firewire</a></li> <li title="some information about display and monitors/console interfaces inclusing VGA, HDMI, DVI and Thunderbolt" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/pc/monitors.htm" class="n-l-f">displays</a></li> <li title="modular jack is the term we should use for those telephone and lan connectors" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/layer_1/cables/cables_jacks.htm" class="n-l-f">modular jacks</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a title="10baseT, 100base-TX/T4, 1000baseT, 10Gbase-T, RJ45, STP" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/layer_1/cables/tech_lan.htm" class="n-l-c">lan wiring</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a title="DB9, DB25 pinouts, RJ45 serial, T1 and RS standards alphabet soup" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/layer_1/cables/tech_rs232.htm" class="n-l-c">rs232 wiring</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a title="Decimal to Hex and Binary conversion table - even a description of Octal!" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/protocols/hex.html" class="n-l-c">dec > hex > bin</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a title="character sets ain't as simple as they look" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/codes.htm" class="n-l-c">character sets</a> <ul class="n-l2"> <li title="pretty much all the characters sets in the known universe including utf-7, 8 and 16" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/characters/" class="n-l-f">character sets</a></li> <li title="ascii variant of international reference alphabet 5 (ira5)" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/codes.htm" class="n-l-f">ascii codes</a></li> <li title="international reference alphabet 5 (ascii's cousin)" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/ia5.html" class="n-l-f">ia5 codes</a></li> <li title="all that ™ & © stuff" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/web/entities.html" class="n-l-f">html entities</a></li> <li title="silly page containing a bunch of fonts in various sizes including your PCs defaults" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/web/fonts.html" class="n-l-f">web fonts</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a title="The T series, E series and J series and then all that optical stuff (OC-12 etc.)" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/data_rates.htm" class="n-l-c">data rate stuff</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a title="Even us electronic guys gotta know how to screw it together, if you get our drift" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/mech/" class="n-l-c">mechanical stuff</a> <ul class="n-l2"> <li title="fastener (screw) head styles - surprising number of choices" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/mech/heads.htm" class="n-l-f">head styles</a></li> <li title="threads for imperial (UNF, UNC) & metric sizes" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/mech/threads.htm" class="n-l-f">threads</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a title="A collection of howtos including Samba3 as PDC, FreeBSD firewalls" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/howtos/" class="n-l-c">howto stuff</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a title="A collection of survival guides - quick overviews - to popular software" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/survival/" class="n-l-c">survival stuff</a> <ul class="n-l2"> <li title="tls and x.509 (ssl) certificates - warning: headache inducing stuff" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/survival/ssl.html" class="n-l-f">ssl/tls/x.509</a></li> <li title="Abstract Syntax Notation. 1 (ASN.!) and Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER) - not for the faint hearted. Pass the pain medication, we feel a headache coming on." class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/survival/asn1.html" class="n-l-f">ASN.1 & DER</a></li> <li title="Kerberos is great - but tough, oh my, tough stuff" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/survival/kerberos.html" class="n-l-f">kerberos</a></li> <li title="We've used postfix for years but always forget which of the 27 million parameters to use" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/survival/postfix.html" class="n-l-f">postfix</a></li> <li title="Symetric, asymetric, MACs, hashes - eye watering stuff" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/survival/encryption.html" class="n-l-f">encryption</a></li> <li title="Just what time is it in Kuala Lumpur, and what's that got to do with cron?" