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article"><img alt="Listen to this article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Assessment of the audio output from an electronic device</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sound Quality" redirects here. For the Australian radio program, see <a href="/wiki/Sound_Quality_(radio_program)" title="Sound Quality (radio program)">Sound Quality (radio program)</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For musical use, see <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is missing information</b> about ways to quantify / qualify: various <a href="/wiki/Audio_system_measurements" title="Audio system measurements">audio system measurements</a>, listening test methodologies such as <a href="/wiki/MUSHRA" title="MUSHRA">MUSHRA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mean_opinion_score" title="Mean opinion score">mean opinion score</a>; specific methods that take into account "different but better", e.g. Frechet Audio Distance.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Sound_quality" title="Talk:Sound quality">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sound_quality" title="Special:EditPage/Sound quality">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sound+quality%22">"Sound quality"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sound+quality%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sound+quality%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sound+quality%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sound+quality%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sound+quality%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Microphone_and_cover.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Microphone_and_cover.JPG/220px-Microphone_and_cover.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Microphone_and_cover.JPG/330px-Microphone_and_cover.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Microphone_and_cover.JPG/440px-Microphone_and_cover.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3776" data-file-height="2520" /></a><figcaption>Microphone covers are occasionally used to improve sound quality by reducing noise from wind.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sound quality</b> is typically an assessment of the accuracy, fidelity, or <a href="/wiki/Intelligibility_(communication)" title="Intelligibility (communication)">intelligibility</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">audio</a> output from an electronic device. Quality can be measured objectively, such as when tools are used to gauge the accuracy with which the device reproduces an original sound; or it can be measured subjectively, such as when human listeners respond to the sound or gauge its <i>perceived</i> similarity to another sound.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sound quality of a reproduction or recording depends on a number of factors, including the equipment used to make it,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> processing and mastering done to the recording, the equipment used to reproduce it, as well as the listening environment used to reproduce it.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, processing such as <a href="/wiki/Equalization_(audio)" title="Equalization (audio)">equalization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range_compression" title="Dynamic range compression">dynamic range compression</a> or <a href="/wiki/3D_audio_effect" title="3D audio effect">stereo processing</a> may be applied to a recording to create audio that is significantly different from the original but may be perceived as more agreeable to a listener. In other cases, the goal may be to reproduce audio as closely as possible to the original. </p><p>When applied to specific electronic devices, such as <a href="/wiki/Loudspeakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Loudspeakers">loudspeakers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microphones" class="mw-redirect" title="Microphones">microphones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amplifiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Amplifiers">amplifiers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">headphones</a> sound quality usually refers to accuracy, with higher quality devices providing higher accuracy reproduction. When applied to processing steps such as <a href="/wiki/Audio_mastering" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio mastering">mastering</a> recordings, absolute accuracy may be secondary to artistic or aesthetic concerns. In still other situations, such as recording a live musical performance, audio quality may refer to proper placement of microphones around a room to optimally use <a href="/wiki/Room_acoustics" title="Room acoustics">room acoustics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_audio">Digital audio</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sound_quality&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Digital audio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">Digital audio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Audio_codec" title="Audio codec">Audio codec</a></div> <p>Digital audio is stored in many formats. The simplest form is <a href="/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation" title="Pulse-code modulation">uncompressed PCM</a>, where audio is stored as a series of <a href="/wiki/Quantization_(signal_processing)" title="Quantization (signal processing)">quantized</a> audio samples spaced at regular intervals in time.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As samples are placed closer together in time, higher frequencies can be reproduced. According to the <a href="/wiki/Nyquist%E2%80%93Shannon_sampling_theorem" title="Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem">sampling theorem</a>, any bandwidth-limited signal (that does not contain a pure sinusoidal component), <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</a> B, can be perfectly described by more than 2B samples per second, allowing <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xiph.org/video/vid2.shtml">perfect reconstruction</a> of the bandwidth-limited analog signal.