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<span>Origin-of-death stories</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origin-of-death_stories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origin-of-death stories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origin-of-death_stories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Story_of_the_Two_Messengers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Story_of_the_Two_Messengers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>The Story of the Two Messengers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Story_of_the_Two_Messengers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Story_of_the_Waxing_and_Waning_Moon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Story_of_the_Waxing_and_Waning_Moon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The Story of the Waxing and Waning Moon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Story_of_the_Waxing_and_Waning_Moon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Story_of_the_Serpent_and_His_Cast_Skin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Story_of_the_Serpent_and_His_Cast_Skin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>The Story of the Serpent and His Cast Skin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Story_of_the_Serpent_and_His_Cast_Skin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Story_of_the_Banana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Story_of_the_Banana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>The Story of the Banana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Story_of_the_Banana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reputation_and_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reputation_and_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reputation and criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reputation_and_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Selected works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%B1" title="جيمس فريزر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيمس فريزر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceyms_Freyzer" title="Ceyms Freyzer – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ceyms Freyzer" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%B1" title="جیمز فریزر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جیمز فریزر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Джэймс Джордж Фрэзер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джэймс Джордж Фрэзер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B7%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Джеймс Джордж Фрейзър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джеймс Джордж Фрейзър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="James George Frazer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Frazer" title="James Frazer – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="James Frazer" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="James George Frazer" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="James George Frazer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="James George Frazer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Frazer" title="James Frazer – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="James Frazer" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%82_%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%B6%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Τζέιμς Φρέιζερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζέιμς Φρέιζερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="James George Frazer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Frazer" title="James Frazer – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="James Frazer" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="James George Frazer" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%B1" title="جیمز فریزر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جیمز فریزر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="James George Frazer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="James George Frazer" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4_%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80_%ED%94%84%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%A0%80" title="제임스 조지 프레이저 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제임스 조지 프레이저" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%B4%D5%BD_%D5%8B%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BB_%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ջեյմս Ջորջ Ֆրեզեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջեյմս Ջորջ Ֆրեզեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="James George Frazer" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="James George Frazer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="James George Frazer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A1_%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%27_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A8" title="ג'יימס ג'ורג' פרייזר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'יימס ג'ורג' פרייזר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="James George Frazer" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%96_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ჯეიმზ ფრეიზერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯეიმზ ფრეიზერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Джеймс Джордж Фрейзер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джеймс Джордж Фрейзер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacobus_Georgius_Frazer" title="Iacobus Georgius Frazer – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iacobus Georgius Frazer" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEeimss_Freizers" title="Džeimss Freizers – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džeimss Freizers" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Frazer" title="James Frazer – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="James Frazer" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="James George Frazer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%B1" title="جيمس فريزر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيمس فريزر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Frazer" title="James Frazer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="James Frazer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B6%E3%83%BC" title="ジェームズ・フレイザー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェームズ・フレイザー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="James George Frazer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0" title="ਜੇਮਜ਼ ਜਾਰਜ ਫਰੇਜ਼ਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੇਮਜ਼ ਜਾਰਜ ਫਰੇਜ਼ਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="James George Frazer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Frazer" title="James Frazer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="James Frazer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="James George Frazer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Фрэзер, Джеймс Джордж – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фрэзер, Джеймс Джордж" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="James George Frazer" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="James George Frazer" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%8F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%9F_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Џејмс Џорџ Фрејзер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џејмс Џорџ Фрејзер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="James George Frazer" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="James George Frazer" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="James George Frazer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="เจมส์ จอร์จ เฟรเซอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เจมส์ จอร์จ เฟรเซอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Frazer" title="James Frazer – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="James Frazer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Джеймс Джордж Фрейзер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Scottish social anthropologist and folklorist (1854–1941)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"James Frazer" redirects here. For others with the same or a similar name, see <a href="/wiki/James_Fraser_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="James Fraser (disambiguation)">James Fraser (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a></div><div class="fn">James George Frazer</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of Merit">OM</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh">FRSE</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">FBA</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:JamesGeorgeFrazer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/JamesGeorgeFrazer.jpg/220px-JamesGeorgeFrazer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/JamesGeorgeFrazer.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Sir James George Frazer in 1933</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1854-01-01</span>)</span>1 January 1854<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, Scotland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">7 May 1941<span style="display:none">(1941-05-07)</span> (aged 87)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a> (MA 1874)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Research in <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">comparative religion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">Order of Merit</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a><sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Social_anthropologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Social anthropologist">Social anthropologist</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">University of Liverpool</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:lavender; padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology of religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two ancient anthropomorphic figures from Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg/220px-Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg/330px-Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg/440px-Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2864" data-file-height="2148" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Two ancient anthropomorphic figures from Peru</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Basic concepts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augury" title="Augury">Augury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitas" title="Communitas">Communitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_language" title="Divine language">Divine language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetishism" title="Fetishism">Fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiation" title="Initiation">Initiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laying_on_of_hands" title="Laying on of hands">Laying on of hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liminality" title="Liminality">Liminality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mana_(Oceanian_cultures)" title="Mana (Oceanian cultures)">Mana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nympholepsy" title="Nympholepsy">Nympholepsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">Oracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">Rite of passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred%E2%80%93profane_dichotomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred–profane dichotomy">Sacred–profane dichotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred site">Sacred site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_dualism" title="Soul dualism">Soul dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">Totem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Veneration of the dead</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Case studies</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <dl><dt>Magic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Gardens_and_Their_Magic" title="Coral Gardens and Their Magic">Coral Gardens and Their Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_sur_les_apparitions_des_esprits_et_sur_les_vampires_ou_les_revenans_de_Hongrie,_de_Moravie,_%26c." title="Traité sur les apparitions des esprits et sur les vampires ou les revenans de Hongrie, de Moravie, &c.">Treatise on the Apparitions of<br />Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_Feminism" title="Enchanted Feminism">Neo-Paganism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Ritual</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angakkuq" title="Angakkuq">Angakkuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babaylan" class="mw-redirect" title="Babaylan">Babaylan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobohizan" title="Bobohizan">Bobohizan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomoh" title="Bomoh">Bomoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora_(Australian)" title="Bora (Australian)">Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukun" title="Dukun">Dukun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miko" title="Miko">Miko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jh%C4%81kri" title="Jhākri">Jhākri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawang" title="Pawang">Pawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slametan" title="Slametan">Slametan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_(shaman)" title="Wu (shaman)">Wu</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Revitalization movements</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_cult" title="Cargo cult">Cargo cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handsome_Lake" title="Handsome Lake">Handsome Lake</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related articles</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Elementary_Forms_of_the_Religious_Life" title="The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life">The Elementary Forms<br />of the Religious Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purity_and_Danger" title="Purity and Danger">Purity and Danger</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_religion_and_ritual" title="Archaeology of religion and ritual">Archaeology of religion and ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pole" title="Ceremonial pole">Poles in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lived_religion" title="Lived religion">Lived religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_religion" title="Elite religion">Elite religion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Major theorists</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Calmet" title="Antoine Augustin Calmet">Augustin Calmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar_Ahmed" title="Akbar Ahmed">Akbar S. Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talal_Asad" title="Talal Asad">Talal Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Campbell" title="Joseph Campbell">Joseph Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Douglas" title="Mary Douglas">Mary Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_van_Gennep" title="Arnold van Gennep">Arnold van Gennep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._E._Evans-Pritchard" title="E. E. Evans-Pritchard">E. E. Evans-Pritchard</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Frazer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numa_Denis_Fustel_de_Coulanges" title="Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges">Fustel de Coulanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Geertz" title="Clifford Geertz">Clifford Geertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_W._G._Horton" title="Robin W. G. Horton">Robin Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ranulph_Marett" title="Robert Ranulph Marett">Robert Marett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Ozment" title="Steven Ozment">Steven Ozment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Rappaport" title="Roy Rappaport">Roy Rappaport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_Mahmood" title="Saba Mahmood">Saba Mahmood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Sahlins" title="Marshall Sahlins">Marshall Sahlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melford_Spiro" title="Melford Spiro">Melford Spiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Jeyaraja_Tambiah" title="Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah">Stanley Tambiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Turner" title="Victor Turner">Victor Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor" title="Edward Burnett Tylor">Edward Burnett Tylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Martin_Varisco" title="Daniel Martin Varisco">Daniel Martin Varisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_F._C._Wallace" title="Anthony F. C. Wallace">Anthony F. C. Wallace</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Journals</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_Perspectives_on_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropological Perspectives on Religion">Anthropological Perspectives on Religion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Folklore_Society" title="The Folklore Society">Folklore</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hibbert_Journal" title="The Hibbert Journal">The Hibbert Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Religion" title="The Journal of Religion">The Journal of Religion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oceania_(journal)" title="Oceania (journal)">Oceania</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">folk religions</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-American religion">Afro-American religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaska Native religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">Anito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atua" title="Atua">Atua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Böö mörgöl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanitu" title="Hanitu">Hanitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_animism" title="Hausa animism">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American religion">Native American religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noaidi" title="Noaidi">Noaidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Shindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Shamanism in Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African religions</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Hindu denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartism" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartism">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdavia">Mahdavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropology</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anthropology_of_religion" title="Template:Anthropology of religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anthropology_of_religion" title="Template talk:Anthropology of religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropology_of_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropology of religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sir James George Frazer</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of Merit">OM</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh">FRSE</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">FBA</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span>; 1 January 1854 – 7 May 1941) was a Scottish <a href="/wiki/Social_anthropologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Social anthropologist">social anthropologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folklore_studies" title="Folklore studies">folklorist</a><sup id="cite_ref-Josephson-Storm_2017,_Chapter_5_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Josephson-Storm_2017,_Chapter_5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> influential in the early stages of the modern studies of <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">comparative religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_George_Frazer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frazer was born on 1 January 1854 in <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, Scotland, the son of Katherine Brown and Daniel F. Frazer, a chemist.<sup id="cite_ref-RSE_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSE-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attended school at Springfield Academy and <a href="/wiki/Larchfield_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Larchfield Academy">Larchfield Academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Helensburgh" title="Helensburgh">Helensburgh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He studied at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a>, where he graduated with honours in <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">classics</a> (his dissertation was published years later as <i>The Growth of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s Ideal Theory</i>) and remained a Classics Fellow all his life.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From Trinity, he went on to study law at the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Temple" title="Middle Temple">Middle Temple</a>, but never practised. </p><p>Four times elected to Trinity's Title Alpha Fellowship, he was associated with the college for most of his life, except for the year 1907–1908, spent at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">University of Liverpool</a>. He was knighted in 1914, and a <a href="/wiki/Frazer_Lecture" title="Frazer Lecture">public lectureship</a> in social anthropology at the universities of Cambridge, Oxford, Glasgow and Liverpool was established in his honour in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was, if not blind, then severely visually impaired from 1930 on. He and his wife, Lilly, died in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, England, within a few hours of each other.