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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-us"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <link rel="icon" href="http://www.zytrax.com/favicon.ico"> <title>Tech Stuff - Wireless</title>   <style type="text/css">  </style> <style type="text/css" media="print">  </style> <script type="text/javascript">  </script> </head> <body>  <div class="l-b">  <a href="http://www.zytrax.com"><img id="toplogo" src="http://www.zytrax.com/images/zytrax-logo-info.png" alt="ZYTRAX Info Logo"></a>  <p class="n-t-t"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/feedback.htm" class="n-t-sr">mail us</a>  |  <a href="http://www.zytrax.com/run/mailpage.php" class="n-t-sr">mail this page</a></p> <div class="n-t0"> <a href="http://www.zytrax.com/Company/contacts.html" class="n-t-sr">contact us</a> </div> <div class="n-t0"> <a href="http://www.zytrax.com/training/" class="n-t-sr">training</a>  |  </div> <div class="n-t0"> <a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/" class="n-t-sr">tech stuff</a>  |  <ul 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class="n-t3-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/protocols/ip-classes.html" class="t-da">ipv4</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/protocols/ip-classes.html#calculator" class="t-da">ipv4 Calculator</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/protocols/ipv6.html" class="t-da">ipv6</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/protocols/ipv6.html#calculator" class="t-da">ipv6 Calculator</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/protocols/isdn" class="t-da">isdn-bri</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/protocols/lan" class="t-da">802 lan</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/ss7" class="t-da">ss7 & sigtran</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="n-t2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/pc/" class="t-da">pc stuff</a></li> <li class="n-t2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/wireless/" class="t-da">wireless stuff</a></li> <li class="n-t2-es t-da">css stuff <ul class="n-t3"> <li class="n-t3-e"><a title="collection of css notes and experiences including css menus and css liquid layout" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/css/" class="t-da">css stuff</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a title="Notes on our experience with converting to css based liquid layouts - including blow by blow css" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/css/layoutnotes.html" class="t-da">css liquid design</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a title="we have used css menus since mid-2003 - blow-by-blow implementation notes" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/css/workarounds.html#popout" class="t-da">css menus</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a title="some practical solutions on using css" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/css/workarounds.html" class="t-da">css notes</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a title="css shortforms at a glance" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/css/shortcut.html" class="t-da">css short-forms</a></li> <li class="n-t3-e"><a title="css selectors and quick overview with links to the W3C specs" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/css/syntax.html" class="t-da">css overview</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="n-t2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/codes.htm" class="t-da">ascii codes</a></li> <li class="n-t2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/data_rates.htm" class="t-da">data rate stuff</a></li> <li class="n-t2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/telephony/" class="t-da">telephony stuff</a></li> <li class="n-t2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/mech/" class="t-da">mech. stuff</a></li> <li class="n-t2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/protocols/hex.html" class="t-da">Dec>Hex>Bin</a></li> <li class="n-t2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/lang/" class="t-da">language stuff</a></li> <li class="n-t2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/electronics/" class="t-da">electronic stuff</a></li> <li class="n-t2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/rfcs/" class="t-da">rfc stuff</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="n-t1-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/security/" class="t-da">Security</a></li> </ul> </div>  </div>  <div class="l-c"> <p class="adv"> <script type="text/javascript"> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> </p> <h1>Tech Stuff - Wireless</h1> <p>The following information is available about wireless systems (mostly WiFi for just now). <b>In case you missed it:</b> The 802.11 standards are now freely <a href="http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802" class="t-db">available in PDF format</a>.