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, for human hearing bandwidth between 0 and 20 kHz, audio must be sampled at above 40 kHz. Due to the need for filtering out ultrasonic frequencies resulting from the conversion to an analog signal, in practice slightly higher sample rates are used: 44.1 kHz (<a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Disc">CD audio</a>) or 48 kHz (<a href="/wiki/DVD-Video" title="DVD-Video">DVD</a>). </p><p>In PCM, each audio sample describes the sound pressure at an instant in time with a limited precision. The limited accuracy results in <a href="/wiki/Quantization_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantization error">quantization error</a>, a form of noise that is added to the recording. To reduce quantization error, more precision can be used in each measurement at the expense of larger samples (see <a href="/wiki/Audio_bit_depth" title="Audio bit depth">audio bit depth</a>). With each additional <a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bit</a> added to a sample, quantization error is reduced by approximately 6 <a href="/wiki/Decibels" class="mw-redirect" title="Decibels">dB</a>. For example, CD audio uses 16 bits per sample, and therefore it will have quantization noise approximately 96 dB below the maximum possible sound pressure level (when summed over the full bandwidth) </p><p>The amount of space required to store PCM depends on the number of bits per sample, the number of samples per second, and the number of channels. For CD audio, this is 44,100 samples per second, 16 bits per sample, and 2 channels for stereo audio leading to 1,411,200 bits per second. However, this space can be greatly reduced using <a href="/wiki/Audio_compression_(data)#Audio" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio compression (data)">audio compression</a>. In audio compression, audio samples are processed using an <a href="/wiki/Audio_codec" title="Audio codec">audio codec</a>. In a <a href="/wiki/Lossless_codec" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossless codec">lossless codec</a> audio samples are processed without discarding information by packing repetitive or redundant samples into a more efficiently stored form. A lossless decoder then reproduces the original PCM with no change in quality. Lossless audio compression typically achieves a 30-50% reduction in file size. Common lossless audio codecs include <a href="/wiki/FLAC" title="FLAC">FLAC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Lossless" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Lossless">ALAC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monkey%27s_Audio" title="Monkey's Audio">Monkey's Audio</a> and others. </p><p>If additional compression is required, <a href="/wiki/Lossy_audio_compression#Lossy_audio_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossy audio compression">lossy audio compression</a> such as <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ogg_Vorbis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogg Vorbis">Ogg Vorbis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">AAC</a> can be used. In these techniques, lossless compression techniques are enhanced by processing audio to reduce the precision of details that are unlikely or impossible for human hearing to perceive using principles from <a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">psychoacoustics</a>. After the removal of these details, <a href="/wiki/Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">lossy compression</a> can be applied to the remainder to greatly reduce the file size. Lossy audio compression therefore allows a 75-95% reduction in file size, but runs the risk of potentially reducing audio quality if important information is mistakenly discarded. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sound_quality&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header"><span class="spoken-wikipedia-listen-to">Listen to this article</span> (<span class="duration"><span class="min">7</span> minutes</span>)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="391" data-mwtitle="En-Sound_quality-article.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/En-Sound_quality-article.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/24/En-Sound_quality-article.ogg/En-Sound_quality-article.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Spoken Wikipedia"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></span></span></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:En-Sound_quality-article.ogg" title="File:En-Sound quality-article.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 7 May 2016<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016-05-07</span>)</span>, and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_system_measurements" title="Audio system measurements">Audio system measurements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_analog_and_digital_recording" title="Comparison of analog and digital recording">Comparison of analog and digital recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delivered_Audio_Quality" title="Delivered Audio Quality">Delivered Audio Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing-Aid_Speech_Quality_Index" title="Hearing-Aid Speech Quality Index">Hearing-Aid Speech Quality Index</a> (HASQI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fidelity" title="High fidelity">High fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker_measurement" title="Loudspeaker measurement">Loudspeaker measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perceptual_Evaluation_of_Audio_Quality" title="Perceptual Evaluation of Audio Quality">Perceptual Evaluation of Audio Quality</a> (PEAQ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perceptual_Evaluation_of_Speech_Quality" title="Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality">Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality</a> (PESQ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIA/EIA-920" title="TIA/EIA-920">TIA/EIA-920</a> – Standard for high-quality digital telephony</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sound_quality&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/timbre.html">"Sound Quality or Timbre"</a>. <i>hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu&rft.atitle=Sound+Quality+or+Timbre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu%2Fhbase%2FSound%2Ftimbre.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASound+quality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pocket-lint.com/news/131462-quality-of-sound-and-the-tech-behind-it-what-to-look-for-when-choosing-a-speaker">"Quality of sound and the tech behind it: What to look for when choosing a speaker - Pocket-lint"</a>. <i>www.pocket-lint.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pocket-lint.com&rft.atitle=Quality+of+sound+and+the+tech+behind+it%3A+What+to+look+for+when+choosing+a+speaker+-+Pocket-lint&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pocket-lint.com%2Fnews%2F131462-quality-of-sound-and-the-tech-behind-it-what-to-look-for-when-choosing-a-speaker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASound+quality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.passmyexams.co.uk/GCSE/physics/pitch-loudness-quality-of-musical-notes.html">"Pitch, Loudness and Quality of Musical Notes - Pass My Exams: Easy exam revision notes for GSCE Physics"</a>. <i>www.passmyexams.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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