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/survival/cron.html" class="t-db">cron</a></li> <li title="Gotta love wxWidgets - free, fantastic, flexible - but hard to see the wood for the trees sometimes" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/survival/wxwidgets.html" class="n-l-f">wxWidgets</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a title="Our wireless overview, Calculators, Fresnel zones, links to 'heavy' stuff, some early 802.11 stuff (mostly wi-fi related)" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/wireless/" class="n-l-c">wireless stuff</a> <ul class="n-l2"> <li title="our irreverent general intro to wirelss - purist will not like this page" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/wireless/intro.htm" class="n-l-f">overview</a></li> <li title="wireless calculators for system budgets, free-space loss, fresnel effects and a bunch of other stuff" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/wireless/calc.htm" class="n-l-f">calculators</a></li> <li title="fresnel effect explanation - well, we can understand it" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/wireless/fresnel.htm" class="n-l-f">fresnel effects</a></li> <li title="our outrageously biased description of frequency hopping versus direct sequence for spread spectrum" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/wireless/fh_ds.htm" class="n-l-f">fh vs ds</a></li> <li title="some terminology covering 802 standards and modulation techniques" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/wireless/soup.html" class="n-l-f">wireless soup</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a title="Pinouts - USB, DIN, Firewire, VGA, DVI, HDMI, DisplayPort and Thunderbolt, I/O interface speeds, Screen sizes including HD" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/pc/" class="n-l-c">pc stuff</a> <ul class="n-l2"> <li title="din and mini-din for older PCs" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/pc/din.htm" class="n-l-f">din & mini-din</a></li> <li title="802.3 LAN stuff" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/layer_1/cables/tech_lan.htm" class="n-l-f">802.3 lan</a></li> <li title="connection of monitors has changed over the years from clunky VGA to svelte HDMI - all the pinouts you could hope for" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/pc/monitors.htm" class="n-l-f">monitor pinouts</a></li> <li title="serial (db9, db24) connections - slow but trusty" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/layer_1/cables/tech_rs232.htm" class="n-l-f">serial stuff</a></li> <li title="usb pinouts and descriptions of power levels for usb 1, 2 and 3 - also includes firewire" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/pc/serial.html" class="n-l-f">usb & firewire</a></li> <li title="pc interfaces are changing and getting faster - we can never keep up - list of interfaces and their speeds" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/pc/interfaces.html" class="n-l-f">pc interfaces</a></li> <li title="we get confused about most things - just what is 1080p - pc and tv screen resolution table with some explanations" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/pc/resolution.html" class="n-l-f">screen resolutions</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a title="Electronic glossary, some old experiments with 3.3/5V protection and early BGA designs" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/electronics/" class="n-l-c">electronic stuff</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a title="ragbag collection of links that we publish from time to time - maybe useful, maybe not" href="http://www.zytrax.com/links" class="n-l-c">tech links</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a title="Our DNS and LDAP for Rocket Scientists guides" href="http://www.zytrax.com/books" class="n-l-c">open guides</a> <ul class="n-l2"> <li title="dns for rocket scientists" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/books/dns/" class="n-l-f">dns guide</a></li> <li title="ldap for rocket scientists" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/books/ldap/" class="n-l-f">ldap guide</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p class="t-r"> <a title="RSS (2.0) Feed - right click on icon, select 'Copy Link URL' or 'Copy Shortcut', paste into RSS Feed Reader, or drag and drop into RSS Feed Reader" href="http://www.zytrax.com/zytrax.rss" class="n-l-c"><img class="w-32 center" src="http://www.zytrax.com/images/rss.png" alt="RSS Feed Icon"></a> </p> <p class="p-b-h t-r">If you are happy it's OK - but your browser is giving a less than optimal experience on our site. You could, at no charge, upgrade to a W3C standards compliant browser such as <a href="http://www.mozilla.org" class="t-db">Firefox</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="l-r">  <div class="w-150">  <p class="c-g t-b t-o m-h8">Search</p> <form class="f-b-n" method="get" action="http://www.google.com/custom" target="_top"> <table> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap"> <input type="hidden" name="domains" value="www.zytrax.com"> <input class="b-lg" type="text" name="q" size="16" maxlength="255" value=""> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap"> <table> <tr> <td> <input type="radio" name="sitesearch" value="" checked="checked"><span class="t-s">web</span> </td> <td> <input type="radio" name="sitesearch" value="www.zytrax.com" ><span class="t-s">zytrax.com</span> </td> </tr> </table> <input class="b-lg" type="submit" name="sa" value="Google Search"> <input type="hidden" name="client" value="pub-9419480011552853"> <input type="hidden" name="forid" value="1"> <input type="hidden" name="ie" value="ISO-8859-1"> <input type="hidden" name="oe" value="ISO-8859-1"> <input type="hidden" name="safe" value="active"> <input