<sup id="cite_ref-lillyrb_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lillyrb-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died on 7 May 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-RSE_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSE-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are buried at the <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Parish_Burial_Ground,_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascension Parish Burial Ground, Cambridge">St Giles aka Ascension Parish Burial Ground</a> in Cambridge.<sup id="cite_ref-lillyrb_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lillyrb-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frazer is commonly interpreted as an atheist in light of his <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">criticism of Christianity</a> and especially <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Bough" title="The Golden Bough">The Golden Bough</a></i>. However, his later writings and unpublished materials suggest an ambivalent relationship with <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Josephson-Storm_2017,_Chapter_5_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Josephson-Storm_2017,_Chapter_5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1896 Frazer married <a href="/wiki/Lilly_Frazer" title="Lilly Frazer">Elizabeth "Lilly" Grove</a>, a writer whose father was from <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lillyrb_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lillyrb-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She would later adapt Frazer's <i>Golden Bough</i> as a book of children's stories, <i>The Leaves from the Golden Bough</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ackerman1987_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ackerman1987-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kessler2013_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kessler2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His sister Isabella Katherine Frazer married the mathematician <a href="/wiki/John_Steggall" title="John Steggall">John Steggall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_George_Frazer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">study of myth</a> and religion became his areas of expertise. Except for visits to <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, Frazer was not widely travelled. His prime sources of data were ancient histories and questionnaires mailed to missionaries and imperial officials all over the globe. Frazer's interest in social anthropology was aroused by reading <a href="/wiki/E._B._Tylor" class="mw-redirect" title="E. B. Tylor">E. B. Tylor</a>'s <i>Primitive Culture</i> (1871) and was also encouraged by his friend, the biblical scholar <a href="/wiki/William_Robertson_Smith" title="William Robertson Smith">William Robertson Smith</a>, who was comparing elements of the Old Testament with early Hebrew folklore. </p><p>Frazer was the first scholar to describe in detail the relations between <a href="/wiki/Myths_and_rituals" class="mw-redirect" title="Myths and rituals">myths and rituals</a>. His vision of the annual sacrifice of the <a href="/wiki/Year-King" class="mw-redirect" title="Year-King">Year-King</a> has not been borne out by field studies. Yet <i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Bough" title="The Golden Bough">The Golden Bough</a></i>, his study of ancient cults, rites, and myths, including their parallels in early Christianity, continued for many decades to be studied by modern mythographers for its detailed information.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first edition, in two volumes, was published in 1890; and a second, in three volumes, in 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third edition was finished in 1915 and ran to twelve volumes, with a supplemental thirteenth volume added in 1936. He published a single-volume abridged version, largely compiled by his wife Lady Frazer, in 1922, with some controversial material on Christianity excluded from the text.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work's influence extended well beyond the conventional bounds of academia, inspiring the new work of psychologists and psychiatrists. <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a>, cited <i>Totemism and Exogamy</i> frequently in his own <i><a href="/wiki/Totem_and_Taboo" title="Totem and Taboo">Totem and Taboo</a>: Resemblances Between the Psychic Lives of Savages and Neurotics</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The symbolic cycle of life, death and rebirth which Frazer divined behind myths of many peoples captivated a generation of artists and poets. Perhaps the most notable product of this fascination is <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>'s poem <i><a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a></i> (1922). </p><p>Frazer's pioneering work<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been criticised by late-20th-century scholars. For instance, in the 1980s the social anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Leach" title="Edmund Leach">Edmund Leach</a> wrote a series of critical articles, one of which was featured as the lead in <i><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_Today" title="Anthropology Today">Anthropology Today</a></i>, vol. 1 (1985).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leach criticised <i>The Golden Bough</i> for the breadth of comparisons drawn from widely separated cultures, but often based his comments on the abridged edition, which omits the supportive archaeological details. In a positive review of a book narrowly focused on the <i><a href="/wiki/Cult_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cult (religion)">cultus</a></i> in the Hittite city of Nerik, J. D. Hawkins remarked approvingly in 1973, "The whole work is very methodical and sticks closely to the fully quoted documentary evidence in a way that would have been unfamiliar to the late Sir James Frazer."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, <i>The Golden Bough</i> has been criticised for what are widely perceived as <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Catholic">anti-Catholic</a>, classist and racist elements, including Frazer's assumptions that European peasants, <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africans</a> represented fossilised, earlier stages of cultural evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another important work by Frazer is his six-volume commentary on the Greek traveller <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>' description of Greece in the mid-2nd century AD. Since his time, archaeological excavations have added enormously to the knowledge of ancient Greece, but scholars still find much of value in his detailed historical and topographical discussions of different sites, and his eyewitness accounts of Greece at the end of the 19th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theories_of_religion_and_cultural_evolution">Theories of religion and cultural evolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_George_Frazer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Theories of religion and cultural evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the most influential elements of the third edition of <i>The Golden Bough</i> is Frazer's theory of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_evolution" title="Cultural evolution">cultural evolution</a> and the place Frazer assigns religion and <a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">magic</a> in that theory. Frazer's theory of cultural evolution was not absolute and could reverse, but sought to broadly describe three (or possibly, four) spheres through which cultures were thought to pass over time.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frazer believed that, over time, culture passed through three stages, moving from magic, to religion, to science. Frazer's classification notably diverged from earlier anthropological descriptions of cultural evolution, including that of <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a>, because he thought magic was both initially separate from religion and invariably preceded religion.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also defined magic separately from belief in the supernatural and superstition, presenting an ultimately ambivalent view of its place in culture.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frazer believed that magic and science were similar because both shared an emphasis on experimentation and practicality; his emphasis on this relationship is so broad that almost any disproven scientific hypothesis technically constitutes magic under his system.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to both magic and science, Frazer defined religion in terms of belief in personal, supernatural forces and attempts to appease them. As historian of religion Jason Josephson-Storm describes Frazer's views, Frazer saw religion as "a momentary aberration in the grand trajectory of human thought."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He thus ultimately proposed – and attempted to further – a narrative of <a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">secularization</a> and one of the first social-scientific expressions of a <a href="/wiki/Disenchantment" title="Disenchantment">disenchantment</a> narrative. </p><p>At the same time, Frazer was aware that both magic and religion could persist or return. He noted that magic sometimes returned so as to become science, such as when <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a> underwent a revival in Early Modern Europe and became <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>. On the other hand, Frazer displayed a deep anxiety about the potential of widespread belief in magic to empower the masses, indicating fears of and biases against lower-class people in his thought.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin-of-death_stories">Origin-of-death stories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_George_Frazer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origin-of-death stories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Origin-of-death_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin-of-death myth">Origin-of-death myth</a></div> <p>Frazer collected stories from throughout the British Empire and devised four general classifications into which many of them could be grouped:<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jgf_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jgf-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Story_of_the_Two_Messengers">The Story of the Two Messengers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_George_Frazer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Story of the Two Messengers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This type of story is common in Africa. Two messages are carried from the supreme being to mankind: one of eternal life and one of death. The messenger carrying the tidings of eternal life is delayed, and so the message of death is received first by mankind.