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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth,_early_life,_and_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Birth, early life, and marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth,_early_life,_and_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_success" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_success"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Literary success</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_success-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exile_to_Tomis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exile_to_Tomis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Exile to Tomis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exile_to_Tomis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Heroides_("The_Heroines")" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heroides_("The_Heroines")"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span><i>Heroides</i> ("The Heroines")</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heroides_("The_Heroines")-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amores_("The_Loves")" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amores_("The_Loves")"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span><i>Amores</i> ("The Loves")</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amores_("The_Loves")-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicamina_Faciei_Femineae_("Women's_Facial_Cosmetics")" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicamina_Faciei_Femineae_("Women's_Facial_Cosmetics")"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span><i>Medicamina Faciei Femineae</i> ("Women's Facial Cosmetics")</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicamina_Faciei_Femineae_("Women's_Facial_Cosmetics")-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ars_Amatoria_("The_Art_of_Love")" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ars_Amatoria_("The_Art_of_Love")"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span><i>Ars Amatoria</i> ("The Art of Love")</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ars_Amatoria_("The_Art_of_Love")-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remedia_Amoris_("The_Cure_for_Love")" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remedia_Amoris_("The_Cure_for_Love")"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span><i>Remedia Amoris</i> ("The Cure for Love")</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remedia_Amoris_("The_Cure_for_Love")-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metamorphoses_("Transformations")" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metamorphoses_("Transformations")"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span><i>Metamorphoses</i> ("Transformations")</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metamorphoses_("Transformations")-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fasti_("The_Festivals")" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fasti_("The_Festivals")"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span><i>Fasti</i> ("The Festivals")</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fasti_("The_Festivals")-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ibis_("The_Ibis")" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ibis_("The_Ibis")"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span><i>Ibis</i> ("The Ibis")</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ibis_("The_Ibis")-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tristia_("Sorrows")" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tristia_("Sorrows")"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span><i>Tristia</i> ("Sorrows")</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tristia_("Sorrows")-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epistulae_ex_Ponto_("Letters_from_the_Black_Sea")" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epistulae_ex_Ponto_("Letters_from_the_Black_Sea")"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span><i>Epistulae ex Ponto</i> ("Letters from the Black Sea")</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epistulae_ex_Ponto_("Letters_from_the_Black_Sea")-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lost_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lost_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Lost works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lost_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spurious_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spurious_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Spurious works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spurious_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Spurious works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Spurious_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consolatio_ad_Liviam_("Consolation_to_Livia")" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolatio_ad_Liviam_("Consolation_to_Livia")"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span><i>Consolatio ad Liviam</i> ("Consolation to Livia")</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolatio_ad_Liviam_("Consolation_to_Livia")-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Halieutica_("On_Fishing")" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Halieutica_("On_Fishing")"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span><i>Halieutica</i> ("On Fishing")</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Halieutica_("On_Fishing")-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nux_("The_Walnut_Tree")" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nux_("The_Walnut_Tree")"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span><i>Nux</i> ("The Walnut Tree")</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nux_("The_Walnut_Tree")-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Somnium_("The_Dream")" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Somnium_("The_Dream")"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span><i>Somnium</i> ("The Dream")</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Somnium_("The_Dream")-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works,_authors,_and_artists_influenced_by_Ovid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works,_authors,_and_artists_influenced_by_Ovid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Works, authors, and artists influenced by Ovid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works,_authors,_and_artists_influenced_by_Ovid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literary_and_artistic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_and_artistic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Literary and artistic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_and_artistic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retellings,_adaptations,_and_translations_of_Ovidian_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retellings,_adaptations,_and_translations_of_Ovidian_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Retellings, adaptations, and translations of Ovidian works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retellings,_adaptations,_and_translations_of_Ovidian_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Editions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latin_and_English_translation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_and_English_translation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Latin and English translation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_and_English_translation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Original_Latin_only" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Original_Latin_only"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Original Latin only</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Original_Latin_only-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_translation_only" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_translation_only"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>English translation only</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_translation_only-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ovid</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 133 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-133" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">133 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Овидий – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Овидий" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidius" title="Ovidius – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ovidius" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ovid" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A6%E1%89%AA%E1%8B%B5" title="ኦቪድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኦቪድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="أوفيد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوفيد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidio" title="Ovidio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ovidio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidiu" title="Ovidiu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ovidiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ov%C3%ADdio" title="Ovídio – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ovídio" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Овидий – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Овидий" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ovid" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="اووید – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اووید" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1" title="ওভিড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওভিড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ovid" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Овидий – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Овидий" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Авідзій – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Авідзій" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Авідыюс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Авідыюс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Ovid" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Овидий – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Овидий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Ovid" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨོ་བི་རྡི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨོ་བི་རྡི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidije" title="Ovidije – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ovidije" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidius" title="Ovidius – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ovidius" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Овидий – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Овидий" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidi" title="Ovidi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ovidi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Овидий – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Овидий" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Ovidius_Naso" title="Publius Ovidius Naso – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Publius Ovidius Naso" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofydd" title="Ofydd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ofydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Ovidius_Naso" title="Publius Ovidius Naso – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Publius Ovidius Naso" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ovid" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidius" title="Ovidius – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ovidius" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Οβίδιος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οβίδιος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Овидий – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Овидий" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidio" title="Ovidio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ovidio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidio" title="Ovidio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ovidio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publio_Ovidio" title="Publio Ovidio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Publio Ovidio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="اووید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اووید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Ovid" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovide" title="Ovide – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ovide" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidius" title="Ovidius – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ovidius" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidi" title="Ovidi – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Ovidi" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93ivid" title="Óivid – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Óivid" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidio" title="Ovidio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ovidio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%B9%84%EB%94%94%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="오비디우스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오비디우스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A2%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD_%D5%95%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD_%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B8" title="Պուբլիուս Օվիդիուս Նասո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պուբլիուս Օվիդիուս Նասո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6" title="ओविद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ओविद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publije_Ovidije_Nazon" title="Publije Ovidije Nazon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Publije Ovidije Nazon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Ovidius_Naso" title="Publius Ovidius Naso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Publius Ovidius Naso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidio" title="Ovidio – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ovidio" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidius" title="Ovidius – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ovidius" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidio" title="Ovidio – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ovidio" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidius" title="Ovidius – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ovidius" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publio_Ovidio_Nasone" title="Publio Ovidio Nasone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Publio Ovidio Nasone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1" title="אובידיוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אובידיוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovide" title="Ovide – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ovide" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ოვიდიუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოვიდიუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Овидий – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Овидий" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ovid" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ovid" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidius" title="Ovidius – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ovidius" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Овидий – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Овидий" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Ovidius_Naso" title="Publius Ovidius Naso – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Publius Ovidius Naso" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidijs" title="Ovidijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ovidijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidijus" title="Ovidijus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ovidijus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidius" title="Ovidius – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ovidius" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidio" title="Ovidio – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Ovidio" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidi" title="Ovidi – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ovidi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Ovidius_Naso" title="Publius Ovidius Naso – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Publius Ovidius Naso" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98" title="Овидиј – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Овидиј" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94vidio" title="Ôvidio – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ôvidio" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഓവിഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓവിഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1" title="ओव्हिड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ओव्हिड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ოვიდიუსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ოვიდიუსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="اوفيد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوفيد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidius" title="Ovidius – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ovidius" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Овид – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Овид" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidius" title="Ovidius – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ovidius" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9" title="オウィディウス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オウィディウス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Публий Овидий Назон – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Публий Овидий Назон" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ovid" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ovid" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidi" title="Ovidi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ovidi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidiy" title="Ovidiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ovidiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A6" title="ਓਵਿਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਓਵਿਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="اووید – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اووید" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovide" title="Ovide – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Ovide" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidi" title="Ovidi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ovidi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ovid" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owidiusz" title="Owidiusz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Owidiusz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ov%C3%ADdio" title="Ovídio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ovídio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ovid" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidiy" title="Ovidiy – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ovidiy" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Ovid" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Ovidius_Naso" title="Publius Ovidius Naso – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Publius Ovidius Naso" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%9E%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Публій Овідій Насо – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Публій Овідій Насо" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Овидий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Овидий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Овидиус – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Овидиус" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B0" title="ᱚᱵᱷᱤᱰ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱚᱵᱷᱤᱰ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publio_Ovidio_Nasone" title="Publio Ovidio Nasone – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Publio Ovidio Nasone" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ovid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Ovidius_Naso" title="Publius Ovidius Naso – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Publius Ovidius