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NASA Missions</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/a-to-z-of-nasa-missions/" tabindex="-1">A to Z List of Missions</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/events/" tabindex="-1">Upcoming Launches and Landings</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/spaceships-and-rockets/" tabindex="-1">Spaceships and Rockets</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/communicating-with-missions/" tabindex="-1">Communicating with Missions</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/artemis/" tabindex="-1">Artemis</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/webb/" tabindex="-1">James Webb Space Telescope</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/hubble/" tabindex="-1">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/" tabindex="-1">International Space Station</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/osiris-rex/" tabindex="-1">OSIRIS-REx</a></li></ul></li><li>Humans in Space <ul><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/why-go-to-space/" tabindex="-1">Why Go to Space</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/astronauts/" tabindex="-1">Astronauts</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/commercial-space/" tabindex="-1">Commercial Space</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/destinations/" tabindex="-1">Destinations</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/spaceships-and-rockets/" tabindex="-1">Spaceships and Rockets</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/living-in-space/" tabindex="-1">Living in Space</a></li></ul></li><li>Earth &amp; Climate <ul><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/earth/explore/" tabindex="-1">Explore Earth Science</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/climate-change/" tabindex="-1">Climate Change</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/earth/facts/" tabindex="-1">Earth, Our Planet</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/earth/in-action/" tabindex="-1">Earth Science in Action</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/earth/multimedia/" tabindex="-1">Earth Multimedia</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/earth/data/" tabindex="-1">Earth Data</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/earth-science/" tabindex="-1">Earth Science Researchers</a></li></ul></li><li>About NASA <ul><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-impacts/" tabindex="-1">NASA's Impacts</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-centers-and-facilities/" tabindex="-1">Centers and Facilities</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-directorates/" tabindex="-1">Directorates</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-organization/" tabindex="-1">Organizations</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/people-of-nasa/" tabindex="-1">People of NASA</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/careers/" tabindex="-1">Careers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/nasa-internship-programs/" tabindex="-1">Internships</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/history/" tabindex="-1">Our History</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/doing-business-with-nasa/" tabindex="-1">Doing Business with NASA</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/get-involved/" tabindex="-1">Get Involved</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/contact-nasa/" tabindex="-1">Contact</a></li></ul></li><li>Learning Resources <ul><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/for-kids-and-students/" tabindex="-1">For Kids and Students</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/for-educators/" tabindex="-1">For Educators</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/colleges-and-universities/" tabindex="-1">For Colleges and Universities</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/for-professionals/" tabindex="-1">For Professionals</a></li><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/for-everyone/" tabindex="-1">Science for Everyone</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/requests-for-exhibits-artifacts-or-speakers/" tabindex="-1">Request an Exhibit or Speaker</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/stem-engagement-at-nasa/" tabindex="-1">STEM Engagement at NASA</a></li></ul></li><li>Aeronautics <ul><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/aeronautics/science-in-the-air/" tabindex="-1">Science in the Air</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/aeronautics/aircraft/" tabindex="-1">NASA Aircraft</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/aeronautics/flight-innovation/" tabindex="-1">Flight Innovation</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/aeronautics/supersonic-flight/" tabindex="-1">Supersonic Flight</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/aeronautics/air-traffic-solutions/" tabindex="-1">Air Traffic Solutions</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/aeronautics/green-aero-tech/" tabindex="-1">Green Aviation Tech</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/aeronautics/drones-and-you/" tabindex="-1">Drones & You</a></li></ul></li><li>Technology <ul><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/technology-transfer-spinoffs/" tabindex="-1">Technology Transfer & Spinoffs</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/space-travel-technology/" tabindex="-1">Space Travel Technology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/space-living-technology/" tabindex="-1">Technology Living in Space</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/manufacturing-and-materials/" tabindex="-1">Manufacturing and Materials</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/robotics/" tabindex="-1">Robotics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/science-instruments/" tabindex="-1">Science Instruments</a></li><li><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/computing/" tabindex="-1">Computing</a></li></ul></li><li>The Universe <ul><li><a href="https://science.nasa.gov/exoplanets/" tabindex="-1">Exoplanets</a></li><li><a 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stroke="white"></circle><rect x="4" y="7.6001" width="8" height="0.8" fill="white"></rect><rect x="7.59998" y="12" width="8" height="0.8" transform="rotate(-90 7.59998 12)" fill="white"></rect></svg></button></div></div><div><a href="/universe/" class="link-external-false nav-link text-bold text-white"><span class="text-carbon-90">Universe Home</span></a></div></div></div></div></nav></div></div></div></div></div><div class="GutenbergBlocks hds-module"><div class="BlockLayout margin-full-bleed"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module nasa-gb-align-full maxw-full width-full padding-0 wp-block-nasa-blocks-page-intro NasaBlocksPageIntroBlock"><div class="padding-0 bg-spacesuit-white wp-block-nasa-blocks-page-intro"><div class="hds-page-intro hds-page-intro-banner width-full maxw-full padding-0 hds-cover-wrapper minh-tablet"><div class="hds-foreground-wrapper display-flex"><div class="grid-row grid-container grid-container-block margin-top-auto margin-bottom-auto width-full maxw-desktop-lg padding-top-9 padding-x-3 z-400"><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6 desktop:padding-right-4 margin-bottom-3 desktop:margin-bottom-0"><div class="margin-bottom-2"><h1 class="page-heading-md line-height-sm color-spacesuit-white-important margin-0">Observatories</h1></div></div><div class="grid-col-12 desktop:grid-col-6 desktop:padding-right-4 margin-bottom-3 desktop:margin-bottom-0"></div></div></div><div class="skrim-overlay skrim-left mobile-skrim-top z-200"></div><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/astro/universe/2023/09/xrism-banner.webp?w=320&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 320w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/astro/universe/2023/09/xrism-banner.webp?w=640&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 640w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/astro/universe/2023/09/xrism-banner.webp?w=768&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/astro/universe/2023/09/xrism-banner.webp?w=1024&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/astro/universe/2023/09/xrism-banner.webp?w=1280&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1280w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/astro/universe/2023/09/xrism-banner.webp?w=1536&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1536w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/astro/universe/2023/09/xrism-banner.webp?w=2048&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2048w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/astro/universe/2023/09/xrism-banner.webp?w=2560&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2560w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/astro/universe/2023/09/xrism-banner.webp?w=3072&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 3072w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/astro/universe/2023/09/xrism-banner.webp?w=4096&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 4096w"><img width="1600" height="500" alt loading="eager" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/astro/universe/2023/09/xrism-banner.webp?w=4096&format=png&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/astro/universe/2023/09/xrism-banner.webp?w=320&format=png&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 320w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/astro/universe/2023/09/xrism-banner.webp?w=640&format=png&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 640w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/astro/universe/2023/09/xrism-banner.webp?w=768&format=png&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/astro/universe/2023/09/xrism-banner.webp?w=1024&format=png&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/astro/universe/2023/09/xrism-banner.webp?w=1280&format=png&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1280w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/astro/universe/2023/09/xrism-banner.webp?w=1536&format=png&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1536w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/astro/universe/2023/09/xrism-banner.webp?w=2048&format=png&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2048w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/astro/universe/2023/09/xrism-banner.webp?w=2560&format=png&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2560w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/astro/universe/2023/09/xrism-banner.webp?w=3072&format=png&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 3072w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/dynamicimage/assets/science/astro/universe/2023/09/xrism-banner.webp?w=4096&format=png&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 4096w"></picture></figure></div></div></div></div></div><div class="GutenbergBlocksCustomFields hds-module"><div class="GutenbergBlocks hds-module"><div class="BlockLayout margin-y-5 desktop:margin-y-6"><div id="Current" class="BlockWrapper hds-module hds-card-grid padding-x-0 wp-block-nasa-blocks-card-grid NasaBlocksCardGridBlock"><div class="hds-card-grid-header grid-container grid-container-block"><div class="grid-row flex-align-start margin-bottom-5"><div class="desktop:grid-col-8 margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h2 class="section-heading-sm line-height-sm margin-0">Current</h2></div></div><div class="desktop:grid-col display-flex flex-align-center desktop:flex-justify-end"></div></div><div class="grid-row grid-gap-2"></div></div><div class="hds-card-grid-cards grid-container grid-container-block"><div class="hds-cards-included grid-row"><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/chandra-640x480-2.png?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/chandra-640x480-2.png?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/chandra-640x480-2.png?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/chandra-640x480-2.png?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/chandra-640x480-2.png?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/chandra-640x480-2.png?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/chandra-640x480-2.png?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/chandra-640x480-2.png?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/chandra-640x480-2.png?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/chandra-640x480-2.png?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="640" height="480" alt="An illustration of NASA's Chandra spacecraft." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/chandra-640x480-2.png?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/chandra-640x480-2.png?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/chandra-640x480-2.png?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/chandra-640x480-2.png?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/chandra-640x480-2.png?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/chandra-640x480-2.png?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/chandra-640x480-2.png?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/chandra-640x480-2.png?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/chandra-640x480-2.png?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/chandra-640x480-2.png?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/chandra-640x480-2.png?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">Chandra X-ray Observatory</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">NASA’s Chandra is one of NASA's Great Observatories and the most powerful X-ray telescope, with eight times the resolution of any previous X-ray telescope and able to detect sources more than 20 times fainter. Chandra detects cosmic X-rays produced where matter is superheated by extreme gravity, magnetic fields, or even explosions.<br><br><strong>Launched: July 23, 1999</strong></p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="/mission/chandra/" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/euclid-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/euclid-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/euclid-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/euclid-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/euclid-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/euclid-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/euclid-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/euclid-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/euclid-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/euclid-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="640" height="480" alt="An illustration of ESA's Euclid spacecraft." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:43% 62%;object-position:43% 62%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/euclid-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/euclid-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/euclid-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/euclid-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/euclid-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/euclid-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/euclid-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/euclid-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/euclid-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/euclid-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/euclid-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">Euclid</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">ESA's (European Space Agency) Euclid mission will investigate some of the biggest mysteries in the cosmos. Using two instruments, a Near-Infrared Spectrometer and Photometer with NASA-supplied infrared detectors and a visible-light camera, Euclid will work to understand dark matter and dark energy by measuring the expansion of the universe and the distribution of dark matter over cosmic time.<br><br><strong>Launched: July 1, 2023</strong></p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="/mission/euclid/" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/fermi-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/fermi-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/fermi-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/fermi-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/fermi-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/fermi-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/fermi-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/fermi-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/fermi-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/fermi-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="640" height="480" alt="An illustration of NASA's Fermi spacecraft." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:28.999999999999996% 63%;object-position:28.999999999999996% 63%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/fermi-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/fermi-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/fermi-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/fermi-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/fermi-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/fermi-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/fermi-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/fermi-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/fermi-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/fermi-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/fermi-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">NASA's Fermi mission observes gamma rays, the most energetic type of light, from extreme cosmic phenomena including gamma-ray bursts, active galaxies, supernova remnants, pulsars, and more. The mission has improved our understanding of dark matter and discovered the Fermi bubbles, two previously unknown massive structures extending above and below the plane of our galaxy, the Milky Way.<br><br><strong>Launched: June 11, 2008</strong></p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="/mission/fermi/" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hubble-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hubble-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hubble-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hubble-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hubble-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hubble-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hubble-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hubble-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hubble-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hubble-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="640" height="480" alt="An illustration of NASA's Hubble spacecraft." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:23% 35%;object-position:23% 35%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hubble-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hubble-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hubble-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hubble-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hubble-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hubble-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hubble-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hubble-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hubble-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hubble-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hubble-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">Hubble Space Telescope</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">NASA’s Hubble mission has revolutionized our view of the universe. One of NASA's Great Observatories, Hubble has peered as far as 13.4 billion light-years away, capturing images of everything from merging galaxies to nebulae where stars are born and much more.<br><br><strong>Launched: April 24, 1990</strong></p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="/mission/hubble/" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/integral-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/integral-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/integral-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/integral-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/integral-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/integral-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/integral-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/integral-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/integral-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/integral-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="640" height="480" alt="An illustration of ESA’s INTEGRAL spacecraft." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:70% 36%;object-position:70% 36%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/integral-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/integral-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/integral-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/integral-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/integral-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/integral-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/integral-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/integral-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/integral-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/integral-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/integral-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">INTEGRAL (International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory)</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">ESA's (European Space Agency) INTEGRAL mission observes the universe in gamma-ray, X-ray, and visible light. It uses spectroscopy and wide-field-of-view imaging to study gamma-ray bursts, supernovae, X-ray binaries, active galaxies, and other phenomena. NASA aided INTEGRAL’s development and supports the U.S. scientific community’s use of the mission.