<sup id="cite_ref-jgf_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jgf-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</a> people of Southern Africa, such as the <a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a>, tell that <a href="/wiki/Unkulunkulu" title="Unkulunkulu">Unkulunkulu</a>, the Old Old One, sent a message that men should not die, giving it to the <a href="/wiki/Chameleon" title="Chameleon">chameleon</a>. The chameleon was slow and dawdled, taking time to eat and sleep. Unkulunkulu meanwhile had changed his mind and gave a message of death to the lizard who travelled quickly and so overtook the chameleon. The message of death was delivered first and so, when the chameleon arrived with its message of life, mankind would not hear it and so is fated to die.<sup id="cite_ref-jgf_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jgf-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of this, Bantu people, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ngoni_people" title="Ngoni people">Ngoni</a>, punish lizards and chameleons. For example, children may be allowed to put tobacco into a chameleon's mouth so that the <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">nicotine</a> poisons it and the creature dies, writhing while turning colours.<sup id="cite_ref-jgf_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jgf-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Variations of the tale are found in other parts of Africa. The <a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Akamba</a> say the messengers are the chameleon and the <a href="/wiki/Robin-chat" title="Robin-chat">thrush</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Ashanti_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti people">Ashanti</a> say they are the goat and the sheep.<sup id="cite_ref-jgf_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jgf-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bura-Pabir_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bura-Pabir language">Bura people</a> of northern <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> say that, at first, neither death nor disease existed but, one day, a man became ill and died. The people sent a worm to ask the sky deity, Hyel, what they should do with him. The worm was told that the people should hang the corpse in the fork of a tree and throw mush at it until it came back to life. But a malicious lizard, <a href="/wiki/Agadzagadza" title="Agadzagadza">Agadzagadza</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hurried ahead of the worm and told the people to dig a grave, wrap the corpse in cloth, and bury it. The people did this. When the worm arrived and said that they should dig up the corpse, place it in a tree, and throw mush at it, they were too lazy to do this, and so death remained on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Bura story has the common mythic <a href="/wiki/Motif_(narrative)" title="Motif (narrative)">motif</a> of a vital message which is diverted by a <a href="/wiki/Trickster" title="Trickster">trickster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Togoland" title="Togoland">Togoland</a>, the messengers were the dog and the frog, and, as in the Bura version, the messengers go first from mankind to God to get answers to their questions.<sup id="cite_ref-jgf_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jgf-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Story_of_the_Waxing_and_Waning_Moon">The Story of the Waxing and Waning Moon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_George_Frazer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Story of the Waxing and Waning Moon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moon_phase_calendar_2005.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Moon_phase_calendar_2005.png/170px-Moon_phase_calendar_2005.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Moon_phase_calendar_2005.png/255px-Moon_phase_calendar_2005.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Moon_phase_calendar_2005.png/340px-Moon_phase_calendar_2005.png 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>The phases of the moon</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lunar_phase" title="Lunar phase">moon</a> regularly seems to disappear and then return. This gave primitive peoples the idea that man should or might return from death in a similar way. Stories that associate the moon with the origin of death are found especially around the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> region. In <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, it is said that the moon suggested that mankind should return as he did. But the rat god, <i>Ra Kalavo</i>, would not permit this, insisting that men should die like rats. In Australia, the <a href="/wiki/Wotjobaluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Wotjobaluk">Wotjobaluk</a> aborigines say that the moon used to revive the dead until an old man said that this should stop. The <a href="/wiki/Cham_people_(Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham people (Asia)">Cham</a> have it that the goddess of good luck used to revive the dead, but the sky-god sent her to the moon so she could not do this any more.<sup id="cite_ref-jgf_30-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jgf-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Story_of_the_Serpent_and_His_Cast_Skin">The Story of the Serpent and His Cast Skin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_George_Frazer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Story of the Serpent and His Cast Skin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nerodia_sipedon_shedding.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Nerodia_sipedon_shedding.JPG/170px-Nerodia_sipedon_shedding.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Nerodia_sipedon_shedding.JPG/255px-Nerodia_sipedon_shedding.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Nerodia_sipedon_shedding.JPG/340px-Nerodia_sipedon_shedding.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A snake shedding its skin</figcaption></figure> <p>Animals which <a href="/wiki/Moulting" title="Moulting">shed their skin</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a>, appeared to be immortal to primitive people. This led to stories in which mankind lost the ability to do this. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, it was said that the <a href="/wiki/Jade_Emperor" title="Jade Emperor">Jade Emperor</a> sent word from heaven to mankind that, when they became old, they should shed their skins while the serpents would die and be buried. But some snakes overheard the command and threatened to bite the messenger unless he switched the message, so that man would die while snakes would be eternally renewed. For the natives of the island of <a href="/wiki/Nias" title="Nias">Nias</a>, the story was that the messenger who completed their creation failed to <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fast</a> and ate <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">bananas</a> rather than crabs. If he had eaten the latter, then mankind would have shed their skins like crabs and so lived eternally.<sup id="cite_ref-jgf_30-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jgf-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Story_of_the_Banana">The Story of the Banana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_George_Frazer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Story of the Banana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Lost_Gardens_of_Heligan_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1328024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/The_Lost_Gardens_of_Heligan_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1328024.jpg/170px-The_Lost_Gardens_of_Heligan_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1328024.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/The_Lost_Gardens_of_Heligan_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1328024.jpg/255px-The_Lost_Gardens_of_Heligan_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1328024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/The_Lost_Gardens_of_Heligan_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1328024.jpg/340px-The_Lost_Gardens_of_Heligan_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1328024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Dead banana plants</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">banana</a> plant bears its fruit on a stalk which dies after bearing. This gave people such as the Nias islanders the idea that they had inherited this short-lived property of the banana rather than the immortality of the crab. The natives of <a href="/wiki/Poso" title="Poso">Poso</a> also based their myth on this property of the banana. Their story is that the creator in the sky would lower gifts to mankind on a rope and, one day, a stone was offered to the first couple. They refused the gift as they did not know what to do with it, so the creator took it back and lowered a banana. The couple ate this with relish, but the creator told them that they would live as the banana, perishing after having children rather than remaining everlasting like the stone.<sup id="cite_ref-jgf_30-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jgf-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reputation_and_criticism">Reputation and criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_George_Frazer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reputation and criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frazer married in 1896 and his new wife perceived that Frazer's reputation was not equal to his abilities. Lilly Frazer had the pushiness that he lacked, and she became his manager and publicist guarding access to his office. He did not care too much for prizes but she valued them. She was particularly involved in publishing his work, where she arranged translation to French, and to children, where she adapted his stories.<sup id="cite_ref-lillyrb_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lillyrb-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to historian <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Larsen" title="Timothy Larsen">Timothy Larsen</a>, Frazer used scientific terminology and analogies to describe ritual practices, and conflated magic and science together, such as describing the "magic wand of science".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen201443–44_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsen201443–44-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larsen criticizes Frazer for baldly characterized magical rituals as "infallible" without clarifying that this is merely what believers in the rituals thought.