Naso" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidi" title="Ovidi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ovidi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubbliu_Ov%C3%ACdiu_Nasuni" title="Pubbliu Ovìdiu Nasuni – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pubbliu Ovìdiu Nasuni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Ovidius_Naso" title="Publius Ovidius Naso – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Publius Ovidius Naso" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Ovidius_Naso" title="Publius Ovidius Naso – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Publius Ovidius Naso" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publij_Ovidij_Naso" title="Publij Ovidij Naso – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Publij Ovidij Naso" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%DA%A4%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="ئۆڤید – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆڤید" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Овидије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Овидије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidije" title="Ovidije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ovidije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidius" title="Ovidius – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ovidius" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidius" title="Ovidius – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ovidius" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidio" title="Ovidio – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ovidio" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆவிட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆவிட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidiy" title="Ovidiy – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ovidiy" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94" title="ออวิด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ออวิด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidius" title="Ovidius – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ovidius" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Овидий – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Овидий" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Овідій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Овідій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="اووید – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اووید" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidii" title="Ovidii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Ovidii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidius" title="Ovidius – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ovidius" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidius" title="Ovidius – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Ovidius" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidius" title="Ovidius – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Ovidius" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovide" title="Ovide – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ovide" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E7%B6%AD%E5%BE%B7" title="奧維德 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="奧維德" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovidio" title="Ovidio – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ovidio" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E7%BB%B4%E5%BE%B7" title="奥维德 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="奥维德" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ovid_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ovid (disambiguation)">Ovid (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Ovid</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ovid_18th_century_engraving_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anonymous 18th-century engraving"><img alt="Anonymous 18th-century engraving" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ovid_18th_century_engraving_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Ovid_18th_century_engraving_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ovid_18th_century_engraving_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Ovid_18th_century_engraving_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ovid_18th_century_engraving_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Ovid_18th_century_engraving_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="1092" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Anonymous 18th-century engraving</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Publius Ovidius Naso<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />20 March 43 BC<sup id="cite_ref-parised_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parised-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Sulmona" title="Sulmona">Sulmo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy_(Ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italy (Ancient Rome)">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">AD 17 or 18 (age 59–61)<br /><a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Tomis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scythia_Minor_(Dobruja)" title="Scythia Minor (Dobruja)">Scythia Minor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Poet</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Elegy" title="Elegy">Elegy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic</a>, drama</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Publius Ovidius Naso</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Latin:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ˈpuːbliʊs<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔˈwɪdiʊs<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈnaːsoː]</a></span>; 20 March 43 BC – AD 17/18), known in English as <b>Ovid</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">OV</span>-id</i></a>),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Augustan_literature_(ancient_Rome)" title="Augustan literature (ancient Rome)">Roman poet</a> who lived during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>. He was a younger contemporary of <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a>, with whom he is often ranked as one of the three <a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">canonical</a> poets of <a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin literature</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Imperial</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a> considered him the last of the Latin love <a href="/wiki/Elegy" title="Elegy">elegists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Quint._Inst._10.1.93_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quint._Inst._10.1.93-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Ovid enjoyed enormous popularity during his lifetime, the emperor Augustus <a href="/wiki/Exile_of_Ovid" title="Exile of Ovid">exiled him</a> to <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Tomis</a>, the capital of the newly-organised province of <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, where he remained for the last nine or ten years of his life. Ovid himself attributed his banishment to a "poem and a mistake", but his reluctance to disclose specifics has resulted in much speculation among scholars. </p><p>Ovid is most famous for the <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i>, a continuous mythological narrative in fifteen books written in <a href="/wiki/Dactylic_hexameter" title="Dactylic hexameter">dactylic hexameters</a>. He is also known for works in <a href="/wiki/Elegiac_couplet" title="Elegiac couplet">elegiac couplets</a> such as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Ars_Amatoria" title="Ars Amatoria">Ars Amatoria</a></i></span> ("The Art of Love") and <i><a href="/wiki/Fasti_(poem)" title="Fasti (poem)">Fasti</a></i>. His poetry was much imitated during <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, and greatly influenced <a href="/wiki/Western_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Western art">Western art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">literature</a>. The <i>Metamorphoses</i> remains one of the most important sources of <a href="/wiki/Classical_mythology" title="Classical mythology">classical mythology</a> today.<sup id="cite_ref-Mark_P.O._Morford_1999_p._25_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mark_P.O._Morford_1999_p._25-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ovid wrote more about his own life than most other Roman poets. Information about his biography is drawn primarily from his poetry, especially <i>Tristia</i> 4.10,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which gives a lengthy autobiographical account of his life. Other sources include <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Elder" title="Seneca the Elder">Seneca the Elder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth,_early_life,_and_marriage"><span id="Birth.2C_early_life.2C_and_marriage"></span>Birth, early life, and marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Birth, early life, and marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sulmona0001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Sulmona0001.jpg/170px-Sulmona0001.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Sulmona0001.jpg/255px-Sulmona0001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Sulmona0001.jpg/340px-Sulmona0001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Ovid by <a href="/wiki/Ettore_Ferrari" title="Ettore Ferrari">Ettore Ferrari</a> in the Piazza XX Settembre, <a href="/wiki/Sulmona" title="Sulmona">Sulmona</a>, Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>Ovid was born in the <a href="/wiki/Paeligni" title="Paeligni">Paelignian</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Sulmo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulmo">Sulmo</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Sulmona" title="Sulmona">Sulmona</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_L%27Aquila" title="Province of L'Aquila">province of L'Aquila</a>, Abruzzo), in an <a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennine</a> valley east of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, to an important <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian (Roman)">equestrian</a> family, the <a href="/wiki/Ovidia_gens" title="Ovidia gens"><i>gens Ovidia</i></a>, on 20 March 43 BC – a significant year in Roman politics.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-parised_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parised-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with his brother, who excelled at oratory, Ovid was educated in rhetoric in Rome under the teachers <a href="/wiki/Arellius_Fuscus" title="Arellius Fuscus">Arellius Fuscus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porcius_Latro" class="mw-redirect" title="Porcius Latro">Porcius Latro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His father wanted him to study <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a> so that he might practice law. According to Seneca the Elder, Ovid tended to the emotional, not the argumentative pole of rhetoric. Following the death of his brother at 20 years of age, Ovid renounced law and travelled to <a href="/wiki/Athens,_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Athens, Greece">Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He held minor public posts, as one of the <i><a href="/wiki/Triumviri#Roman_triumvirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Triumviri">tresviri capitales</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Centumviral_court" title="Centumviral court">Centumviral court</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as one of the <i><a href="/wiki/Decemviri#Decemviri_Litibus_Iudicandis" title="Decemviri">decemviri litibus iudicandis</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but resigned to pursue poetry probably around 29–25 BC, a decision of which his father apparently disapproved.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ovid's first recitation has been dated to around 25 BC, when he was eighteen.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was part of the circle centered on the esteemed patron <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Valerius_Messalla_Corvinus" title="Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus">Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus</a>, and likewise seems to have been a friend of poets in the circle of <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Maecenas" title="Gaius Maecenas">Maecenas</a>. In <i>Tristia</i> 4.10.41–54, Ovid mentions friendships with Macer, <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Propertius" class="mw-redirect" title="Sextus Propertius">Propertius</a>, Ponticus and Bassus, and claims to have heard <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a> recite. He only barely met <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a>, a fellow member of Messalla's circle, whose elegies he admired greatly.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He married three times and had divorced twice by the time he was thirty. He had one daughter and grandchildren through her.<sup id="cite_ref-HornblowerSpawforth2014_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HornblowerSpawforth2014-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His last wife was connected in some way to the influential <i><a href="/wiki/Gens_Fabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gens Fabia">gens Fabia</a></i> and helped him during his exile in Tomis (now <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Constanța</a> in Romania).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_success">Literary success</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Literary success"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ovid spent the first 25 years of his literary career primarily writing poetry in <a href="/wiki/Elegiac" title="Elegiac">elegiac meter</a> with erotic themes.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chronology of these early works is not secure, but scholars have established tentative dates. His earliest extant work is thought to be the <i>Heroides</i>, letters of mythological heroines to their absent lovers, which may have been published in 19 BC, although the date is uncertain as it depends on a notice in <i>Am.</i> 2.18.19–26 that seems to describe the collection as an early published work.<sup id="cite_ref-Trist._4.10.53–4_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trist._4.10.53–4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The authenticity of some of these poems has been challenged, but this first edition probably contained the first 14 poems of the collection. The first five-book collection of the <i><a href="/wiki/Amores_(Ovid)" title="Amores (Ovid)">Amores</a></i>, a series of erotic poems addressed to a lover, Corinna, is thought to have been published in 16–15 BC; the surviving version, redacted to three books according to an epigram prefixed to the first book, is thought to have been published <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 8</span>–3 BC. Between the publications of the two editions of the <i>Amores</i> can be dated the premiere of his tragedy <i>Medea</i>, which was admired in antiquity but is no longer extant. </p><p>Ovid's next poem, the <i>Medicamina Faciei</i> (a fragmentary work on women's beauty treatments), preceded the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Ars_Amatoria" title="Ars Amatoria">Ars Amatoria</a></i></span> (the <i>Art of Love</i>), a parody of <a href="/wiki/Didactic_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Didactic poetry">didactic poetry</a> and a three-book manual about seduction and intrigue, which has been dated to AD 2 (Books 1–2 would go back to 1 BC<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Ovid may identify this work in his exile poetry as the <i>carmen</i>, or song, which was one cause of his banishment. The <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ars Amatoria</i></span> was followed by the <i>Remedia Amoris</i> in the same year. This corpus of elegiac, erotic poetry earned Ovid a place among the chief Roman elegists Gallus, Tibullus, and Propertius, of whom he saw himself as the fourth member.<sup id="cite_ref-Trist._4.10.53–4_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trist._4.10.53–4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By AD 8, Ovid had completed <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i>, a hexameter <a href="/wiki/Epic_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic poem">epic poem</a> in 15 books, which comprehensively catalogs the metamorphoses in Greek and Roman mythology, from the emergence of the cosmos to the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">apotheosis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>. The stories follow each other in the telling of human beings transformed to new bodies: trees, rocks, animals, flowers, <a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">constellations</a>, etc. Simultaneously, he worked on the <i><a href="/wiki/Fasti_(poem)" title="Fasti (poem)">Fasti</a></i>, a six-book poem in elegiac couplets on the theme of the calendar of <a href="/wiki/Roman_festivals" title="Roman festivals">Roman festivals</a> and astronomy. The composition of this poem was interrupted by Ovid's exile,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is thought that Ovid abandoned work on the piece in Tomis. It is probably in this period that the double letters (16–21) in the <i>Heroides</i> were composed, although there is some contention over their authorship. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exile_to_Tomis">Exile to Tomis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Exile to Tomis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Exile_of_Ovid" title="Exile of Ovid">Exile of Ovid</a></div> <p>In AD 8, Ovid was banished to <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Tomis</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, by the exclusive intervention of the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> without any participation of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> or of any <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman judge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This event shaped all his following poetry. Ovid wrote that the reason for his exile was <i>carmen et error</i> – "a poem and a mistake",<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> claiming that his crime was worse than murder,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> more harmful than poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Emperor's grandchildren, <a href="/wiki/Julia_the_Younger" title="Julia the Younger">Julia the Younger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agrippa_Postumus" title="Agrippa Postumus">Agrippa Postumus</a> (the latter adopted by him), were also banished around the same time. Julia's husband, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aemilius_Paullus_(consul_1)" title="Lucius Aemilius Paullus (consul 1)">Lucius Aemilius Paullus</a>, was put to death for a <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy (political)">conspiracy</a> against <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, a conspiracy of which Ovid potentially knew.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Lex_Julia" title="Lex Julia">Julian marriage laws of 18 BC</a>, which promoted <a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamous</a> marriage to increase the population's birth rate, were fresh in the Roman mind. Ovid's writing in the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ars Amatoria</i></span> concerned the serious crime of <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a>. He may have been banished for these works, which appeared subversive to the emperor's moral legislation. However, in view of the long time that elapsed between the publication of this work (1 BC) and the exile (AD 8), some authors suggest that <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> used the poem as a mere justification for something more personal.<sup id="cite_ref-José_González_Vázquez_1992_p.10_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-José_González_Vázquez_1992_p.10-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turner_Ovid_Banished_from_Rome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Turner_Ovid_Banished_from_Rome.jpg/280px-Turner_Ovid_Banished_from_Rome.