<br><br><strong>Launched: October 17, 2002</strong></p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="/mission/integral/" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/space-station-640x480-2.png?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/space-station-640x480-2.png?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/space-station-640x480-2.png?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/space-station-640x480-2.png?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/space-station-640x480-2.png?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/space-station-640x480-2.png?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/space-station-640x480-2.png?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/space-station-640x480-2.png?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/space-station-640x480-2.png?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/space-station-640x480-2.png?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="640" height="480" alt loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:43% 21%;object-position:43% 21%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/space-station-640x480-2.png?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/space-station-640x480-2.png?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/space-station-640x480-2.png?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/space-station-640x480-2.png?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/space-station-640x480-2.png?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/space-station-640x480-2.png?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/space-station-640x480-2.png?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/space-station-640x480-2.png?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/space-station-640x480-2.png?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/space-station-640x480-2.png?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/space-station-640x480-2.png?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">International Space Station</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">The International Space Station is a microgravity laboratory orbiting Earth which has been continuously occupied by humans since 2000. A collaborative multinational project between NASA, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), ESA (European Space Agency), Roscosmos and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), the space station houses astronauts who work on everything from spacewalks to perform maintenance and upgrades, to scientific research investigations to improve life on Earth.<br><br><strong>Launched: November 20, 1998</strong></p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_self" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/ixpe-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/ixpe-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/ixpe-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/ixpe-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/ixpe-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/ixpe-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/ixpe-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/ixpe-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/ixpe-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/ixpe-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="640" height="480" alt="An illustration of NASA's IXPE observatory." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/ixpe-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/ixpe-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/ixpe-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/ixpe-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/ixpe-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/ixpe-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/ixpe-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/ixpe-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/ixpe-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/ixpe-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/ixpe-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">IXPE(Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer)</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">NASA’s IXPE is a space-based observatory that uses three identical X-ray telescopes to detect polarized X-rays from extreme cosmic objects like black holes, neutron stars, and pulsars.<br><br><strong>Launched: December 9, 2021</strong></p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="/mission/ixpe/" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/webb-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/webb-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/webb-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/webb-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/webb-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/webb-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/webb-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/webb-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/webb-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/webb-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="640" height="480" alt="An illustration of NASA's James Webb Space Telescope." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:44% 79%;object-position:44% 79%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/webb-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/webb-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/webb-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/webb-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/webb-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/webb-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/webb-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/webb-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/webb-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/webb-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/webb-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">James Webb Space Telescope</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">NASA's James Webb Space Telescope is the largest and most powerful observatory ever launched. Webb observes the cosmos in infrared using highly sensitive instruments designed to solve mysteries in our solar system, look beyond to distant worlds around other stars, and detect the first galaxies born after the big bang.<br><br><strong>Launched: December 25, 2021</strong></p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="/mission/webb" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/swift-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/swift-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/swift-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/swift-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/swift-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/swift-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/swift-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/swift-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/swift-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/swift-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="640" height="480" alt="An illustration of NASA's Swift observatory." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/swift-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/swift-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/swift-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/swift-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/swift-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/swift-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/swift-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/swift-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/swift-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/swift-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/swift-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">Neil Gehrels Swift Laboratory</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">NASA’s Swift observatory is a space satellite that studies gamma-ray bursts, the most powerful explosions in the universe, and other cosmic objects and events. Swift houses three multiwavelength telescopes, collecting data in visible, ultraviolet, X-ray, and gamma-ray light.<br><br><strong>Launched: November 20, 2004</strong></p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="/mission/swift" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/nicer-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/nicer-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/nicer-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/nicer-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/nicer-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/nicer-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/nicer-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/nicer-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/nicer-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/nicer-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="640" height="480" alt="An illustration of NASA's NICER X-ray observatory." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:52% 24%;object-position:52% 24%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/nicer-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/nicer-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/nicer-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/nicer-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/nicer-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/nicer-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/nicer-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/nicer-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/nicer-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/nicer-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/nicer-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">NICER (Neutron star Interior Composition Explorer)</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">NASA’s NICER is an X-ray observatory that studies neutron stars and other phenomena from its home aboard the International Space Station. NICER also demonstrated the use of galactic pulsars for the navigation of future deep-space exploration missions.<br><br><strong>Launched: June 3, 2017</strong></p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="/mission/nicer" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/nustar-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/nustar-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/nustar-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/nustar-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/nustar-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/nustar-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/nustar-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/nustar-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/nustar-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/nustar-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="640" height="480" alt="An illustration of NASA's NuSTAR space telescope." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/nustar-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/nustar-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/nustar-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/nustar-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/nustar-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/nustar-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/nustar-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/nustar-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/nustar-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/nustar-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/nustar-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">NuSTAR (Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array)</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">NASA’s NuSTAR is a space-based telescope that detects high-energy X-rays. With NuSTAR, scientists observe and investigate some of the hottest, densest, and most energetic objects in the universe, like supermassive black holes actively consuming gas and dust, and the remnants of exploded stars.<br><br><strong>Launched: June 13, 2012</strong></p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="/mission/nustar" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/piper-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/piper-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/piper-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/piper-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/piper-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/piper-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/piper-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/piper-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/piper-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/piper-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="640" height="480" alt="An illustration of NASA's PIPER instrument." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:59% 76%;object-position:59% 76%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/piper-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/piper-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/piper-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/piper-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/piper-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/piper-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/piper-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/piper-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/piper-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/piper-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/piper-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">PIPER (Primordial Inflation Polarization Explorer)</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">NASA’s PIPER is a balloon-borne instrument that measures and studies the polarization of the cosmic microwave background and diffuse interstellar dust. PIPER will map 85% of the sky and enable scientists to look for signs of primordial gravity waves created by the rapid expansion of the universe shortly after the big bang.<br><br><strong>Campaigns: 2017, 2019</strong></p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/scientificballoons/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_self" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/supertiger-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/supertiger-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/supertiger-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/supertiger-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/supertiger-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/supertiger-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/supertiger-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/supertiger-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/supertiger-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/supertiger-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="640" height="480" alt="An illustration of NASA's SuperTIGER instrument." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/supertiger-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/supertiger-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/supertiger-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/supertiger-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/supertiger-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/supertiger-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/supertiger-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/supertiger-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/supertiger-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/supertiger-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/supertiger-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">SuperTIGER (Super Trans-Iron Galactic Element Recorder)</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">NASA’s SuperTIGER is a balloon-borne instrument flown above Antarctica. SuperTIGER detects and measures cosmic rays, high-energy particles and atomic nuclei from beyond our solar system and galaxy that constantly reach the top of Earth’s atmosphere.<br><br><strong>Campaigns: 2012, 2019</strong></p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/scientificballoons/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_self" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tess-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tess-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tess-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tess-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tess-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tess-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tess-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tess-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tess-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tess-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="640" height="480" alt="An illustration of NASA's TESS spacecraft." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tess-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tess-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tess-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tess-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tess-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tess-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tess-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tess-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tess-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tess-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tess-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite)</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">NASA’s TESS was designed to detect exoplanets, worlds beyond our solar system. In the course of its extended observations of the sky, TESS also discovers all types of objects that change in brightness, from nearby asteroids to pulsating stars and distant galaxies containing supernovae.<br><br><strong>Launched: April 18, 2018</strong></p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="/mission/tess" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wise-neowise-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wise-neowise-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wise-neowise-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wise-neowise-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wise-neowise-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wise-neowise-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wise-neowise-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wise-neowise-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wise-neowise-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wise-neowise-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="640" height="480" alt="An illustration of NASA's WISE spacecraft." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wise-neowise-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wise-neowise-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wise-neowise-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wise-neowise-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wise-neowise-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wise-neowise-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wise-neowise-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wise-neowise-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wise-neowise-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wise-neowise-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wise-neowise-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">WISE/NEOWISE (Near-Earth Object Wide-field Infrared survey Explorer)</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">NASA's WISE mission mapped the entire sky in infrared light. It discovered the coolest and nearest brown dwarfs (objects that aren’t quite stars and aren’t quite planets), and the most luminous galaxies in the universe. In 2013, it was renamed NEOWISE and was given a new mission to help NASA identify and study near-Earth objects (NEOs), including comets and asteroids, in our planet's neighborhood.<br><br><strong>Launched: December 14, 2009</strong></p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="/mission/neowise/" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/xmm-newton-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/xmm-newton-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/xmm-newton-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/xmm-newton-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/xmm-newton-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/xmm-newton-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/xmm-newton-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/xmm-newton-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/xmm-newton-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/xmm-newton-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="640" height="480" alt="An illustration of ESA's XMM Newton observatory." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:60% 62%;object-position:60% 62%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/xmm-newton-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/xmm-newton-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/xmm-newton-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/xmm-newton-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/xmm-newton-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/xmm-newton-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/xmm-newton-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/xmm-newton-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/xmm-newton-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/xmm-newton-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/xmm-newton-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">XMM Newton (X-ray Multi-Mirror Mission Newton)</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">ESA's (European Space Agency) XMM-Newton is a space observatory that uses X-ray and optical/ultraviolet telescopes to study a wide variety of objects, from distant galaxy clusters to solar system planets. NASA provided funding for elements of the instrument package and supports the U.S. scientific community’s usage of XMM-Newton.