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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Bulgaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Serbia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metaphorical_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metaphorical_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Metaphorical uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metaphorical_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tsar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 92 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-92" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">92 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsaar" title="Tsaar – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tsaar" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zar" title="Zar – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Zar" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="تسار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تسار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zar" title="Zar – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Zar" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ar" title="Çar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="تزار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تزار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="জার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa-h%C3%B4ng" title="Sa-hông – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sa-hông" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Цар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Цар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Цар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Цар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Цар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car" title="Car – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Car" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tsar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Патша – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Патша" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car" title="Car – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Car" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zar" title="Zar – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Zar" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zar" title="Zar – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsaar" title="Tsaar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tsaar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Τσάρος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσάρος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zar" title="Zar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Zar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caro" title="Caro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Caro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tsar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="تزار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تزار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tsar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsaar" title="Tsaar – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tsaar" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Tsar" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tsar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%A8%EB%A5%B4" title="차르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="차르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%91%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Ցար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ցար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="त्सार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="त्सार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car" title="Car – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Car" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caro" title="Caro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Caro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tsar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Tsar" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zar" title="Zar – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Zar" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%90%D7%A8" title="צאר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צאר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tsar" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ცარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Патша – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Патша" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tsar" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ar" title="Çar – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Падыша – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Падыша" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zar" title="Zar – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Zar" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzar" title="Tzar – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tzar" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cars" title="Cars – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cars" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caras" title="Caras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Caras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tsar" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1r" title="Cár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Цар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Цар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC" title="സാർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സാർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="झार – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="झार" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ცარი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ცარი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="تسار – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تسار" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="تزار – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تزار" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tsar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Царсь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Царсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Царь – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Царь" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsaar" title="Tsaar – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tsaar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="जार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%84%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA" title="ツァーリ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ツァーリ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tsar" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tsar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzar" title="Tzar – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tzar" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar" title="Sar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="زار روس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="زار روس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car" title="Car – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Car" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Τσάρος – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Τσάρος" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czar" title="Czar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Czar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%9Aar" title="Țar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Țar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Царь – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Царь" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Царь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Царь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tsar" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cari" title="Cari – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Cari" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zar" title="Zar – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Zar" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tsar" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1r" title="Cár – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Cár" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car" title="Car – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Car" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Цар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Цар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car" title="Car – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Car" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsaari" title="Tsaari – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tsaari" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tsar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tsar" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Патша – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Патша" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ซาร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซาร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ar" title="Çar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Цар – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Цар" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="زار – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa_ho%C3%A0ng" title="Sa hoàng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sa hoàng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tsar" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%9A%87" title="沙皇 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="沙皇" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%9A%87" title="沙皇 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="沙皇" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%9A%87" title="沙皇 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="沙皇" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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searchaux" style="display:none">Monarchial title in some Slavic countries</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the US and British political term, see <a href="/wiki/Czar_(political_term)" title="Czar (political term)">Czar (political term)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tsar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tsar (disambiguation)">Tsar (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Csar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tsar" title="Special:EditPage/Tsar">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this article. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tsar%22">"Tsar"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tsar%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tsar%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tsar%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tsar%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tsar%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Car_Simeon_Bulharsky_-_Alfons_Mucha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[[Alphonse Mucha]]'s The Slav Epic cycle No.4: Tsar Simeon I of Bulgaria (1923)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Car_Simeon_Bulharsky_-_Alfons_Mucha.jpg/220px-Car_Simeon_Bulharsky_-_Alfons_Mucha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Car_Simeon_Bulharsky_-_Alfons_Mucha.jpg/330px-Car_Simeon_Bulharsky_-_Alfons_Mucha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Car_Simeon_Bulharsky_-_Alfons_Mucha.jpg/440px-Car_Simeon_Bulharsky_-_Alfons_Mucha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1277" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Simeon_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Simeon I of Bulgaria">Simeon I of Bulgaria</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgarian</a> tsar and the first person who bore the title "tsar"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, by <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Mucha" title="Alphonse Mucha">Alphonse Mucha</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_by_Ivan_Makarov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Emperor_by_Ivan_Makarov.jpg/220px-Emperor_by_Ivan_Makarov.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Emperor_by_Ivan_Makarov.jpg/330px-Emperor_by_Ivan_Makarov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Emperor_by_Ivan_Makarov.jpg/440px-Emperor_by_Ivan_Makarov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>Reception of the Tsar of Russia in the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Kremlin">Moscow Kremlin</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Makarov" title="Ivan Makarov">Ivan Makarov</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paja_Jovanovi%C4%87-Krunisanje_Cara_Du%C5%A1ana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/88/Paja_Jovanovi%C4%87-Krunisanje_Cara_Du%C5%A1ana.jpg/220px-Paja_Jovanovi%C4%87-Krunisanje_Cara_Du%C5%A1ana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/88/Paja_Jovanovi%C4%87-Krunisanje_Cara_Du%C5%A1ana.jpg/330px-Paja_Jovanovi%C4%87-Krunisanje_Cara_Du%C5%A1ana.jpg 1.5x, 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title="King">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_consort" class="mw-redirect" title="King consort">consort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_dowager" class="mw-redirect" title="King dowager">dowager</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li>Queen <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">regnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_consort" title="Queen consort">consort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_dowager" title="Queen dowager">dowager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_mother" title="Queen mother">mother</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke" title="Archduke">Archduke, Archduchess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_duke" title="Grand duke">Grand duke, Grand duchess</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince" title="Prince">Prince</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_consort" title="Prince consort">consort</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess" title="Princess">Princess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_consort" title="Princess consort">consort</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyar" title="Boyar">Boyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">Duke, Duchess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knyaz" title="Knyaz">Knyaz, Knyaginya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heir" class="mw-redirect" title="Heir">Heir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">Heir apparent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">Heir presumptive</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herzog" title="Herzog">Herzog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarl" title="Jarl">Jarl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">Prince-elector, Princess-elector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrst" title="Fürst">Fürst, Fürstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquess" title="Marquess">Marquess, Marchioness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margrave" title="Margrave">Margrave, Margravine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcher_lord" title="Marcher lord">Marcher lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landgrave" title="Landgrave">Landgrave</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Count_palatine" title="Count palatine">Count palatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voivode" title="Voivode">Voivode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">Count, Countess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl" title="Earl">Earl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealdorman" title="Ealdorman">Ealdorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viscount" title="Viscount">Viscount, Viscountess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castellan" title="Castellan">Castellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgrave" title="Burgrave">Burgrave, Burgravine</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vidame" title="Vidame">Vidame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starosta" title="Starosta">Starosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Baron, Baroness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_paramount" title="Lord paramount">Lord paramount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overlord" title="Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenant_in_chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenant in chief">Tenant in chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_lord" title="Territorial lord">Territorial lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liege_lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Liege lord">Liege lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesne_lord" title="Mesne lord">Mesne lord</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lendmann" title="Lendmann">Lendmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobile_(aristocracy)" title="Nobile (aristocracy)">Nobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edler" title="Edler">Edler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primor" title="Primor">Primor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidalgo" title="Fidalgo">Fidalgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baronet" title="Baronet">Baronet, Baronetess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vavasour" title="Vavasour">Vavasour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_knight" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial knight">Imperial knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Knight/Chevalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritter" title="Ritter">Ritter</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knight_bachelor" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight bachelor">Knight bachelor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thane_(Scotland)" title="Thane (Scotland)">Thane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druzhina" title="Druzhina">Druzhinnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_manor" title="Lord of the manor">Lord of the manor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vogt" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogt">Vogt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esquire" title="Esquire">Esquire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman" title="Gentleman">Gentilhomme, Gente dame</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman" title="Gentleman">Gentleman, Gentlewoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_(class)" title="Franklin (class)">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeoman" title="Yeoman">Yeoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_at_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Man at arms">Man at arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edelfrei" title="Edelfrei">Edelfrei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministerialis" title="Ministerialis">Ministerialis</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heraldic_Royal_Crown_(Common).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heraldic royal crown"><img alt="Heraldic royal crown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg/100px-Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg/150px-Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg/200px-Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="389" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Central concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">Royal prerogative</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdication_system" title="Abdication system">Abdication system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Chinese Legalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_monarchy" title="Composite monarchy">Composite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowned_republic" title="Crowned republic">Crowned republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_monarchy" title="Dual monarchy">Dual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">Duchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_duchy" title="Grand duchy">Grand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynastic_union" title="Dynastic union">Dynastic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnarch" title="Ethnarch">Ethnarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate" title="Khanate">Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">Non-sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">Pentarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_monarchy" title="Popular monarchy">Popular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_union" title="Real union">Real union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coregency" title="Coregency">Coregency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">Self-proclaimed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signoria" title="Signoria">Signoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate" title="Triumvirate">Triarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_monarchy" title="Universal monarchy">Universal</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <p><b>Philosophers</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Balzac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cr%C3%A9tineau-Joly" title="Jacques Crétineau-Joly">Crétineau-Joly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Gogol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Balmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei">Youwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Mu%C3%B1oz_Seca" title="Pedro Muñoz Seca">Seca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Bogdanor" title="Vernon Bogdanor">Bogdanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Yarvin" title="Curtis Yarvin">Yarvin</a></li></ul> <p><b>Works</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_regno,_ad_regem_Cypri" title="De regno, ad regem Cypri">De Regno</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1265-1266)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1313)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Six_livres_de_la_R%C3%A9publique" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Six livres de la République">Les Six livres de la République</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1576)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1651)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patriarcha" title="Patriarcha">Patriarcha</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1680)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Considerations_on_France" title="Considerations on France">Considerations on France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1796)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy:_The_God_That_Failed" title="Democracy: The God That Failed">Democracy: The God That Failed</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Mazarin" title="Cardinal Mazarin">Mazarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabrizio_Ruffo" title="Fabrizio Ruffo">Ruffo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ercole_Consalvi" title="Ercole Consalvi">Consalvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand-Emmanuel_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_duc_de_Richelieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, duc de Richelieu">Plessis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Vill%C3%A8le" title="Joseph de Villèle">Villèle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_de_Polignac" title="Jules de Polignac">Polignac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie,_duc_Decazes" title="Élie, duc Decazes">Decazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_C%C3%A1novas_del_Castillo" title="Antonio Cánovas del Castillo">Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Mella" title="Juan Vázquez de Mella">Mella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertand_Renouvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertand Renouvin">Renouvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky" title="Vladimir Zhirinovsky">Zhirinovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C4%83lin_Popescu-T%C4%83riceanu" title="Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu">Popescu-Tăriceanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_Zourabichvili" title="Salome Zourabichvili">Zourabichvili</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus#Octavian_becomes_Augustus" title="Augustus">Birth of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Foundation of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarist autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Birth of the Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_of_1813" title="Triumvirate of 1813">Establishment of the Dutch monarchy</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Trienio Liberal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Liberal Wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867" title="Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867">Austro-Hungarian Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">German unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="5 October 1910 Revolution">5 October 1910 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_(Brazil)" title="Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)">Proclamation of the Republic in Brazil</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Chinese Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1932" title="Siamese revolution of 1932">Siamese revolution of 1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Birth of the Italian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Cambodia" title="Modern Cambodia">Modern Cambodia</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Polity</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Administration</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_court" title="Royal court">Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_appointment" title="Court appointment">Appointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Officers_of_State" title="Great Officers of State">Great Officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_household" title="Royal household">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinue" title="Retinue">Retinue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camarilla" title="Camarilla">Camarilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtier" title="Courtier">Courtier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favourite" title="Favourite">Favourite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_guard" title="Royal guard">Royal guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_council" title="Privy council">Privy council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Council_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Crown Council (disambiguation)">Crown Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhzen" title="Makhzen">Makhzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riksr%C3%A5d" title="Riksråd">Riksråd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonsism" title="Alfonsism">Alfonsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangism_(Dutch_Republic)" title="Orangism (Dutch Republic)">Orangism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orangism_(Belgium)" title="Orangism (Belgium)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangism_(Luxembourg)" title="Orangism (Luxembourg)">Luxembourg</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_dynasties" title="Lists of dynasties">Lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_descent" title="Royal descent">Descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_family_trees" title="List of family trees">Family trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_bastard" title="Royal bastard">Illegitimate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_system" title="Emperor system">Emperor system of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurehead" title="Figurehead">Figurehead</a></li> <li>Heir <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">apparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">presumptive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingmaker" title="Kingmaker">Kingmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchies" title="List of monarchies">List of monarchies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_monarchies" title="List of current monarchies">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_monarchies" title="List of former monarchies">Former</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign monarchs">Non-sovereign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">Peerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_of_the_realm" title="Peer of the realm">Realm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosopher_king" title="Philosopher king">Philosopher king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">Pretender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_former_ruling_families" title="List of heads of former ruling families">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realm" title="Realm">Realm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich" title="Reich">Reich</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regicide" title="Regicide">Regicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_list" title="Regnal list">Regnal list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_number" title="Regnal number">Regnal number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign" title="Sovereign">Sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_styles" title="Royal and noble styles">Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-king" title="Anti-king">Anti-king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_crisis" title="Succession crisis">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">Interregnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_rebellion" title="Princely rebellion">Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_succession" title="War of succession">War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usurper" title="Usurper">Usurper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_usurpers" title="List of usurpers">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchism" title="Template:Monarchism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchism" title="Template talk:Monarchism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tsar</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>(<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>)<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span></span>/</a></span></span>; also spelled <i><b>czar</b></i>, <i><b>tzar</b></i>, or <i><b>csar</b></i>; <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>: <span lang="bg">цар</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bulgarian" title="Romanization of Bulgarian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">tsar</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">царь</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">tsar'</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>: <span lang="sr">цар</span>, <span title="Serbian-language text"><i lang="sr">car</i></span>) is a title historically used by <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarchs</a>. The term is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word <i><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">caesar</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-eponym_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eponym-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was intended to mean <i><a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">emperor</a></i> in the European medieval sense of the term—a ruler with the same rank as a <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a>, holding it by the approval of another emperor or a supreme ecclesiastical official—but was usually considered by Western Europeans to be equivalent to "king".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tsar and its variants were the official titles in the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a> (681–1018), <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a> (1185–1396), the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Kingdom of Bulgaria</a> (1908–1946), the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a> (1346–1371), and the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> (1547–1721). The first ruler to adopt the title <i>tsar</i> was <a href="/wiki/Simeon_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Simeon I of Bulgaria">Simeon I of Bulgaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Simeon_Saxe-Coburg-Gotha" title="Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha">Simeon II</a>, the last <a href="/wiki/Tsar_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsar of Bulgaria">tsar of Bulgaria</a>, is the last person to hold this title. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meaning_in_Slavic_languages">Meaning in Slavic languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Meaning in Slavic languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The title tsar is derived from the Latin title for the Roman emperors, <i>caesar</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-eponym_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eponym-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greek equivalent of the Latin word <i>imperator</i> was the title <i><a href="/wiki/Autokrator" title="Autokrator">autokrator</a></i>. The term <i><a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">basileus</a></i> was another term for the same position, but it was used differently depending on whether it was in a contemporary political context or in a historical or Biblical context. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bulgaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Bulgarian_monarchs" title="List of Bulgarian monarchs">List of Bulgarian monarchs</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_inscription_of_Mostich.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/The_inscription_of_Mostich.JPG/200px-The_inscription_of_Mostich.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/The_inscription_of_Mostich.JPG/300px-The_inscription_of_Mostich.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/The_inscription_of_Mostich.JPG/400px-The_inscription_of_Mostich.JPG 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="971" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mostich" title="Mostich">Mostich</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Epitaph" title="Epitaph">epitaph</a> uses the title <i>tsar</i> (outlined): "Here lies Mostich who was <a href="/wiki/Ichirgu-boil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichirgu-boil">ichirgu-boil</a> during the reigns of Tsar Simeon and Tsar Peter. At the age of eighty he forsook the rank of ichirgu boila and all of his possessions and became a monk. And so ended his life." (Museum of Preslav)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simeon_II_of_Bulgaria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Simeon_II_of_Bulgaria.jpg/220px-Simeon_II_of_Bulgaria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Simeon_II_of_Bulgaria.jpg/330px-Simeon_II_of_Bulgaria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Simeon_II_of_Bulgaria.jpg/440px-Simeon_II_of_Bulgaria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="942" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Saxe-Coburg-Gotha" title="Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha">Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha</a> is the only living person who (as Simeon II) has borne the title "tsar".