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Turner_Ovid_Banished_from_Rome.jpg/420px-Turner_Ovid_Banished_from_Rome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Turner_Ovid_Banished_from_Rome.jpg/560px-Turner_Ovid_Banished_from_Rome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1105" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption> <i>Ovid Banished from Rome</i> (1838), by <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J.M.W. Turner</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In exile, Ovid wrote two poetry collections, <i><a href="/wiki/Tristia" title="Tristia">Tristia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Epistulae_ex_Ponto" title="Epistulae ex Ponto">Epistulae ex Ponto</a></i>, which illustrated his sadness and desolation. Being far from Rome, he had no access to libraries, and thus might have been forced to abandon his <i><a href="/wiki/Fasti_(poem)" title="Fasti (poem)">Fasti</a></i>, a poem about the Roman calendar, of which only the first six books exist – January through June. He learned <a href="/wiki/Scythian_languages" title="Scythian languages">Sarmatian and Getic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The five books of the elegiac <i>Tristia</i>, a series of poems expressing the poet's despair in exile and advocating his return to Rome, are dated to AD 9–12. The <i>Ibis</i>, an elegiac curse poem attacking an unnamed adversary, may also be dated to this period. The <i><a href="/wiki/Epistulae_ex_Ponto" title="Epistulae ex Ponto">Epistulae ex Ponto</a></i>, a series of letters to friends in Rome asking them to effect his return, are thought to be his last compositions, with the first three books published in AD 13 and the fourth book between AD 14 and 16. The exile poetry is particularly emotive and personal. In the <i>Epistulae</i> he claims friendship with the natives of Tomis (in the <i>Tristia</i> they are frightening barbarians) and to have written a poem in their language (<i>Ex Ponto</i>, 4.13.19–20). </p><p>Yet he pined for Rome – and for his third wife, addressing many poems to her. Some are also to the Emperor Augustus, yet others are to himself, to friends in Rome, and sometimes to the poems themselves, expressing loneliness and hope of recall from banishment or exile.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The obscure causes of Ovid's exile have given rise to much speculation by scholars. The medieval texts that mention the exile offer no credible explanations: their statements seem incorrect interpretations drawn from the works of Ovid.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ovid himself wrote many references to his offense, giving obscure or contradictory clues.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1923, scholar J. J. Hartman proposed a theory that is little considered among scholars of Latin civilization today: that Ovid was never exiled from Rome and that all of his exile works are the result of his fertile imagination. This theory was supported and rejected<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in the 1930s, especially by Dutch authors.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1985, a research paper by Fitton Brown advanced new arguments in support of Hartman's theory.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brown's article was followed by a series of supports and refutations in the short space of five years.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the supporting reasons Brown presents are: Ovid's exile is only mentioned by his own work, except in "dubious" passages by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but no other author until the 4th century;<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the author of <i><a href="/wiki/Heroides" title="Heroides">Heroides</a></i> was able to separate the poetic "I" of his own and real life; and that information on the geography of Tomis was already known by <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> and by Ovid himself in his <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most scholars, however, oppose these hypotheses.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the main arguments of these scholars is that Ovid would not let his <i>Fasti</i> remain unfinished, mainly because this poem meant his consecration as an imperial poet.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ovid died at Tomis in AD 17 or 18.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought that the <i>Fasti</i>, which he spent time revising, were published posthumously.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heroides_("The_Heroines")"><span id="Heroides_.28.22The_Heroines.22.29"></span><i>Heroides</i> ("The Heroines")</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Heroides ("The Heroines")"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herkulaneischer_Meister_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Herkulaneischer_Meister_001.jpg/150px-Herkulaneischer_Meister_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="508" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Herkulaneischer_Meister_001.jpg/225px-Herkulaneischer_Meister_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Herkulaneischer_Meister_001.jpg/300px-Herkulaneischer_Meister_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="2676" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Medea" title="Medea">Medea</a> in a fresco from <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heroides" title="Heroides">Heroides</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Double_Heroides" title="Double Heroides">Double Heroides</a></div> <p>The <i>Heroides</i> ("Heroines") or <i>Epistulae Heroidum</i> are a collection of twenty-one poems in elegiac couplets. The <i>Heroides</i> take the form of letters addressed by famous mythological characters to their partners expressing their emotions at being separated from them, pleas for their return, and allusions to their future actions within their own mythology. The authenticity of the collection, partially or as a whole, has been questioned, although most scholars would consider the letters mentioned specifically in Ovid's description of the work at <i>Am.</i> 2.18.19–26 as safe from objection. The collection comprises a new type of generic composition without parallel in earlier literature.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first fourteen letters are thought to comprise the first published collection and are written by the heroines <a href="/wiki/Penelope" title="Penelope">Penelope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phyllis_(mythology)" title="Phyllis (mythology)">Phyllis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Briseis" title="Briseis">Briseis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phaedra_(mythology)" title="Phaedra (mythology)">Phaedra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oenone" title="Oenone">Oenone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypsipyle" title="Hypsipyle">Hypsipyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dido_(Queen_of_Carthage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dido (Queen of Carthage)">Dido</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermione_(mythology)" title="Hermione (mythology)">Hermione</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deianeira" class="mw-redirect" title="Deianeira">Deianeira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ariadne" title="Ariadne">Ariadne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canace" title="Canace">Canace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medea" title="Medea">Medea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laodamia_of_Phylace" class="mw-redirect" title="Laodamia of Phylace">Laodamia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hypermnestra" title="Hypermnestra">Hypermnestra</a> to their absent male lovers. Letter 15, from the historical <a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a> to <a href="/wiki/Phaon" title="Phaon">Phaon</a>, seems spurious (although referred to in <i>Am.</i> 2.18) because of its length, its lack of integration in the mythological theme, and its absence from Medieval manuscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final letters (16–21) are paired compositions comprising a letter to a lover and a reply. <a href="/wiki/Paris_(mythology)" title="Paris (mythology)">Paris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy" title="Helen of Troy">Helen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hero_and_Leander" title="Hero and Leander">Hero and Leander</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Acontius" title="Acontius">Acontius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cydippe" title="Cydippe">Cydippe</a> are the addressees of the paired letters. These are considered a later addition to the corpus because they are never mentioned by Ovid and may or may not be spurious. </p><p>The <i>Heroides</i> markedly reveal the influence of rhetorical declamation and may derive from Ovid's interest in rhetorical <i><a href="/wiki/Suasoria" title="Suasoria">suasoriae</a></i>, persuasive speeches, and <i><a href="/wiki/Ethopoeia" title="Ethopoeia">ethopoeia</a></i>, the practice of speaking in another character. They also play with generic conventions; most of the letters seem to refer to works in which these characters were significant, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i> in the case of Dido and <a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a> 64 for Ariadne, and transfer characters from the genres of epic and tragedy to the elegiac genre of the <i>Heroides</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The letters have been admired for their deep psychological portrayals of mythical characters, their rhetoric, and their unique attitude to the classical tradition of mythology.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (November 2015)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> They also contribute significantly to conversations on how gender and identity were constructed in Augustan Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A popular quote from the Heroides anticipates Machiavelli's "the end justifies the means". Ovid had written "Exitus acta probat" – the result justifies the means. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amores_("The_Loves")"><span id="Amores_.28.22The_Loves.22.29"></span><i>Amores</i> ("The Loves")</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Amores ("The Loves")"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Amores_(Ovid)" title="Amores (Ovid)">Amores (Ovid)</a></div> <p>The <i>Amores</i> is a collection in three books of love poetry in elegiac meter, following the conventions of the elegiac genre developed by <a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a>. Elegy originates with Propertius and Tibullus, but Ovid is an innovator in the genre. Ovid changes the leader of his elegies from the poet, to Amor (Love or Cupid). This switch in focus from the triumphs of the poet, to the triumphs of love over people is the first of its kind for this genre of poetry. This Ovidian innovation can be summarized as the use of love as a metaphor for poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The books describe the many aspects of love and focus on the poet's relationship with a mistress called Corinna. Within the various poems, several describe events in the relationship, thus presenting the reader with some vignettes and a loose narrative. </p><p>Book 1 contains 15 poems. The first tells of Ovid's intention to write epic poetry, which is thwarted when <a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">Cupid</a> steals a metrical foot from him, changing his work into love elegy. Poem 4 is didactic and describes principles that Ovid would develop in the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Ars_Amatoria" title="Ars Amatoria">Ars Amatoria</a></i></span>. The fifth poem, describing a noon tryst, introduces Corinna by name. Poems 8 and 9 deal with Corinna selling her love for gifts, while 11 and 12 describe the poet's failed attempt to arrange a meeting. Poem 14 discusses Corinna's disastrous experiment in dyeing her hair and 15 stresses the immortality of Ovid and love poets. </p><p>The second book has 19 pieces; the opening poem tells of Ovid's abandonment of a <a href="/wiki/Gigantomachy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigantomachy">Gigantomachy</a> in favor of <a href="/wiki/Elegy" title="Elegy">elegy</a>. Poems 2 and 3 are entreaties to a guardian to let the poet see Corinna, poem 6 is a lament for Corinna's dead parrot; poems 7 and 8 deal with Ovid's affair with Corinna's servant and her discovery of it, and 11 and 12 try to prevent Corinna from going on vacation. Poem 13 is a prayer to <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a> for Corinna's illness, 14 a poem against abortion, and 19 a warning to unwary husbands. </p><p>Book 3 has 15 poems. The opening piece depicts personified Tragedy and Elegy fighting over Ovid. Poem 2 describes a visit to the races, 3 and 8 focus on Corinna's interest in other men, 10 is a complaint to <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(mythology)" title="Ceres (mythology)">Ceres</a> because of her festival that requires abstinence, 13 is a poem on a festival of <a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a>, and 9 a lament for <a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a>. In poem 11 Ovid decides not to love Corinna any longer and regrets the poems he has written about her. The final poem is Ovid's farewell to the erotic muse. Critics have seen the poems as highly self-conscious and extremely playful specimens of the elegiac genre.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicamina_Faciei_Femineae_("Women's_Facial_Cosmetics")"><span id="Medicamina_Faciei_Femineae_.28.22Women.27s_Facial_Cosmetics.22.29"></span><i>Medicamina Faciei Femineae</i> ("Women's Facial Cosmetics")</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Medicamina Faciei Femineae ("Women's Facial Cosmetics")"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Medicamina_Faciei_Femineae" title="Medicamina Faciei Femineae">Medicamina Faciei Femineae</a></div> <p>About a hundred elegiac lines survive from this poem on beauty treatments for women's faces, which seems to parody serious didactic poetry. The poem says that women should concern themselves first with manners and then prescribes several compounds for facial treatments before breaking off. The style is not unlike the shorter <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> didactic works of <a href="/wiki/Nicander" title="Nicander">Nicander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aratus" title="Aratus">Aratus</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ars_Amatoria_("The_Art_of_Love")"><span id="Ars_Amatoria_.28.22The_Art_of_Love.22.29"></span><i>Ars Amatoria</i> ("The Art of Love")</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ars Amatoria ("The Art of Love")"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ars_Amatoria" title="Ars Amatoria">Ars Amatoria</a></div> <blockquote><div class="poem"> <p>      Si quis in hoc artem populo non novit amandi,<br />            hoc legat et lecto carmine doctus amet.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>The <i>Ars Amatoria</i> is a didactic elegiac poem in three books that sets out to teach the arts of seduction and love. The first book addresses men and teaches them how to seduce women, the second, also to men, teaches how to keep a lover. The third addresses women and teaches seduction techniques. The first book opens with an invocation to Venus, in which Ovid establishes himself as a <i>praeceptor amoris</i> (1.17) – a teacher of love. Ovid describes the places one can go to find a lover, like the theater, a triumph, which he thoroughly describes, or arena – and ways to get the girl to take notice, including seducing her covertly at a banquet. Choosing the right time is significant, as is getting into her associates' confidence. </p><p>Ovid emphasizes care of the body for the lover. Mythological digressions include a piece on the <a href="/wiki/Rape_of_the_Sabine_women" title="Rape of the Sabine women">Rape of the Sabine women</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasipha%C3%AB" title="Pasiphaë">Pasiphaë</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ariadne" title="Ariadne">Ariadne</a>. Book 2 invokes Apollo and begins with a telling of the story of <a href="/wiki/Icarus" title="Icarus">Icarus</a>. Ovid advises men to avoid giving too many gifts, keep up their appearance, hide affairs, compliment their lovers, and ingratiate themselves with slaves to stay on their lover's good side. The care of Venus for procreation is described as is Apollo's aid in keeping a lover; Ovid then digresses on the story of <a href="/wiki/Hephaestus#Hephaestus_and_Aphrodite" title="Hephaestus">Vulcan's trap for Venus and Mars</a>. The book ends with Ovid asking his "students" to spread his fame. Book 3 opens with a vindication of women's abilities and Ovid's resolution to arm women against his teaching in the first two books. Ovid gives women detailed instructions on appearance telling them to avoid too many adornments. He advises women to read elegiac poetry, learn to play games, sleep with people of different ages, flirt, and dissemble. Throughout the book, Ovid playfully interjects, criticizing himself for undoing all his didactic work to men and mythologically digresses on the story of <a href="/wiki/Procris#Ovid" title="Procris">Procris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cephalus#Husband_of_Procris" title="Cephalus">Cephalus</a>. The book ends with his wish that women will follow his advice and spread his fame saying <i>Naso magister erat,</i> "Ovid was our teacher". (Ovid was known as "Naso" to his contemporaries.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Remedia_Amoris_("The_Cure_for_Love")"><span id="Remedia_Amoris_.28.22The_Cure_for_Love.22.29"></span><i>Remedia Amoris</i> ("The Cure for Love")</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Remedia Amoris ("The Cure for Love")"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Remedia_Amoris" title="Remedia Amoris">Remedia Amoris</a></div> <p>This elegiac poem proposes a cure for the love Ovid teaches in the <i>Ars Amatoria</i>, and is primarily addressed to men. The poem criticizes suicide as a means for escaping love and, invoking Apollo, goes on to tell lovers not to procrastinate and be lazy in dealing with love. Lovers are taught to avoid their partners, not perform magic, see their lover unprepared, take other lovers, and never be jealous. Old letters should be burned and the lover's family avoided. The poem throughout presents Ovid as a doctor and utilizes medical imagery. Some have interpreted this poem as the close of Ovid's didactic cycle of love poetry and the end of his erotic elegiac project.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metamorphoses_("Transformations")"><span id="Metamorphoses_.28.22Transformations.22.29"></span><i>Metamorphoses</i> ("Transformations")</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Metamorphoses ("Transformations")"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ovidius_Metamorphosis_-_George_Sandy%27s_1632_edition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ovidius_Metamorphosis_-_George_Sandy%27s_1632_edition.jpg/200px-Ovidius_Metamorphosis_-_George_Sandy%27s_1632_edition.