<br><br><strong>Launched: December 10, 1999</strong></p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="/mission/xmm-newton/" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/xrism-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/xrism-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/xrism-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/xrism-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/xrism-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/xrism-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/xrism-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/xrism-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/xrism-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/xrism-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="640" height="480" alt="An illustration of JAXA’s XRISM spacecraft." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/xrism-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/xrism-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/xrism-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/xrism-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/xrism-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/xrism-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/xrism-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/xrism-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/xrism-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/xrism-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/xrism-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">XRISM (X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission)</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">NASA is partnering with the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency on the XRISM mission to study celestial objects that emit X-rays. The mission will investigate big, cosmic questions like how the largest structures in the universe came to be, what happens to matter under extreme gravitational force, and how high-energy particle jets work.<br><br><strong>Launched: September 6, 2023</strong> </p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="/mission/xrism" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout margin-y-5 desktop:margin-y-6"><div id="Future" class="BlockWrapper hds-module hds-card-grid padding-x-0 wp-block-nasa-blocks-card-grid NasaBlocksCardGridBlock"><div class="hds-card-grid-header grid-container grid-container-block"><div class="grid-row flex-align-start margin-bottom-5"><div class="desktop:grid-col-8 margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h2 class="section-heading-sm line-height-sm margin-0">Future</h2></div></div><div class="desktop:grid-col display-flex flex-align-center desktop:flex-justify-end"></div></div><div class="grid-row grid-gap-2"></div></div><div class="hds-card-grid-cards grid-container grid-container-block"><div class="hds-cards-included grid-row"><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/asthros-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/asthros-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/asthros-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/asthros-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/asthros-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/asthros-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/asthros-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/asthros-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/asthros-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/asthros-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="640" height="480" alt="An illustration of NASA's ASTHROS spacecraft." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:66% 56.00000000000001%;object-position:66% 56.00000000000001%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/asthros-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/asthros-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/asthros-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/asthros-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/asthros-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/asthros-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/asthros-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/asthros-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/asthros-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/asthros-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/asthros-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">ASTHROS (Astrophysics Stratospheric Telescope for High Spectral Resolution)</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">ASTHROS will send a telescope into Earth’s stratosphere using a high-altitude balloon. The telescope will observe far-infrared light, which is blocked by our planet’s atmosphere and thus cannot be observed on the ground. ASTHROS will create 3D maps of interstellar gas, providing new information about stellar feedback, a process that influences the rate of star formation. <br><br><strong>Planned launch: TBD</strong></p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="/mission/asthros/" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/content/dam/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1548/289_ESA_fact_sheet.gif?w=320&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 320w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/content/dam/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1548/289_ESA_fact_sheet.gif?w=640&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 640w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/content/dam/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1548/289_ESA_fact_sheet.gif?w=768&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/content/dam/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1548/289_ESA_fact_sheet.gif?w=1024&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/content/dam/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1548/289_ESA_fact_sheet.gif?w=1280&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1280w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/content/dam/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1548/289_ESA_fact_sheet.gif?w=1536&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1536w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/content/dam/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1548/289_ESA_fact_sheet.gif?w=2048&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2048w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/content/dam/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1548/289_ESA_fact_sheet.gif?w=2560&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2560w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/content/dam/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1548/289_ESA_fact_sheet.gif?w=3072&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 3072w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/content/dam/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1548/289_ESA_fact_sheet.gif?w=4096&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 4096w"><img width="640" height="480" alt="European Space Agency logo" loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1.2);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/content/dam/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1548/289_ESA_fact_sheet.gif?w=4096&format=png&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/content/dam/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1548/289_ESA_fact_sheet.gif?w=320&format=png&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 320w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/content/dam/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1548/289_ESA_fact_sheet.gif?w=640&format=png&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 640w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/content/dam/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1548/289_ESA_fact_sheet.gif?w=768&format=png&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/content/dam/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1548/289_ESA_fact_sheet.gif?w=1024&format=png&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/content/dam/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1548/289_ESA_fact_sheet.gif?w=1280&format=png&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1280w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/content/dam/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1548/289_ESA_fact_sheet.gif?w=1536&format=png&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1536w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/content/dam/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1548/289_ESA_fact_sheet.gif?w=2048&format=png&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2048w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/content/dam/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1548/289_ESA_fact_sheet.gif?w=2560&format=png&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2560w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/content/dam/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1548/289_ESA_fact_sheet.gif?w=3072&format=png&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 3072w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/content/dam/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1548/289_ESA_fact_sheet.gif?w=4096&format=png&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">ATHENA (Advanced Telescope for High-ENergy Astrophysics)</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">ESA's (European Space Agency) ATHENA is an X-ray observatory designed to investigate how ordinary matter assembles into galaxies and galaxy clusters and how black holes grow and influence their surroundings. NASA facilitates the mission’s development through hardware contributions and testing and will support access for the U.S. scientific community.<br><br><strong>Planned launch: Early 2030s</strong></p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="https://asd.gsfc.nasa.gov/athena/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_self" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/burstcube-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/burstcube-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/burstcube-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/burstcube-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/burstcube-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/burstcube-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/burstcube-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/burstcube-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/burstcube-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/burstcube-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="640" height="480" alt="An illustration of NASA’s BurstCube spacecraft." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 74%;object-position:50% 74%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/burstcube-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/burstcube-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/burstcube-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/burstcube-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/burstcube-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/burstcube-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/burstcube-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/burstcube-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/burstcube-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/burstcube-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/burstcube-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">BurstCube</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">BurstCube is a mission under development at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. This CubeSat will increase the sky coverage for short gamma-ray bursts, an important source for studying neutron star mergers in the current era of time domain and multimessenger astronomy.<br><br><strong>Planned launch: 2023</strong></p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="/mission/burstcube" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cosi-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cosi-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cosi-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cosi-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cosi-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cosi-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cosi-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cosi-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cosi-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cosi-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="640" height="480" alt="An illustration of the COSI spacecraft." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:64% 51%;object-position:64% 51%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cosi-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cosi-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cosi-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cosi-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cosi-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cosi-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cosi-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cosi-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cosi-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cosi-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cosi-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">COSI (Compton Spectrometer and Imager)</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">COSI is a gamma-ray telescope that will study energetic phenomena in the Milky Way and beyond, including the creation and destruction of matter and antimatter and the final stages of the lives of stars.<br><br><strong>Planned launch: 2027</strong></p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="/mission/cosi" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/exclaim-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/exclaim-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/exclaim-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/exclaim-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/exclaim-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/exclaim-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/exclaim-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/exclaim-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/exclaim-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/exclaim-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="640" height="480" alt="An illustration of the EXCLAIM instrument." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:39% 74%;object-position:39% 74%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/exclaim-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/exclaim-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/exclaim-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/exclaim-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/exclaim-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/exclaim-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/exclaim-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/exclaim-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/exclaim-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/exclaim-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/exclaim-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">EXCLAIM (Experiment for Cryogenic Large-Aperture Intensity Mapping)</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">NASA's EXCLAIM is a balloon mission that will loft a far-infrared telescope to the top of Earth's atmosphere to study how stars and galaxies have formed over time and create 3D maps of the universe.<br><br><strong>Planned launch: Fall, 2023</strong></p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/scientificballoons/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_self" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/content/dam/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1548/289_ESA_fact_sheet.gif?w=320&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 320w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/content/dam/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1548/289_ESA_fact_sheet.gif?w=640&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 640w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/content/dam/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1548/289_ESA_fact_sheet.gif?w=768&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/content/dam/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1548/289_ESA_fact_sheet.gif?w=1024&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/content/dam/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1548/289_ESA_fact_sheet.gif?w=1280&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1280w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/content/dam/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1548/289_ESA_fact_sheet.gif?w=1536&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1536w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/content/dam/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1548/289_ESA_fact_sheet.gif?w=2048&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2048w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/content/dam/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1548/289_ESA_fact_sheet.gif?w=2560&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2560w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/content/dam/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1548/289_ESA_fact_sheet.gif?w=3072&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 3072w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/content/dam/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1548/289_ESA_fact_sheet.gif?w=4096&format=webp&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 4096w"><img width="640" height="480" alt="ESA logo" loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/content/dam/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1548/289_ESA_fact_sheet.gif?w=4096&format=png&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://assets.science.nasa.gov/content/dam/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1548/289_ESA_fact_sheet.gif?w=320&format=png&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 320w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/content/dam/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1548/289_ESA_fact_sheet.gif?w=640&format=png&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 640w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/content/dam/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1548/289_ESA_fact_sheet.gif?w=768&format=png&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 768w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/content/dam/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1548/289_ESA_fact_sheet.gif?w=1024&format=png&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1024w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/content/dam/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1548/289_ESA_fact_sheet.gif?w=1280&format=png&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1280w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/content/dam/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1548/289_ESA_fact_sheet.gif?w=1536&format=png&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 1536w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/content/dam/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1548/289_ESA_fact_sheet.gif?w=2048&format=png&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2048w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/content/dam/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1548/289_ESA_fact_sheet.gif?w=2560&format=png&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 2560w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/content/dam/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1548/289_ESA_fact_sheet.gif?w=3072&format=png&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 3072w, https://assets.science.nasa.gov/content/dam/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1548/289_ESA_fact_sheet.gif?w=4096&format=png&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">LISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna)</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">ESA's (European Space Agency) LISA is a space probe that will detect and measure gravitational waves, ripples in the fabric of space-time caused by astrophysical events such as merging massive black holes.<br><br><strong>Planned launch: 2035</strong></p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="/mission/lisa-pathfinder/stories/" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/roman-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/roman-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/roman-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/roman-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/roman-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/roman-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/roman-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/roman-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/roman-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/roman-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="640" height="480" alt="An illustration of NASA's Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/roman-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/roman-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/roman-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/roman-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/roman-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/roman-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/roman-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/roman-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/roman-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/roman-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/roman-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">NASA’s Roman mission is a wide-field infrared space telescope that will investigate dark energy, far-off exoplanets, the history of the universe, and more. Roman's Wide Field Instrument, its primary instrument, will have a field of view 100 times greater than the Hubble Space Telescope's infrared instrument. Roman's other instrument, the Coronagraph Instrument, will perform spectroscopy and high-contrast imaging of nearby exoplanets.