type="hidden" name="cof" value="GALT:#008000;GL:1;DIV:#336699;VLC:663399;AH:center;BGC:FFFFFF;LBGC:336699;ALC:0000FF;LC:0000FF;T:000000;GFNT:0000FF;GIMP:0000FF;LH:50;LW:355;L:http://www.zytrax.com/images/zytrax-info-google.gif;S:http://www.zytrax.com/tech;FORID:1;"> <input type="hidden" name="hl" value="en"> </td></tr></table> </form>   <div class="t-h"><p><span class="t-g">Share</span></p> <div class="t-h-1"> Icons made by <a href="https://www.flaticon.com/authors/icomoon" title="Icomoon">Icomoon</a> from <a href="https://www.flaticon.com/" title="Flaticon">www.flaticon.com</a> is licensed by <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/" title="Creative Commons BY 3.0" target="_blank">CC 3.0 BY</a></div></div> <a href="http://www.facebook.com/share.php?u=http://www.zytrax.com/tech/protocols/lan/&h=Tech%20Stuff%20-%20LAN"><img class="w-32" title="add page to facebook" src="http://www.zytrax.com/images/facebook.png" alt="share page via facebook"></a> <a href="http://twitter.com/home/?status=Useful%20page%20http://www.zytrax.com/tech/protocols/lan/"><img class="w-32" title="tweet this page" src="http://www.zytrax.com/images/twitter.png" alt="tweet this page"></a> <p class="c-g t-b t-o m-h5">Page<p> <a class="a-n" href="http://www.zytrax.com/feedback.htm"><img class="w-32" title="Page comment feature" src="http://www.zytrax.com/images/mail.png" alt="email us"></a> <a class="a-n" href="http://www.zytrax.com/run/mailpage.php"><img class="w-32" title="Send to a friend" src="http://www.zytrax.com/images/mailfriend.png" alt="Send to a friend feature"></a> <a class="a-n" href="#" onclick="window.print();return false;"><img class="w-32" title="print page" src="http://www.zytrax.com/images/printpage.png" alt="print this page"></a> <a class="a-n" title="View page full width - suppresses left and right hand menus" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/protocols/lan/?pf=yes"><img class="w-32" src="http://www.zytrax.com/images/fullwidth.png" alt="Display full width page"></a> <a class="a-n" href="#" onclick="fontchange('d');return false;"><img class="w-32" title="Decrease font size" src="http://www.zytrax.com/images/smaller.png" alt="Decrease font size"></a> <a class="a-n" href="#" onclick="fontchange('i');return false;"><img class="w-32" title="Increase font size" src="http://www.zytrax.com/images/bigger.png" alt="Increase font size"></a> <p class="c-g t-b t-o m-h5">Standards</p> <p> <a href="http://www.iso.org" title="International Standards Organisation" target="_blank" class="w-db">ISO (International)</a><br> <a href="http://www.iec.ch" title="International Electrotechnical Commission" target="_blank" >IEC (International)</a><br> <a href="http://www.ansi.org" target="_blank" class="w-db">ANSI (US)</a><br> <a href="http://www.din.de/en" target="_blank" class="w-db">DIN (Germany)</a><br> <a href="http://www.etsi.org/" target="_blank" class="w-db">ETSI (EU)</a><br> <a href="http://www.bsigroup.com/en-GB" target="_blank" class="w-db">BSI (UK)</a><br> <a href="http://www.afnor.org/en" target="_blank" class="w-db">AFNOR (France)</a><br> </p> <p class="c-g t-b t-o m-h5">Telecom</p> <p> <a href="http://www.tiaonline.org" title="RS232 etc" target="_blank" class="w-db">TIA (US)</a><br> <a href="http://www.ecianow.org" target="_blank" class="w-db">ECIA (US)</a><br> <a href="http://www.itu.int" target="_blank" class="w-db">ITU (International)</a><br> <a href="http://www.ieee.org" target="_blank" class="w-db">IEEE (US)</a><br> <a href="http://www.etsi.org/" target="_blank" class="w-db">ETSI (EU)</a><br> <a href="http://www.ofcom.gov.uk/" target="_blank" class="w-db">OFCOM (UK)</a><br> </p> <p class="c-g t-b t-o m-h5">Internet</p> <p> <a href="http://www.ietf.org/" target="_blank" class="w-db">IETF</a><br> <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc.html" target="_blank" class="w-db">IETF-RFCs</a><br> <a href="http://www.iana.org/" target="_blank" class="w-db">IANA</a><br> <a href="http://www.icann.org/" target="_blank" class="w-db">ICANN</a><br> <a href="http://www.w3c.org/" target="_blank" class="w-db">W3C</a><br> </p> <p class="c-g t-b t-o m-h5">Electronics</p> <p> <a href="http://www.jedec.org" title="chip pacakaging, testing etc." target="_blank" class="w-db">JEDEC</a><br> <a href="http://www.ecianow.org" target="_blank" class="w-db">ECIA (US)</a><br> </p> </div> <p class="c-g t-b t-o">Site</p> <a class="a-n" href="http://www.zytrax.com/about_site.htm#css"><img class="w-32" src="http://www.zytrax.com/images/css.png" alt="CSS Technology"></a> <a class="a-n" href="http://www.zytrax.com/security/spf.html"><img title="SPF Record Conformant Domain" class="w-32" src="http://www.zytrax.com/images/spf.png" alt="SPF Record Conformant Domain"></a> </div> <div class="l-f">  <table> <tr> <td class="p-f-s t-l"> Copyright © 1994 - 2024 ZyTrax, Inc.<br> All rights reserved. <a href="http://www.zytrax.com/legal.html" class="p-f-s">Legal</a> and <a href="http://www.zytrax.com/privacy.html" class="p-f-s">Privacy</a> </td> <td class="t-c"><a href="https://www.zytrax.com" target="_blank" class="p-f-s">site by zytrax</a><br> <a href="https://www.javapipe.com" target="_blank" class="p-f-s">hosted by javapipe.com</a></td> <td class="p-f-s t-r"> <a href="javascript:mailus('web-master','zytrax.com','About Web site')" class="p-f-s">web-master at zytrax</a><br> Page modified: January 20 2022. </td> </tr> </table> </div>   </body> </html>