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ovidius_Metamorphosis_-_George_Sandy%27s_1632_edition.jpg/300px-Ovidius_Metamorphosis_-_George_Sandy%27s_1632_edition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ovidius_Metamorphosis_-_George_Sandy%27s_1632_edition.jpg/400px-Ovidius_Metamorphosis_-_George_Sandy%27s_1632_edition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="942" /></a><figcaption>Engraved frontispiece of <a href="/wiki/George_Sandys" title="George Sandys">George Sandys</a>'s 1632 London edition of <i>Ovid's Metamorphoses Englished</i></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></div> <p>The <i>Metamorphoses</i>, Ovid's most ambitious and well-known work, consists of a 15-book catalogue written in <a href="/wiki/Dactylic_hexameter" title="Dactylic hexameter">dactylic hexameter</a> about transformations in Greek and Roman mythology set within a loose mytho-historical framework. The word "metamorphoses" is of Greek origin and means "transformations". Appropriately, the characters in this work undergo many different transformations. Within an extent of nearly 12,000 verses, almost 250 different myths are mentioned. Each myth is set outdoors where the mortals are often vulnerable to external influences. The poem stands in the tradition of mythological and etiological catalogue poetry such as <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Women" title="Catalogue of Women">Catalogue of Women</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Callimachus" title="Callimachus">Callimachus</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Aetia_(Callimachus)" title="Aetia (Callimachus)">Aetia</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Nicander" title="Nicander">Nicander</a>'s <i>Heteroeumena</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Parthenius_of_Nicaea" title="Parthenius of Nicaea">Parthenius</a>' <i>Metamorphoses</i>. </p><p>The first book describes the formation of the world, the <a href="/wiki/Ages_of_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of man">ages of man</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Flood_myth" title="Flood myth">flood</a>, the story of <a href="/wiki/Daphne" title="Daphne">Daphne</a>'s rape by Apollo and <a href="/wiki/Io_(mythology)" title="Io (mythology)">Io</a>'s by Jupiter. The second book opens with <a href="/wiki/Phaethon#Ovid" title="Phaethon">Phaethon</a> and continues describing the love of Jupiter with <a href="/wiki/Callisto_(mythology)" title="Callisto (mythology)">Callisto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europa_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa (mythology)">Europa</a>. The third book focuses on the mythology of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Thebes_(Boeotia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Thebes (Boeotia)">Thebes</a> with the stories of <a href="/wiki/Cadmus" title="Cadmus">Cadmus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Actaeon" title="Actaeon">Actaeon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pentheus" title="Pentheus">Pentheus</a>. The fourth book focuses on three pairs of lovers: <a href="/wiki/Pyramus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramus">Pyramus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thisbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Thisbe">Thisbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salmacis" title="Salmacis">Salmacis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hermaphroditus" title="Hermaphroditus">Hermaphroditus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_(mythology)" title="Andromeda (mythology)">Andromeda</a>. The fifth book focuses on the song of the <a href="/wiki/Muses" title="Muses">Muses</a>, which describes the rape of <a href="/wiki/Proserpina" title="Proserpina">Proserpina</a>. The sixth book is a collection of stories about the rivalry between gods and mortals, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Arachne" title="Arachne">Arachne</a> and ending with <a href="/wiki/Philomela_(princess_of_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philomela (princess of Athens)">Philomela</a>. The seventh book focuses on <a href="/wiki/Medea" title="Medea">Medea</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Cephalus" title="Cephalus">Cephalus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Procris" title="Procris">Procris</a>. The eighth book focuses on <a href="/wiki/Daedalus" title="Daedalus">Daedalus</a>' flight, the <a href="/wiki/Calydonian_boar" class="mw-redirect" title="Calydonian boar">Calydonian boar</a> hunt, and the contrast between pious <a href="/wiki/Baucis_and_Philemon" title="Baucis and Philemon">Baucis and Philemon</a> and the wicked <a href="/wiki/Erysichthon_of_Thessaly" title="Erysichthon of Thessaly">Erysichthon</a>. The ninth book focuses on <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> and the incestuous <a href="/wiki/Byblis" title="Byblis">Byblis</a>. The tenth book focuses on stories of doomed love, such as <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a>, who sings about <a href="/wiki/Hyacinth_(mythology)" title="Hyacinth (mythology)">Hyacinthus</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Pygmalion_(mythology)" title="Pygmalion (mythology)">Pygmalion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myrrha" title="Myrrha">Myrrha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a>. The eleventh book compares the marriage of <a href="/wiki/Peleus" title="Peleus">Peleus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a> with the love of <a href="/wiki/Ceyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceyx">Ceyx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alcyone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcyone">Alcyone</a>. The twelfth book moves from myth to history describing the exploits of <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lapith#Centauromachy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lapith">battle of the centaurs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iphigeneia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iphigeneia">Iphigeneia</a>. The thirteenth book discusses the <a href="/wiki/Achilles#Fate_of_Achilles'_armour" title="Achilles">contest over Achilles' arms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polyphemus" title="Polyphemus">Polyphemus</a>. The fourteenth moves to Italy, describing the journey of <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pomona_(mythology)" title="Pomona (mythology)">Pomona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vertumnus" title="Vertumnus">Vertumnus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hersilia" title="Hersilia">Hersilia</a>. The final book opens with a philosophical lecture by <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a> and the deification of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a>. The end of the poem praises <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> and expresses Ovid's belief that his poem has earned him immortality. </p><p>In analyzing the <i>Metamorphoses</i>, scholars have focused on Ovid's organization of his vast body of material. The ways that stories are linked by geography, themes, or contrasts creates interesting effects and constantly forces the reader to evaluate the connections. Ovid also varies his tone and material from different literary genres; <a href="/wiki/Gian_Biagio_Conte" title="Gian Biagio Conte">G. B. Conte</a> has called the poem "a sort of gallery of these various literary genres".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this spirit, Ovid engages creatively with his predecessors, alluding to the full spectrum of classical poetry. Ovid's use of Alexandrian epic, or elegiac couplets, shows his fusion of erotic and psychological style with traditional forms of epic. </p><p>A concept drawn from the Metamorphoses is the idea of the white lie or <a href="/wiki/Pious_fraud" title="Pious fraud">pious fraud</a>: "pia mendacia fraude". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fasti_("The_Festivals")"><span id="Fasti_.28.22The_Festivals.22.29"></span><i>Fasti</i> ("The Festivals")</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fasti ("The Festivals")"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fasti_(poem)" title="Fasti (poem)">Fasti (poem)</a></div> <p>Six books in elegiacs survive of this second ambitious poem that Ovid was working on when he was exiled. The six books cover the first semester of the year, with each book dedicated to a different month of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Roman calendar</a> (January to June). The project seems unprecedented in Roman literature. It seems that Ovid planned to cover the whole year, but was unable to finish because of his exile, although he did revise sections of the work at Tomis, and he claims at <i>Trist.</i> 2.549–52 that his work was interrupted after six books. Like the <i>Metamorphoses</i>, the <i>Fasti</i> was to be a long poem and emulated etiological poetry by writers like <a href="/wiki/Callimachus" title="Callimachus">Callimachus</a> and, more recently, <a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a> and his fourth book. The poem goes through the Roman calendar, explaining the origins and customs of important Roman festivals, digressing on mythical stories, and giving astronomical and agricultural information appropriate to the season. The poem was probably dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> initially, but perhaps the death of the emperor prompted Ovid to change the dedication to honor <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a>. Ovid uses direct inquiry of gods and scholarly research to talk about the calendar and regularly calls himself a <i><a href="/wiki/Vates" title="Vates">vates</a></i>, a seer. He also seems to emphasize unsavory, popular traditions of the festivals, imbuing the poem with a popular, <a href="/wiki/Plebeian" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian">plebeian</a> flavor, which some have interpreted as subversive to the Augustan moral legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this poem has always been invaluable to students of Roman religion and culture for the wealth of antiquarian material it preserves, it recently has been seen as one of Ovid's finest literary works and a unique contribution to Roman elegiac poetry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ibis_("The_Ibis")"><span id="Ibis_.28.22The_Ibis.22.29"></span><i>Ibis</i> ("The Ibis")</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ibis ("The Ibis")"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ibis_(Ovid)" title="Ibis (Ovid)">Ibis (Ovid)</a></div> <p>The <i>Ibis</i> is an elegiac poem in 644 lines, in which Ovid uses a dazzling array of mythic stories to curse and attack an enemy who is harming him in exile. At the beginning of the poem, Ovid claims that his poetry up to that point had been harmless, but now he is going to use his abilities to hurt his enemy. He cites Callimachus' <i>Ibis</i> as his inspiration and calls all the gods to make his curse effective. Ovid uses mythical exempla to condemn his enemy in the afterlife, cites evil prodigies that attended his birth, and then in the next 300 lines wishes that the torments of mythological characters befall his enemy. The poem ends with a prayer that the gods make his curse effective. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tristia_("Sorrows")"><span id="Tristia_.28.22Sorrows.22.29"></span><i>Tristia</i> ("Sorrows")</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Tristia ("Sorrows")"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tristia" title="Tristia">Tristia</a></div> <p>The <i>Tristia</i> consist of five books of elegiac poetry composed by Ovid in exile in Tomis. </p><p>Book 1 contains 11 poems; the first piece is an address by Ovid to his book about how it should act when it arrives in Rome. Poem 3 describes his final night in Rome, poems 2 and 10 Ovid's voyage to Tomis, 8 the betrayal of a friend, and 5 and 6 the loyalty of his friends and wife. In the final poem Ovid apologizes for the quality and tone of his book, a sentiment echoed throughout the collection. </p><p>Book 2 consists of one long poem in which Ovid defends himself and his poetry, uses precedents to justify his work, and begs the emperor for forgiveness. </p><p>Book 3 has 14 poems focusing on Ovid's life in Tomis. The opening poem describes his book's arrival in Rome to find Ovid's works banned. Poems 10, 12, and 13 focus on the seasons spent in Tomis, 9 on the origins of the place, and 2, 3, and 11 his emotional distress and longing for home. The final poem is again an apology for his work. </p><p>The fourth book has ten poems addressed mostly to friends. Poem 1 expresses his love of poetry and the solace it brings; while 2 describes a triumph of Tiberius. Poems 3–5 are to friends, 7 a request for correspondence, and 10 an autobiography. </p><p>The final book of the <i>Tristia</i> with 14 poems focuses on his wife and friends. Poems 4, 5, 11, and 14 are addressed to his wife, 2 and 3 are prayers to <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacchus">Bacchus</a>, 4 and 6 are to friends, 8 to an enemy. Poem 13 asks for letters, while 1 and 12 are apologies to his readers for the quality of his poetry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epistulae_ex_Ponto_("Letters_from_the_Black_Sea")"><span id="Epistulae_ex_Ponto_.28.22Letters_from_the_Black_Sea.22.29"></span><i>Epistulae ex Ponto</i> ("Letters from the Black Sea")</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Epistulae ex Ponto ("Letters from the Black Sea")"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Epistulae_ex_Ponto" title="Epistulae ex Ponto">Epistulae ex Ponto</a></div> <p>The <i>Epistulae ex Ponto</i> is a collection in four books of further poetry from exile. The <i>Epistulae</i> are each addressed to a different friend and focus more desperately than the <i>Tristia</i> on securing his recall from exile. The poems mainly deal with requests for friends to speak on his behalf to members of the imperial family, discussions of writing with friends, and descriptions of life in exile. The first book has ten pieces in which Ovid describes the state of his health (10), his hopes, memories, and yearning for Rome (3, 6, 8), and his needs in exile (3). Book 2 contains impassioned requests to Germanicus (1 and 5) and various friends to speak on his behalf at Rome while he describes his despair and life in exile. Book 3 has nine poems in which Ovid addresses his wife (1) and various friends. It includes a telling of the story of <a href="/wiki/Iphigenia#Among_the_Taurians" title="Iphigenia">Iphigenia in Tauris</a> (2), a poem against criticism (9), and a dream of Cupid (3). Book 4, the final work of Ovid, in 16 poems talks to friends and describes his life as an exile further. Poems 10 and 13 describe Winter and Spring at Tomis, poem 14 is halfhearted praise for Tomis, 7 describes its geography and climate, and 4 and 9 are congratulations on friends for their consulships and requests for help. Poem 12 is addressed to a Tuticanus, whose name, Ovid complains, does not fit into meter. The final poem is addressed to an enemy whom Ovid implores to leave him alone. The last elegiac couplet is translated: "Where's the joy in stabbing your steel into my dead flesh?/ There's no place left where I can be dealt fresh wounds."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lost_works">Lost works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Lost works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One loss, which Ovid himself described, is the first five-book edition of the <i>Amores</i>, from which nothing has come down to us. The greatest loss is Ovid's only tragedy, <i>Medea</i>, from which only a few lines are preserved. <a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a> admired the work a great deal and considered it a prime example of Ovid's poetic talent.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a> quotes from a lost translation by Ovid of <a href="/wiki/Aratus" title="Aratus">Aratus</a>' <i>Phaenomena</i>, although the poem's ascription to Ovid is insecure because it is never mentioned in Ovid's other works.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A line from a work entitled <i>Epigrammata</i> is cited by <a href="/wiki/Priscian" title="Priscian">Priscian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though it is unlikely, if the last six books of the <i>Fasti</i> ever existed, they constitute a great loss. Ovid also mentions some occasional poetry (<i><a href="/wiki/Epithalamium" title="Epithalamium">Epithalamium</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dirge,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even a rendering in <a href="/wiki/Getae#Culture" title="Getae">Getic</a><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) which does not survive. Also lost is the final portion of the <i>Medicamina</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spurious_works">Spurious works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Spurious works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a list, see <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Ovid" title="Pseudo-Ovid">Pseudo-Ovid</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consolatio_ad_Liviam_("Consolation_to_Livia")"><span id="Consolatio_ad_Liviam_.28.22Consolation_to_Livia.22.29"></span><i>Consolatio ad Liviam</i> ("Consolation to Livia")</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Consolatio ad Liviam ("Consolation to Livia")"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Consolatio</i> is a long elegiac poem of consolation to <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>' wife <a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Livia</a> on the death of her son <a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Nero Claudius Drusus</a>. The poem opens by advising Livia not to try to hide her sad emotions and contrasts Drusus' military virtue with his death. Drusus' funeral and the tributes of the imperial family are described as are his final moments and Livia's lament over the body, which is compared to birds. The laments of the city of Rome as it greets his funeral procession and the gods are mentioned, and Mars from his temple dissuades the Tiber river from quenching the pyre out of grief.<sup id="cite_ref-Knox,_P_2009_pg.214_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knox,_P_2009_pg.214-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grief is expressed for his lost military honors, his wife, and his mother. The poet asks Livia to look for consolation in <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>. The poem ends with an address by Drusus to Livia assuring him of his fate in Elysium. Although this poem was connected to the <i><a href="/wiki/Elegiae_in_Maecenatem" class="mw-redirect" title="Elegiae in Maecenatem">Elegiae in Maecenatem</a></i>, it is now thought that they are unconnected. The date of the piece is unknown, but a date in the reign of Tiberius has been suggested because of that emperor's prominence in the poem.<sup id="cite_ref-Knox,_P_2009_pg.214_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knox,_P_2009_pg.214-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Halieutica_("On_Fishing")"><span id="Halieutica_.28.22On_Fishing.22.29"></span><i>Halieutica</i> ("On Fishing")</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Halieutica ("On Fishing")"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Halieutica</i> is a fragmentary didactic poem in 134 poorly preserved hexameter lines and is considered spurious. The poem begins by describing how every animal possesses the ability to protect itself and how fish use <i>ars</i> to help themselves. The ability of dogs and land creatures to protect themselves is described. The poem goes on to list the best places for fishing, and which types of fish to catch. Although <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> mentions a <i>Halieutica</i> by Ovid, which was composed at Tomis near the end of Ovid's life, modern scholars believe Pliny was mistaken in his attribution and that the poem is not genuine.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nux_("The_Walnut_Tree")"><span id="Nux_.28.22The_Walnut_Tree.22.29"></span><i>Nux</i> ("The Walnut Tree")</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Nux ("The Walnut Tree")"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This short poem in 91 elegiac couplets is related to <a href="/wiki/Aesop%27s_Fables" title="Aesop's Fables">Aesop's fable</a> of "<a href="/wiki/The_Walnut_Tree" title="The Walnut Tree">The Walnut Tree</a>" that was the subject of human ingratitude. In a monologue asking boys not pelt it with stones to get its fruit, the tree contrasts the formerly fruitful <a href="/wiki/Golden_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden age">golden age</a> with the present barren time, in which its fruit is violently ripped off and its branches broken. In the course of this, the tree compares itself to several mythological characters, praises the peace that the emperor provides and prays to be destroyed rather than suffer. The poem is considered spurious because it incorporates allusions to Ovid's works in an uncharacteristic way, although the piece is thought to be contemporary with Ovid.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Somnium_("The_Dream")"><span id="Somnium_.28.22The_Dream.22.29"></span><i>Somnium</i> ("The Dream")</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Somnium ("The Dream")"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This poem, traditionally placed at <i>Amores</i> 3.5, is considered spurious. The poet describes a dream to an interpreter, saying that he sees while escaping from the heat of noon a white heifer near a bull; when the heifer is pecked by a crow, it leaves the bull for a meadow with other bulls. The interpreter interprets the dream as a love allegory; the bull represents the poet, the heifer a girl, and the crow an old woman. The old woman spurs the girl to leave her lover and find someone else. The poem is known to have circulated independently and its lack of engagement with Tibullan or Propertian elegy argue in favor of its spuriousness; however, the poem does seem to be datable to the early empire.