</p> <table class="p-m-s"> <tr> <td class="w-120 t-td1"><a href="intro.htm" class="t-db">Overview</a></td> <td class="t-td2">Everything you NEVER wanted to know about wireless is here (in fairly simple terms).. the dreaded decibel, free space propagation, cable loss, antenna gain, links to places where people know what they are talking about and other horrible stuff that hurts the brain.</td> </tr> <tr > <td class="t-td1"><a href="calc.htm" class="t-db">Calculators</a></td> <td class="t-td2">Our versions of a number of useful wireless calculators including DB to Watt conversion (and vice versa), Free Space loss, Fresnel Effect, System Performance, Required Antenna Power, Power Budgets and other exotic stuff.</td> </tr> <tr > <td class="t-td1"><a href="fresnel.htm" class="t-db">Fresnel Effects</a></td> <td class="t-td2">Line-of-Sight (LoS) is not enough. An overview of Fresnel Zones and their effects on radio links.</td> </tr> <tr > <td class="t-td1"><a href="free.htm" class="t-db">Free Stuff</a></td> <td class="t-td2">Defines the unlicensed frequencies for a number of countries</td> </tr> <tr > <td class="t-td1"><a href="fh_ds.htm" class="t-db">FHSS vs DSSS</a></td> <td class="t-td2">Our unbiased (!!) overview of the two competing technologies.</td> </tr> <tr > <td class="t-td1"><a href="soup.html" class="t-db">Alphabet Soup</a></td> <td class="t-td2">What with 802.11a, MIMO and DQPSK modulation you can get a real sore head with wireless terminolgy. Here's a list in case you thought you had 'em all.</td> </tr> <tr > <td class="t-td1"><a href="802_mac.htm" class="t-db">802.11 MAC</a></td> <td class="t-td2">The media Access Control layer. CMSA/CA and all that jazz</td> </tr> </table> <hr> <p class="p-m-n"><br>Problems, comments, suggestions, corrections (including broken links) or something to add? Please take the time from a busy life to 'mail us' (at top of screen), the webmaster (below) or <a href="javascript:mailus('info-support','zytrax.com','Support Issue')" class="t-db">info-support at zytrax</a>. You will have a warm inner glow for the rest of the day.</p>  </div> <div class="l-l">  <div class="n-l"> <p class="c-g t-b t-o m-h5 t-r">Tech Stuff</p>  <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech" class="n-l-c">tech home</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a title="Digital Audio - primers, calculators, equalization, frequency tables, file formats, glossary - a mere splash in the ocean" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/audio/" class="n-l-c">audio stuff</a> <ul class="n-l2"> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/audio/sound.html" class="n-l-f">sound primer</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/audio/digital-sound.html" class="n-l-f">digital primer</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/audio/audio.html" class="n-l-f">note frequencies</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/audio/equalization.html" class="n-l-f">eq, meters & fft</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/audio/calculator.html" class="n-l-f">calculators</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/audio/formats.html" class="n-l-f">files & codecs</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/audio/glossary.html" class="n-l-f">glossary</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a title="Browser IDs, SSIs, Apache Configuration, regular expressions" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/web/" class="n-l-c">web stuff</a> <ul class="n-l2"> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/web/browser_ids.htm" class="n-l-f">browser ids</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/web/mobile_ids.html" class="n-l-f">mobile_ids</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/web/env_var.htm" class="n-l-f">apache env vars</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/web/ssi.htm" class="n-l-f">apache ssi</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/css/workarounds.html#popout" class="n-l-f">css popout menus</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a title="most of those annoying HTML entity codes that we forget all the time" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/web/entities.html" class="n-l-f">html entities</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a title="Decimal to Hexidecimal to Binary conversion - even Octal!" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/protocols/hex.html" class="n-l-f">dec > hex > bin</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/dom/" class="n-l-c">dom stuff</a><br> <ul class="n-l2"> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/dom/guide.html" class="n-l-f">dom guide</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/dom/w3c_dom.html" class="n-l-f">page explorer</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/dom/navigate.html" class="n-l-f">dom navigation</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a title="CSS is about a lot more than STYLE. Wheezes, table-less layouts, CSS pop-ups, CSS Shortcuts" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/css/" class="n-l-c">css stuff</a> <ul class="n-l2"> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/css/layoutnotes.html" class="n-l-f">css liquid design</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/css/workarounds.html#popout" class="n-l-f">css popout menus</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/css/workarounds.html" class="n-l-f">css notes</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/css/syntax.html" class="n-l-f">css syntax</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/css/shortcut.html" class="n-l-f">css short-forms</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a title="includes PHP, Ruby and some Java stuff (all about obscure solutions to stupid problems)" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/lang/" class="n-l-c">language stuff</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a title="quick overview 'cos we always forget - not that we ever knew much - now includes a nifty browser-based tester" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/web/regex.htm" class="n-l-c">regex stuff</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a title="rfc ordered by subject" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/rfcs/" class="n-l-c">rfc stuff</a> <ul class="n-l2"> <li title="dns rfcs" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/books/dns/apd/" class="n-l-f">dns rfcs</a></li> <li title="ldap rfcs" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/books/ldap/apc/" class="n-l-f">ldap rfcs</a></li> <li title="ipv6 rfcs" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/protocols/ipv6.html#rfcs" class="n-l-f">ipv6 rfcs</a></li> <li title="tls/x.509 rfcs" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/survival/ssl.html#rfcs" class="n-l-f">tls/x.509 rfcs</a></li> <li title="some other subjects - we only update these when we are active - some lists are consequently long in the tooth" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/rfcs" class="n-l-f">other rfcs</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a title="TCP/IP, IPv4, IPv6, ISDN, LAN, VoIP, ITU Multi-Media" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/protocols/" class="n-l-c">protocol stuff</a> <ul class="n-l2"> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/protocols/tcp.html" class="n-l-f">tcp, udp, icmp</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/protocols/ip-classes.html" class="n-l-f">ipv4</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/protocols/ipv6.html" class="n-l-f">ipv6</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/protocols/isdn/" class="n-l-f">isdn</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/survival/ssl.html" class="n-l-f">ssl/tls/x.509</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/ss7/" class="n-l-f">ss7 &sigtran</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/protocols/lan/" class="n-l-f">802.3 lan</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a title="PC Parallel Ports, LAN wiring, RS232, Centronics, DIN" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/layer_1/" class="n-l-c">cable stuff</a> <ul class="n-l2"> <li title="10baseT, 100base-TX/T4, 1000baseT, 10Gbase-T, RJ45, STP" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/layer_1/cables/tech_lan.htm" class="n-l-f">lan pinouts</a></li> <li title="mixing telephony and 802.3 LAN can be done on cat5/5e/6 wiring" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/layer_1/mixed.html" class="n-l-f">lan & telephone</a></li> <li title="RS 232 pinouts on db9, db24 and T1" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/layer_1/cables/tech_rs232.htm" class="n-l-f">rs232 pinouts</a></li> <li class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/layer_1/cables/heavy.htm" class="n-l-f">serial primer</a></li> <li title="USB 2.0, 3.0, 3.1 and 3.2 plus Firewire (i.Link) IEE 1394" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/pc/serial.html" class="n-l-f">usb & firewire</a></li> <li title="some information about display and monitors/console interfaces inclusing VGA, HDMI, DVI and Thunderbolt" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/pc/monitors.htm" class="n-l-f">displays</a></li> <li title="modular jack is the term we should use for those telephone and lan connectors" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/layer_1/cables/cables_jacks.htm" class="n-l-f">modular jacks</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a title="10baseT, 100base-TX/T4, 1000baseT, 10Gbase-T, RJ45, STP" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/layer_1/cables/tech_lan.htm" class="n-l-c">lan wiring</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a title="DB9, DB25 pinouts, RJ45 serial, T1 and RS standards alphabet soup" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/layer_1/cables/tech_rs232.htm" class="n-l-c">rs232 wiring</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a title="Decimal to Hex and Binary conversion table - even a description of Octal!" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/protocols/hex.html" class="n-l-c">dec > hex > bin</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a title="character sets ain't as simple as they look" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/codes.htm" class="n-l-c">character sets</a> <ul class="n-l2"> <li title="pretty much all the characters sets in the known universe including utf-7, 8 and 16" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/characters/" class="n-l-f">character sets</a></li> <li title="ascii variant of international reference alphabet 5 (ira5)" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/codes.htm" class="n-l-f">ascii codes</a></li> <li title="international reference alphabet 5 (ascii's cousin)" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/ia5.html" class="n-l-f">ia5 codes</a></li> <li title="all that ™ & © stuff" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/web/entities.html" class="n-l-f">html entities</a></li> <li title="silly page containing a bunch of fonts in various sizes including your PCs defaults" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/web/fonts.html" class="n-l-f">web fonts</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a title="The T series, E series and J series and then all that optical stuff (OC-12 etc.)" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/data_rates.htm" class="n-l-c">data rate stuff</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a title="Even us electronic guys gotta know how to screw it together, if you get our drift" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/mech/" class="n-l-c">mechanical stuff</a> <ul class="n-l2"> <li title="fastener (screw) head styles - surprising number of choices" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/mech/heads.htm" class="n-l-f">head styles</a></li> <li title="threads for imperial (UNF, UNC) & metric sizes" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/mech/threads.htm" class="n-l-f">threads</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a title="A collection of howtos including Samba3 as PDC, FreeBSD firewalls" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/howtos/" class="n-l-c">howto stuff</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a title="A collection of survival guides - quick overviews - to popular software" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/survival/" class="n-l-c">survival stuff</a> <ul class="n-l2"> <li title="tls and x.509 (ssl) certificates - warning: headache inducing stuff" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/survival/ssl.html" class="n-l-f">ssl/tls/x.509</a></li> <li title="Abstract Syntax Notation. 1 (ASN.!) and Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER) - not for the faint hearted. Pass the pain medication, we feel a headache coming on." class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/survival/asn1.html" class="n-l-f">ASN.1 & DER</a></li> <li title="Kerberos is great - but tough, oh my, tough stuff" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/survival/kerberos.html" class="n-l-f">kerberos</a></li> <li title="We've used postfix for years but always forget which of the 27 million parameters to use" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/survival/postfix.html" class="n-l-f">postfix</a></li> <li title="Symetric, asymetric, MACs, hashes - eye watering stuff" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/survival/encryption.html" class="n-l-f">encryption</a></li> <li title="Just what time is it in Kuala Lumpur, and what's that got to do with cron?" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/survival/cron.html" class="t-db">cron</a></li> <li title="Gotta love wxWidgets - free, fantastic, flexible - but hard to see the wood for the trees sometimes" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/survival/wxwidgets.html" class="n-l-f">wxWidgets</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a title="Our wireless overview, Calculators, Fresnel zones, links to 'heavy' stuff, some early 802.11 stuff (mostly wi-fi related)" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/wireless/" class="n-l-c">wireless stuff</a> <ul class="n-l2"> <li title="our irreverent general intro to wirelss - purist will not like this page" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/wireless/intro.htm" class="n-l-f">overview</a></li> <li title="wireless calculators for system