<br><br><strong>Planned launch: No later than May 2027</strong></p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="/mission/roman-space-telescope/" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/spherex-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/spherex-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/spherex-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/spherex-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/spherex-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/spherex-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/spherex-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/spherex-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/spherex-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/spherex-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="640" height="480" alt="An illustration of NASA's SPHEREx spacecraft." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/spherex-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/spherex-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/spherex-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/spherex-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/spherex-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/spherex-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/spherex-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/spherex-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/spherex-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/spherex-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/spherex-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">SPHEREx (The Spectro-Photometer for the History of the Universe, Epoch of Reionization and Ices Explorer)</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">NASA's SPHEREx mission will map the entire sky in near-infrared wavelengths, observing over 100 million stars in the Milky Way and more than 300 million galaxies. SPHEREx will use a method called spectroscopy to learn about the composition of those objects and measure the distances to other galaxies, creating a 3D map of the cosmos.<br><br><strong>Planned launch date: No later than April 2025</strong></p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="/mission/spherex" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="BlockLayout margin-y-5 desktop:margin-y-6"><div id="Historical" class="BlockWrapper hds-module hds-card-grid padding-x-0 wp-block-nasa-blocks-card-grid NasaBlocksCardGridBlock"><div class="hds-card-grid-header grid-container grid-container-block"><div class="grid-row flex-align-start margin-bottom-5"><div class="desktop:grid-col-8 margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h2 class="section-heading-sm line-height-sm margin-0">Historical</h2></div></div><div class="desktop:grid-col display-flex flex-align-center desktop:flex-justify-end"></div></div><div class="grid-row grid-gap-2"></div></div><div class="hds-card-grid-cards grid-container grid-container-block"><div class="hds-cards-included grid-row"><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/asca-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/asca-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/asca-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/asca-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/asca-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/asca-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/asca-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/asca-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/asca-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/asca-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="640" height="480" alt="An illustration of the ASCA spacecraft, developed by the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science in Japan." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/asca-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/asca-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/asca-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/asca-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/asca-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/asca-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/asca-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/asca-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/asca-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/asca-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/asca-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">ASCA (Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics)</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">ASCA was an X-ray astronomy spacecraft that studied distant active galaxies, sources of the cosmic X-ray background, and other phenomena. The mission was developed by the Japanese Institute of Space and Astronautical Science with significant U.S. contributions, including NASA.<br><strong>Launched: February 20, 1993<br>Decommissioned: July 15, 2000</strong></p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="/mission/asca" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cgro-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cgro-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cgro-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cgro-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cgro-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cgro-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cgro-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cgro-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cgro-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cgro-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="640" height="480" alt="An illustration of NASA’s CGRO spacecraft." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:46% 27%;object-position:46% 27%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cgro-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cgro-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cgro-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cgro-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cgro-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cgro-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cgro-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cgro-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cgro-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cgro-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cgro-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">CGRO (Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory)</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">CGRO mission, one of NASA's Great Observatories, studied the gamma-ray sky using four telescopes that detected different energies. The mission found a class of active galaxies called blazars, mapped the Milky Way’s distribution of a radioactive isotope of aluminum, and hinted at gamma-ray bursts’ cosmological origins, among other discoveries.<br><strong>Launched: April 5, 1991<br>Decommissioned: June 4, 2000</strong></p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="/mission/cgro" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cobe-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cobe-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cobe-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cobe-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cobe-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cobe-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cobe-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cobe-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cobe-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cobe-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="640" height="480" alt="An illustration of NASA's COBE spacecraft." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cobe-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cobe-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cobe-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cobe-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cobe-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cobe-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cobe-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cobe-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cobe-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cobe-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cobe-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">COBE (Cosmic Background Explorer)</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">NASA’s COBE was a mission that measured and mapped the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) left over from the big bang, which is the oldest light in the universe. The mission provided key evidence for the expanding universe theory, also known as the big bang theory, as an explanation for the origins of the universe and refined our understanding of the event and CMB.<br><strong>Launched: November 18, 1989<br>Decommissioned: December 23, 1993</strong></p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="/mission/cobe" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/galex-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/galex-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/galex-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/galex-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/galex-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/galex-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/galex-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/galex-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/galex-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/galex-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="640" height="480" alt="An illustration of NASA's GALEX spacecraft." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:34% 54%;object-position:34% 54%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/galex-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/galex-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/galex-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/galex-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/galex-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/galex-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/galex-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/galex-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/galex-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/galex-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/galex-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">GALEX (Galaxy Evolution Explorer)</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">NASA’s GALEX was a space telescope that orbited Earth and observed the cosmos in ultraviolet light, performing the first all-sky UV survey and studying star formation throughout the history of the universe.<br><strong>Launched: April 28, 2003<br>Decommissioned: June 28, 2013</strong></p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="/mission/galex" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/halosat-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/halosat-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/halosat-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/halosat-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/halosat-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/halosat-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/halosat-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/halosat-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/halosat-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/halosat-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="640" height="480" alt="An illustration of the HaloSat spacecraft." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:52% 12%;object-position:52% 12%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/halosat-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/halosat-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/halosat-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/halosat-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/halosat-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/halosat-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/halosat-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/halosat-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/halosat-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/halosat-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/halosat-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">HaloSat</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">HaloSat was a CubeSat that studied the mass and shape of the Milky Way's halo, a region around our galaxy filled with hot gas. The mission was led by students and researchers at the University of Iowa with NASA participation.<br><strong>Launched: May 21, 2018<br>Decommissioned: September 29, 2020</strong></p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="/mission/halosat" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hitomi-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hitomi-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hitomi-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hitomi-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hitomi-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hitomi-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hitomi-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hitomi-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hitomi-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hitomi-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="640" height="480" alt="An illustration of JAXA’s Hitomi spacecraft." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hitomi-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hitomi-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hitomi-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hitomi-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hitomi-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hitomi-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hitomi-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hitomi-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hitomi-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hitomi-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hitomi-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">Hitomi</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">NASA partnered with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency on Hitomi, an X-ray observatory designed to detect radiation ranging from X-rays to gamma rays. Hitomi’s goal was to study cosmic elements from the evolution of the universe to the distribution of dark matter within galaxy clusters.<br><strong>Launched: February 17, 2016<br>Operations ceased: March 26, 2016</strong></p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="/mission/hitomi" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/kepler-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/kepler-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/kepler-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/kepler-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/kepler-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/kepler-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/kepler-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/kepler-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/kepler-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/kepler-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="640" height="480" alt="An illustration of NASA’s Kepler Space Telescope." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:27% 51%;object-position:27% 51%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/kepler-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/kepler-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/kepler-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/kepler-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/kepler-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/kepler-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/kepler-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/kepler-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/kepler-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/kepler-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/kepler-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">Kepler  Space Telescope</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">NASA’s Kepler was a planet-hunting space telescope designed to discover Earth-size and larger planets orbiting in or near the habitable zones of their stars. Kepler surveyed our neighborhood in the Milky Way galaxy and, throughout its lifetime, observed over half a million stars, enabling the discovery of over 3,200 planets. The Kepler mission revealed that there are more planets than stars in our galaxy.<br><strong>Launched: March 7, 2009<br>Decommissioned: October 30, 2018</strong></p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="/mission/kepler" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/lisa-pathfinder-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/lisa-pathfinder-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/lisa-pathfinder-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/lisa-pathfinder-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/lisa-pathfinder-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/lisa-pathfinder-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/lisa-pathfinder-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/lisa-pathfinder-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/lisa-pathfinder-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/lisa-pathfinder-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="640" height="480" alt="An illustration of ESA's LISA Pathfinder spacecraft." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/lisa-pathfinder-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/lisa-pathfinder-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/lisa-pathfinder-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/lisa-pathfinder-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/lisa-pathfinder-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/lisa-pathfinder-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/lisa-pathfinder-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/lisa-pathfinder-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/lisa-pathfinder-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/lisa-pathfinder-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/lisa-pathfinder-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">LISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna) Pathfinder</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">ESA's (European Space Agency) LISA Pathfinder spacecraft demonstrated technologies required for LISA, a future space probe designed to detect gravitational waves.<br><strong>Launched: December 3, 2015<br>Decommissioned: June 30, 2017</strong></p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="/mission/lisa-pathfinder/" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/oao-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/oao-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/oao-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/oao-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/oao-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/oao-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/oao-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/oao-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/oao-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/oao-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="640" height="480" alt="An illustration of one of NASA's OAO spacecraft." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/oao-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/oao-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/oao-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/oao-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/oao-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/oao-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/oao-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/oao-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/oao-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/oao-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/oao-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">OAO (Orbiting Astronomical Observatory)</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">NASA’s OAO program was a series of four satellites that launched between 1966 and 1972, two of which were successful. These missions included OAO-2 and OAO-3, the direct ancestors of Hubble, Chandra, Swift, and many other astronomy satellites.