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style">Style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ovid is traditionally considered the final significant love elegist in the evolution of the genre and one of the most versatile in his handling of the genre's conventions. Like the other canonical elegiac poets Ovid takes on a <a href="/wiki/Persona#In_literature" title="Persona">persona</a> in his works that emphasizes subjectivity and personal emotion over traditional militaristic and public goals, a convention that some scholars link to the relative stability provided by the Augustan settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, although <a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a> may have been inspired in part by personal experience, the validity of "biographical" readings of these poets' works is a serious point of scholarly contention.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ovid has been seen as taking on a persona in his poetry that is far more emotionally detached from his mistress and less involved in crafting a unique emotional realism within the text than the other elegists.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This attitude, coupled with the lack of testimony that identifies Ovid's Corinna with a real person<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has led scholars to conclude that Corinna was never a real person, and that Ovid's relationship with her is an invention for his elegiac project.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars have even interpreted Corinna as a <a href="/wiki/Meta_(prefix)" title="Meta (prefix)">metapoetic</a> symbol for the elegiac genre itself.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ovid has been considered a highly inventive love elegist who plays with traditional elegiac conventions and elaborates the themes of the genre;<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quintilian even calls him a "sportive" elegist.<sup id="cite_ref-Quint._Inst._10.1.93_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quint._Inst._10.1.93-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some poems, he uses traditional conventions in new ways, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Paraklausithyron" title="Paraklausithyron">paraklausithyron</a></i> of <i>Am.</i> 1.6, while other poems seem to have no elegiac precedents and appear to be Ovid's own generic innovations, such as the poem on Corinna's ruined hair (<i>Am.</i> 1.14). Ovid has been traditionally seen as far more sexually explicit in his poetry than the other elegists.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His erotic elegy covers a wide spectrum of themes and viewpoints; the <i>Amores</i> focus on Ovid's relationship with Corinna, the love of <a href="/wiki/List_of_mortals_in_Greek_mythology" title="List of mortals in Greek mythology">mythical characters</a> is the subject of the <i>Heroides</i>, and the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Ars_Amatoria" title="Ars Amatoria">Ars Amatoria</a></i></span> and the other didactic love poems provide a handbook for relationships and seduction from a (mock-)"scientific" viewpoint. In his treatment of elegy, scholars have traced the influence of rhetorical education in his <a href="/wiki/Enumeration" title="Enumeration">enumeration</a>, in his effects of surprise, and in his transitional devices.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some commentators have also noted the influence of Ovid's interest in love elegy in his other works, such as the <i>Fasti,</i> and have distinguished his "elegiac" style from his "epic" style. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Heinze" title="Richard Heinze">Richard Heinze</a> in his famous <i>Ovids elegische Erzählung</i> (1919) delineated the distinction between Ovid's styles by comparing the <i>Fasti</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i> versions of the same legends, such as the treatment of the <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(mythology)" title="Ceres (mythology)">Ceres</a>–<a href="/wiki/Proserpina" title="Proserpina">Proserpina</a> story in both poems. Heinze demonstrated that, "whereas in the elegiac poems a sentimental and tender tone prevails, the hexameter narrative is characterized by an emphasis on solemnity and awe..."<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His general line of argument has been accepted by <a href="/wiki/Brooks_Otis" title="Brooks Otis">Brooks Otis</a>, who wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">gods</a> are "serious" in epic as they are not in elegy; the speeches in epic are long and infrequent compared to the short, truncated and frequent speeches of elegy; the epic writer conceals himself while the elegiac fills his narrative with familiar remarks to the reader or his characters; above all perhaps, epic narrative is continuous and symmetrical... whereas elegiac narrative displays a marked asymmetry ...<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Otis wrote that in the Ovidian poems of love, he "was <a href="/wiki/Burlesque" title="Burlesque">burlesquing</a> an old theme rather than inventing a new one".<sup id="cite_ref-OtisI_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OtisI-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Otis states that the <i>Heroides</i> are more serious and, though some of them are "quite different from anything Ovid had done before [...] he is here also treading a very well-worn path" to relate that the motif of females abandoned by or separated from their men was a "stock motif of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neoteric" title="Neoteric">neoteric</a> poetry (the classic example for us is, of course, <a href="/wiki/Catullus_66" class="mw-redirect" title="Catullus 66">Catullus 66</a>)".<sup id="cite_ref-OtisI_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OtisI-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Otis also states that <a href="/wiki/Phaedra_(mythology)" title="Phaedra (mythology)">Phaedra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medea" title="Medea">Medea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dido_(Queen_of_Carthage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dido (Queen of Carthage)">Dido</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hermione_(mythology)" title="Hermione (mythology)">Hermione</a> (also present in the poem) "are clever re-touchings of <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vergil" class="mw-redirect" title="Vergil">Vergil</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-OtisI_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OtisI-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars, such as Kenney and Clausen, have compared Ovid with Virgil. According to them, Virgil was ambiguous and ambivalent while Ovid was defined and, while Ovid wrote only what he could express, Virgil wrote for the use of <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ovide_moralis%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Ovide_moralis%C3%A9.jpg/250px-Ovide_moralis%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Ovide_moralis%C3%A9.jpg/330px-Ovide_moralis%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Ovide_moralis%C3%A9.jpg/500px-Ovide_moralis%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>A 1484 figure from <i>Ovide Moralisé</i>, edition by Colard Mansion</figcaption></figure> <p>Ovid's works have been interpreted in various ways over the centuries with attitudes that depended on the social, religious and literary contexts of different times. It is known that since his own lifetime, he was already famous and criticized. In the <i><a href="/wiki/Remedia_Amoris" title="Remedia Amoris">Remedia Amoris</a></i>, Ovid reports criticism from people who considered his books insolent.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ovid responded to this criticism with the following: </p> <div style="margin-left:2em" class="poem"> <p>Gluttonous Envy, burst: my name's well known already<br /> it will be more so, if only my feet travel the road they've started.<br /> But you're in too much of a hurry: if I live you'll be more than sorry:<br /> many poems, in fact, are forming in my mind.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> <p>After such criticism subsided, Ovid became one of the best known and most loved Roman poets during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PeterXIII_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PeterXIII-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writers in the Middle Ages used his work as a way to read and write about sex and violence without orthodox "scrutiny routinely given to commentaries on the Bible".<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Middle Ages the voluminous <i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Ovide_moralis%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="fr:L'Ovide moralisé">Ovide moralisé</a></i>, a French work that moralizes 15 books of the <i>Metamorphoses</i> was composed. This work then influenced <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Chaucer</a>. Ovid's poetry provided inspiration for the Renaissance idea of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">humanism</a>, and more specifically, for many Renaissance painters and writers. </p><p>Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Golding" title="Arthur Golding">Arthur Golding</a> moralized his own translation of the full 15 books, and published it in 1567. This version was the same version used as a supplement to the original Latin in the Tudor-era grammar schools that influenced such major Renaissance authors as <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Marlowe" title="Christopher Marlowe">Christopher Marlowe</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>. Many non-English authors were heavily influenced by Ovid's works as well. <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a>, for example, alluded to Ovid several times in his <i><a href="/wiki/Essais" class="mw-redirect" title="Essais">Essais</a></i>, specifically in his comments on <i>Education of Children</i> when he says: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The first taste I had for books came to me from my pleasure in the fables of the <i>Metamorphoses</i> of Ovid. For at about seven or eight years of age I would steal away from any other pleasure to read them, inasmuch as this language was my mother tongue, and it was the easiest book I knew and the best suited by its content to my tender age.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a> also used the <i>Metamorphoses</i> as a platform of inspiration for his prodigious novel <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a>.</i> Ovid is both praised and criticized by Cervantes in his <i>Don Quixote</i>, where he warns against satires that can exile poets, as happened to Ovid.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Ovide_chez_les_Scythes_(1859).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Ovide_chez_les_Scythes_%281859%29.jpg/280px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Ovide_chez_les_Scythes_%281859%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Ovide_chez_les_Scythes_%281859%29.jpg/420px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Ovide_chez_les_Scythes_%281859%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Ovide_chez_les_Scythes_%281859%29.jpg/560px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Ovide_chez_les_Scythes_%281859%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6265" data-file-height="4231" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Delacroix</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ovid_among_the_Scythians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovid among the Scythians">Ovid among the Scythians</a></i>, 1859. <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gallery (London)">National Gallery (London)</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 16th century, some <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> schools of <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> cut several passages from Ovid's <i>Metamorphoses</i>. While the Jesuits saw his poems as elegant compositions worthy of being presented to students for educational purposes, they also felt his works as a whole might corrupt students.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jesuits took much of their knowledge of Ovid to the Portuguese colonies. According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serafim_Leite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serafim Leite (page does not exist)">Serafim Leite</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serafim_Leite" class="extiw" title="pt:Serafim Leite">pt</a>]</span> (1949), the <i><a href="/wiki/Ratio_studiorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratio studiorum">ratio studiorum</a></i> was in effect in <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Colonial Brazil</a> during the early 17th century, and in this period Brazilian students read works like the <i><a href="/wiki/Epistulae_ex_Ponto" title="Epistulae ex Ponto">Epistulae ex Ponto</a></i> to learn <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 16th century, Ovid's works were criticized in England. The <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_London" title="Bishop of London">Bishop of London</a> ordered that a contemporary translation of Ovid's love poems be <a href="/wiki/Bishops%27_Ban_of_1599" title="Bishops' Ban of 1599">publicly burned in 1599</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritans</a> of the following century viewed Ovid as a <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a>, thus as an <a href="/wiki/Immoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Immoral">immoral</a> influence.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a> composed a famous translation of the <i>Metamorphoses</i> into stopped rhyming couplets during the 17th century, when Ovid was "refashioned [...] in its own image, one kind of Augustanism making over another".<sup id="cite_ref-PeterXIII_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PeterXIII-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Romantic_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic movement">Romantic movement</a> of the 19th century, in contrast, considered Ovid and his poems "stuffy, dull, over-formalized and lacking in genuine passion".<sup id="cite_ref-PeterXIII_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PeterXIII-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Romantics might have preferred his poetry of exile.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The picture <i><a href="/wiki/Ovid_among_the_Scythians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovid among the Scythians">Ovid among the Scythians</a></i>, painted by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Delacroix</a>, portrays the last years of the poet in exile in <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a>, and was seen by <a href="/wiki/Baudelaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Gautier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Degas" title="Edgar Degas">Edgar Degas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baudelaire took the opportunity to write a long essay about the life of an exiled poet like Ovid.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This shows that the exile of Ovid had some influence in 19th century <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> since it makes connections with its key concepts such as <a href="/wiki/Wildness" title="Wildness">wildness</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Genius" title="Genius">misunderstood genius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exile poems were once viewed unfavorably in Ovid's oeuvre.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have enjoyed a resurgence of scholarly interest in recent years, though critical opinion remains divided on several qualities of the poems, such as their intended audience and whether Ovid was sincere in the "recantation of all that he stood for before".<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1992, classical scholar Amy Richlin published an influential article critiquing the prevalence of rape within Ovid's <i>Metamorphoses,</i><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there has been renewed focus on sexual assault within Ovid's poetry since the <a href="/wiki/MeToo_movement" title="MeToo movement">#MeToo Movement</a> in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 21st-century, there have been several feminist reinterpretations of Ovid's <i>Metamorphoses</i> which directly or indirectly criticize his treatment of women in his texts. <a href="/wiki/Ali_Smith" title="Ali Smith">Ali Smith</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Girl_Meets_Boy" title="Girl Meets Boy">Girl Meets Boy</a></i> (2007), published as part of the <a href="/wiki/Canongate_Myth_Series" title="Canongate Myth Series">Canongate Myth Series</a>, reimagines the lesbian relationship between Iphis and Ianthe in Book 9 of the <i>Metamorphoses.</i><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Madeline_Miller" title="Madeline Miller">Madeleine Miller's</a> novella <i>Galatea</i> (2013) is a retelling of a passage from Book 10 of the <i>Metamorphoses</i>, in which sculptor <a href="/wiki/Pygmalion_(mythology)" title="Pygmalion (mythology)">Pygmalion</a> carves a statue (Galatea) and falls in love with her after she is brought to life by the gods.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Galatea</i>, Miller imagines Galatea grappling with her identity as a statue-turned-woman and gives her the space to exhibit her resilience and resistance to her husband's oppressive control. In <a href="/wiki/Fiona_Benson_(poet)" title="Fiona Benson (poet)">Fiona Benson</a>'s Forward Prize-winning poetry anthology <i>Vertigo and Ghost</i> (2019),<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the poet experiments with different forms to represent Ovid's depictions of the female victims of Zeus' rape and sexual violence in the <i>Metamorphoses,</i> including <a href="/wiki/Dana%C3%AB" title="Danaë">Danäe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semele" title="Semele">Semele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyane" title="Cyane">Cyane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Io_(mythology)" title="Io (mythology)">Io</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nina_MacLaughlin" title="Nina MacLaughlin">Nina MacLaughlin</a> likewise focused on the theme of sexual assault in Ovid's <i>Metamorphoses</i> for her collection of short stories, <i>Wake Siren</i> (2019).<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works,_authors,_and_artists_influenced_by_Ovid"><span id="Works.2C_authors.2C_and_artists_influenced_by_Ovid"></span>Works, authors, and artists influenced by Ovid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Works, authors, and artists influenced by Ovid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Literary_and_artistic">Literary and artistic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Literary and artistic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Publius_Ovidius_Naso_in_the_Nuremberg_chronicle_XCIIIv.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Publius_Ovidius_Naso_in_the_Nuremberg_chronicle_XCIIIv.jpg/220px-Publius_Ovidius_Naso_in_the_Nuremberg_chronicle_XCIIIv.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Publius_Ovidius_Naso_in_the_Nuremberg_chronicle_XCIIIv.jpg/330px-Publius_Ovidius_Naso_in_the_Nuremberg_chronicle_XCIIIv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Publius_Ovidius_Naso_in_the_Nuremberg_chronicle_XCIIIv.jpg/440px-Publius_Ovidius_Naso_in_the_Nuremberg_chronicle_XCIIIv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>Ovid as imagined in the <i><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Chronicle" title="Nuremberg Chronicle">Nuremberg Chronicle</a></i>, 1493</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–810) <a href="/wiki/Moduin" title="Moduin">Moduin</a>, a poet in the court circle of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, who adopts the pen name Naso.