budgets, free-space loss, fresnel effects and a bunch of other stuff" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/wireless/calc.htm" class="n-l-f">calculators</a></li> <li title="fresnel effect explanation - well, we can understand it" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/wireless/fresnel.htm" class="n-l-f">fresnel effects</a></li> <li title="our outrageously biased description of frequency hopping versus direct sequence for spread spectrum" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/wireless/fh_ds.htm" class="n-l-f">fh vs ds</a></li> <li title="some terminology covering 802 standards and modulation techniques" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/wireless/soup.html" class="n-l-f">wireless soup</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a title="Pinouts - USB, DIN, Firewire, VGA, DVI, HDMI, DisplayPort and Thunderbolt, I/O interface speeds, Screen sizes including HD" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/pc/" class="n-l-c">pc stuff</a> <ul class="n-l2"> <li title="din and mini-din for older PCs" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/pc/din.htm" class="n-l-f">din & mini-din</a></li> <li title="802.3 LAN stuff" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/layer_1/cables/tech_lan.htm" class="n-l-f">802.3 lan</a></li> <li title="connection of monitors has changed over the years from clunky VGA to svelte HDMI - all the pinouts you could hope for" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/pc/monitors.htm" class="n-l-f">monitor pinouts</a></li> <li title="serial (db9, db24) connections - slow but trusty" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/layer_1/cables/tech_rs232.htm" class="n-l-f">serial stuff</a></li> <li title="usb pinouts and descriptions of power levels for usb 1, 2 and 3 - also includes firewire" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/pc/serial.html" class="n-l-f">usb & firewire</a></li> <li title="pc interfaces are changing and getting faster - we can never keep up - list of interfaces and their speeds" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/pc/interfaces.html" class="n-l-f">pc interfaces</a></li> <li title="we get confused about most things - just what is 1080p - pc and tv screen resolution table with some explanations" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/pc/resolution.html" class="n-l-f">screen resolutions</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a title="Electronic glossary, some old experiments with 3.3/5V protection and early BGA designs" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/electronics/" class="n-l-c">electronic stuff</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a title="ragbag collection of links that we publish from time to time - maybe useful, maybe not" href="http://www.zytrax.com/links" class="n-l-c">tech links</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="n-l1p"> <li class="n-l1p-e"> <a title="Our DNS and LDAP for Rocket Scientists guides" href="http://www.zytrax.com/books" class="n-l-c">open guides</a> <ul class="n-l2"> <li title="dns for rocket scientists" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/books/dns/" class="n-l-f">dns guide</a></li> <li title="ldap for rocket scientists" class="n-l2-e"><a href="http://www.zytrax.com/books/ldap/" class="n-l-f">ldap guide</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p class="t-r"> <a title="RSS (2.0) Feed - 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You could, at no charge, upgrade to a W3C standards compliant browser such as <a href="http://www.mozilla.org" class="t-db">Firefox</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="l-r">  <div class="w-150">  <p class="c-g t-b t-o m-h8">Search</p> <form class="f-b-n" method="get" action="http://www.google.com/custom" target="_top"> <table> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap"> <input type="hidden" name="domains" value="www.zytrax.com"> <input class="b-lg" type="text" name="q" size="16" maxlength="255" value=""> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap"> <table> <tr> <td> <input type="radio" name="sitesearch" value="" checked="checked"><span class="t-s">web</span> </td> <td> <input type="radio" name="sitesearch" value="www.zytrax.com" ><span class="t-s">zytrax.com</span> </td> </tr> </table> <input class="b-lg" type="submit" name="sa" value="Google Search"> <input type="hidden" name="client" value="pub-9419480011552853"> <input type="hidden" name="forid" value="1"> <input type="hidden" name="ie" value="ISO-8859-1"> <input type="hidden" name="oe" value="ISO-8859-1"> <input type="hidden" name="safe" value="active"> <input type="hidden" name="cof" value="GALT:#008000;GL:1;DIV:#336699;VLC:663399;AH:center;BGC:FFFFFF;LBGC:336699;ALC:0000FF;LC:0000FF;T:000000;GFNT:0000FF;GIMP:0000FF;LH:50;LW:355;L:http://www.zytrax.com/images/zytrax-info-google.gif;S:http://www.zytrax.com/tech;FORID:1;"> <input