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen201444_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsen201444-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larsen has said that Frazer's vivid descriptions of magical practices were written with the intention to repel readers, but, instead, these descriptions more often allured them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen201446_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsen201446-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Larsen also criticizes Frazer for applying western European Christian ideas, theology, and terminology to non-Christian cultures. This distorts those cultures to make them appear more Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen201446–48_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsen201446–48-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frazer routinely described non-Christian religious figures by equating them with Christian ones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen201447_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsen201447-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frazer applied Christian terms to <a href="/wiki/Functionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Functionaries">functionaries</a>, for instance calling the elders of the Njamus of <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a> "equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Levites" class="mw-redirect" title="Levites">Levites</a> of Israel"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen201447_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsen201447-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Grand Lama</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a> "the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>... the <a href="/wiki/God-man_(Christianity)" title="God-man (Christianity)">man-god</a> who bore his people's sorrows, the <a href="/wiki/Good_Shepherd" title="Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd</a> who laid down his life for the sheep".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen201447_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsen201447-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He routinely uses the specifically Christian theological terms "<a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">born again</a>", "new birth", "<a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">christening</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacrament</a>", and "unclean" in reference to non-Christian cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen201447_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsen201447-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Frazer's Australian colleague <a href="/wiki/Walter_Baldwin_Spencer" title="Walter Baldwin Spencer">Walter Baldwin Spencer</a> requested to use native terminology to describe <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australian</a> cultures, arguing that doing so would be more accurate, since the Christian terms were loaded with Christian connotations that would be completely foreign to members of the cultures he was describing, Frazer insisted that he should use Abrahamic terms instead, telling him that using native terms would be off-putting and would seem pedantic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen201447_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsen201447-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later, Frazer excoriated Spencer for refusing to equate the non-estrangement of Aboriginal Australian <a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">totems</a> with the Christian doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(theology)" title="Reconciliation (theology)">reconciliation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen201447–48_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsen201447–48-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Spencer, who had studied the aboriginals firsthand, objected that the ideas were not remotely similar, Frazer insisted that they were exactly equivalent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen201448_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsen201448-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on these exchanges, Larsen concludes that Frazer's deliberate use of Judeo-Christian terminology in the place of native terminology was not to make native cultures seem less strange, but rather to make Christianity seem more strange and barbaric.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen201448_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsen201448-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_George_Frazer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Selected works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Creation and Evolution in Primitive Cosmogonies, and Other Pieces</i> (1935)</li> <li><i>The Fear of the Dead in Primitive Religion</i> (1933–36)</li> <li><i>Condorcet on the Progress of the Human Mind</i> (1933)</li> <li><i>Garnered Sheaves</i> (1931)</li> <li><i>The Growth of Plato's Ideal Theory</i> (1930)</li> <li><i>Myths of the Origin of Fire</i> (1930)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasti_(poem)" title="Fasti (poem)">Fasti</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> (text, translation and commentary), 5 volumes (1929) <ul><li>one-volume abridgement (1931) <ul><li>revised by <a href="/w/index.php?title=G._P._Goold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G. P. Goold (page does not exist)">G. P. Goold</a> (1989, corr. 1996): <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-99279-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-99279-2">0-674-99279-2</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>Devil's Advocate</i> (1928)</li> <li><i>Man, God, and Immortality</i> (1927)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.14310"><i>Taboo and the Perils of the Soul</i></a> (1911)</li> <li><i>The Gorgon's Head and other Literary Pieces</i> (1927)</li> <li><i>The Worship of Nature</i> (1926) (from 1923 to 1925 <a href="/wiki/Gifford_Lectures" title="Gifford Lectures">Gifford Lectures</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">The Library</a></i>, by Apollodorus (text, translation and notes), 2 volumes (1921): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-99135-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-99135-4">0-674-99135-4</a> (vol. 1); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-99136-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-99136-2">0-674-99136-2</a> (vol. 2)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Folklore_in_the_Old_Testament" title="Folklore in the Old Testament">Folk-lore in the Old Testament</a></i> (1918)</li> <li><i>The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead</i>, 3 volumes (1913–24)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Bough" title="The Golden Bough">The Golden Bough</a></i>, 3rd edition: 12 volumes (1906–15; 1936) <ul><li>1922 one-volume abridgement: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-42492-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-42492-8">0-486-42492-8</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Totemism and Exogamy</i> (1910)</li> <li><i>Psyche's Task</i> (1909)</li> <li><i>The Golden Bough</i>, 2nd edition: expanded to 3 volumes (1900)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pXhfAAAAMAAJ"><i>Pausanias, and other Greek sketches</i></a> (1900)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pausaniassdescr04frazgoog"><i>Description of Greece</i></a>, by <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> (translation and commentary) (1897–) 6 volumes.</li> <li><i>The Golden Bough: a Study in Magic and Religion</i>, 1st edition (1890)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Totemism" class="mw-redirect" title="Totemism">Totemism</a></i> (1887)</li> <li>Jan Harold Brunvard, <i>American Folklore; An Encyclopedia</i>, <i>s.v.</i> "Superstition" (p 692-697)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_George_Frazer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lilly_Frazer" title="Lilly Frazer">Lilly Frazer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Campbell" title="Joseph Campbell">Joseph Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archetypal_literary_criticism" title="Archetypal literary criticism">Archetypal literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor" title="Edward Burnett Tylor">Edward Burnett Tylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying-and-rising_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dying-and-rising deity">Dying-and-rising deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_king" title="Sacred king">Sacred king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seclusion_of_girls_at_puberty" title="Seclusion of girls at puberty">Seclusion of girls at puberty</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_George_Frazer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-frs-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleure1941" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_John_Fleure" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert John Fleure">Fleure, H. J.</a> (1941). "James George Frazer. 1854-1941". <i><a href="/wiki/Obituary_Notices_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society">Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society</a></i>. <b>3</b> (10): 896–914. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1941.0041">10.1098/rsbm.1941.0041</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161719297">161719297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Obituary+Notices+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=James+George+Frazer.+1854-1941&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=896-914&rft.date=1941&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1941.0041&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161719297%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fleure&rft.aufirst=H.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+George+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Josephson-Storm_2017,_Chapter_5-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Josephson-Storm_2017,_Chapter_5_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Josephson-Storm_2017,_Chapter_5_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephson-Storm (2017), Chapter 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Beard, "Frazer, Leach, and Virgil: The Popularity (and Unpopularity) of the Golden Bough", <i>Comparative Studies in Society and History</i>, <b>34</b>.2 (April 1992:203–224).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RSE-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RSE_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RSE_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130124115814/http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf"><i>Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902-198-84-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-902-198-84-X"><bdi>0-902-198-84-X</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Index+of+Former+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh+1783%E2%80%932002&rft.pub=The+Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh&rft.date=2006-07&rft.isbn=0-902-198-84-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalsoced.org.uk%2Fcms%2Ffiles%2Ffellows%2Fbiographical_index%2Ffells_indexp1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+George+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jaques Waardenburg. 1999. <i>Classical Approaches to the Study of Religion. Aims, Methods and Theories of Research,</i> Volume I: <i>Introduction and Anthology</i>, p244. New York : Walter de Gruyter. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-016328-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-016328-4">3-11-016328-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFACADFRSR874JG" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=FRSR874JG&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50">"Frazer, James George (FRSR874JG)"</a>. <i>A Cambridge Alumni Database</i>. University of Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Frazer%2C+James+George+%28FRSR874JG%29&rft.btitle=A+Cambridge+Alumni+Database&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvenn.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsearch-2018.pl%3Fsur%3D%26suro%3Dw%26fir%3D%26firo%3Dc%26cit%3D%26cito%3Dc%26c%3Dall%26z%3Dall%26tex%3DFRSR874JG%26sye%3D%26eye%3D%26col%3Dall%26maxcount%3D50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+George+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/addresstosirjame00slsn#page/n1/mode/2up">Address to Sir James George Frazer on the occasion of the foundation, in his honour, of the Frazer Lectureship in Social Anthropology in the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge, Glasgow and Liverpool (1920)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lillyrb-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lillyrb_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lillyrb_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lillyrb_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lillyrb_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthewHarrison2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, B., eds. (23 September 2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/66458">"The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. ref:odnb/66458. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F66458">10.1093/ref:odnb/66458</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=ref%3Aodnb%2F66458&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F66458&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F66458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+George+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ackerman1987-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ackerman1987_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckerman1987" class="citation book cs1">Ackerman, Robert (10 December 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s_k4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA124"><i>J G Frazer: His Life and Work</i></a>. CUP Archive. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34093-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34093-9"><bdi>978-0-521-34093-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J+G+Frazer%3A+His+Life+and+Work&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1987-12-10&rft.isbn=978-0-521-34093-9&rft.aulast=Ackerman&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds_k4AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+George+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kessler2013-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kessler2013_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKessler2013" class="citation book cs1">Kessler, Gary (March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=itOoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA54"><i>Fifty Key Thinkers on Religion</i></a>. Routledge. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-66241-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-66241-6"><bdi>978-1-136-66241-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fifty+Key+Thinkers+on+Religion&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-03&rft.isbn=978-1-136-66241-6&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DitOoAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+George+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Leaves from the Golden Bough". <i>Nature</i>. <b>114</b> (2876): 854–855. 13 December 1924. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1924Natur.114R.854.">1924Natur.114R.854.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F114854b0">10.1038/114854b0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4110636">4110636</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Leaves+from+the+Golden+Bough&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=2876&rft.pages=854-855&rft.date=1924-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4110636%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F114854b0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1924Natur.114R.854.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+George+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130124115814/http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf"><i>Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902-198-84-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-902-198-84-X"><bdi>0-902-198-84-X</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Index+of+Former+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh+1783%E2%80%932002&rft.pub=The+Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh&rft.date=2006-07&rft.isbn=0-902-198-84-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalsoced.org.uk%2Fcms%2Ffiles%2Ffellows%2Fbiographical_index%2Ffells_indexp1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+George+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D Daiches ed., <i>Companion to Literature 1</i> (1968) p. 194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R Fraser Intro, <i>The Golden Bough</i> (Oxford 2009) p. xl</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the history of <i>The Golden Bough</i> see R. Fraser, <i>The Making of The Golden Bough: The Origins and Growth of an Argument</i> (London, 1990).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sigmund Freud, <i>Totem and Taboo: Resemblances Between the Psychic Life of Savages and Neurotics,</i> trans., A.A. Brill (London: Routledge and Sons, 1919), p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"For those who see Frazer's work as the start of <a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">anthropological study</a> in its modern sense, the site and the cult of Nemi must hold a particular place: This colourful but minor backwater of Roman religion marks the source of the discipline of <a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social anthropology</a>", remarks Mary Beard, in noting the critical reassessment of Frazer's work following <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Leach" title="Edmund Leach">Edmund Leach</a>, "Frazer, Leach, and Virgil: The Popularity (and Unpopularity) of the Golden Bough", <i>Comparative Studies in Society and History</i>, 34.2 (April 1992:203–224), p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leach, "Reflections on a visit to Nemi: did Frazer get it wrong?", <i>Anthropology Today</i> <b>1</b> (1985)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hawkins, reviewing Volkert Haas, <i>Der Kult von Nerik: ein Beitrag zur hethitischen Religionsgeschichte</i>, in <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London</i> <b>36</b>.1 (1973:128).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chidester (2014), pp. x–xi, 5, 8; and Chapter 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarneiro2003" class="citation book cs1">Carneiro, Robert L. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IJdNDwAAQBAJ&q=Carneiro+Evolutionism"><i>Evolutionism in Cultural Anthropology: A Critical History</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0429980302" title="Special:BookSources/0429980302"><bdi>0429980302</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolutionism+in+Cultural+Anthropology%3A+A+Critical+History&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0429980302&rft.aulast=Carneiro&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIJdNDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DCarneiro%2BEvolutionism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+George+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the possibility of a fourth stage see Josephson-Storm (2017), pp. 146–147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chidester (2014), p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephson-Storm (2017), pp. 141–142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephson-Storm (2017), pp. 142–143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malinowski (2014), n. pag.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephson-Storm (2017), p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephson-Storm (2017), pp. 145–147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanet_ParkerAlice_MillsJulie_Stanton2007" class="citation cs2">Janet Parker; Alice Mills; Julie Stanton (2007), "Myths of Death", <i>Mythology: Myths, Legends and Fantasies</i>, Struik, p. 306, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77007-453-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77007-453-8"><bdi>978-1-77007-453-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Myths+of+Death&rft.btitle=Mythology%3A+Myths%2C+Legends+and+Fantasies&rft.pages=306&rft.pub=Struik&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-77007-453-8&rft.au=Janet+Parker&rft.au=Alice+Mills&rft.au=Julie+Stanton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+George+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jgf-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jgf_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jgf_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jgf_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jgf_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jgf_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jgf_30-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jgf_30-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jgf_30-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jgf_30-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._G._Frazer1913" class="citation cs2">J. G. Frazer (1913), <i>The Belief in Immortality and The Worship of the Dead</i>, Macmillan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4400-4514-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4400-4514-1"><bdi>978-1-4400-4514-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Belief+in+Immortality+and+The+Worship+of+the+Dead&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1913&rft.isbn=978-1-4400-4514-1&rft.au=J.+G.+Frazer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+George+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEva_M._ThuryMargaret_K._Devinney2005" class="citation cs2">Eva M. Thury; Margaret K. Devinney (2005), <i>Introduction to Mythology</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, p. 95, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517968-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517968-2"><bdi>978-0-19-517968-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Mythology&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517968-2&rft.au=Eva+M.+Thury&rft.au=Margaret+K.+Devinney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+George+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Cotterell1999" class="citation cs2">Arthur Cotterell (1999), "Death comes into the world", <i>Encyclopedia of World Mythology</i>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-2855-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-2855-0"><bdi>978-0-7607-2855-0</bdi></a>, <q>Long ago, there was no such thing as death. All were therefore surprised when a man died. They sent a worm to the sky to ask Hyel, the supreme deity (Bura, Pabir/Nigeria), what they should do.