</li> <li>(12th century) The <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadours</a> and the medieval <a href="/wiki/Courtoise_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Courtoise literature">courtoise literature</a>. In particular, the passage describing the Holy Grail in the <i>Conte du Graal</i> by <a href="/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes">Chrétien de Troyes</a> contains elements from the <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses_(Ovid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamorphoses (Ovid)">Metamorphoses</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Peron,_Goulven_2016,_p._113_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peron,_Goulven_2016,_p._113-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>(13th century) The <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_de_la_Rose" title="Roman de la Rose">Roman de la Rose</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a></li> <li>(14th century) <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ruiz" title="Juan Ruiz">Juan Ruiz</a></li> <li>(15th century) <a href="/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli" title="Sandro Botticelli">Sandro Botticelli</a></li> <li>(16th century–17th century) <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_de_Cam%C3%B5es" title="Luís de Camões">Luís de Camões</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Marlowe" title="Christopher Marlowe">Christopher Marlowe</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Marston_(playwright)" title="John Marston (playwright)">John Marston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edwards_(poet)" title="Thomas Edwards (poet)">Thomas Edwards</a></li> <li>(17th century) <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini" title="Gian Lorenzo Bernini">Gian Lorenzo Bernini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a></i>, 1605 and 1615, <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_G%C3%B3ngora" title="Luis de Góngora">Luis de Góngora</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/La_F%C3%A1bula_de_Polifemo_y_Galatea" title="La Fábula de Polifemo y Galatea">La Fábula de Polifemo y Galatea</a></i>, 1613, Landscape with Pyramus and Thisbe by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Poussin" title="Nicolas Poussin">Nicolas Poussin</a>, 1651, Stormy Landscape with Philemon and Baucis by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1620</span>, "Divine Narcissus" by Sor <a href="/wiki/Juana_In%C3%A9s_de_la_Cruz" title="Juana Inés de la Cruz">Juana Inés de la Cruz</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1689</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>(1820s) During his <a href="/wiki/Odessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odessa</a> exile, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Alexander Pushkin</a> compared himself to Ovid; memorably versified in the <a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">epistle</a> <i>To Ovid</i> (1821). The exiled Ovid also features in his long poem <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gypsies_(poem)" title="The Gypsies (poem)">Gypsies</a></i>, set in <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> (1824), and in Canto VIII of <i><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Onegin" title="Eugene Onegin">Eugene Onegin</a></i> (1825–1832).</li> <li>(1916) <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Portrait_of_the_Artist_as_a_Young_Man" title="A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man">A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man</a></i> has a quotation from Book 8 of <i>Metamorphoses</i> and introduces <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Dedalus" title="Stephen Dedalus">Stephen Dedalus</a>. The Ovidian reference to "Daedalus" was in <i><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hero" title="Stephen Hero">Stephen Hero</a></i>, but then metamorphosed to "Dedalus" in <i>A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man</i> and in <i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a></i>.</li> <li>(1920s) The title of the second poetry collection by <a href="/wiki/Osip_Mandelstam" title="Osip Mandelstam">Osip Mandelstam</a>, <i>Tristia</i> (Berlin, 1922), refers to Ovid's book. Mandelstam's collection is about his hungry, violent years immediately after the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>.</li> <li>(1951) <i><a href="/wiki/Six_Metamorphoses_after_Ovid" title="Six Metamorphoses after Ovid">Six Metamorphoses after Ovid</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a>, for solo oboe, evokes images of Ovid's characters from <i>Metamorphoses</i>.</li> <li>(1960) <i><a href="/wiki/God_Was_Born_in_Exile" title="God Was Born in Exile">God Was Born in Exile</a></i>, the novel by the Romanian writer <a href="/wiki/Vintila_Horia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vintila Horia">Vintila Horia</a> about Ovid's stay in exile (the novel received the <a href="/wiki/Prix_Goncourt" title="Prix Goncourt">Prix Goncourt</a> in 1960).</li> <li>(1961) The eight-line poem "<a href="/wiki/Ovid_in_the_Third_Reich" title="Ovid in the Third Reich">Ovid in the Third Reich</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hill" title="Geoffrey Hill">Geoffrey Hill</a> transposes Ovid to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">National Socialist Germany</a>.</li> <li>(1960s–2010s) <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> has made repeated use of Ovid's wording, imagery, and themes. <ul><li>(2006) His album <i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Times_(Bob_Dylan_album)" title="Modern Times (Bob Dylan album)">Modern Times</a></i> contains songs with borrowed lines from Ovid's <i>Poems of Exile</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Peter_Green_(historian)" title="Peter Green (historian)">Peter Green</a>'s translation. The songs are "Workingman's Blues #2", "Ain't Talkin'", "The Levee's Gonna Break", and "Spirit on the Water". "Huck's Tune" also quotes from Green's translation.</li></ul></li> <li>(1971) <a href="/wiki/Genesis_(band)" title="Genesis (band)">Genesis</a> song <i>The fountain of Salmacis</i> from their album <i><a href="/wiki/Nursery_Cryme" title="Nursery Cryme">Nursery Cryme</a></i> faithfully reports the myth of <a href="/wiki/Hermaphroditus" title="Hermaphroditus">Hermaphroditus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salmacis" title="Salmacis">Salmacis</a> as narrated in Ovid's <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i>.</li> <li>(1978) Australian author <a href="/wiki/David_Malouf" title="David Malouf">David Malouf</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/An_Imaginary_Life" title="An Imaginary Life">An Imaginary Life</a></i> is about Ovid's exile in <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Tomis</a>.</li> <li>(1988) The novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_World" title="The Last World">The Last World</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Ransmayr" title="Christoph Ransmayr">Christoph Ransmayr</a> uses anachronisms to weave together parts of Ovid's biography and stories from the <i>Metamorphoses</i> in an uncertain time setting.</li> <li>(2000) <i>The Art of Love</i> by <a href="/wiki/Robin_Brooks" title="Robin Brooks">Robin Brooks</a>, a comedy, emphasizing Ovid's role as lover. Broadcast 23 May on BBC Radio 4, with <a href="/wiki/Bill_Nighy" title="Bill Nighy">Bill Nighy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anne-Marie_Duff" title="Anne-Marie Duff">Anne-Marie Duff</a> (not to be confused with the 2004 radio play by the same title on Radio 3).</li> <li>(2004) <i>The Art of Love</i> by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Rissik" title="Andrew Rissik">Andrew Rissik</a>, a drama, part of a trilogy, which speculates on the crime that sent Ovid into exile. Broadcast 11 April on BBC Radio 4, with <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Dillane" title="Stephen Dillane">Stephen Dillane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juliet_Aubrey" title="Juliet Aubrey">Juliet Aubrey</a> (not to be confused with the 2000 radio play by the same title on Radio 4).<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>(2007) Russian author <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Zorich" title="Alexander Zorich">Alexander Zorich</a>'s novel <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Star&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roman Star (page does not exist)">Roman Star</a></i> is about the last years of Ovid's life.</li> <li>(2007) the play "The Land of Oblivion " by Russian-American dramatist Mikhail Berman-Tsikinovsky was published in Russian by Vagrius Plus (Moscow).The play was based on author's new hypothesis unrevealing the mystery of Ovid's exile to Tomi by Augustus.</li> <li>(2008) "The Love Song of Ovid", a two-hour radio documentary by Damiano Pietropaolo, recorded on location in Rome (the recently restored house of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> on the Roman forum), Sulmona (Ovid's birthplace) and Constanta (modern day Tomis, in Romania). Broadcast on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, CBC Radio One, 18 and 19 December 2008.</li> <li>(2012) <i>The House Of Rumour</i>, a novel by British author <a href="/wiki/Jake_Arnott" title="Jake Arnott">Jake Arnott</a>, opens with a passage from <i>Metamorphoses</i> 12.39–63, and the author muses on Ovid's prediction of the internet in that passage.</li> <li>(2013) Mikhail Berman-Tsikinovsky's "To Ovid, 2000 years later, (A Road Tale)" describes the author's visits to the places of Ovid's birth and death.</li> <li>(2015) In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Walking_Dead_(season_6)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Walking Dead (season 6)">The Walking Dead</a></i> season 5, episode 5 ("Now"), Deanna begins making a long-term plan to make her besieged community sustainable and writes on her blueprint a Latin phrase attributed to Ovid: "<i>Dolor hic tibi proderit olim</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phrase is an excerpt from the longer phrase, "<i>Perfer et obdura, dolor hic tibi proderit olim</i>" (English translation: Be patient and tough; someday this pain will be useful to you").<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>(2017) "...and while there he sighs" for 31-tone organ and mezzosoprano by composer <a href="/wiki/Fabio_Costa_(composer,_conductor)" title="Fabio Costa (composer, conductor)">Fabio Costa</a> is based on the Syrinx and Pan scene from Metamorphoses, with performances in Amsterdam (2017, 2019).<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>(2017) Canadian composer <a href="/wiki/Marc_Sabat" title="Marc Sabat">Marc Sabat</a> and German poet <a href="/wiki/Uljana_Wolf" title="Uljana Wolf">Uljana Wolf</a> collaborated on a free homophonic translation of the first 88 lines of Ovid's <i>Metamorphoseon</i> to create the cantata <i>Seeds of skies, alibis</i> premiered by the vocal ensemble Ekmeles in New York on 22 February 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a> twice mentions him in: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_vulgari_eloquentia" title="De vulgari eloquentia">De vulgari eloquentia</a></i>, along with <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annaeus_Lucanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Annaeus Lucanus">Lucan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a> as one of the four <i>regulati poetae</i> (ii, vi, 7)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)" title="Inferno (Dante)">Inferno</a></i> as ranking alongside <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annaeus_Lucanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Annaeus Lucanus">Lucan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> (<i>Inferno</i>, IV, 88)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Retellings,_adaptations,_and_translations_of_Ovidian_works"><span id="Retellings.2C_adaptations.2C_and_translations_of_Ovidian_works"></span>Retellings, adaptations, and translations of Ovidian works</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Retellings, adaptations, and translations of Ovidian works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ex_P._Ovidii_Nasonis_Metamorphoseon_libris_XV.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ex_P._Ovidii_Nasonis_Metamorphoseon_libris_XV.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Ex_P._Ovidii_Nasonis_Metamorphoseon_libris_XV.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ex_P._Ovidii_Nasonis_Metamorphoseon_libris_XV.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Ex_P._Ovidii_Nasonis_Metamorphoseon_libris_XV.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ex_P._Ovidii_Nasonis_Metamorphoseon_libris_XV.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Ex_P._Ovidii_Nasonis_Metamorphoseon_libris_XV.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3777" data-file-height="6068" /></a><figcaption><i>Metamorphoses</i>, 1618</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>(1609) <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Wisdom_of_the_Ancients&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Wisdom of the Ancients (page does not exist)">The Wisdom of the Ancients</a></i>, a retelling and interpretation of Ovidian fables by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a></li> <li>(1767) <i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_et_Hyacinthus" title="Apollo et Hyacinthus">Apollo et Hyacinthus</a></i>, an early opera by <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a></li> <li>(1916) <i>Ovid's Metamorphoses Vols 1–2</i> translation by Frank Justus Miller</li> <li>(1926) <i><a href="/wiki/Orpheus_(play)" title="Orpheus (play)">Orphée</a></i>, a play by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Jean Cocteau</a>, retelling of the <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a> myth from the <a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses_(poem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamorphoses (poem)"><i>Metamorphoses</i></a></li> <li>(1938) <i><a href="/wiki/Daphne_(opera)" title="Daphne (opera)">Daphne</a></i>, an opera by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a></li> <li>(1949) <i><a href="/wiki/Orpheus_(film)" title="Orpheus (film)">Orphée</a></i>, a film by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Jean Cocteau</a> based on his 1926 play, retelling of the <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a> myth from the <a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses_(poem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamorphoses (poem)"><i>Metamorphoses</i></a></li> <li>(1978) <i>Ovid's Metamorphoses (Translation in Blank Verse)</i>, by Brookes More</li> <li>(1978) <i>Ovid's Metamorphoses in European Culture (Commentary)</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Wilmon_Brewer" title="Wilmon Brewer">Wilmon Brewer</a></li> <li>(1991) <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_World" title="The Last World">The Last World</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Ransmayr" title="Christoph Ransmayr">Christoph Ransmayr</a></li> <li>(1997) <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polaroid_Stories&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polaroid Stories (page does not exist)">Polaroid Stories</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Iizuka" title="Naomi Iizuka">Naomi Iizuka</a>, a retelling of <i>Metamorphoses</i>, with urchins and drug addicts as the gods.</li> <li>(1994) <i><a href="/wiki/After_Ovid:_New_Metamorphoses" title="After Ovid: New Metamorphoses">After Ovid: New Metamorphoses</a></i> edited by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Hofmann" title="Michael Hofmann">Michael Hofmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Lasdun" title="James Lasdun">James Lasdun</a> is an anthology of contemporary poetry envisioning Ovid's <i>Metamorphoses</i></li> <li>(1997) <i><a href="/wiki/Tales_from_Ovid" title="Tales from Ovid">Tales from Ovid</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ted_Hughes" title="Ted Hughes">Ted Hughes</a> is a modern poetic translation of twenty four passages from <i>Metamorphoses</i></li> <li>(2000) <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid_Metamorphosed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ovid Metamorphosed (page does not exist)">Ovid Metamorphosed</a></i> edited by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phil_Terry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phil Terry (page does not exist)">Phil Terry</a>, a short story collection retelling several of Ovid's <a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">fables</a></li> <li>(2002) An adaptation of <i>Metamorphoses</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses_(play)" title="Metamorphoses (play)">same name</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Zimmerman" title="Mary Zimmerman">Mary Zimmerman</a> was performed at the <a href="/wiki/Circle_in_the_Square_Theatre" title="Circle in the Square Theatre">Circle in the Square Theatre</a><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>(2006) <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Barber" title="Patricia Barber">Patricia Barber</a>'s song cycle, <i><a href="/wiki/Mythologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythologies">Mythologies</a></i></li> <li>(2008) Tristes Pontiques, translated from Latin by <a href="/wiki/Marie_Darrieussecq" title="Marie Darrieussecq">Marie Darrieussecq</a></li> <li>(2011) A stage adaptation of <i>Metamorphoses</i> by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bramley_(director)" title="Peter Bramley (director)">Peter Bramley</a>, entitled <i>Ovid's Metamorphoses</i> was performed by Pants on Fire, presented by the <a href="/wiki/Carol_Tambor_Theatrical_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carol Tambor Theatrical Foundation">Carol Tambor Theatrical Foundation</a> at the <a href="/wiki/The_Flea_Theater" title="The Flea Theater">Flea Theater</a> in New York City and toured the United Kingdom</li> <li>(2012) "The Song of Phaethon", a <a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">post-rock</a>/<a href="/wiki/Musique_concr%C3%A8te" title="Musique concrète">musique concrète</a> song written and performed by Ian Crause (former leader of <a href="/wiki/Disco_Inferno_(band)" title="Disco Inferno (band)">Disco Inferno</a>) in Greek epic style, based on a <i>Metamorphoses</i> tale (as recounted in Hughes' <i><a href="/wiki/Tales_from_Ovid" title="Tales from Ovid">Tales from Ovid</a></i>) and drawing parallels between mythology and current affairs</li> <li>(2013) <a href="/wiki/Clare_Pollard" title="Clare Pollard">Clare Pollard</a>, <i>Ovid's Heroines</i> (<i>Bloodaxe</i>), new poetic version of <i><a href="/wiki/Heroides" title="Heroides">Heroides</a></i></li> <li>(2014) <a href="/wiki/Christophe_Honor%C3%A9" title="Christophe Honoré">Christophe Honoré</a>, "Métamorphoses", a film adaptation of the eponymous poem in a contemporary French setting</li> <li>(2019) <a href="/wiki/Nina_MacLaughlin" title="Nina MacLaughlin">Nina MacLaughlin</a>, <i>Wake, Siren: Ovid Resung</i> is a novel that reimagines the Metamorphoses from the perspective of the female characters</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literature">In literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: In literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ovid appears as a secondary point of view character with his own chapters in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tana_Rebellis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tana Rebellis (page does not exist)">Tana Rebellis</a>'s <i>The Longest Exile</i> (2024), which primarily focuses on <a href="/wiki/Julia_the_Younger" title="Julia the Younger">Julia the Younger</a> and her exile in 8 CE.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Publius_Ovidius_Naso.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ovid by Anton von Werner"><img alt="Ovid by Anton von Werner" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Publius_Ovidius_Naso.jpg/57px-Publius_Ovidius_Naso.jpg" decoding="async" width="57" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Publius_Ovidius_Naso.jpg/86px-Publius_Ovidius_Naso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Publius_Ovidius_Naso.jpg/114px-Publius_Ovidius_Naso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="628" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ovid by <a href="/wiki/Anton_von_Werner" title="Anton von Werner">Anton von Werner</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orvieto105.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ovid by Luca Signorelli"><img alt="Ovid by Luca Signorelli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Orvieto105.jpg/120px-Orvieto105.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Orvieto105.jpg/180px-Orvieto105.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Orvieto105.jpg/240px-Orvieto105.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2107" data-file-height="1952" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ovid by <a href="/wiki/Luca_Signorelli" title="Luca Signorelli">Luca Signorelli</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scythians_at_the_Tomb_of_Ovid_c._1640.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scythians at the Tomb of Ovid (c. 1640), by Johann Heinrich Schönfeld"><img alt="Scythians at the Tomb of Ovid (c. 1640), by Johann Heinrich Schönfeld" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Scythians_at_the_Tomb_of_Ovid_c._1640.jpg/99px-Scythians_at_the_Tomb_of_Ovid_c._1640.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Scythians_at_the_Tomb_of_Ovid_c._1640.jpg/149px-Scythians_at_the_Tomb_of_Ovid_c._1640.