type="hidden" name="hl" value="en"> </td></tr></table> </form>   <div class="t-h"><p><span class="t-g">Share</span></p> <div class="t-h-1"> Icons made by <a href="https://www.flaticon.com/authors/icomoon" title="Icomoon">Icomoon</a> from <a href="https://www.flaticon.com/" title="Flaticon">www.flaticon.com</a> is licensed by <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/" title="Creative Commons BY 3.0" target="_blank">CC 3.0 BY</a></div></div> <a href="http://www.facebook.com/share.php?u=http://www.zytrax.com/tech/wireless/&h=Tech%20Stuff%20-%20Wireless"><img class="w-32" title="add page to facebook" src="http://www.zytrax.com/images/facebook.png" alt="share page via facebook"></a> <a href="http://twitter.com/home/?status=Useful%20page%20http://www.zytrax.com/tech/wireless/"><img class="w-32" title="tweet this page" src="http://www.zytrax.com/images/twitter.png" alt="tweet this page"></a> <p class="c-g t-b t-o m-h5">Page<p> <a class="a-n" href="http://www.zytrax.com/feedback.htm"><img class="w-32" title="Page comment feature" src="http://www.zytrax.com/images/mail.png" alt="email us"></a> <a class="a-n" href="http://www.zytrax.com/run/mailpage.php"><img class="w-32" title="Send to a friend" src="http://www.zytrax.com/images/mailfriend.png" alt="Send to a friend feature"></a> <a class="a-n" href="#" onclick="window.print();return false;"><img class="w-32" title="print page" src="http://www.zytrax.com/images/printpage.png" alt="print this page"></a> <a class="a-n" title="View page full width - suppresses left and right hand menus" href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/wireless/?pf=yes"><img class="w-32" src="http://www.zytrax.com/images/fullwidth.png" alt="Display full width page"></a> <a class="a-n" href="#" onclick="fontchange('d');return false;"><img class="w-32" title="Decrease font size" src="http://www.zytrax.com/images/smaller.png" alt="Decrease font size"></a> <a class="a-n" href="#" onclick="fontchange('i');return false;"><img class="w-32" title="Increase font size" src="http://www.zytrax.com/images/bigger.png" alt="Increase font size"></a> <p class="c-g t-b t-o m-h5">Wireless</p> <p class="c-g t-b t-o m-h5">Theory Stuff</p> <p> <a href="http://et.nmsu.edu/~etti/fall96/communications/db/db.html" target="_blank" class="w-db">the decibel</a><br> </p> <p class="c-g t-b t-o m-h5">Interesting Stuff</p> <p> <a href="http://sss-mag.com" target="_blank" class="w-db">ss magazine</a><br> <a href="http://wireless.wikia.com/wiki/Wi-Fi" target="_blank" class="w-db">wifi wiki</a><br> </p> <p class="c-g t-b t-o m-h5">Bibliographies</p> <p> <a href="http://w3.antd.nist.gov/wctg/manet/wirelesspropagation_bibliog.html" target="_blank" class="w-db">radio propagation (NIST)</a><br> </p> <p class="c-g t-b t-o m-h5">Standards</p> <p> <a href="http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802" target="_blank" class="w-db">IEEE 802 Stds</a><br> </p> <p class="c-g t-b t-o m-h5">Frequencies</p> <p> <a href="http://www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/allochrt.html" target="_blank" class="w-db">US Frequencies (NTIA)</a><br> <a href="http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/smt-gst.nsf/eng/h_sf01678.html" target="_blank" class="w-db">Canada (CRTC)</a><br> <a href="http://www.ofcom.org.uk/static/archive/ra/topics/spectrum-strat/uk-fat/uk-fat2002.htm" target="_blank" class="w-db">UK (ofcom)</a><br> </p> <p class="c-g t-b t-o m-h5">Our Pages</p> <p> <a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/wireless" >wireless home</a><br> <a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/wireless/intro.htm" >wireless overview</a><br> <a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/wireless/calc.htm" >our calculators</a><br> <a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/wireless/fresnel.htm" >fresnel effect</a><br> <a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/wireless/decibel.htm" >dreaded decibel</a><br> <a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/wireless/802_mac.htm" >802.11 MAC</a><br> <a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/wireless/802_phy.htm" >802.11 PHY</a><br> <a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/wireless/fh_ds.htm" >fh vs ds</a><br> <a href="http://www.zytrax.com/tech/wireless/soup.html" >alphabet soup</a><br> </p> </div> <p class="c-g t-b t-o">Site</p> <a class="a-n" href="http://www.zytrax.com/about_site.htm#css"><img class="w-32" src="http://www.zytrax.com/images/css.png" alt="CSS Technology"></a> <a class="a-n" href="http://www.zytrax.com/security/spf.html"><img title="SPF Record Conformant Domain" class="w-32" src="http://www.zytrax.com/images/spf.png" alt="SPF Record Conformant Domain"></a> </div> <div class="l-f">  <table> <tr> <td class="p-f-s t-l"> Copyright © 1994 - 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