<br>Launched:<br><strong>OAO 1: April 8, 1966<br>OAO 2 (Stargazer): December 7, 1968<br>OAO B: November 30, 1970<br>OAO 3 (Copernicus): August 21, 1972</strong></p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="/mission/oao" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/planck-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/planck-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/planck-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/planck-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/planck-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/planck-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/planck-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/planck-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/planck-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/planck-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="640" height="480" alt="An illustration of ESA's Planck spacecraft." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/planck-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/planck-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/planck-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/planck-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/planck-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/planck-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/planck-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/planck-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/planck-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/planck-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/planck-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">Planck</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">ESA's (European Space Agency) Planck mission made precise measurements of minuscule variations in the cosmic microwave background, the oldest light in the universe, which was emitted just 380,000 years after the big bang, which took place 13.8 billion years ago.<br><strong>Launched: May 14, 2009<br>Decommissioned: October 23, 2013</strong></p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="/mission/planck" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/rxte-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/rxte-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/rxte-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/rxte-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/rxte-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/rxte-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/rxte-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/rxte-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/rxte-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/rxte-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="640" height="480" alt="An illustration of NASA's RXTE satellite." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/rxte-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/rxte-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/rxte-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/rxte-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/rxte-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/rxte-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/rxte-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/rxte-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/rxte-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/rxte-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/rxte-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">RXTE (Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer)</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">NASA’s RXTE satellite collected information about the extreme environments that surround white dwarf stars, neutron stars, black holes, and other objects that emit X-rays.<br><strong>Launched: December 30, 1995<br>Decommissioned: January 12, 2012</strong></p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="/mission/rxte" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/sofia-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/sofia-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/sofia-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/sofia-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/sofia-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/sofia-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/sofia-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/sofia-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/sofia-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/sofia-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="640" height="480" alt="An illustration of NASA's SOFIA, a modified Boeing 747 aircraft." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:8% 66%;object-position:8% 66%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/sofia-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/sofia-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/sofia-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/sofia-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/sofia-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/sofia-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/sofia-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/sofia-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/sofia-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/sofia-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/sofia-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">SOFIA (Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy)</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">NASA’s SOFIA was a modified Boeing 747SP aircraft carrying a reflecting telescope that observed the cosmos in infrared light. SOFIA flew into Earth's stratosphere, up to about 45,000 feet (13,700 meters), and collected data during 10-hour overnight flights, observing the Moon, planets, stars, nearby galaxies and more. SOFIA was a joint project of NASA and the German Space Agency at DLR.<br><strong>First Flight: April 26, 2007<br>Final Flight: Sept. 28-29, 2022</strong></p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="/mission/sofia" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/spitzer-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/spitzer-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/spitzer-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/spitzer-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/spitzer-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/spitzer-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/spitzer-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/spitzer-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/spitzer-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/spitzer-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="640" height="480" alt="An illustration of NASAs Spitzer." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/spitzer-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/spitzer-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/spitzer-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/spitzer-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/spitzer-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/spitzer-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/spitzer-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/spitzer-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/spitzer-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/spitzer-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/spitzer-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">Spitzer Space Telescope</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">NASA's Spitzer, the fourth and final mission launched as part of NASA's Great Observatories Program, studied the universe in infrared light. Spitzer’s discoveries were enabled by studying a wide range of cosmic targets, including some of the most distant galaxies ever observed, hidden stellar nurseries in our home galaxy, and planets around other stars.<br><strong>Launched: August 25, 2003<br>Decommissioned: January 30, 2020</strong></p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="/mission/spitzer" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/suzaku-640x480-2.png?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/suzaku-640x480-2.png?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/suzaku-640x480-2.png?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/suzaku-640x480-2.png?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/suzaku-640x480-2.png?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/suzaku-640x480-2.png?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/suzaku-640x480-2.png?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/suzaku-640x480-2.png?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/suzaku-640x480-2.png?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/suzaku-640x480-2.png?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="640" height="480" alt="An illustration of the JAXA’s Suzaku spacecraft." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/suzaku-640x480-2.png?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/suzaku-640x480-2.png?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/suzaku-640x480-2.png?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/suzaku-640x480-2.png?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/suzaku-640x480-2.png?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/suzaku-640x480-2.png?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/suzaku-640x480-2.png?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/suzaku-640x480-2.png?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/suzaku-640x480-2.png?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/suzaku-640x480-2.png?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/suzaku-640x480-2.png?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">Suzaku</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">Suzaku was a space satellite that studied sources of high energy X-rays like supernova explosions and black holes. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency developed the mission in collaboration with Japanese and U.S. institutions, including NASA.<br><strong>Launched: July 10, 2005<br>Decommissioned: September 2, 2015</strong></p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="/mission/suzaku" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-6"><div class="hds-card-custom hds-card color-carbon-black display-flex flex-column"><div class="hds-card-inner margin-bottom-5"><div class="hds-card-thumbnail hds-card-hover-zoom-image margin-bottom-2 bg-carbon-black"><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wmap-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wmap-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wmap-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wmap-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wmap-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wmap-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wmap-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wmap-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wmap-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wmap-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="640" height="480" alt="An illustration of NASA’s WMAP spacecraft." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wmap-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wmap-640x480-1.png?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wmap-640x480-1.png?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wmap-640x480-1.png?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wmap-640x480-1.png?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wmap-640x480-1.png?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wmap-640x480-1.png?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wmap-640x480-1.png?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wmap-640x480-1.png?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wmap-640x480-1.png?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wmap-640x480-1.png?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div><div class="padding-right-0"><div class="margin-bottom-1"><h3 class="heading-18 margin-0">WMAP (Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe)</h3></div><p class="margin-top-0 line-height-lg">NASA's WMAP spacecraft measured temperature differences across the sky in the cosmic microwave background radiation, a remnant of the big bang.<br><strong>Launched: June 30, 2001<br>Operations ceased: August 19, 2010</strong></p><div class="margin-top-2"><a href="https://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_self" class="link-external-false BaseButton button-primary link-external-0 display-inline-block button-primary-md"><span class="display-flex flex-row flex-align-center width-auto"><span class="line-height-alt-1 width-auto" style="white-space:pre-wrap;min-width:1px;"><span>Read More</span></span><svg viewBox="0 0 34 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="button-primary-circle" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></span></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="GutenbergBlocks hds-module"><div class="BlockLayout margin-full-bleed"><div class="BlockWrapper hds-module nasa-gb-align-full maxw-full width-full padding-y-6 padding-x-3 color-mode-dark wp-block-nasa-blocks-topic-cards NasaBlocksTopicCardsBlock"><div class="grid-container grid-container-block-lg padding-x-0"><div class="grid-row flex-align-center margin-bottom-3"><div class="desktop:grid-col-8 margin-bottom-2 desktop:margin-bottom-0"><div class="label color-carbon-60 margin-bottom-2">Keep Exploring</div><h2 class="heading-36 line-height-sm margin-0">Discover More Topics From NASA</h2></div></div><div class="swiper grid-row grid-gap-2"><div class="swiper-wrapper"><div class="swiper-slide topic-card-slide mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0"><a href="/universe/galaxies/" class="link-external-false"><div class="hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black"><div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200"><div><p class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1"><span>Galaxies</span><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></p></div></div><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/spiral-galaxy-jpg.webp?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/spiral-galaxy-jpg.webp?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/spiral-galaxy-jpg.webp?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/spiral-galaxy-jpg.webp?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/spiral-galaxy-jpg.webp?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/spiral-galaxy-jpg.webp?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/spiral-galaxy-jpg.webp?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/spiral-galaxy-jpg.webp?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/spiral-galaxy-jpg.webp?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/spiral-galaxy-jpg.webp?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="1024" height="800" alt="Looking like a pinwheel, this face-on spiral galaxy holds a bright-white core at image center. Arms curve outward from the core. They hold dark dust lanes and bright star-forming regions. All on a black background dotted with stars." loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/spiral-galaxy-jpg.webp?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/spiral-galaxy-jpg.webp?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/spiral-galaxy-jpg.webp?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/spiral-galaxy-jpg.webp?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/spiral-galaxy-jpg.webp?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/spiral-galaxy-jpg.webp?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/spiral-galaxy-jpg.webp?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/spiral-galaxy-jpg.webp?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/spiral-galaxy-jpg.webp?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/spiral-galaxy-jpg.webp?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/spiral-galaxy-jpg.webp?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div></a></div><div class="swiper-slide topic-card-slide mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0"><a href="/universe/black-holes/" class="link-external-false"><div class="hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black"><div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex flex-align-end flex-justify-start z-200"><div><p class="hds-topic-card-heading heading-29 color-spacesuit-white line-height-sm margin-top-0 margin-bottom-1"><span>Black Holes</span><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><circle class="color-nasa-red" cx="16" cy="16" r="16"></circle><path d="M8 16.956h12.604l-3.844 4.106 1.252 1.338L24 16l-5.988-6.4-1.252 1.338 3.844 4.106H8v1.912z" class="color-spacesuit-white"></path></svg></p></div></div><figure class="hds-media-background"><picture class="BaseMedia width-full"><source type="image/webp" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/blackhole-binary-mainsequence-jpg.webp?w=320&format=webp 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/blackhole-binary-mainsequence-jpg.webp?w=640&format=webp 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/blackhole-binary-mainsequence-jpg.webp?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/blackhole-binary-mainsequence-jpg.webp?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/blackhole-binary-mainsequence-jpg.webp?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/blackhole-binary-mainsequence-jpg.webp?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/blackhole-binary-mainsequence-jpg.webp?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/blackhole-binary-mainsequence-jpg.webp?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/blackhole-binary-mainsequence-jpg.webp?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/blackhole-binary-mainsequence-jpg.webp?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="1024" height="1024" alt loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/blackhole-binary-mainsequence-jpg.webp?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/blackhole-binary-mainsequence-jpg.webp?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/blackhole-binary-mainsequence-jpg.webp?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/blackhole-binary-mainsequence-jpg.webp?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/blackhole-binary-mainsequence-jpg.webp?w=1024&format=png 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/blackhole-binary-mainsequence-jpg.webp?w=1280&format=png 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/blackhole-binary-mainsequence-jpg.webp?w=1536&format=png 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/blackhole-binary-mainsequence-jpg.webp?w=2048&format=png 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/blackhole-binary-mainsequence-jpg.webp?w=2560&format=png 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/blackhole-binary-mainsequence-jpg.webp?w=3072&format=png 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/blackhole-binary-mainsequence-jpg.webp?w=4096&format=png 4096w"></picture></figure></div></a></div><div class="swiper-slide topic-card-slide mobile:grid-col-12 tablet:grid-col-6 desktop:grid-col-3 topic-card margin-bottom-4 desktop:margin-bottom-0"><a href="/universe/stars/" class="link-external-false"><div class="hds-topic-card hds-cover-wrapper cover-hover-zoom bg-carbon-black"><div class="skrim-overlay skrim-overlay-dark skrim-left mobile-skrim-top padding-3 display-flex 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https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/may102022-x1pt5flare-171-131-304-jpg.webp?w=768&format=webp 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/may102022-x1pt5flare-171-131-304-jpg.webp?w=1024&format=webp 1024w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/may102022-x1pt5flare-171-131-304-jpg.webp?w=1280&format=webp 1280w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/may102022-x1pt5flare-171-131-304-jpg.webp?w=1536&format=webp 1536w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/may102022-x1pt5flare-171-131-304-jpg.webp?w=2048&format=webp 2048w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/may102022-x1pt5flare-171-131-304-jpg.webp?w=2560&format=webp 2560w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/may102022-x1pt5flare-171-131-304-jpg.webp?w=3072&format=webp 3072w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/may102022-x1pt5flare-171-131-304-jpg.webp?w=4096&format=webp 4096w"><img width="1024" height="576" alt loading="lazy" decoding="async" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" style="transform:scale(1);transform-origin:50% 50%;object-position:50% 50%;object-fit:cover;" class="width-full" data-nuxt-pic src="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/may102022-x1pt5flare-171-131-304-jpg.webp?w=4096&format=png" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 320px, (max-width: 768px) 640px, (max-width: 1024px) 768px, (max-width: 1280px) 1024px, (max-width: 1536px) 1280px, 2048px" srcset="https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/may102022-x1pt5flare-171-131-304-jpg.webp?w=320&format=png 320w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/may102022-x1pt5flare-171-131-304-jpg.webp?w=640&format=png 640w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/may102022-x1pt5flare-171-131-304-jpg.webp?w=768&format=png 768w, https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/may102022-x1pt5flare-171-131-304-jpg.webp?w=1024&format=png 1024w, 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Galleries",[318,341,358,376,393,411,424,440,456,470,486,500,516,529,543,557,572],{"id":28,"excerpt":28,"featuredImg":319,"link":55,"title":8,"read_time":28,"time_ago":71,"card_type":322,"more_link":323,"custom":324},{"id":99,"url":67,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":320,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":65,"height":66},{"x":321,"y":321},0.5,"custom","Read More",{"description":325,"featuredImg":326,"more_link":323,"title":335,"linkId":336},"NASA’s Chandra is one of NASA's Great Observatories and the most powerful X-ray telescope, with eight times the resolution of any previous X-ray telescope and able to detect sources more than 20 times fainter. Chandra detects cosmic X-rays produced where matter is superheated by extreme gravity, magnetic fields, or even explosions.