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 705 Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> named <a href="/wiki/Tervel_of_Bulgaria" title="Tervel of Bulgaria">Tervel of Bulgaria</a> "caesar" (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">καῖσαρ</span>), the first foreigner to receive this title, but his descendants continued to use Bulgar title "<a href="/wiki/Kanasubigi" title="Kanasubigi">Kanasubigi</a>". The sainted <a href="/wiki/Boris_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Boris I">Boris I</a> is sometimes retrospectively referred to as tsar, because at his time <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria was converted to Christianity</a>. However, the title "tsar" (and its <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Greek">Byzantine Greek</a> equivalent <i>basileus</i>) was actually adopted and used for the first time by his son <a href="/wiki/Simeon_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Simeon I of Bulgaria">Simeon I</a>, following a makeshift imperial coronation performed by the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch of Constantinople">Patriarch of Constantinople</a> in 913. After an attempt by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> to revoke this major diplomatic concession and a decade of intensive warfare, the imperial title of the Bulgarian ruler was recognized by the Byzantine government in 924 and again at the formal conclusion of peace in 927. Since in Byzantine political theory there was place for only two emperors, Eastern and Western (as in the Late <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>), the Bulgarian ruler was crowned <i>basileus</i> as "a spiritual son" of the Byzantine <i>basileus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been hypothesized that Simeon's title was also recognized by a papal mission to Bulgaria in or shortly after 925, as a concession in exchange for a settlement in the Bulgarian-<a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatian</a> conflict or a possible attempt to return Bulgaria to union with Rome. Thus, in the later diplomatic correspondence conducted in 1199–1204 between the Bulgarian ruler <a href="/wiki/Kaloyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaloyan">Kaloyan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a>, Kaloyan—whose self-assumed Latin title was "Imperator Bulgarorum et Blachorum"—claims that the imperial crowns of <a href="/wiki/Simeon_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Simeon I of Bulgaria">Simeon I</a>, his son <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Peter I of Bulgaria">Peter I</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samuil_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuil of Bulgaria">Samuel</a> were somehow derived from the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">papacy</a>. The pope, however, only speaks of <i>reges</i> (kings) of Bulgaria in his replies, and eventually grants only that lesser title to Kaloyan, who nevertheless proceeds to thank the pope for the "imperial title" conferred upon him.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Bulgaria's liberation from the Ottomans in 1878, its new monarchs were at first <i>autonomous prince</i> (<a href="/wiki/Knyaz" title="Knyaz">knyaz</a>). With the declaration of full independence, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Ferdinand I of Bulgaria">Ferdinand I of Bulgaria</a> adopted the traditional title "tsar" in 1908 and it was used until the abolition of the monarchy in 1946. However, these titles were not generally perceived as equivalents of "emperor" any longer. In the Bulgarian as in the Greek vernacular, the meaning of the title had shifted<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (although <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paisius_of_Hilendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Paisius of Hilendar">Paisius</a>' <a href="/wiki/Istoriya_Slavyanobolgarskaya" title="Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya"><i>Slavonic-Bulgarian History</i></a> (1760–1762) had still distinguished between the two concepts). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Serbia">Serbia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Serbia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_the_Serbs" title="Emperor of the Serbs">Emperor of the Serbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian_monarchs" title="List of Serbian monarchs">List of Serbian monarchs</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serbian_Emperor_Stefan_Du%C5%A1an,_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Serbian_Emperor_Stefan_Du%C5%A1an%2C_cropped.jpg/220px-Serbian_Emperor_Stefan_Du%C5%A1an%2C_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Serbian_Emperor_Stefan_Du%C5%A1an%2C_cropped.jpg/330px-Serbian_Emperor_Stefan_Du%C5%A1an%2C_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Serbian_Emperor_Stefan_Du%C5%A1an%2C_cropped.jpg/440px-Serbian_Emperor_Stefan_Du%C5%A1an%2C_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="866" /></a><figcaption>Tsar <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Uro%C5%A1_IV_Du%C5%A1an_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stefan Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia">Dušan</a> of Serbia</figcaption></figure> <p>The title of <i>tsar</i> (Serbian <i>car</i>) was used officially by two monarchs, the previous monarchial title being that of king (<i>kralj</i>). In 1345, <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Du%C5%A1an" title="Stefan Dušan">Stefan Dušan</a> began to style himself "Emperor of Serbs and Greeks" (the Greek renderings read "<i>basileus</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Autokrator" title="Autokrator">autokrator</a></i> of Serbs and Romans"), and was crowned as such in <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a> on <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> (April 16) 1346 by the newly elevated Serbian patriarch, alongside the Bulgarian patriarch and archbishop of Ohrid. On the same occasion, he had his wife <a href="/wiki/Helena_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena of Bulgaria">Helena of Bulgaria</a> crowned as empress and his son associated in power as king. When Dušan died in 1355, his son <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Uro%C5%A1_V" title="Stefan Uroš V">Stefan Uroš V</a> became the next emperor. The new emperor's uncle <a href="/wiki/Simeon_Uro%C5%A1" title="Simeon Uroš">Simeon Uroš</a> (Siniša) contested the succession and claimed the same titles as a dynast in Thessaly. After his death around 1370, he was succeeded in his claims by his son <a href="/wiki/John_Uro%C5%A1" title="John Uroš">John Uroš</a>, who retired to a monastery in about 1373.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Russia">Russia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_monarchs" title="List of Russian monarchs">List of Russian monarchs</a>.</div> <p>The title <i>tsar</i> was used once by church officials of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> in the naming of <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_the_Wise" title="Yaroslav the Wise">Yaroslav the Wise</a>, the grand prince of Kiev (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1019–1054</span>). This may have related to Yaroslav's war against Byzantium and to his efforts to distance himself from <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. However, other princes during the period of Kievan Rus' never styled themselves as tsars.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Russian ruler to openly break with the khan of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_of_Tver" title="Mikhail of Tver">Mikhail of Tver</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1285–1318</span>), assumed the title <i>basileus ton Ros</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <i>tsar</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following his assertion of independence from the khan in 1476, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia" title="Ivan III of Russia">Ivan III</a>, the grand prince of Moscow (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1462–1505</span>), adopted the title of <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_of_all_Russia" title="Sovereign of all Russia">sovereign of all Russia</a>, and he later also started to use the title of tsar regularly in diplomatic relations with the West.