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Scythians_at_the_Tomb_of_Ovid_c._1640.jpg/199px-Scythians_at_the_Tomb_of_Ovid_c._1640.jpg 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="1016" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Scythians at the Tomb of Ovid</i> (c. 1640), by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Sch%C3%B6nfeld" title="Johann Heinrich Schönfeld">Johann Heinrich Schönfeld</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/32px-SPQRomani.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/48px-SPQRomani.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/64px-SPQRomani.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="548" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Rome" title="Portal:Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png/28px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png/42px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png/56px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_influence_of_Metamorphoses" title="Cultural influence of Metamorphoses">Cultural influence of <i>Metamorphoses</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_characters_in_Metamorphoses" class="mw-redirect" title="List of characters in Metamorphoses">List of characters in <i>Metamorphoses</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tamorphoses_(2014_film)" title="Métamorphoses (2014 film)"><i>Metamorphoses</i> (2014 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid_Prize" title="Ovid Prize">Ovid Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosody_(Latin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosody (Latin)">Prosody (Latin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabinus_(Ovid)" title="Sabinus (Ovid)">Sabinus (Ovid)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Sexuality in ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_in_Ovid%27s_Metamorphoses" title="Tragedy in Ovid's Metamorphoses">Tragedy in Ovid's <i>Metamorphoses</i></a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">cognomen</a> <i>Naso</i> means "the one with the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nasus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:nasus">nose</a>" (i.e. "Bignose"). Ovid habitually refers to himself by his nickname in his poetry because the Latin name <i>Ovidius</i> does not fit into <a href="/wiki/Elegiac_couplet" title="Elegiac couplet">elegiac metre</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It was a pivotal year in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Rome" title="History of Rome">history of Rome</a>. A year before Ovid's birth, the murder of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> took place, an event that precipitated the end of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Rome">republican</a> regime. After Caesar's death, a series of civil wars and alliances followed (See <a href="/wiki/Roman_civil_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman civil wars">Roman civil wars</a>), until the victory of Caesar's nephew, Octavius (later called <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>) over <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a> (leading supporter of Caesar), from which arose a new political order.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Fasti</i> is, in fact, unfinished. <i>Metamorphoses</i> was already completed in the year of exile, missing only the final revision.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In exile, Ovid said he never gave a final review on the poem.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ovid cites <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a> in I 64, II 224, V 649, VII 407, VIII 788, XV 285, 359, 460, and others.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-parised-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-parised_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-parised_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOvid1800" class="citation book cs1">Ovid (1800). J. Juvencius & M.A. Amar (ed.). <i>Metamorphoseon</i>. Paris. <q>[Preface] P. Ovidius Naso A.D. XII Kalend. April [21 March] Sulmone in Pelignis natus est, quo anno ... P. Hirtius et C. Pansa Coss. [43 BC]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metamorphoseon&rft.place=Paris&rft.date=1800&rft.au=Ovid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a></i>: "Ovid"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKenney" class="citation web cs1">Kenney, Edward John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ovid-Roman-poet">"Ovid"</a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ovid&rft.series=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Kenney&rft.aufirst=Edward+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FOvid-Roman-poet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quint._Inst._10.1.93-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quint._Inst._10.1.93_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quint._Inst._10.1.93_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Quint. <i>Inst.</i> 10.1.93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mark_P.O._Morford_1999_p._25-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mark_P.O._Morford_1999_p._25_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark P.O. Morford, Robert J. Lenardon, <i>Classical Mythology</i> (<a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> US, 1999), p. 25. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195143388" title="Special:BookSources/0195143388">0195143388</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195143386" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195143386">978-0195143386</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConte1987" class="citation book cs1">Conte, Gian Biagio (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NJGp_dkXnuUC"><i>Latin Literature: A History</i></a>. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801862533" title="Special:BookSources/9780801862533"><bdi>9780801862533</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+Literature%3A+A+History&rft.pages=340&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780801862533&rft.aulast=Conte&rft.aufirst=Gian+Biagio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNJGp_dkXnuUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Portuguese)</span> <i>Met.</i>, Ovid, translation to <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> by Paulo Farmhouse Alberto, Livros Cotovia, Intro, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seneca, <i>Cont.</i> 2.2.8 and 9.5.17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Trist.</i> 1.2.77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Trist.</i> 4.10.33–34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Trist.</i> 2.93ff.; <i>Ex P.</i> 5.23ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Fast.</i> 4.383–34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Trist.</i> 4.10.21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Trist.</i> 4.10.57–58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreen1982" class="citation book cs1">Green, Peter (1982). <i>Ovid: The Erotic Poems, Translated With An Introduction And Notes</i>. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, Ltd. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-044360-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-044360-6"><bdi>0-14-044360-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ovid%3A+The+Erotic+Poems%2C+Translated+With+An+Introduction+And+Notes&rft.place=Harmondsworth&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Penguin+Books%2C+Ltd&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-14-044360-6&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HornblowerSpawforth2014-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HornblowerSpawforth2014_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHornblowerSpawforthEidinow2014" class="citation book cs1">Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AIgdBAAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 562. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198706779" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198706779"><bdi>978-0198706779</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123103142/https://books.google.com/books?id=AIgdBAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Classical+Civilization&rft.pages=562&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0198706779&rft.aulast=Hornblower&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Spawforth%2C+Antony&rft.au=Eidinow%2C+Esther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAIgdBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World</i> s.v. Ovid</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The most recent chart that describes the dating of Ovid's works is in Knox. P. "A Poet's Life" in <i>A Companion to Ovid</i> ed. Peter Knox (Oxford, 2009) pp. xvii–xviii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trist._4.10.53–4-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trist._4.10.53–4_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trist._4.10.53–4_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Trist.</i> 4.10.53–54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHornblowerAntony_Spawforth1996" class="citation book cs1">Hornblower, Simon; Antony Spawforth (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780198661726"><i>Oxford Classical Dictionary</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780198661726/page/1085">1085</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866172-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866172-6"><bdi>978-0-19-866172-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.pages=1085&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-866172-6&rft.aulast=Hornblower&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Antony+Spawforth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780198661726&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carlos de Miguel Moura. <i>O mistério do exílio ovidiano</i>. In Portuguese. In: <i>Àgora. Estudos Clássicos em Debate 4</i> (2002), pp. 99–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Tristia</i> 1, 7, 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i>Trist</i>. II, 131–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ovid, <i>Tristia</i> 2.207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ovid, <i>Epistulae ex Ponto</i> 2.9.72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ovid, <i>Epistulae ex Ponto</i> 3.3.72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norwood, Frances, "The Riddle of Ovid's Relegatio", <i>Classical Philology</i> (1963) p. 158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-José_González_Vázquez_1992_p.10-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-José_González_Vázquez_1992_p.10_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">José González Vázquez (trans.), Ov. <i>Tristes e Pónticas</i> (Editorial Gredos, Madrid, 1992), p. 10 and Rafael Herrera Montero (trans.), Ov. <i>Tristes; Cartas del Ponto</i> (Alianza Editorial, Madrid, 2002). The scholars also add that it was no more indecent than many publications by <a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a> that circulated freely in that time.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBakay2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bakay, Kornél (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mek.oszk.hu/21600/21619/21619.pdf"><i>Kik vagyunk? Honnan jöttünk?</i></a> [<i>Who are we? Where did we come from?</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Hungarian). Püski Kiadó. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-9906-45-X" title="Special:BookSources/963-9906-45-X"><bdi>963-9906-45-X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210918144532/https://mek.oszk.hu/21600/21619/21619.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kik+vagyunk%3F+Honnan+j%C3%B6tt%C3%BCnk%3F&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=P%C3%BCski+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=963-9906-45-X&rft.aulast=Bakay&rft.aufirst=Korn%C3%A9l&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F21600%2F21619%2F21619.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The first two lines of the <i>Tristia</i> communicate his misery: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Parve – nec invideo – sine me, liber, ibis in urbem; ei mihi, quod domino non licet ire tuo!</i></span>: "Little book – for I don't begrudge it – go on to the city without me; Alas for me, because your master is not allowed to go with you!"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. C. Thibault, <i>The Mystery of Ovid's Exile</i> (Berkeley-L. A. 1964), pp. 20–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">About 33 mentions, according to Thibault (<i>Mystery</i>, pp. 27–31).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. W. J. Holleman, "Ovid's exile", <i>Liverpool Classical Monthly</i> 10.3 (1985), p. 48.<br />H. Hofmann, "The unreality of Ovid's Tomitan exile once again", <i>Liverpool Classical Monthly</i> 12.2 (1987), p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. D. F. Brown, "The unreality of Ovid's Tomitan exile", <i>Liverpool Classical Monthly</i> 10.2 (1985), pp. 18–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. the summary provided by A. Alvar Ezquerra, <i>Exilio y elegía latina entre la Antigüedad y el Renacimiento</i> (Huelva, 1997), pp. 23–24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Naturalis Historia</i>, 32.152: "His adiciemus ab Ovidio posita animalia, quae apud neminem alium reperiuntur, sed fortassis in Ponto nascentia, ubi id volumen supremis suis temporibus inchoavit".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Silvae</i>, 1.2, 254–55: "nec tristis in ipsis Naso Tomis".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Short references in Jerome (<i>Chronicon</i>, 2033, an. Tiberii 4, an. Dom. 17: "Ovidius poeta in exilio diem obiit et iuxta oppidum Tomos sepelitur") and in <i>Epitome de Caesaribus</i> (I, 24: "Nam [Augustus] poetam Ovidium, qui et Naso, pro eo, quod tres libellos amatoriae artis conscripsit, exilio damnavit").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. D. F. Brown, "The unreality of Ovid's Tomitan exile", <i>Liverpool Classical Monthly</i> 10.2 (1985), pp. 20–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. M. Claassen, "Error and the imperial household: an angry god and the exiled Ovid's fate", <i>Acta classica: proceedings of the Classical Association of South Africa</i> 30 (1987), pp. 31–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although some authors such as Martin (P. M. Martin, "À propos de l'exil d'Ovide... et de la succession d'Auguste", <i>Latomus</i> 45 (1986), pp. 609–11.) and Porte (D. Porte, "Un épisode satirique des <i>Fastes</i> et l'exil d'Ovide", <i>Latomus</i> 43 (1984), pp. 284–306.) detected in a passage of the <i>Fasti</i> (2.371–80) an Ovidian attitude contrary to the wishes of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> to his succession, most researchers agree that this work is the clearest testimony of support of Augustan ideals by Ovid (E. Fantham, <i>Ovid: Fasti. Book IV</i> (Cambridge 1998), p. 42.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2014" class="citation book cs1">Smith, R. Scott (15 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=16zxAgAAQBAJ&q=Ancient+Rome:+An+Anthology+of+Sources"><i>Ancient Rome: An Anthology of Sources</i></a>. Hackett Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1624661167" title="Special:BookSources/978-1624661167"><bdi>978-1624661167</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Rome%3A+An+Anthology+of+Sources&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing&rft.date=2014-03-15&rft.isbn=978-1624661167&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=R.+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D16zxAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DAncient%2BRome%3A%2BAn%2BAnthology%2Bof%2BSources&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreen2004" class="citation book cs1">Green, Steven J. (1 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yPUDE65WEMoC&q=ovid%20fasti%20published%20posthumously&pg=PA22"><i>Ovid, Fasti 1: A Commentary</i></a>. Brill. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004139855" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004139855"><bdi>978-9004139855</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ovid%2C+Fasti+1%3A+A+Commentary&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft.isbn=978-9004139855&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyPUDE65WEMoC%26q%3Dovid%2520fasti%2520published%2520posthumously%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knox, P. <i>Ovid's Heroides: Select Epistles</i> (Cambridge, 1995) pp. 14ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knox, P. pp. 12–13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knox, P. pp. 18ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLindheim2003" class="citation book cs1">Lindheim, Sara H. (2003). <i>Mail and Female: Epistolary Narrative and Desire in Ovid's Heroides</i>. The University of Wisconsin Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mail+and+Female%3A+Epistolary+Narrative+and+Desire+in+Ovid%27s+Heroides&rft.pub=The+University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Lindheim&rft.aufirst=Sara+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAthanassaki1992" class="citation journal cs1">Athanassaki, Lucia (1992). "The Triumph of Love in Ovid's Amores 1, 2". <i>Materiali e Discussioni per l'Analisi dei Testi Classici</i>. <b>28</b> (28): <span class="nowrap">125–</span>41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F40236002">10.2307/40236002</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40236002">40236002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Materiali+e+Discussioni+per+l%27Analisi+dei+Testi+Classici&rft.atitle=The+Triumph+of+Love+in+Ovid%27s+Amores+1%2C+2&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=28&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E125-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F40236002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40236002%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Athanassaki&rft.aufirst=Lucia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conte, G. p. 343</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Book 1 Verse 1, 2: "If you do not know the art of love, read my book, and you will be a 'doctor' of love in the future".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiveley,_Genevieve.2011" class="citation book cs1">Liveley, Genevieve. (2011). <i>Ovid's Metamorphoses : a reader's guide</i>. London: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-7081-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-7081-1"><bdi>978-1-4411-7081-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/703573507">703573507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ovid%27s+Metamorphoses+%3A+a+reader%27s+guide&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F703573507&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-7081-1&rft.au=Liveley%2C+Genevieve.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conte, G. <i>Latin Literature a History</i> trans. J. Solodow (Baltimore, 1994) p. 346</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conte, G. p. 352</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert-Brown, G. "Fasti: the Poet, the Prince, and the Plebs" in Knox, P. (2009) pp. 126ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Latin/OvidExPontoBkFour.htm">PoetryInTranslation.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108154119/https://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Latin/OvidExPontoBkFour.php">Archived</a> 8 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, a translation of all of Ovid's exile poetry can be found here by A. S. Kline, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quint. <i>Inst.</i> 10.1.98. Cfr. Tacitus, <i>Dial. Orat.</i> 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lact. <i>Div. Inst.</i> 2.5.24. Another quotation by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Valerius_Probus" title="Marcus Valerius Probus">Probus</a> <i>ad Verg. Georg.</i> 1, 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Inst. gramm.</i> 5, 13, <i>Gramm. Lat.</i> 2, 149, 13 Keil.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ex P.</i> 1.2.131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ex P.</i> 1.7.30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ex P.</i> 4.13.19></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knox,_P_2009_pg.214-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knox,_P_2009_pg.214_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knox,_P_2009_pg.214_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Knox, P. "Lost and Spurious Works" in Knox, P. (2009) p. 214</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pliny <i>Nat.