\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>\u003Cstrong>Launched: July 23, 1999\u003C/strong>",{"id":327,"url":328,"alt":329,"caption":330,"credits":331,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":332,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":333,"height":334},230091,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/chandra-640x480-2.png?w=640","An illustration of NASA's Chandra spacecraft.","NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory. Credit: NASA","NASA",{"x":103,"y":103},640,480,"Chandra X-ray Observatory",{"id":337,"title":338,"kind":167,"type":339,"url":340,"external":121,"target":122},55368,"Chandra","mission","https://science.nasa.gov/mission/chandra/",{"id":28,"excerpt":28,"featuredImg":342,"link":55,"title":8,"read_time":28,"time_ago":71,"card_type":322,"more_link":323,"custom":344},{"id":99,"url":67,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":343,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":65,"height":66},{"x":321,"y":321},{"description":345,"featuredImg":346,"more_link":323,"title":354,"linkId":355},"ESA's (European Space Agency) Euclid mission will investigate some of the biggest mysteries in the cosmos. Using two instruments, a Near-Infrared Spectrometer and Photometer with NASA-supplied infrared detectors and a visible-light camera, Euclid will work to understand dark matter and dark energy by measuring the expansion of the universe and the distribution of dark matter over cosmic time.\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>\u003Cstrong>Launched: July 1, 2023\u003C/strong>",{"id":347,"url":348,"alt":349,"caption":350,"credits":331,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":351,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":333,"height":334},230094,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/euclid-640x480-1.png?w=640","An illustration of ESA's Euclid spacecraft.","An illustration of ESA's Euclid spacecraft. The colors depicted in this illustration are for artistic purposes only.",{"x":352,"y":353},0.43,0.62,"Euclid",{"id":356,"title":354,"kind":167,"type":339,"url":357,"external":121,"target":122},55402,"https://science.nasa.gov/mission/euclid/",{"id":28,"excerpt":28,"featuredImg":359,"link":55,"title":8,"read_time":28,"time_ago":71,"card_type":322,"more_link":323,"custom":361},{"id":99,"url":67,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":360,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":65,"height":66},{"x":321,"y":321},{"description":362,"featuredImg":363,"more_link":323,"title":371,"linkId":372},"NASA's Fermi mission observes gamma rays, the most energetic type of light, from extreme cosmic phenomena including gamma-ray bursts, active galaxies, supernova remnants, pulsars, and more. The mission has improved our understanding of dark matter and discovered the Fermi bubbles, two previously unknown massive structures extending above and below the plane of our galaxy, the Milky Way.\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>\u003Cstrong>Launched: June 11, 2008\u003C/strong>",{"id":364,"url":365,"alt":366,"caption":367,"credits":331,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":368,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":333,"height":334},230095,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/fermi-640x480-1.png?w=640","An illustration of NASA's Fermi spacecraft."," An illustration of NASA's Fermi spacecraft. The colors depicted in this illustration are for artistic purposes only.",{"x":369,"y":370},0.29,0.63,"Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope",{"id":373,"title":374,"kind":167,"type":339,"url":375,"external":121,"target":122},41268,"Fermi","https://science.nasa.gov/mission/fermi/",{"id":28,"excerpt":28,"featuredImg":377,"link":55,"title":8,"read_time":28,"time_ago":71,"card_type":322,"more_link":323,"custom":379},{"id":99,"url":67,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":378,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":65,"height":66},{"x":321,"y":321},{"description":380,"featuredImg":381,"more_link":323,"title":389,"linkId":390},"NASA’s Hubble mission has revolutionized our view of the universe. One of NASA's Great Observatories, Hubble has peered as far as 13.4 billion light-years away, capturing images of everything from merging galaxies to nebulae where stars are born and much more.\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>\u003Cstrong>Launched: April 24, 1990\u003C/strong>",{"id":382,"url":383,"alt":384,"caption":385,"credits":331,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":386,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":333,"height":334},230096,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hubble-640x480-1.png?w=640","An illustration of NASA's Hubble spacecraft.","An illustration of NASA's Hubble spacecraft. The colors depicted in this illustration are for artistic purposes only.",{"x":387,"y":388},0.23,0.35,"Hubble Space Telescope",{"id":391,"title":389,"kind":167,"type":339,"url":392,"external":121,"target":122},31540,"https://science.nasa.gov/mission/hubble/",{"id":28,"excerpt":28,"featuredImg":394,"link":55,"title":8,"read_time":28,"time_ago":71,"card_type":322,"more_link":323,"custom":396},{"id":99,"url":67,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":395,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":65,"height":66},{"x":321,"y":321},{"description":397,"featuredImg":398,"more_link":323,"title":406,"linkId":407},"ESA's (European Space Agency) INTEGRAL mission observes the universe in gamma-ray, X-ray, and visible light. It uses spectroscopy and wide-field-of-view imaging to study gamma-ray bursts, supernovae, X-ray binaries, active galaxies, and other phenomena. NASA aided INTEGRAL’s development and supports the U.S. scientific community’s use of the mission.\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>\u003Cstrong>Launched: October 17, 2002\u003C/strong>",{"id":399,"url":400,"alt":401,"caption":402,"credits":331,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":403,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":333,"height":334},230097,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/integral-640x480-1.png?w=640","An illustration of ESA’s INTEGRAL spacecraft.","An illustration of ESA’s INTEGRAL spacecraft. The colors depicted in this illustration are for artistic purposes only.",{"x":404,"y":405},0.7,0.36,"INTEGRAL (International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory)",{"id":408,"title":409,"kind":167,"type":339,"url":410,"external":121,"target":122},55447,"INTEGRAL","https://science.nasa.gov/mission/integral/",{"id":28,"excerpt":28,"featuredImg":412,"link":55,"title":8,"read_time":28,"time_ago":71,"card_type":322,"more_link":323,"custom":414},{"id":99,"url":67,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":413,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":65,"height":66},{"x":321,"y":321},{"description":415,"featuredImg":416,"more_link":323,"title":421,"linkId":422},"The International Space Station is a microgravity laboratory orbiting Earth which has been continuously occupied by humans since 2000. A collaborative multinational project between NASA, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), ESA (European Space Agency), Roscosmos and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), the space station houses astronauts who work on everything from spacewalks to perform maintenance and upgrades, to scientific research investigations to improve life on Earth.\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>\u003Cstrong>Launched: November 20, 1998\u003C/strong>",{"id":417,"url":418,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":419,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":333,"height":334},230098,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/space-station-640x480-2.png?w=640",{"x":352,"y":420},0.21,"International Space Station",{"id":28,"title":28,"kind":28,"type":28,"url":423,"external":121,"target":122},"https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/",{"id":28,"excerpt":28,"featuredImg":425,"link":55,"title":8,"read_time":28,"time_ago":71,"card_type":322,"more_link":323,"custom":427},{"id":99,"url":67,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":426,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":65,"height":66},{"x":321,"y":321},{"description":428,"featuredImg":429,"more_link":323,"title":435,"linkId":436},"NASA’s IXPE is a space-based observatory that uses three identical X-ray telescopes to detect polarized X-rays from extreme cosmic objects like black holes, neutron stars, and pulsars.\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>\u003Cstrong>Launched: December 9, 2021\u003C/strong>",{"id":430,"url":431,"alt":432,"caption":433,"credits":331,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":434,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":333,"height":334},230099,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/ixpe-640x480-1.png?w=640","An illustration of NASA's IXPE observatory.","An illustration of NASA's IXPE observatory. The colors depicted in this illustration are for artistic purposes only.",{"x":103,"y":103},"IXPE(Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer)",{"id":437,"title":438,"kind":167,"type":339,"url":439,"external":121,"target":122},55451,"IXPE","https://science.nasa.gov/mission/ixpe/",{"id":28,"excerpt":28,"featuredImg":441,"link":55,"title":8,"read_time":28,"time_ago":71,"card_type":322,"more_link":323,"custom":443},{"id":99,"url":67,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":442,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":65,"height":66},{"x":321,"y":321},{"description":444,"featuredImg":445,"more_link":323,"title":453,"linkId":454},"NASA's James Webb Space Telescope is the largest and most powerful observatory ever launched. Webb observes the cosmos in infrared using highly sensitive instruments designed to solve mysteries in our solar system, look beyond to distant worlds around other stars, and detect the first galaxies born after the big bang.\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>\u003Cstrong>Launched: December 25, 2021\u003C/strong>",{"id":446,"url":447,"alt":448,"caption":449,"credits":331,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":450,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":333,"height":334},230100,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/webb-640x480-1.png?w=640","An illustration of NASA's James Webb Space Telescope.","An illustration of NASA's James Webb Space Telescope. The colors depicted in this illustration are for artistic purposes only.",{"x":451,"y":452},0.44,0.79,"James Webb Space Telescope",{"id":28,"title":28,"kind":28,"type":28,"url":455,"external":121,"target":122},"https://science.nasa.gov/mission/webb",{"id":28,"excerpt":28,"featuredImg":457,"link":55,"title":8,"read_time":28,"time_ago":71,"card_type":322,"more_link":323,"custom":459},{"id":99,"url":67,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":458,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":65,"height":66},{"x":321,"y":321},{"description":460,"featuredImg":461,"more_link":323,"title":467,"linkId":468},"NASA’s Swift observatory is a space satellite that studies gamma-ray bursts, the most powerful explosions in the universe, and other cosmic objects and events. Swift houses three multiwavelength telescopes, collecting data in visible, ultraviolet, X-ray, and gamma-ray light.\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>\u003Cstrong>Launched: November 20, 2004\u003C/strong>",{"id":462,"url":463,"alt":464,"caption":465,"credits":331,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":466,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":333,"height":334},230101,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/swift-640x480-1.png?w=640","An illustration of NASA's Swift observatory.","An illustration of NASA's Swift observatory. The colors depicted in this illustration are for artistic purposes only.",{"x":103,"y":103},"Neil Gehrels Swift Laboratory",{"id":28,"title":28,"kind":28,"type":28,"url":469,"external":121,"target":122},"https://science.nasa.gov/mission/swift",{"id":28,"excerpt":28,"featuredImg":471,"link":55,"title":8,"read_time":28,"time_ago":71,"card_type":322,"more_link":323,"custom":473},{"id":99,"url":67,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":472,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":65,"height":66},{"x":321,"y":321},{"description":474,"featuredImg":475,"more_link":323,"title":483,"linkId":484},"NASA’s NICER is an X-ray observatory that studies neutron stars and other phenomena from its home aboard the International Space Station. NICER also demonstrated the use of galactic pulsars for the navigation of future deep-space exploration missions.\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>\u003Cstrong>Launched: June 3, 2017\u003C/strong>",{"id":476,"url":477,"alt":478,"caption":479,"credits":331,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":480,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":333,"height":334},230102,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/nicer-640x480-1.png?w=640","An illustration of NASA's NICER X-ray observatory.","An illustration of NASA's NICER X-ray observatory. The colors depicted in this illustration are for artistic purposes only.",{"x":481,"y":482},0.52,0.24,"NICER (Neutron star Interior Composition Explorer)",{"id":28,"title":28,"kind":28,"type":28,"url":485,"external":121,"target":122},"https://science.nasa.gov/mission/nicer",{"id":28,"excerpt":28,"featuredImg":487,"link":55,"title":8,"read_time":28,"time_ago":71,"card_type":322,"more_link":323,"custom":489},{"id":99,"url":67,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":488,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":65,"height":66},{"x":321,"y":321},{"description":490,"featuredImg":491,"more_link":323,"title":497,"linkId":498},"NASA’s NuSTAR is a space-based telescope that detects high-energy X-rays. With NuSTAR, scientists observe and investigate some of the hottest, densest, and most energetic objects in the universe, like supermassive black holes actively consuming gas and dust, and the remnants of exploded stars.\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>\u003Cstrong>Launched: June 13, 2012\u003C/strong>",{"id":492,"url":493,"alt":494,"caption":495,"credits":331,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":496,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":333,"height":334},230103,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/nustar-640x480-1.png?w=640","An illustration of NASA's NuSTAR space telescope.","An illustration of NASA's NuSTAR space telescope. The colors depicted in this illustration are for artistic purposes only.",{"x":103,"y":103},"NuSTAR (Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array)",{"id":28,"title":28,"kind":28,"type":28,"url":499,"external":121,"target":122},"https://science.nasa.gov/mission/nustar",{"id":28,"excerpt":28,"featuredImg":501,"link":55,"title":8,"read_time":28,"time_ago":71,"card_type":322,"more_link":323,"custom":503},{"id":99,"url":67,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":502,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":65,"height":66},{"x":321,"y":321},{"description":504,"featuredImg":505,"more_link":323,"title":513,"linkId":514},"NASA’s PIPER is a balloon-borne instrument that measures and studies the polarization of the cosmic microwave background and diffuse interstellar dust. PIPER will map 85% of the sky and enable scientists to look for signs of primordial gravity waves created by the rapid expansion of the universe shortly after the big bang.\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>\u003Cstrong>Campaigns: 2017, 2019\u003C/strong>",{"id":506,"url":507,"alt":508,"caption":509,"credits":331,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":510,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":333,"height":334},230104,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/piper-640x480-1.png?w=640","An illustration of NASA's PIPER instrument.","An illustration of NASA's PIPER instrument. The colors depicted in this illustration are for artistic purposes only.",{"x":511,"y":512},0.59,0.76,"PIPER (Primordial Inflation Polarization Explorer)",{"id":28,"title":28,"kind":28,"type":28,"url":515,"external":121,"target":122},"https://www.nasa.gov/scientificballoons/",{"id":28,"excerpt":28,"featuredImg":517,"link":55,"title":8,"read_time":28,"time_ago":71,"card_type":322,"more_link":323,"custom":519},{"id":99,"url":67,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":518,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":65,"height":66},{"x":321,"y":321},{"description":520,"featuredImg":521,"more_link":323,"title":527,"linkId":528},"NASA’s SuperTIGER is a balloon-borne instrument flown above Antarctica. SuperTIGER detects and measures cosmic rays, high-energy particles and atomic nuclei from beyond our solar system and galaxy that constantly reach the top of Earth’s atmosphere.\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>\u003Cstrong>Campaigns: 2012, 2019\u003C/strong>",{"id":522,"url":523,"alt":524,"caption":525,"credits":331,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":526,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":333,"height":334},230105,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/supertiger-640x480-1.png?w=640","An illustration of NASA's SuperTIGER instrument.","An illustration of NASA's SuperTIGER instrument. The colors depicted in this illustration are for artistic purposes only.",{"x":103,"y":103},"SuperTIGER (Super Trans-Iron Galactic Element Recorder)",{"id":28,"title":28,"kind":28,"type":28,"url":515,"external":121,"target":122},{"id":28,"excerpt":28,"featuredImg":530,"link":55,"title":8,"read_time":28,"time_ago":71,"card_type":322,"more_link":323,"custom":532},{"id":99,"url":67,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":531,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":65,"height":66},{"x":321,"y":321},{"description":533,"featuredImg":534,"more_link":323,"title":540,"linkId":541},"NASA’s TESS was designed to detect exoplanets, worlds beyond our solar system. In the course of its extended observations of the sky, TESS also discovers all types of objects that change in brightness, from nearby asteroids to pulsating stars and distant galaxies containing supernovae.\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>\u003Cstrong>Launched: April 18, 2018\u003C/strong>",{"id":535,"url":536,"alt":537,"caption":538,"credits":331,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":539,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":333,"height":334},230106,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tess-640x480-1.png?w=640","An illustration of NASA's TESS spacecraft.","An illustration of NASA's TESS spacecraft. The colors depicted in this illustration are for artistic purposes only.",{"x":103,"y":103},"TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite)",{"id":28,"title":28,"kind":28,"type":28,"url":542,"external":121,"target":122},"https://science.nasa.gov/mission/tess",{"id":28,"excerpt":28,"featuredImg":544,"link":55,"title":8,"read_time":28,"time_ago":71,"card_type":322,"more_link":323,"custom":546},{"id":99,"url":67,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":545,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":65,"height":66},{"x":321,"y":321},{"description":547,"featuredImg":548,"more_link":323,"title":554,"linkId":555},"NASA's WISE mission mapped the entire sky in infrared light. It discovered the coolest and nearest brown dwarfs (objects that aren’t quite stars and aren’t quite planets), and the most luminous galaxies in the universe. In 2013, it was renamed NEOWISE and was given a new mission to help NASA identify and study near-Earth objects (NEOs), including comets and asteroids, in our planet's neighborhood.\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>\u003Cstrong>Launched: December 14, 2009\u003C/strong>",{"id":549,"url":550,"alt":551,"caption":552,"credits":331,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":553,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":333,"height":334},230107,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wise-neowise-640x480-1.png?w=640","An illustration of NASA's WISE spacecraft.","An illustration of NASA's WISE spacecraft. The colors depicted in this illustration are for artistic purposes only.",{"x":103,"y":103},"WISE/NEOWISE (Near-Earth Object Wide-field Infrared survey Explorer)",{"id":28,"title":28,"kind":28,"type":28,"url":556,"external":121,"target":122},"https://science.nasa.gov/mission/neowise/",{"id":28,"excerpt":28,"featuredImg":558,"link":55,"title":8,"read_time":28,"time_ago":71,"card_type":322,"more_link":323,"custom":560},{"id":99,"url":67,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":559,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":65,"height":66},{"x":321,"y":321},{"description":561,"featuredImg":562,"more_link":323,"title":569,"linkId":570},"ESA's (European Space Agency) XMM-Newton is a space observatory that uses X-ray and optical/ultraviolet telescopes to study a wide variety of objects, from distant galaxy clusters to solar system planets. NASA provided funding for elements of the instrument package and supports the U.S. scientific community’s usage of XMM-Newton.\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>\u003Cstrong>Launched: December 10, 1999\u003C/strong>",{"id":563,"url":564,"alt":565,"caption":566,"credits":331,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":567,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":333,"height":334},230108,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/xmm-newton-640x480-1.png?w=640","An illustration of ESA's XMM Newton observatory.","An illustration of ESA's XMM Newton observatory. The colors depicted in this illustration are for artistic purposes only.",{"x":568,"y":353},0.6,"XMM Newton (X-ray Multi-Mirror Mission Newton)",{"id":28,"title":28,"kind":28,"type":28,"url":571,"external":121,"target":122},"https://science.nasa.gov/mission/xmm-newton/",{"id":28,"excerpt":28,"featuredImg":573,"link":55,"title":8,"read_time":28,"time_ago":71,"card_type":322,"more_link":323,"custom":575},{"id":99,"url":67,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":574,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":65,"height":66},{"x":321,"y":321},{"description":576,"featuredImg":577,"more_link":323,"title":583,"linkId":584},"NASA is partnering with the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency on the XRISM mission to study celestial objects that emit X-rays. The mission will investigate big, cosmic questions like how the largest structures in the universe came to be, what happens to matter under extreme gravitational force, and how high-energy particle jets work.