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Death+comes+into+the+world&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Mythology&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7607-2855-0&rft.au=Arthur+Cotterell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+George+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheub1990" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Scheub" title="Harold Scheub">Scheub, Harold</a> (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africanstorytell0000unse/page/52"><i>The African storyteller: stories from African oral traditions</i></a>, Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africanstorytell0000unse/page/52">52</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8403-6037-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8403-6037-3"><bdi>978-0-8403-6037-3</bdi></a>, <q>the Bura people ... had an unusually full system of culture embedded in their folk tales.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+African+storyteller%3A+stories+from+African+oral+traditions&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Kendall%2FHunt+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8403-6037-3&rft.aulast=Scheub&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafricanstorytell0000unse%2Fpage%2F52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+George+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheub1994" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Scheub" title="Harold Scheub">Scheub, Harold</a> (1994), <i>Meanings: Manual for the African Storyteller</i>, Kendall/Hunt, p. 27, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8403-9934-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8403-9934-2"><bdi>978-0-8403-9934-2</bdi></a>, <q>The motif is a venerable mythic motif, the interrupted message, and raises the question of what would have happened if only, if only ... A worm, in this incarnation of the motif, is to inform the humans that life is everlasting. But a trickster of a lizard overtakes the worm, and gives the wrong message: humans are evanescent. So it is that death comes permanently into the world. And the storyteller adds a scene in which the onus for death is placed entirely on the backs of humans: people are too lazy to retrieve the corpse and hang it on a tree.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meanings%3A+Manual+for+the+African+Storyteller&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Kendall%2FHunt&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8403-9934-2&rft.aulast=Scheub&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+George+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsen201443–44-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen201443–44_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarsen2014">Larsen 2014</a>, pp. 43–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsen201444-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen201444_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarsen2014">Larsen 2014</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsen201446-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen201446_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarsen2014">Larsen 2014</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsen201446–48-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen201446–48_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarsen2014">Larsen 2014</a>, pp. 46–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsen201447-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen201447_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen201447_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen201447_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen201447_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen201447_39-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarsen2014">Larsen 2014</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsen201447–48-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen201447–48_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarsen2014">Larsen 2014</a>, pp. 47–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsen201448-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen201448_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsen201448_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarsen2014">Larsen 2014</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.giffordlectures.org/Browse.asp?PubID=TPTWON&Cover=TRUE">Gifford Lecture Series – Books</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080416173815/http://www.giffordlectures.org/Browse.asp?PubID=TPTWON&Cover=TRUE">Archived</a> 16 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at www.giffordlectures.org</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_George_Frazer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckerman1987" class="citation book cs1">Ackerman, Robert (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s_k4AAAAIAAJ"><i>J. G. Frazer: His Life and Work</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521340934" title="Special:BookSources/0521340934"><bdi>0521340934</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J.+G.+Frazer%3A+His+Life+and+Work&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0521340934&rft.aulast=Ackerman&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds_k4AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+George+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckerman2002" class="citation book cs1">Ackerman, Robert (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zc5EAQAAQBAJ"><i>The Myth & Ritual School: J. G. Frazer and the Cambridge Ritualists</i></a>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1135371121" title="Special:BookSources/1135371121"><bdi>1135371121</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+%26+Ritual+School%3A+J.+G.+Frazer+and+the+Cambridge+Ritualists&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1135371121&rft.aulast=Ackerman&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZc5EAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+George+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ackerman, Robert, (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berose.fr/article598.html">"J. G. Frazer and Religion"</a>, in <i>BEROSE - International Encyclopaedia of the Histories of Anthropology</i>, Paris.</li> <li>Ackerman, Robert, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berose.fr/?L-anthropologue-qui-meurt-et-ressuscite-vie-et-oeuvre-de-James-George-Frazer">« L’anthropologue qui meurt et ressuscite : vie et œuvre de James George Frazer »</a> in Bérose - Encyclopédie internationale des histoires de l’anthropologie</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChidester2014" class="citation book cs1">Chidester, David (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=04HfAgAAQBAJ&q=Empire+of+Religion"><i>Empire of Religion: Imperialism & Comparative Religion</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226117577" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226117577"><bdi>978-0226117577</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+of+Religion%3A+Imperialism+%26+Comparative+Religion&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0226117577&rft.aulast=Chidester&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D04HfAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DEmpire%2Bof%2BReligion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+George+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser1990" class="citation book cs1">Fraser, Robert (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4wuwCwAAQBAJ&q=The+Making+of+%22The+Golden+Bough%22+Robert+Fraser"><i>The Making of "The Golden Bough"</i></a>. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1349207209" title="Special:BookSources/1349207209"><bdi>1349207209</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+%22The+Golden+Bough%22&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=1349207209&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4wuwCwAAQBAJ%26q%3DThe%2BMaking%2Bof%2B%2522The%2BGolden%2BBough%2522%2BRobert%2BFraser&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+George+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephson-Storm2017" class="citation book cs1">Josephson-Storm, Jason (2017). "Chapter 5: The Decline of Magic: J.G. Frazer". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xZ5yDgAAQBAJ"><i>The Myth of Disenchantment: Magic, Modernity, and the Birth of the Human Sciences</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-40336-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-40336-6"><bdi>978-0-226-40336-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%3A+The+Decline+of+Magic%3A+J.G.+Frazer&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+Disenchantment%3A+Magic%2C+Modernity%2C+and+the+Birth+of+the+Human+Sciences&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-226-40336-6&rft.aulast=Josephson-Storm&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxZ5yDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+George+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarsen2014" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Larsen" title="Timothy Larsen">Larsen, Timothy</a> (2014), "James George Frazer", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oQwbBAAAQBAJ&q=James+George+Frazer+criticism"><i>The Slain God: Anthropologists and the Christian Faith</i></a>, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, pp. 37–79, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965787-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965787-2"><bdi>978-0-19-965787-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=James+George+Frazer&rft.btitle=The+Slain+God%3A+Anthropologists+and+the+Christian+Faith&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=37-79&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-965787-2&rft.aulast=Larsen&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoQwbBAAAQBAJ%26q%3DJames%2BGeorge%2BFrazer%2Bcriticism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+George+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalinowski2014" class="citation book cs1">Malinowski, Bronislaw (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wlF-CgAAQBAJ&q=Frazer+magic+science&pg=PT12"><i>Magic, Science and Religion and Other Essays</i></a>. Read Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1473393127" title="Special:BookSources/978-1473393127"><bdi>978-1473393127</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magic%2C+Science+and+Religion+and+Other+Essays&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1473393127&rft.aulast=Malinowski&rft.aufirst=Bronislaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwlF-CgAAQBAJ%26q%3DFrazer%2Bmagic%2Bscience%26pg%3DPT12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+George+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Scarpelli" title="Giacomo Scarpelli">Giacomo Scarpelli</a>, <i>Il razionalista pagano. Frazer e la filosofia del mito</i>, Milano, Meltemi 2018 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788883539053" title="Special:BookSources/9788883539053">9788883539053</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_George_Frazer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/James_George_Frazer" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/James George Frazer">James George Frazer</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:James_George_Frazer" class="extiw" title="s:Author:James George Frazer">James George Frazer</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of a 1922 <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> article about "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Frazer,_Sir_James_George" class="extiw" title="s:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Frazer, Sir James George">James George Frazer</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Resources related to research : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berose.fr/">BEROSE - International Encyclopaedia of the Histories of Anthropology</a>. "Frazer, James George (1854-1941)", Paris, 2015. (ISSN 2648-2770)</li> <li>Petri Liukkonen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://authorscalendar.info/jfrazer.htm">"James George Frazer"</a>. <i>Books and Writers</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/people/Frazer-S.html">Sir James George Frazer Collection</a> at Bartleby.