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From about 1480, he is designated as <i>imperator</i> in his Latin correspondence, as <i>keyser</i> in his correspondence with the Swedish regent, and as <i>kejser</i> in his correspondence with the Danish king, <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a>. Ivan's son <a href="/wiki/Vasili_III_of_Russia" title="Vasili III of Russia">Vasily III</a> continued using these titles. <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_von_Herberstein" title="Sigismund von Herberstein">Sigismund von Herberstein</a> (1486–1566) observed that the titles of <i>kaiser</i> and <i>imperator</i> were attempts to render the Russian term <i>tsar</i> into German and Latin, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (October 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The title-inflation related to Russia's growing ambitions to become an Orthodox "<a href="/wiki/Moscow,_third_Rome" title="Moscow, third Rome">third Rome</a>", after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of Constantinople</a> in 1453. The monarch in Moscow was recognized as an emperor by Holy Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a> in 1514.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the first Russian ruler to be formally crowned as <a href="/wiki/Tsar_of_all_Russia" title="Tsar of all Russia">tsar of all Russia</a> was <a href="/wiki/Ivan_IV_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan IV of Russia">Ivan IV</a> ("the Terrible"), in 1547. Some foreign ambassadors—namely, Herberstein (in 1516 and 1525), Daniel Printz a Buchau (in 1576 and 1578) and Just Juel (in 1709)—indicated that the word "tsar" should not be translated as "emperor", because it is applied by Russians to <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> and other Biblical kings, who are simple <i>reges</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Margeret" title="Jacques Margeret">Jacques Margeret</a>, a bodyguard of <a href="/wiki/False_Demetrius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="False Demetrius I">False Demetrius I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1605–1606</span>), argues that the title of "tsar" is more honorable for Muscovites than "kaiser" or "king" exactly because it was God and not some earthly potentate who ordained to apply it to David, Solomon, and other kings of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Collins_(physician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Collins (physician)">Samuel Collins</a>, a court physician to <a href="/wiki/Tsar_Alexis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsar Alexis">Tsar Alexis</a> in 1659–66, styled the latter "Great Emperor", commenting that "as for the word <i>Czar</i>, it has so near relation to <i>Cesar</i>... that it may well be granted to signifie Emperor. The Russians would have it to be a higher title than King, and yet they call David <i>Czar</i>, and our kings, <i>Kirrols</i>, probably from <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Charles_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Charles V">Carolus Quintus</a>, whose history they have among them".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsar_Nicholas_II_-1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Tsar_Nicholas_II_-1898.jpg/220px-Tsar_Nicholas_II_-1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Tsar_Nicholas_II_-1898.jpg/330px-Tsar_Nicholas_II_-1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Tsar_Nicholas_II_-1898.jpg/440px-Tsar_Nicholas_II_-1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="2683" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a>, the last <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_All_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of All Russia">Emperor of Russia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The title <i>tsar</i> remained in common usage, and also officially as part of various titles signifying rule over various states absorbed by the Russian monarchy (such as the former Tatar <a href="/wiki/Khanate" title="Khanate">khanates</a> and the Georgian Orthodox kingdom). In the 18th century, <i>tsar</i> was increasingly viewed as inferior to "emperor" or as highlighting the oriental side of the rank.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon annexing <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> in 1783, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a> adopted the hellenicized title "tsaritsa of <a href="/wiki/Chersonesos_Taurica" class="mw-redirect" title="Chersonesos Taurica">Tauric Chersonesos</a>", rather than "tsaritsa of the Crimea". By 1815, when Russia annexed a large part of Poland, the title had clearly come to be interpreted in Russia as the equivalent of Polish <i>król</i> ("king"), and the Russian emperor assumed the title "tsar of Poland".<sup id="cite_ref-BEC_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BEC-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Siberia" title="Indigenous peoples of Siberia">indigenous peoples of Siberia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Russia" title="Islam in Russia">Muslims</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Volga_region" title="Volga region">Volga region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, the autocracy of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> often became identified with the image of the "White Tsar" (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Белый царь</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> By 1894, when <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a> ascended the throne, the full title of the Russian rulers was </p><blockquote><p>"By the grace of God Almighty, the Emperor and Supreme Autocrat of all the Russias, Tsar of Moscow, Kiev, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Novgorod">Novgorod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carantania" title="Carantania">Kazan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Khanate" title="Astrakhan Khanate">Astrakhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, Tauric Chersonese, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a>, Lord of <a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a>, Grand Duke of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Smolensk" title="Principality of Smolensk">Smolensk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volhynia" title="Volhynia">Volhynia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Podolia" title="Podolia">Podolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Finland</a>, Prince of <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Courland" title="Courland">Courland</a> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia">and</a> <a href="/wiki/Semigallia" title="Semigallia">Semigalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samogitia" title="Samogitia">Samogitia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Białystok">Białystok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yugra" title="Yugra">Yugra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perm,_Russia" title="Perm, Russia">Perm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vyatka_Land" title="Vyatka Land">Vyatka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgaria" title="Volga Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, and other territories; Lord and Grand Duke of <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chernihiv" title="Chernihiv">Chernigov</a>; Ruler of <a href="/wiki/Ryazan" title="Ryazan">Ryazan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk">Polotsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Beloozero" title="Principality of Beloozero">Beloozero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Udorsky_District" title="Udorsky District">Udoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salekhard" title="Salekhard">Obdoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kondia" title="Kondia">Kondia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitebsk" title="Vitebsk">Vitebsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Mstislavl" title="Principality of Mstislavl">Mstislav</a>, and all <a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">northern territories</a>; Ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia" title="Kingdom of Iberia">Iveria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kartalinia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kabardia" title="Kabardia">Kabardinian lands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenian territories</a>; hereditary Ruler and Lord of the <a href="/wiki/Circassia" title="Circassia">Cherkess and Mountain Princes</a> and others; Lord of <a href="/wiki/Turkestan_Autonomy" title="Turkestan Autonomy">Turkestan</a>, Heir of <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, Duke of <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stormarn_(district)" title="Stormarn (district)">Stormarn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dithmarschen" title="Dithmarschen">Dithmarschen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_(state)" title="Oldenburg (state)">Oldenburg</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metaphorical_uses">Metaphorical uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Metaphorical uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Czar_(political_term)" title="Czar (political term)">Czar (political term)</a></div> <p>Like many lofty titles, such as <a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">mogul</a>, tsar or czar has been used in English as a <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a> for positions of high authority since 1866 (referring to U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a>), with a connotation of dictatorial powers and style, fitting since "autocrat" was an official title of the Russian Emperor (informally referred to as 'the tsar'). Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Thomas Brackett Reed</a> was called "Czar Reed" for his dictatorial control of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> in the 1880s and 1890s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the United States and in the United Kingdom, the title "czar" is a colloquial term for certain high-level civil servants, such as the "<a href="/wiki/Drug_czar" title="Drug czar">drug czar</a>" for the director of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy" title="Office of National Drug Control Policy">Office of National Drug Control Policy</a> (not to be confused with a <a href="/wiki/Drug_baron" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug baron">drug baron</a>), "terrorism czar" for a presidential advisor on terrorism policy, "cybersecurity czar" for the highest-ranking <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a> official on <a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">computer security</a> and <a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">information security</a> policy, and "<a href="/wiki/War_czar" class="mw-redirect" title="War czar">war czar</a>" to oversee the wars in <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">Afghanistan</a>. More specifically, a czar in the US government typically refers to a sub-cabinet-level advisor within the executive branch. One of the earliest known usages of the term was for Judge <a href="/wiki/Kenesaw_Mountain_Landis" title="Kenesaw Mountain Landis">Kenesaw Mountain Landis</a>, who was named <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_Baseball" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioner of Baseball">commissioner of baseball</a>, with broad powers to clean up the sport after it had been sullied by the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sox_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Sox scandal">Black Sox scandal</a> of 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Succession_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Succession of the Roman Empire">Succession of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bulgarian_monarchs" title="List of Bulgarian monarchs">List of Bulgarian monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Russian rulers">List of Russian rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian_monarchs" title="List of Serbian monarchs">List of Serbian monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._executive_branch_czars" title="List of U.S. executive branch czars">List of U.S. executive branch czars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarevets_(fortress)" title="Tsarevets (fortress)">Tsarevets (fortress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarina" title="Tsarina">Tsarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarevich" title="Tsarevich">Tsarevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsesarevich" title="Tsesarevich">Tsesarevich</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Kayser vnnd Herscher aller Rewssen und Groszfürste zu Wolodimer" in the German text of Maximilian's letter; "Imperator et Dominator universorum Rhutenorum et Magnus Princeps Valadomerorum" in the Latin copy. Vasily III responded by referring to Maximilian as "Maximiliano Dei gratia Electo Romanorum Caesare", i.e., "Roman Caesar". Maximilian's letter was of great importance to <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter I of Russia">Peter the Great</a>, when they wished to back up their titles of "tsar" and "emperor", respectively. Both monarchs demonstrated the letter to foreign ambassadors; Peter even referred to it when he proclaimed himself Emperor.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Based on these accounts, the Popes repeatedly suggested to confer on the Russian monarchs the title of <i>rex</i> ("king"), if they would only ally themselves with the Pope. Such a proposal was made for the last time in 1550, i.e., three years after Ivan IV had crowned himself tsar. As early as 1489, Ivan III declined the papal offer, declaring that his regal authority did not require anyone's confirmation.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ivan Biliarsky, Word and Power in Mediaeval Bulgaria, East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450, Brill, 2011, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004181873" title="Special:BookSources/9004181873">9004181873</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eponym-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eponym_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eponym_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=tsar">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. <i>etymonline.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=etymonline.com&rft.atitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dtsar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargeret1983" class="citation book cs1">Margeret, J. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=atYFs7aWsLkC&pg=PA111"><i>The Russian Empire and Grand Duchy of Muscovy</i></a>. University of Pittsburgh. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822977018" title="Special:BookSources/9780822977018"><bdi>9780822977018</bdi></a>. <q>The <a href="/wiki/Slavonic_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavonic Bible">Slavonic Bible</a> did equate the terms "tsar" and "king"... Russian writers often compared the grand prince or tsar with any kings of the Old Testament. Several writers [argued] that it was a mistake to translate <i>tsar</i> as "emperor". This was important because of a widely held view in Europe that the tsar wished to claim the imperial legacy of the defunct Byzantine Empire.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Empire+and+Grand+Duchy+of+Muscovy&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780822977018&rft.aulast=Margeret&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DatYFs7aWsLkC%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Madariaga2006" class="citation book cs1">de Madariaga, Isabel (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xe965KmqqcYC&pg=PT78"><i>Ivan the Terrible</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300143768" title="Special:BookSources/9780300143768"><bdi>9780300143768</bdi></a>. <q>The primary meaning of <i>tsar</i> was thus an independent ruler, with no overlord, who could be either a king of one particular nation or people, as in the Bible, or an 'emperor' ruling over several antions, such as the East Roman Emperor.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ivan+the+Terrible&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780300143768&rft.aulast=de+Madariaga&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxe965KmqqcYC%26pg%3DPT78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadariaga2014" class="citation book cs1">Madariaga, Isabel De (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=omjXAwAAQBAJ&&pg=PA40"><i>Politics and Culture in Eighteenth-Century Russi</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 40–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-88190-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-88190-2"><bdi>978-1-317-88190-2</bdi></a>. <q>Other powers [forgot] that <i>tsar</i> had once been recognized as <i>Empereur</i>, as <i>imperator</i>, or even as <i>kayzer</i>... This explains much of the difficulty encountered by <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter I</a> when he adopted the title <i>Imperator</i>. The etymological origin of the word <i>tsar</i> had been glossed over and the title had been devalued.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+Culture+in+Eighteenth-Century+Russi&rft.pages=40-42&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-88190-2&rft.aulast=Madariaga&rft.aufirst=Isabel+De&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DomjXAwAAQBAJ%26%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Simeon I." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 12 July 2009, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9067834">EB.com</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christina Holtz-Bacha, <i>Encyclopedia of Political Communication</i>, Volume 1, with Lynda Lee Kaid, Christina Holtz-Bacha as ed., Sage, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1412917999" title="Special:BookSources/1412917999">1412917999</a>. p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Срђан Пириватрић. <i>Самуилова држава</i>. Београд, 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Innocentii pp. III epistolae ad Bulgariae historiam spectantes</i>. Recensuit et explicavit Iv. Dujcev. Sofia, 1942.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Найден Геров. 