\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>\u003Cstrong>Launched: September 6, 2023\u003C/strong> ",{"id":578,"url":579,"alt":580,"caption":581,"credits":331,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":582,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":333,"height":334},230111,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/xrism-640x480-1.png?w=640","An illustration of JAXA’s XRISM spacecraft.","An illustration of JAXA’s XRISM spacecraft. The colors depicted in this illustration are for artistic purposes only.",{"x":103,"y":103},"XRISM (X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission)",{"id":28,"title":28,"kind":28,"type":28,"url":585,"external":121,"target":122},"https://science.nasa.gov/mission/xrism",{"name":309,"attributes":587},{"align":76,"anchor":588,"color_mode":312,"columns":313,"description":12,"heading":588,"linkId":589,"more_link":316,"show_link":29,"slides":590},"Future",{"id":101,"title":28,"kind":28,"type":28,"url":315,"external":121,"target":122},[591,609,622,637,653,667,678,692],{"id":28,"excerpt":28,"featuredImg":592,"link":55,"title":8,"read_time":28,"time_ago":71,"card_type":322,"more_link":323,"custom":594},{"id":99,"url":67,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":593,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":65,"height":66},{"x":321,"y":321},{"description":595,"featuredImg":596,"more_link":323,"title":604,"linkId":605},"ASTHROS will send a telescope into Earth’s stratosphere using a high-altitude balloon. The telescope will observe far-infrared light, which is blocked by our planet’s atmosphere and thus cannot be observed on the ground. ASTHROS will create 3D maps of interstellar gas, providing new information about stellar feedback, a process that influences the rate of star formation. \u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>\u003Cstrong>Planned launch: TBD\u003C/strong>",{"id":597,"url":598,"alt":599,"caption":600,"credits":331,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":601,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":333,"height":334},230123,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/asthros-640x480-1.png?w=640","An illustration of NASA's ASTHROS spacecraft.","An illustration of NASA's ASTHROS spacecraft. The colors depicted in this illustration are for artistic purposes only.",{"x":602,"y":603},0.66,0.56,"ASTHROS (Astrophysics Stratospheric Telescope for High Spectral Resolution)",{"id":606,"title":607,"kind":167,"type":339,"url":608,"external":121,"target":122},54611,"ASTHROS","https://science.nasa.gov/mission/asthros/",{"id":28,"excerpt":28,"featuredImg":610,"link":55,"title":8,"read_time":28,"time_ago":71,"card_type":322,"more_link":323,"custom":612},{"id":99,"url":67,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":611,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":65,"height":66},{"x":321,"y":321},{"description":613,"featuredImg":614,"more_link":323,"title":619,"linkId":620},"ESA's (European Space Agency) ATHENA is an X-ray observatory designed to investigate how ordinary matter assembles into galaxies and galaxy clusters and how black holes grow and influence their surroundings. NASA facilitates the mission’s development through hardware contributions and testing and will support access for the U.S. scientific community.\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>\u003Cstrong>Planned launch: Early 2030s\u003C/strong>",{"id":615,"url":616,"alt":617,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":109,"focalPoint":618,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":333,"height":334},157964,"https://assets.science.nasa.gov/content/dam/science/psd/solar/internal_resources/1548/289_ESA_fact_sheet.gif?w=640&h=480&fit=clip&crop=faces%2Cfocalpoint","European Space Agency logo",{"x":103,"y":103},"ATHENA (Advanced Telescope for High-ENergy Astrophysics)",{"id":28,"title":28,"kind":28,"type":28,"url":621,"external":121,"target":122},"https://asd.gsfc.nasa.gov/athena/",{"id":28,"excerpt":28,"featuredImg":623,"link":55,"title":8,"read_time":28,"time_ago":71,"card_type":322,"more_link":323,"custom":625},{"id":99,"url":67,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":624,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":65,"height":66},{"x":321,"y":321},{"description":626,"featuredImg":627,"more_link":323,"title":634,"linkId":635},"BurstCube is a mission under development at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. This CubeSat will increase the sky coverage for short gamma-ray bursts, an important source for studying neutron star mergers in the current era of time domain and multimessenger astronomy.\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>\u003Cstrong>Planned launch: 2023\u003C/strong>",{"id":628,"url":629,"alt":630,"caption":631,"credits":331,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":632,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":333,"height":334},230125,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/burstcube-640x480-1.png?w=640","An illustration of NASA’s BurstCube spacecraft.","An illustration of NASA’s BurstCube spacecraft. The colors depicted in this illustration are for artistic purposes only.",{"x":321,"y":633},0.74,"BurstCube",{"id":28,"title":28,"kind":28,"type":28,"url":636,"external":121,"target":122},"https://science.nasa.gov/mission/burstcube",{"id":28,"excerpt":28,"featuredImg":638,"link":55,"title":8,"read_time":28,"time_ago":71,"card_type":322,"more_link":323,"custom":640},{"id":99,"url":67,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":639,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":65,"height":66},{"x":321,"y":321},{"description":641,"featuredImg":642,"more_link":323,"title":650,"linkId":651},"COSI is a gamma-ray telescope that will study energetic phenomena in the Milky Way and beyond, including the creation and destruction of matter and antimatter and the final stages of the lives of stars.\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>\u003Cstrong>Planned launch: 2027\u003C/strong>",{"id":643,"url":644,"alt":645,"caption":646,"credits":331,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":647,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":333,"height":334},230126,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cosi-640x480-1.png?w=640","An illustration of the COSI spacecraft.","An illustration of the COSI spacecraft. The colors depicted in this illustration are for artistic purposes only. ",{"x":648,"y":649},0.64,0.51,"COSI (Compton Spectrometer and Imager)",{"id":28,"title":28,"kind":28,"type":28,"url":652,"external":121,"target":122},"https://science.nasa.gov/mission/cosi",{"id":28,"excerpt":28,"featuredImg":654,"link":55,"title":8,"read_time":28,"time_ago":71,"card_type":322,"more_link":323,"custom":656},{"id":99,"url":67,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":655,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":65,"height":66},{"x":321,"y":321},{"description":657,"featuredImg":658,"more_link":323,"title":665,"linkId":666},"NASA's EXCLAIM is a balloon mission that will loft a far-infrared telescope to the top of Earth's atmosphere to study how stars and galaxies have formed over time and create 3D maps of the universe.\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>\u003Cstrong>Planned launch: Fall, 2023\u003C/strong>",{"id":659,"url":660,"alt":661,"caption":662,"credits":331,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":663,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":333,"height":334},230127,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/exclaim-640x480-1.png?w=640","An illustration of the EXCLAIM instrument.","An illustration of the EXCLAIM instrument. The colors depicted in this illustration are for artistic purposes only.",{"x":664,"y":633},0.39,"EXCLAIM (Experiment for Cryogenic Large-Aperture Intensity Mapping)",{"id":28,"title":28,"kind":28,"type":28,"url":515,"external":121,"target":122},{"id":28,"excerpt":28,"featuredImg":668,"link":55,"title":8,"read_time":28,"time_ago":71,"card_type":322,"more_link":323,"custom":670},{"id":99,"url":67,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":669,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":65,"height":66},{"x":321,"y":321},{"description":671,"featuredImg":672,"more_link":323,"title":675,"linkId":676},"ESA's (European Space Agency) LISA is a space probe that will detect and measure gravitational waves, ripples in the fabric of space-time caused by astrophysical events such as merging massive black holes.\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>\u003Cstrong>Planned launch: 2035\u003C/strong>",{"id":615,"url":616,"alt":673,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":674,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":333,"height":334},"ESA logo",{"x":103,"y":103},"LISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna)",{"id":28,"title":28,"kind":28,"type":28,"url":677,"external":121,"target":122},"https://science.nasa.gov/mission/lisa-pathfinder/stories/",{"id":28,"excerpt":28,"featuredImg":679,"link":55,"title":8,"read_time":28,"time_ago":71,"card_type":322,"more_link":323,"custom":681},{"id":99,"url":67,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":680,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":65,"height":66},{"x":321,"y":321},{"description":682,"featuredImg":683,"more_link":323,"title":689,"linkId":690},"NASA’s Roman mission is a wide-field infrared space telescope that will investigate dark energy, far-off exoplanets, the history of the universe, and more. Roman's Wide Field Instrument, its primary instrument, will have a field of view 100 times greater than the Hubble Space Telescope's infrared instrument. Roman's other instrument, the Coronagraph Instrument, will perform spectroscopy and high-contrast imaging of nearby exoplanets.\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>\u003Cstrong>Planned launch: No later than May 2027\u003C/strong>",{"id":684,"url":685,"alt":686,"caption":687,"credits":331,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":688,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":333,"height":334},230128,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/roman-640x480-1.png?w=640","An illustration of NASA's Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope.","An illustration of NASA's Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope. The colors depicted in this illustration are for artistic purposes only.",{"x":103,"y":103},"Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope",{"id":28,"title":28,"kind":28,"type":28,"url":691,"external":121,"target":122},"https://science.nasa.gov/mission/roman-space-telescope/",{"id":28,"excerpt":28,"featuredImg":693,"link":55,"title":8,"read_time":28,"time_ago":71,"card_type":322,"more_link":323,"custom":695},{"id":99,"url":67,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":694,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":65,"height":66},{"x":321,"y":321},{"description":696,"featuredImg":697,"more_link":323,"title":703,"linkId":704},"NASA's SPHEREx mission will map the entire sky in near-infrared wavelengths, observing over 100 million stars in the Milky Way and more than 300 million galaxies. SPHEREx will use a method called spectroscopy to learn about the composition of those objects and measure the distances to other galaxies, creating a 3D map of the cosmos.\u003Cbr>\u003Cbr>\u003Cstrong>Planned launch date: No later than April 2025\u003C/strong>",{"id":698,"url":699,"alt":700,"caption":701,"credits":331,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":702,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":333,"height":334},230129,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/spherex-640x480-1.png?w=640","An illustration of NASA's SPHEREx spacecraft.","An illustration of NASA's SPHEREx spacecraft. The colors depicted in this illustration are for artistic purposes only.",{"x":103,"y":103},"SPHEREx (The Spectro-Photometer for the History of the Universe, Epoch of Reionization and Ices Explorer)",{"id":28,"title":28,"kind":28,"type":28,"url":705,"external":121,"target":122},"https://science.nasa.gov/mission/spherex",{"name":309,"attributes":707},{"align":76,"anchor":708,"color_mode":312,"columns":313,"description":12,"heading":708,"linkId":709,"more_link":316,"show_link":29,"slides":710},"Historical",{"id":101,"title":28,"kind":28,"type":28,"url":315,"external":121,"target":122},[711,725,741,755,771,786,800,814,828,842,856,870,885,899,913],{"id":28,"excerpt":28,"featuredImg":712,"link":55,"title":8,"read_time":28,"time_ago":71,"card_type":322,"more_link":323,"custom":714},{"id":99,"url":67,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":713,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":65,"height":66},{"x":321,"y":321},{"description":715,"featuredImg":716,"more_link":323,"title":722,"linkId":723},"ASCA was an X-ray astronomy spacecraft that studied distant active galaxies, sources of the cosmic X-ray background, and other phenomena. The mission was developed by the Japanese Institute of Space and Astronautical Science with significant U.S. contributions, including NASA.\u003Cbr>\u003Cstrong>Launched: February 20, 1993\u003Cbr>Decommissioned: July 15, 2000\u003C/strong>",{"id":717,"url":718,"alt":719,"caption":720,"credits":331,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":721,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":333,"height":334},230131,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/asca-640x480-1.png?w=640","An illustration of the ASCA spacecraft, developed by the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science in Japan.","An illustration of the ASCA spacecraft, developed by the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science in Japan. The colors depicted in this illustration are for artistic purposes only. ",{"x":103,"y":103},"ASCA (Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics)",{"id":28,"title":28,"kind":28,"type":28,"url":724,"external":121,"target":122},"https://science.nasa.gov/mission/asca",{"id":28,"excerpt":28,"featuredImg":726,"link":55,"title":8,"read_time":28,"time_ago":71,"card_type":322,"more_link":323,"custom":728},{"id":99,"url":67,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":727,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":65,"height":66},{"x":321,"y":321},{"description":729,"featuredImg":730,"more_link":323,"title":738,"linkId":739},"CGRO mission, one of NASA's Great Observatories, studied the gamma-ray sky using four telescopes that detected different energies. The mission found a class of active galaxies called blazars, mapped the Milky Way’s distribution of a radioactive isotope of aluminum, and hinted at gamma-ray bursts’ cosmological origins, among other discoveries.\u003Cbr>\u003Cstrong>Launched: April 5, 1991\u003Cbr>Decommissioned: June 4, 2000\u003C/strong>",{"id":731,"url":732,"alt":733,"caption":734,"credits":331,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":735,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":333,"height":334},230133,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cgro-640x480-1.png?w=640","An illustration of NASA’s CGRO spacecraft.","An illustration of NASA’s CGRO spacecraft. The colors depicted in this illustration are for artistic purposes only.",{"x":736,"y":737},0.46,0.27,"CGRO (Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory)",{"id":28,"title":28,"kind":28,"type":28,"url":740,"external":121,"target":122},"https://science.nasa.gov/mission/cgro",{"id":28,"excerpt":28,"featuredImg":742,"link":55,"title":8,"read_time":28,"time_ago":71,"card_type":322,"more_link":323,"custom":744},{"id":99,"url":67,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":743,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":65,"height":66},{"x":321,"y":321},{"description":745,"featuredImg":746,"more_link":323,"title":752,"linkId":753},"NASA’s COBE was a mission that measured and mapped the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) left over from the big bang, which is the oldest light in the universe. The mission provided key evidence for the expanding universe theory, also known as the big bang theory, as an explanation for the origins of the universe and refined our understanding of the event and CMB.\u003Cbr>\u003Cstrong>Launched: November 18, 1989\u003Cbr>Decommissioned: December 23, 1993\u003C/strong>",{"id":747,"url":748,"alt":749,"caption":750,"credits":331,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":751,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":333,"height":334},230134,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cobe-640x480-1.png?w=640","An illustration of NASA's COBE spacecraft.","An illustration of NASA's COBE spacecraft. The colors depicted in this illustration are for artistic purposes only.",{"x":103,"y":103},"COBE (Cosmic Background Explorer)",{"id":28,"title":28,"kind":28,"type":28,"url":754,"external":121,"target":122},"https://science.nasa.gov/mission/cobe",{"id":28,"excerpt":28,"featuredImg":756,"link":55,"title":8,"read_time":28,"time_ago":71,"card_type":322,"more_link":323,"custom":758},{"id":99,"url":67,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":757,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":65,"height":66},{"x":321,"y":321},{"description":759,"featuredImg":760,"more_link":323,"title":768,"linkId":769},"NASA’s GALEX was a space telescope that orbited Earth and observed the cosmos in ultraviolet light, performing the first all-sky UV survey and studying star formation throughout the history of the universe.\u003Cbr>\u003Cstrong>Launched: April 28, 2003\u003Cbr>Decommissioned: June 28, 2013\u003C/strong>",{"id":761,"url":762,"alt":763,"caption":764,"credits":331,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":765,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":333,"height":334},230135,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/galex-640x480-1.png?w=640","An illustration of NASA's GALEX spacecraft.","An illustration of NASA's GALEX spacecraft. The colors depicted in this illustration are for artistic purposes only.",{"x":766,"y":767},0.34,0.54,"GALEX (Galaxy Evolution Explorer)",{"id":28,"title":28,"kind":28,"type":28,"url":770,"external":121,"target":122},"https://science.nasa.gov/mission/galex",{"id":28,"excerpt":28,"featuredImg":772,"link":55,"title":8,"read_time":28,"time_ago":71,"card_type":322,"more_link":323,"custom":774},{"id":99,"url":67,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":773,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":65,"height":66},{"x":321,"y":321},{"description":775,"featuredImg":776,"more_link":323,"title":783,"linkId":784},"HaloSat was a CubeSat that studied the mass and shape of the Milky Way's halo, a region around our galaxy filled with hot gas. The mission was led by students and researchers at the University of Iowa with NASA participation.\u003Cbr>\u003Cstrong>Launched: May 21, 2018\u003Cbr>Decommissioned: September 29, 2020\u003C/strong>",{"id":777,"url":778,"alt":779,"caption":780,"credits":331,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":781,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":333,"height":334},230136,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/halosat-640x480-1.png?w=640","An illustration of the HaloSat spacecraft.","An illustration of the HaloSat spacecraft. The colors depicted in this illustration are for artistic purposes only.",{"x":481,"y":782},0.12,"HaloSat",{"id":28,"title":28,"kind":28,"type":28,"url":785,"external":121,"target":122},"https://science.nasa.gov/mission/halosat",{"id":28,"excerpt":28,"featuredImg":787,"link":55,"title":8,"read_time":28,"time_ago":71,"card_type":322,"more_link":323,"custom":789},{"id":99,"url":67,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":788,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":65,"height":66},{"x":321,"y":321},{"description":790,"featuredImg":791,"more_link":323,"title":797,"linkId":798},"NASA partnered with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency on Hitomi, an X-ray observatory designed to detect radiation ranging from X-rays to gamma rays. Hitomi’s goal was to study cosmic elements from the evolution of the universe to the distribution of dark matter within galaxy clusters.\u003Cbr>\u003Cstrong>Launched: February 17, 2016\u003Cbr>Operations ceased: March 26, 2016\u003C/strong>",{"id":792,"url":793,"alt":794,"caption":795,"credits":331,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":796,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":333,"height":334},230137,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/hitomi-640x480-1.png?w=640","An illustration of JAXA’s Hitomi spacecraft.","An illustration of JAXA’s Hitomi spacecraft. The colors depicted in this illustration are for artistic purposes only.",{"x":103,"y":103},"Hitomi",{"id":28,"title":28,"kind":28,"type":28,"url":799,"external":121,"target":122},"https://science.nasa.gov/mission/hitomi",{"id":28,"excerpt":28,"featuredImg":801,"link":55,"title":8,"read_time":28,"time_ago":71,"card_type":322,"more_link":323,"custom":803},{"id":99,"url":67,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":802,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":65,"height":66},{"x":321,"y":321},{"description":804,"featuredImg":805,"more_link":323,"title":811,"linkId":812},"NASA’s Kepler was a planet-hunting space telescope designed to discover Earth-size and larger planets orbiting in or near the habitable zones of their stars. Kepler surveyed our neighborhood in the Milky Way galaxy and, throughout its lifetime, observed over half a million stars, enabling the discovery of over 3,200 planets. The Kepler mission revealed that there are more planets than stars in our galaxy.