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1241">Works by James George Frazer</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Frazer%2C%20James%20George%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Frazer%2C%20James%20G%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Frazer%2C%20J%2E%20G%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22James%20George%20Frazer%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22James%20G%2E%20Frazer%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22J%2E%20G%2E%20Frazer%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Frazer%2C%20James%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22James%20Frazer%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22James%20George%20Frazer%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22James%20G%2E%20Frazer%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22J%2E%20G%2E%20Frazer%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22J%2E%20George%20Frazer%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Frazer%2C%20James%20George%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Frazer%2C%20James%20G%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Frazer%2C%20J%2E%20G%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Frazer%2C%20J%2E%20George%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22James%20Frazer%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Frazer%2C%20James%22%20OR%20title%3A%22James%20George%20Frazer%22%20OR%20title%3A%22James%20G%2E%20Frazer%22%20OR%20title%3A%22J%2E%20G%2E%20Frazer%22%20OR%20title%3A%22James%20Frazer%22%20OR%20description%3A%22James%20George%20Frazer%22%20OR%20description%3A%22James%20G%2E%20Frazer%22%20OR%20description%3A%22J%2E%20G%2E%20Frazer%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Frazer%2C%20James%20George%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Frazer%2C%20James%20G%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22James%20Frazer%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Frazer%2C%20James%22%29%20OR%20%28%221854-1941%22%20AND%20Frazer%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about James George Frazer</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/4405">Works by James George Frazer</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trinitycollegechapel.com/about/memorials/brasses/frazer/">Trinity College Chapel: Sir James George Frazer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/5935482">James George Frazer</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp01675">Portraits of James George Frazer</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151936#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">The Earl of Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Dillon,_17th_Viscount_Dillon" title="Harold Dillon, 17th Viscount Dillon">The Viscount Dillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Mackay,_11th_Lord_Reay" title="Donald Mackay, 11th Lord Reay">The Lord Reay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Morley" title="John Morley">John Morley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bryce,_1st_Viscount_Bryce" title="James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce">The Lord Bryce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Hartpole_Lecky" title="William Edward Hartpole Lecky">William Edward Hartpole Lecky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Anson,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir William Anson, 3rd Baronet">Sir William Anson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Frederick_Pollock,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Frederick Pollock, 3rd Baronet">Sir Frederick Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Maunde_Thompson" title="Edward Maunde Thompson">Sir Edward Maunde Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Maxwell_Lyte" title="Henry Maxwell Lyte">Sir Henry Maxwell Lyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtenay_Ilbert" title="Courtenay Ilbert">Sir Courtenay Ilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Claverhouse_Jebb" title="Richard Claverhouse Jebb">Sir Richard Claverhouse Jebb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Monro_(scholar)" title="David Monro (scholar)">David Monro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphus_Ward" title="Adolphus Ward">Sir Adolphus Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Caird" title="Edward Caird">Edward Caird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Francis_Pelham" title="Henry Francis Pelham">Henry Francis Pelham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rh%C5%B7s" title="John Rhŷs">Sir John Rhŷs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Salmon" title="George Salmon">George Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Bury" title="J. B. Bury">J. B. Bury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Butcher_(classicist)" title="Samuel Butcher (classicist)">Samuel Butcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingram_Bywater" title="Ingram Bywater">Ingram Bywater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Byles_Cowell" title="Edward Byles Cowell">Edward Byles Cowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cunningham_(economist)" title="William Cunningham (economist)">William Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_William_Rhys_Davids" title="Thomas William Rhys Davids">Thomas Rhys Davids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._V._Dicey" title="A. V. Dicey">A. V. Dicey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Rolles_Driver" title="Samuel Rolles Driver">Samuel Rolles Driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Ellis" title="Robinson Ellis">Robinson Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Evans" title="Arthur Evans">Sir Arthur Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Martin_Fairbairn" title="Andrew Martin Fairbairn">Andrew Martin Fairbairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Flint_(theologian)" title="Robert Flint (theologian)">Robert Flint</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sir James George Frazer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Gollancz" title="Israel Gollancz">Sir Israel Gollancz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgkin_(historian)" title="Thomas Hodgkin (historian)">Thomas Hodgkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadworth_Hodgson" title="Shadworth Hodgson">Shadworth Hodgson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Erskine_Holland" title="Thomas Erskine Holland">Sir Thomas Erskine Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_William_Maitland" title="Frederic William Maitland">Frederic William Maitland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Alfred Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._B._Mayor" title="John E. B. Mayor">John E. B. Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Murray_(lexicographer)" title="James Murray (lexicographer)">Sir James Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Mitchell_Ramsay" title="William Mitchell Ramsay">Sir William Mitchell Ramsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sanday_(theologian)" title="William Sanday (theologian)">William Sanday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_William_Skeat" title="Walter William Skeat">Walter William Skeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Stephen" title="Leslie Stephen">Sir Leslie Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitley_Stokes_(Celtic_scholar)" title="Whitley Stokes (Celtic scholar)">Whitley Stokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Barclay_Swete" title="Henry Barclay Swete">Henry Barclay Swete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fanshawe_Tozer" title="Henry Fanshawe Tozer">Henry Fanshawe Tozer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Yelverton_Tyrrell" title="Robert Yelverton Tyrrell">Robert Yelverton Tyrrell</a></li> <li><a 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118702998">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79018009">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11903491t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11903491t">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00440071">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Frazer, James George"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV037921">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35101202">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19981001241&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1163912">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/42655">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068411723">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90083264">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000045074&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000205358&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=151237">Greece</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=89909">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199609247">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/qn2446f83h6zk1x">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810690456105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/87279">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007261486605171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521662506706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13930328">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00387498?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/826752">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118702998.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118702998">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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