1895–1904. Речник на блъгарский язик. (the entry on цар in <a href="/wiki/Naiden_Gerov" class="mw-redirect" title="Naiden Gerov">Naiden Gerov</a>'s <i>Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wladimir Vodoff. <i>Remarques sur la valeur du terme "czar" appliqué aux princes russes avant le milieu du 15e siècle</i>, in "Oxford Slavonic Series", new series, vol. XI. Oxford University Press, 1978.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Madariaga1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isabel_de_Madariaga" title="Isabel de Madariaga">de Madariaga, Isabel</a> (1997). "Tsar into Emperor: the title of Peter the Great". In Oresko, Robert; Gibbs, G. C.; <a href="/wiki/H._M._Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="H. M. Scott">Scott, H. M.</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kfXtdrD6kVIC"><i>Royal and Republican Sovereignty in Early Modern Europe: Essays in Memory of Ragnhild Hatton</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521419109" title="Special:BookSources/9780521419109"><bdi>9780521419109</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2023</span>. <q>[...] Michael of Tver', after receiving the <i>yarlyk</i> (edict) of the Mongol Khan in 1304 as grand prince of Vladimir and Moscow sent an embassy to the Emperor Andronicos II in which he described himself as <b>basileus ton Ros</b>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tsar+into+Emperor%3A+the+title+of+Peter+the+Great&rft.btitle=Royal+and+Republican+Sovereignty+in+Early+Modern+Europe%3A+Essays+in+Memory+of+Ragnhild+Hatton&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=355&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780521419109&rft.aulast=de+Madariaga&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkfXtdrD6kVIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsar" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.V. Soloviev. <i>"Reges" et "Regnum Russiae" au moyen âge</i>, in "Byzantion", t. XXXVI. Bruxelles, 1966.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBushkovitch2021" class="citation book cs1">Bushkovitch, Paul (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pAEbEAAAQBAJ"><i>Succession to the Throne in Early Modern Russia: The Transfer of Power 1450–1725</i></a> (1st ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108479349" title="Special:BookSources/9781108479349"><bdi>9781108479349</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2023</span>. <q>Ivan III had occasionally, not regularly, used the title 'tsar' in letters to other rulers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Succession+to+the+Throne+in+Early+Modern+Russia%3A+The+Transfer+of+Power+1450%E2%80%931725&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=73&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781108479349&rft.aulast=Bushkovitch&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpAEbEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsar" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Den Titel aines Khaisers, wiewol Er alle seine Brief nur Reissisch schreibt, darinn Er sich Czar nent, so schickht Er gemaincklich Lateinische Copeyen darmit oder darinn, und an stat des Czar setzen sy Imperator, den wir Teutsch Khaiser nennen".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ostrowski, D. (2002). <i>Muscovy and the Mongols: Cross-Cultural Influences on the Steppe Frontier, 1304–1589</i>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lehtovirta, J. "The Use of Titles in Herberstein's "Commentarii". Was the Muscovite Tsar a King or an Emperor?" in Kӓmpfer, F. and Frӧtschner, R. (eds.) (2002) <i>450 Jahre Sigismund von Herbersteins Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii 1549–1999</i>, Harrassowitz Verlag, pp. 196–198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Et ainsi retiennent le nom de Zar comme plus autentique, duquel nom il pleut iadis à Dieu d'honorer David, Salomon et autres regnans sur la maison de Iuda et Israel, disent-ils, et que ces mots <i>Tsisar</i> et <i>Krol</i> n'est que invention humaine, lequel nom quelqu'un s'est acquis par beaux faits d'armes".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Present State of Russia, in a Letter to a Friend at London. Written by an Eminent Person residing at Great Tzars Court at Mosco for the space of nine years</i>. 2nd ed. London, 1671. pp. 54–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Boris_Uspensky" title="Boris Uspensky">Boris Uspensky</a>. <i>Царь и император: помазание на трон и семантика монарших титулов</i>. Moscow: Языки русской культуры, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-7859-0145-5" title="Special:BookSources/5-7859-0145-5">5-7859-0145-5</a>. pp. 48–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BEC-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BEC_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200908103414/http://cultinfo.ru/fulltext/1/001/007/111/111470.htm">"The Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia entry on Tsar"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cultinfo.ru/fulltext/1/001/007/111/111470.htm">the original</a> on 2020-09-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-07-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Brockhaus+and+Efron+Encyclopedia+entry+on+Tsar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cultinfo.ru%2Ffulltext%2F1%2F001%2F007%2F111%2F111470.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofmeister2017" class="citation book cs1">Hofmeister, Ulrich (2017). "From the <i>White Tsar</i> to the <i>Russian Tsar</i>. Monarchy and Russian Nationalism in Tsarist Turkestan". In Banerjee, Milinda; Backerra, Charlotte; Sarti, Cathleen (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g1DCDgAAQBAJ"><i>Transnational Histories of the 'Royal Nation'<span></span></i></a>. Palgrave Studies in Modern Monarchy. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319505237" title="Special:BookSources/9783319505237"><bdi>9783319505237</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2023</span>. <q>[...] White Tsar [Belyi Tsar']. This title was widely used in Russian communication with Asian or Muslim peoples during the nineteenth century and derived its attraction from its 'Asian' appeal. [...I]n late Tsarist times the expression <i>White Tsar</i> was perceived as a specific 'oriental' title for the Russian Tsar that was rooted in Mongolian traditions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+the+White+Tsar+to+the+Russian+Tsar.+Monarchy+and+Russian+Nationalism+in+Tsarist+Turkestan&rft.btitle=Transnational+Histories+of+the+%27Royal+Nation%27&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.series=Palgrave+Studies+in+Modern+Monarchy&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9783319505237&rft.aulast=Hofmeister&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg1DCDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsar" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harcave, Sidney <i>First Blood The Russian Revolution of 1905</i> Macmillan: London, 1964 p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_K._Glassman2000" class="citation news cs1">James K. Glassman (December 18, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reason.com/news/show/36081.html">"Close, But No Big Czar"</a>. <i>Reason magazine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reason+magazine&rft.atitle=Close%2C+But+No+Big+Czar&rft.date=2000-12-18&rft.au=James+K.+Glassman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reason.com%2Fnews%2Fshow%2F36081.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATsar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><i>Michael and Natasha, The Life and love of the Last Tsar of Russia</i>, Rosemary & Donald Crawford, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-81836-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-81836-8">0-297-81836-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Alexandrovi%C4%8D_Ostrogorsky" class="mw-redirect" title="George Alexandrovič Ostrogorsky">George Ostrogorsky</a>, "Avtokrator i samodržac", <i>Glas Srpske kraljevske akadamije</i> CLXIV, Drugi razdred 84 (1935), 95–187</li> <li>John V.A. Fine Jr., <i>The Early Medieval Balkans</i>, Ann Arbor, 1983</li> <li>John V.A. Fine Jr., <i>The Late Medieval Balkans</i>, Ann Arbor, 1987</li> <li>Robert O. Crummey, <i>The Formation of Muscovy 1304–1613</i>, New York, 1987</li> <li>David Warnes, <i>Chronicle of the Russian Tsars</i>, London, 1999</li> <li>Matthew Lang (Editor), <i> The Chronicle – $10 Very Cheap</i>, Sydney, 2009/10</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/tsar" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/tsar">tsar</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tsars" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tsars">Tsars</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Tsar" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tsar">Tsar</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=tsar&searchmode=none">EtymOnline</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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