\u003Cbr>\u003Cstrong>Launched: March 7, 2009\u003Cbr>Decommissioned: October 30, 2018\u003C/strong>",{"id":806,"url":807,"alt":808,"caption":809,"credits":331,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":810,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":333,"height":334},230138,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/kepler-640x480-1.png?w=640","An illustration of NASA’s Kepler Space Telescope.","An illustration of NASA's Kepler Space Telescope. The colors depicted in this illustration are for artistic purposes only.",{"x":737,"y":649},"Kepler  Space Telescope",{"id":28,"title":28,"kind":28,"type":28,"url":813,"external":121,"target":122},"https://science.nasa.gov/mission/kepler",{"id":28,"excerpt":28,"featuredImg":815,"link":55,"title":8,"read_time":28,"time_ago":71,"card_type":322,"more_link":323,"custom":817},{"id":99,"url":67,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":816,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":65,"height":66},{"x":321,"y":321},{"description":818,"featuredImg":819,"more_link":323,"title":825,"linkId":826},"ESA's (European Space Agency) LISA Pathfinder spacecraft demonstrated technologies required for LISA, a future space probe designed to detect gravitational waves.\u003Cbr>\u003Cstrong>Launched: December 3, 2015\u003Cbr>Decommissioned: June 30, 2017\u003C/strong>",{"id":820,"url":821,"alt":822,"caption":823,"credits":331,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":824,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":333,"height":334},230139,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/lisa-pathfinder-640x480-1.png?w=640","An illustration of ESA's LISA Pathfinder spacecraft.","An illustration of ESA's LISA Pathfinder spacecraft. The colors depicted in this illustration are for artistic purposes only.",{"x":103,"y":103},"LISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna) Pathfinder",{"id":28,"title":28,"kind":28,"type":28,"url":827,"external":121,"target":122},"https://science.nasa.gov/mission/lisa-pathfinder/",{"id":28,"excerpt":28,"featuredImg":829,"link":55,"title":8,"read_time":28,"time_ago":71,"card_type":322,"more_link":323,"custom":831},{"id":99,"url":67,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":830,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":65,"height":66},{"x":321,"y":321},{"description":832,"featuredImg":833,"more_link":323,"title":839,"linkId":840},"NASA’s OAO program was a series of four satellites that launched between 1966 and 1972, two of which were successful. These missions included OAO-2 and OAO-3, the direct ancestors of Hubble, Chandra, Swift, and many other astronomy satellites.\u003Cbr>Launched:\u003Cbr>\u003Cstrong>OAO 1: April 8, 1966\u003Cbr>OAO 2 (Stargazer): December 7, 1968\u003Cbr>OAO B: November 30, 1970\u003Cbr>OAO 3 (Copernicus): August 21, 1972\u003C/strong>",{"id":834,"url":835,"alt":836,"caption":837,"credits":331,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":838,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":333,"height":334},230140,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/oao-640x480-1.png?w=640","An illustration of one of NASA's OAO spacecraft.","An illustration of one of NASA's OAO spacecraft. The colors depicted in this illustration are for artistic purposes only.",{"x":103,"y":103},"OAO (Orbiting Astronomical Observatory)",{"id":28,"title":28,"kind":28,"type":28,"url":841,"external":121,"target":122},"https://science.nasa.gov/mission/oao",{"id":28,"excerpt":28,"featuredImg":843,"link":55,"title":8,"read_time":28,"time_ago":71,"card_type":322,"more_link":323,"custom":845},{"id":99,"url":67,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":844,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":65,"height":66},{"x":321,"y":321},{"description":846,"featuredImg":847,"more_link":323,"title":853,"linkId":854},"ESA's (European Space Agency) Planck mission made precise measurements of minuscule variations in the cosmic microwave background, the oldest light in the universe, which was emitted just 380,000 years after the big bang, which took place 13.8 billion years ago.\u003Cbr>\u003Cstrong>Launched: May 14, 2009\u003Cbr>Decommissioned: October 23, 2013\u003C/strong>",{"id":848,"url":849,"alt":850,"caption":851,"credits":331,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":852,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":333,"height":334},230141,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/planck-640x480-1.png?w=640","An illustration of ESA's Planck spacecraft.","An illustration of ESA's Planck spacecraft. The colors depicted in this illustration are for artistic purposes only.",{"x":103,"y":103},"Planck",{"id":28,"title":28,"kind":28,"type":28,"url":855,"external":121,"target":122},"https://science.nasa.gov/mission/planck",{"id":28,"excerpt":28,"featuredImg":857,"link":55,"title":8,"read_time":28,"time_ago":71,"card_type":322,"more_link":323,"custom":859},{"id":99,"url":67,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":858,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":65,"height":66},{"x":321,"y":321},{"description":860,"featuredImg":861,"more_link":323,"title":867,"linkId":868},"NASA’s RXTE satellite collected information about the extreme environments that surround white dwarf stars, neutron stars, black holes, and other objects that emit X-rays.\u003Cbr>\u003Cstrong>Launched: December 30, 1995\u003Cbr>Decommissioned: January 12, 2012\u003C/strong>",{"id":862,"url":863,"alt":864,"caption":865,"credits":331,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":866,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":333,"height":334},230142,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/rxte-640x480-1.png?w=640","An illustration of NASA's RXTE satellite.","An illustration of NASA's RXTE satellite. The colors depicted in this illustration are for artistic purposes only.",{"x":103,"y":103},"RXTE (Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer)",{"id":28,"title":28,"kind":28,"type":28,"url":869,"external":121,"target":122},"https://science.nasa.gov/mission/rxte",{"id":28,"excerpt":28,"featuredImg":871,"link":55,"title":8,"read_time":28,"time_ago":71,"card_type":322,"more_link":323,"custom":873},{"id":99,"url":67,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":872,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":65,"height":66},{"x":321,"y":321},{"description":874,"featuredImg":875,"more_link":323,"title":882,"linkId":883},"NASA’s SOFIA was a modified Boeing 747SP aircraft carrying a reflecting telescope that observed the cosmos in infrared light. SOFIA flew into Earth's stratosphere, up to about 45,000 feet (13,700 meters), and collected data during 10-hour overnight flights, observing the Moon, planets, stars, nearby galaxies and more. SOFIA was a joint project of NASA and the German Space Agency at DLR.\u003Cbr>\u003Cstrong>First Flight: April 26, 2007\u003Cbr>Final Flight: Sept. 28-29, 2022\u003C/strong>",{"id":876,"url":877,"alt":878,"caption":879,"credits":331,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":880,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":333,"height":334},230143,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/sofia-640x480-1.png?w=640","An illustration of NASA's SOFIA, a modified Boeing 747 aircraft.","An illustration of NASA's SOFIA, a modified Boeing 747 aircraft. The colors depicted in this illustration are for artistic purposes only.",{"x":881,"y":602},0.08,"SOFIA (Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy)",{"id":28,"title":28,"kind":28,"type":28,"url":884,"external":121,"target":122},"https://science.nasa.gov/mission/sofia",{"id":28,"excerpt":28,"featuredImg":886,"link":55,"title":8,"read_time":28,"time_ago":71,"card_type":322,"more_link":323,"custom":888},{"id":99,"url":67,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":887,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":65,"height":66},{"x":321,"y":321},{"description":889,"featuredImg":890,"more_link":323,"title":896,"linkId":897},"NASA's Spitzer, the fourth and final mission launched as part of NASA's Great Observatories Program, studied the universe in infrared light. Spitzer’s discoveries were enabled by studying a wide range of cosmic targets, including some of the most distant galaxies ever observed, hidden stellar nurseries in our home galaxy, and planets around other stars.\u003Cbr>\u003Cstrong>Launched: August 25, 2003\u003Cbr>Decommissioned: January 30, 2020\u003C/strong>",{"id":891,"url":892,"alt":893,"caption":894,"credits":331,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":895,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":333,"height":334},230144,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/spitzer-640x480-1.png?w=640","An illustration of NASAs Spitzer.","An illustration of NASAs Spitzer. The colors depicted in this illustration are for artistic purposes only.",{"x":103,"y":103},"Spitzer Space Telescope",{"id":28,"title":28,"kind":28,"type":28,"url":898,"external":121,"target":122},"https://science.nasa.gov/mission/spitzer",{"id":28,"excerpt":28,"featuredImg":900,"link":55,"title":8,"read_time":28,"time_ago":71,"card_type":322,"more_link":323,"custom":902},{"id":99,"url":67,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":901,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":65,"height":66},{"x":321,"y":321},{"description":903,"featuredImg":904,"more_link":323,"title":910,"linkId":911},"Suzaku was a space satellite that studied sources of high energy X-rays like supernova explosions and black holes. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency developed the mission in collaboration with Japanese and U.S. institutions, including NASA.\u003Cbr>\u003Cstrong>Launched: July 10, 2005\u003Cbr>Decommissioned: September 2, 2015\u003C/strong>",{"id":905,"url":906,"alt":907,"caption":908,"credits":331,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":909,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":333,"height":334},230145,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/suzaku-640x480-2.png?w=640","An illustration of the JAXA’s Suzaku spacecraft.","An illustration of the JAXA’s Suzaku spacecraft. The colors depicted in this illustration are for artistic purposes only.",{"x":103,"y":103},"Suzaku",{"id":28,"title":28,"kind":28,"type":28,"url":912,"external":121,"target":122},"https://science.nasa.gov/mission/suzaku",{"id":28,"excerpt":28,"featuredImg":914,"link":55,"title":8,"read_time":28,"time_ago":71,"card_type":322,"more_link":323,"custom":916},{"id":99,"url":67,"alt":12,"caption":12,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":915,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":65,"height":66},{"x":321,"y":321},{"description":917,"featuredImg":918,"more_link":323,"title":924,"linkId":925},"NASA's WMAP spacecraft measured temperature differences across the sky in the cosmic microwave background radiation, a remnant of the big bang.\u003Cbr>\u003Cstrong>Launched: June 30, 2001\u003Cbr>Operations ceased: August 19, 2010\u003C/strong>",{"id":919,"url":920,"alt":921,"caption":922,"credits":331,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":923,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":333,"height":334},230146,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/wmap-640x480-1.png?w=640","An illustration of NASA’s WMAP spacecraft.","An illustration of NASA’s WMAP spacecraft. The colors depicted in this illustration are for artistic purposes only.",{"x":103,"y":103},"WMAP (Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe)",{"id":28,"title":28,"kind":28,"type":28,"url":926,"external":121,"target":122},"https://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/",{"name":928,"attributes":929},"nasa-blocks/topic-cards",{"align":76,"anchor":12,"heading":930,"label":931,"cards":932},"Discover More Topics From NASA","Keep Exploring",[933,945,952,961],{"id":934,"excerpt":28,"featuredImg":935,"link":186,"title":180,"read_time":135,"time_ago":944},"50419",{"id":936,"url":937,"alt":938,"caption":939,"credits":940,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":941,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":942,"height":943},49593,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/spiral-galaxy-jpg.webp?w=1024","Looking like a pinwheel, this face-on spiral galaxy holds a bright-white core at image center. Arms curve outward from the core. They hold dark dust lanes and bright star-forming regions. All on a black background dotted with stars.","Hubble captured this stunning view of spiral galaxy Messier 101 (M101), which is also called the Pinwheel Galaxy.","NASA, ESA, K. Kuntz (JHU), F. Bresolin (University of Hawaii), J. Trauger (Jet Propulsion Lab), J. Mould (NOAO), Y.-H. Chu (University of Illinois, Urbana) and STScI; CFHT Image: Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope/J.-C. Cuillandre/Coelum; NOAO Image: G. Jacoby, B. Bohannan, M. Hanna/NOAO/AURA/NSF",{"x":321,"y":321},1024,800,"1 year",{"id":946,"excerpt":28,"featuredImg":947,"link":209,"title":203,"read_time":135,"time_ago":71},"50452",{"id":948,"url":949,"alt":12,"caption":950,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":951,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":942,"height":942},50461,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/blackhole-binary-mainsequence-jpg.webp?w=1024","In this visualization, available in HD and 4K, a binary system containing two supermassive black holes and their accretion disks is initially viewed from above. After about 25 seconds, the camera tips close to the orbital plane to reveal the most dramatic distortions produced by their gravity. The different colors of the accretion disks make it easier to track where light from each black hole turns up.\n\nCredit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Jeremy Schnittman and Brian P. Powell",{"x":321,"y":321},{"id":953,"excerpt":28,"featuredImg":954,"link":230,"title":224,"read_time":960,"time_ago":944},"50611",{"id":955,"url":956,"alt":12,"caption":957,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":958,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":942,"height":959},50615,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/may102022-x1pt5flare-171-131-304-jpg.webp?w=1024","Image of the X1.5 flare emitted by the Sun on May 10, 2022 and captured by the Solar Dynamics Observatory in three wavelengths of extreme ultraviolet light that highlight different temperatures and features of the Sun's atmosphere, the corona. Credit: NASA/GSFC/SDO",{"x":321,"y":321},576,4,{"id":962,"excerpt":28,"featuredImg":963,"link":248,"title":246,"read_time":59,"time_ago":944},"50790",{"id":964,"url":965,"alt":12,"caption":966,"credits":12,"fit":100,"zoom":101,"focalPoint":967,"parallax":104,"detail_link":28,"contentType":19,"width":942,"height":959},49585,"https://science.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/lp79118d-beautyshot-jpg.webp?w=1024","LP 791-18 d, illustrated here in an artist's concept, is an Earth-size world about 90 light-years away. The gravitational tug from a more massive planet in the system, shown as a blue disk in the background, may result in internal heating and volcanic eruptions – as much as Jupiter’s moon Io, the most geologically active body in the solar system. Astronomers discovered and studied the planet using data from NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope and TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite) along with many other observatories.\n\nCredit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Chris Smith (KRBwyle)",{"x":321,"y":321},{"type":969,"value":970},"global-nav",[971,1017,1045,1079,1130,1164,1198,1232,1257,1327,1353],{"id":972,"title":35,"slug":36,"location":973,"menu_items":974},3850,"global-nav-missions",[975,979,983,988,992,997,1002,1006,1009,1012],{"id":976,"title":977,"url":978,"order":59},131284,"Search All NASA Missions","https://www.nasa.gov/missions/",{"id":980,"title":981,"url":982,"order":135},222998,"A to Z List of Missions","https://www.nasa.gov/a-to-z-of-nasa-missions/",{"id":984,"title":985,"url":986,"order":987},52235,"Upcoming Launches and Landings","https://www.nasa.gov/events/",3,{"id":989,"title":990,"url":991,"order":960},52234,"Spaceships and Rockets","https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/spaceships-and-rockets/",{"id":993,"title":994,"url":995,"order":996},52236,"Communicating with Missions","https://www.nasa.gov/communicating-with-missions/",5,{"id":998,"title":999,"url":1000,"order":1001},131266,"Artemis","https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/artemis/",6,{"id":1003,"title":453,"url":1004,"order":1005},131278,"https://science.nasa.gov/mission/webb/",7,{"id":1007,"title":389,"url":392,"order":1008},131280,8,{"id":1010,"title":421,"url":423,"order":1011},131271,9,{"id":1013,"title":1014,"url":1015,"order":1016},131275,"OSIRIS-REx","https://science.nasa.gov/mission/osiris-rex/",10,{"id":1018,"title":1019,"slug":1020,"location":1021,"menu_items":1022},3854,"Humans in Space","humans-in-space","global-nav-humans-in-space",[1023,1027,1031,1035,1039,1041],{"id":1024,"title":1025,"url":1026,"order":59},52205,"Why Go to Space","https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/why-go-to-space/",{"id":1028,"title":1029,"url":1030,"order":135},52206,"Astronauts","https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/astronauts/",{"id":1032,"title":1033,"url":1034,"order":987},52207,"Commercial Space","https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/commercial-space/",{"id":1036,"title":1037,"url":1038,"order":960},52208,"Destinations","https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/destinations/",{"id":1040,"title":990,"url":991,"order":996},52209,{"id":1042,"title":1043,"url":1044,"order":1001},52210,"Living in Space","https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/living-in-space/",{"id":1046,"title":1047,"slug":1048,"location":1049,"menu_items":1050},3855,"Earth & Climate","earth-climate","global-nav-earth-climate",[1051,1055,1059,1063,1067,1071,1075],{"id":1052,"title":1053,"url":1054,"order":59},114924,"Explore Earth Science","https://science.nasa.gov/earth/explore/",{"id":1056,"title":1057,"url":1058,"order":135},114925,"Climate Change","https://science.nasa.gov/climate-change/",{"id":1060,"title":1061,"url":1062,"order":987},114938,"Earth, Our Planet","https://science.nasa.gov/earth/facts/",{"id":1064,"title":1065,"url":1066,"order":960},114940,"Earth Science in Action","https://science.nasa.gov/earth/in-action/",{"id":1068,"title":1069,"url":1070,"order":996},114999,"Earth Multimedia","https://science.nasa.gov/earth/multimedia/",{"id":1072,"title":1073,"url":1074,"order":1001},115011,"Earth Data","https://science.nasa.gov/earth/data/",{"id":1076,"title":1077,"url":1078,"order":1005},115015,"Earth Science Researchers","https://science.nasa.gov/earth-science/",{"id":1080,"title":1081,"slug":1082,"location":1083,"menu_items":1084},3856,"About NASA","about-nasa","global-nav-about-nasa",[1085,1089,1093,1097,1101,1105,1109,1113,1117,1121,1125],{"id":1086,"title":1087,"url":1088,"order":59},52224,"NASA's Impacts","https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-impacts/",{"id":1090,"title":1091,"url":1092,"order":135},52225,"Centers and Facilities","https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-centers-and-facilities/",{"id":1094,"title":1095,"url":1096,"order":987},52226,"Directorates","https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-directorates/",{"id":1098,"title":1099,"url":1100,"order":960},52227,"Organizations","https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-organization/",{"id":1102,"title":1103,"url":1104,"order":996},52228,"People of NASA","https://www.nasa.gov/people-of-nasa/",{"id":1106,"title":1107,"url":1108,"order":1001},52229,"Careers","https://www.nasa.gov/careers/",{"id":1110,"title":1111,"url":1112,"order":1005},52230,"Internships","https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/nasa-internship-programs/",{"id":1114,"title":1115,"url":1116,"order":1008},52231,"Our History","https://www.nasa.gov/history/",{"id":1118,"title":1119,"url":1120,"order":1011},114913,"Doing Business with NASA","https://www.nasa.gov/doing-business-with-nasa/",{"id":1122,"title":1123,"url":1124,"order":1016},52232,"Get Involved","https://www.nasa.gov/get-involved/",{"id":1126,"title":1127,"url":1128,"order":1129},52233,"Contact","https://www.nasa.gov/contact-nasa/",11,{"id":1131,"title":1132,"slug":1133,"location":1134,"menu_items":1135},3857,"Learning Resources","learning-resources","global-nav-learning-resources",[1136,1140,1144,1148,1152,1156,1160],{"id":1137,"title":1138,"url":1139,"order":59},52240,"For Kids and Students","https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/for-kids-and-students/",{"id":1141,"title":1142,"url":1143,"order":135},52241,"For Educators","https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/for-educators/",{"id":1145,"title":1146,"url":1147,"order":987},52242,"For Colleges and Universities","https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/colleges-and-universities/",{"id":1149,"title":1150,"url":1151,"order":960},52243,"For Professionals","https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/for-professionals/",{"id":1153,"title":1154,"url":1155,"order":996},114336,"Science for Everyone","https://science.nasa.gov/for-everyone/",{"id":1157,"title":1158,"url":1159,"order":1001},52246,"Requests for Exhibits, Artifacts, or Speakers","https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/requests-for-exhibits-artifacts-or-speakers/",{"id":1161,"title":1162,"url":1163,"order":1005},52247,"STEM Engagement at NASA","https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/stem-engagement-at-nasa/",{"id":1165,"title":1166,"slug":1167,"location":1168,"menu_items":1169},3858,"Aeronautics","aeronautics","global-nav-aeronautics",[1170,1174,1178,1182,1186,1190,1194],{"id":1171,"title":1172,"url":1173,"order":59},52249,"Science in the Air","https://www.nasa.gov/aeronautics/science-in-the-air/",{"id":1175,"title":1176,"url":1177,"order":135},52250,"NASA Aircraft","https://www.nasa.gov/aeronautics/aircraft/",{"id":1179,"title":1180,"url":1181,"order":987},52251,"Flight Innovation","https://www.nasa.gov/aeronautics/flight-innovation/",{"id":1183,"title":1184,"url":1185,"order":960},52252,"Supersonic 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