</i> 32.11 and 32.152 and Knox, P. "Lost" in Knox, P. (2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knox, P. "Lost" in Knox, P. (2009) pp. 212–13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knox, P. "Lost" in Knox, P. (2009) pp. 210–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also Kenney, E. J. (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/638022">"The Manuscript Tradition of Ovid's <i>Amores</i>, <i>Ars Amatoria</i>, and <i>Remedia Amoris</i>"</a>. <i>The Classical Quarterly</i>, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 1–31; see pp. 11–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ettore Bignone, <i>Historia de la literatura latina</i> (<a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>: Losada, 1952), p. 309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Guillemin, "L'élement humain dans l'élégie latine". In: <i>Revue des études Latines</i> (Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1940), p. 288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In fact, it is generally accepted in most modern classical scholarship on elegy that the poems have little connection to autobiography or external reality. See Wycke, M. "Written Women:Propertius' Scripta Puella" in <i>JRS</i> 1987 and Davis, J. <i>Fictus Adulter: Poet as Auctor in the Amores</i> (Amsterdam, 1989) and Booth, J. "The <i>Amores</i>: Ovid Making Love" in <i>A Companion to Ovid</i> (Oxford, 2009) pp. 70ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Booth, J. pp. 66–68. She explains: "The text of the Amores hints at the narrator's lack of interest in depicting unique and personal emotion." p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Apuleius <i>Apology</i> 10 provides the real names for every elegist's mistress except Ovid's.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barsby, J. <i>Ovid Amores 1</i> (Oxford, 1973) pp.16ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keith, A. "Corpus Eroticum: Elegiac Poetics and Elegiac Puellae in Ovid's 'Amores<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" in <i>Classical World</i> (1994) 27–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barsby, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Booth, J. p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Bayet, <i>Literatura latina</i> (<a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>: Ariel, 1985), p. 278 and Barsby, pp. 23ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted by Theodore F. Brunner, "Deinon vs. eleeinon: Heinze Revisited" In: <i>The American Journal of Philology</i>, Vol. 92, No. 2 (Apr. 1971), pp. 275–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Brooks_Otis" title="Brooks Otis">Brooks Otis</a>, <i>Ovid as an epic poet</i> (CUP Archive, 1970), p. 24. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521076153" title="Special:BookSources/0521076153">0521076153</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521076159" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521076159">978-0521076159</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OtisI-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OtisI_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OtisI_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OtisI_83-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Brooks_Otis" title="Brooks Otis">Brooks Otis</a>, <i>Ovid as an epic poet</i>, p. 264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenney, E. J. y ClausenL, W. V. <i>História de la literatura clásica</i> (Cambridge University), vol. II. <i>Literatura Latina</i>. <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>: Gredos, w/d, p. 502.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ov. <i>Rem</i>. VI, 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ov. <i>Rem</i>. VI, 389-392. Translated by A. S. Kline and available in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Latin/CuresforLove.htm">Ovid: Cures for Love</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123103155/https://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Latin/CuresforLove.php">Archived</a> 23 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PeterXIII-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PeterXIII_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PeterXIII_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PeterXIII_87-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See chapters II and IV in P. Gatti, Ovid in Antike und Mittelalter. Geschichte der philologischen Rezeption, Stuttgart 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3515103756" title="Special:BookSources/978-3515103756">978-3515103756</a>; Peter Green (trad.), <i>The poems of exile: Tristia and the Black Sea letters</i> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, 2005), p. xiii. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520242602" title="Special:BookSources/0520242602">0520242602</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520242609" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520242609">978-0520242609</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Levine, "Exploiting Ovid: Medieval Allegorizations of the Metamorphoses", <i>Medioevo Romanzo</i> XIV (1989), pp. 197–213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Michel de Montaigne</a>, <i>The complete essays of Montaigne</i> (translated by Donald M. Frame), <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a> 1958, p. 130. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804704864" title="Special:BookSources/0804704864">0804704864</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804704861" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804704861">978-0804704861</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederick A. De Armas, <i>Ovid in the Age of Cervantes</i> (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010), pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Agostinho de Jesus Domingues, <i>Os Clássicos Latinos nas Antologias Escolares dos Jesuítas nos Primeiros Ciclos de Estudos Pré-Elementares No Século XVI em Portugal</i> (Faculdade de Letras da <a href="/wiki/Universidade_do_Porto" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidade do Porto">Universidade do Porto</a>, 2002), <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a>, pp. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Serafim da Silva Leite, <i>História da Companhia de Jesus no Brasil</i>. <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, Instituto Nacional do Livro, 1949, pp. 151–52 – Tomo VII.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ovid's <i>Metamorphoses</i>, Alan H. F. Griffin, <i>Greece & Rome</i>, Second Series, Vol. 24, No. 1 (Apr. 1977), pp. 57–70. Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Green (trad.), <i>The poems of exile: Tristia and the Black Sea letters</i> (University of California Press, 2005), p. xiv. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520242602" title="Special:BookSources/0520242602">0520242602</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520242609" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520242609">978-0520242609</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Recent Acquisitions, A Selection: 2007–2008", in <a href="/wiki/The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="The Metropolitan Museum of Art">The Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> <i>Bulletin</i>, v. 66, no. 2 (Fall, 2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy Bell Raser, <i>The simplest of signs: Victor Hugo and the language of images in France</i>, 1850–1950 (University of Delaware Press, 2004), p. 127. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0874138671" title="Special:BookSources/0874138671">0874138671</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0874138672" title="Special:BookSources/978-0874138672">978-0874138672</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matt Cartmill, <i>A View to a Death in the Morning: Hunting and Nature Through History</i>, Harvard University Press, 1996, pp. 118–19. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674937368" title="Special:BookSources/0674937368">0674937368</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOvid2005" class="citation book cs1">Ovid (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/poemsofexiletris00ovid"><i>The Poems of Exile: Tristia and the Black Sea Letters</i></a></span>. Translated by Green, Peter. University of California Press. p. xxxvi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520931374" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520931374"><bdi>978-0520931374</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poems+of+Exile%3A+Tristia+and+the+Black+Sea+Letters&rft.pages=xxxvi&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0520931374&rft.au=Ovid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoemsofexiletris00ovid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClaassen2013" class="citation book cs1">Claassen, Jo-Marie (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ycvUAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2"><i>Ovid Revisited: The Poet in Exile</i></a>. A&C Black. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1472521439" title="Special:BookSources/978-1472521439"><bdi>978-1472521439</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123103144/https://books.google.com/books?id=ycvUAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ovid+Revisited%3A+The+Poet+in+Exile&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1472521439&rft.aulast=Claassen&rft.aufirst=Jo-Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DycvUAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2016" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Marguerite (13 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/guide-to-the-classics-ovids-metamorphoses-and-reading-rape-65316">"Guide to the classics: Ovid's Metamorphoses and reading rape"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Guide+to+the+classics%3A+Ovid%E2%80%99s+Metamorphoses+and+reading+rape&rft.date=2016-09-13&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Marguerite&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fguide-to-the-classics-ovids-metamorphoses-and-reading-rape-65316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaldman2018" class="citation news cs1">Waldman, Katy (12 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/reading-ovid-in-the-age-of-metoo">"Reading Ovid in the Age of #MeToo"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-792X">0028-792X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Reading+Ovid+in+the+Age+of+%23MeToo&rft.date=2018-02-12&rft.issn=0028-792X&rft.aulast=Waldman&rft.aufirst=Katy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fbooks%2Fpage-turner%2Freading-ovid-in-the-age-of-metoo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFitzgerald2008" class="citation news cs1">Fitzgerald, Mary (27 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/sep/28/fiction3">"Girl Meets Boy"</a>. <i>The Observer</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-7712">0029-7712</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Girl+Meets+Boy&rft.date=2008-09-27&rft.issn=0029-7712&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2008%2Fsep%2F28%2Ffiction3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller2013" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Madeleine (2013). <i>Galatea</i>. Bloomsbury Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1526656221" title="Special:BookSources/1526656221"><bdi>1526656221</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Galatea&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Paperbacks&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=1526656221&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Madeleine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHay2019" class="citation news cs1">Hay, Emily (20 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/oct/20/fiona-benson-wins-forward-prize-greek-myth-poems-metoo">"Fiona Benson wins Forward prize with Greek myth poems for #MeToo age"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Fiona+Benson+wins+Forward+prize+with+Greek+myth+poems+for+%23MeToo+age&rft.date=2019-10-20&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Hay&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2019%2Foct%2F20%2Ffiona-benson-wins-forward-prize-greek-myth-poems-metoo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBenson2019" class="citation book cs1">Benson, Fiona (2019). <i>Vertigo and Ghost</i>. Jonathan Cape. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1787330818" title="Special:BookSources/1787330818"><bdi>1787330818</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vertigo+and+Ghost&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=1787330818&rft.aulast=Benson&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoberts" class="citation web cs1">Roberts, Chloe Garcia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.harvardreview.org/book-review/wake-siren/">"Wake, Siren"</a>. <i>Harvard Review</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Review&rft.atitle=Wake%2C+Siren&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Chloe+Garcia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.harvardreview.org%2Fbook-review%2Fwake-siren%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peron,_Goulven_2016,_p._113-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peron,_Goulven_2016,_p._113_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peron, Goulven. L'influence des Metamorphoses d'Ovide sur la visite de Perceval au chateau du Roi Pecheur, Journal of the International Arthurian Society, Vol. 4, Issue 1, 2016, pp. 113–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tavard, George H. Juana Ines de la Cruz and the Theology of Beauty: The First Mexican theology, University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, IN, 1991, pp. 104–05</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2004" class="citation news cs1">Reynolds, Gillian (13 April 2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/3615337/Tune-in-and-turn-back-the-clock.html">"Tune in, and turn back the clock"</a></span>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/3615337/Tune-in-and-turn-back-the-clock.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Tune+in%2C+and+turn+back+the+clock&rft.date=2004-04-13&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Gillian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Ftvandradio%2F3615337%2FTune-in-and-turn-back-the-clock.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOvid" class="citation web cs1">Ovid. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/ovid/lboo/lboo53.htm">"Elegy XI: Weary at Length of His Mistress' Infidelities, He Swears that He Will Love Her No Longer"</a>. <i>Sacred Texts</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151113083922/http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/ovid/lboo/lboo53.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sacred+Texts&rft.atitle=Elegy+XI%3A+Weary+at+Length+of+His+Mistress%27+Infidelities%2C+He+Swears+that+He+Will+Love+Her+No+Longer&rft.au=Ovid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fcla%2Fovid%2Flboo%2Flboo53.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFaherty,_Allanah_Faherty2015" class="citation news cs1">Faherty, Allanah Faherty (9 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117031658/http://moviepilot.com/posts/3634276">"5 Things You Might Have Missed in The Walking Dead 'Now'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>MoviePilot</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://moviepilot.com/posts/3634276">the original</a> on 17 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MoviePilot&rft.atitle=5+Things+You+Might+Have+Missed+in+The+Walking+Dead+%27Now%27&rft.date=2015-11-09&rft.au=Faherty%2C+Allanah+Faherty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoviepilot.com%2Fposts%2F3634276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huygens-fokker.org/activities/concerts/2019-01-13.html">"Huygens-Fokker Foundation | concert Fokker organ | 13 January 2019"</a>. <i>www.huygens-fokker.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.huygens-fokker.org&rft.atitle=Huygens-Fokker+Foundation+%7C+concert+Fokker+organ+%7C+13+January+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huygens-fokker.org%2Factivities%2Fconcerts%2F2019-01-13.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huygens-fokker.org/activities/concerts/2017-04-23.html">"Huygens-Fokker Foundation | concert Fokker organ | 23 April 2017"</a>. <i>www.huygens-fokker.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.huygens-fokker.org&rft.atitle=Huygens-Fokker+Foundation+%7C+concert+Fokker+organ+%7C+23+April+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huygens-fokker.org%2Factivities%2Fconcerts%2F2017-04-23.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/UWXgdJshN28">"Seeds of skies, alibis"</a>. <i>YouTube</i>. 28 February 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UWXgdJshN28">the original</a> on 30 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Seeds+of+skies%2C+alibis&rft.date=2018-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DUWXgdJshN28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talkinbroadway.com/world/Metamorphoses.html">TalkinBroadway.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050122095529/http://www.talkinbroadway.com/world/Metamorphoses.html">Archived</a> 22 January 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Review: Metamorphoses</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editions">Editions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>McKeown, J. (ed), <i>Ovid: Amores. Text, Prolegomena and Commentary in four volumes</i>, Vol. I–III (Liverpool, 1987–1998) (ARCA, 20, 22, 36).</li> <li>Ryan, M. B.; Perkins, C. A. (ed.), <i>Ovid's Amores, Book One: A Commentary</i> (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2011) (Oklahoma Series in Classical Culture, 41).</li> <li>Tarrant, R. J. (ed.), <i>P. Ovidi Nasonis Metamorphoses</i> (Oxford: OUP, 2004) (Oxford Classical Texts).</li> <li>Anderson, W. S., <i>Ovid's Metamorphoses, Books 1–5</i> (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996).</li> <li>Anderson, W. S., <i>Ovid's Metamorphoses, Books 6–10</i> (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1972).</li> <li>Kenney, E. J. (ed.), <i>P. Ovidi Nasonis Amores, Medicamina Faciei Femineae, Ars Amatoria, Remedia Amoris</i> (Oxford: OUP, 1994<sup>2</sup>) (Oxford Classical Texts).</li> <li>Myers, K. Sara <i>Ovid Metamorphoses 14</i>. Cambridge Greek and Latin Classics. (Cambridge University Press, 2009).</li> <li>Ramírez de Verger, A. (ed.), <i>Ovidius, Carmina Amatoria. Amores. Medicamina faciei femineae. Ars amatoria. Remedia amoris.</i> (München & Leipzig: Saur, 2006<sup>2</sup>) (Bibliotheca Teubneriana).</li> <li>Dörrie, H. (ed.), <i>Epistulae Heroidum / P. Ovidius Naso</i> (Berlin & New York: de Gruyter, 1971) (Texte und Kommentare; Bd. 6).</li> <li>Fornaro, P. (ed.), <i>Publio Ovidio Nasone, Heroides</i> (Alessandria: Edizioni del'Orso, 1999)</li> <li>Alton, E.H.; Wormell, D.E.W.; Courtney, E. (eds.), <i>P. Ovidi Nasonis Fastorum libri sex</i> (Stuttgart & Leipzig: Teubner, 1997<sup>4</sup>) (Bibliotheca Teubneriana).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Fantham" title="Elaine Fantham">Fantham, Elaine</a>. <i>Fasti. Book IV.</i> Cambridge Greek and Latin Classics. (Cambridge University Press, 1998).</li> <li>Wiseman, Anne and Peter Wiseman <i>Ovid: Fasti</i>. (Oxford University Press, 2013).</li> <li>Goold, G.P., <i>et alii</i> (eds.), <i>Ovid, Heroides, Amores; Art of Love, Cosmetics, Remedies for Love, Ibis, Walnut-tree, Sea Fishing, Consolation; Metamorphoses; Fasti; Tristia, Ex Ponto</i>, Vol. I-VI, (Cambridge, Massachusetts/London: HUP, 1977–1989, revised ed.) (Loeb Classical Library)</li> <li>Hall, J.B. (ed.), <i>P. Ovidi Nasonis Tristia</i> (Stuttgart & Leipzig: Teubner 1995) (Bibliotheca Teubneriana).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Ingleheart" title="Jennifer Ingleheart">Ingleheart, Jennifer</a> <i>Tristia Book 2. (</i>Oxford University Press, 2010).</li> <li>Richmond, J. A. (ed.), <i>P. Ovidi Nasonis Ex Ponto libri quattuor</i> (Stuttgart & Leipzig: Teubner 1990) (Bibliotheca Teubneriana).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Turpin2016" class="citation book cs1">William Turpin (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openbookpublishers.com/product/348/ovid--amores--book-1-"><i>Ovid, Amores (Book 1)</i></a>. Dickinson College commentaries. Vol. 2. Open Book Publishers. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11647%2FOBP.0067">10.11647/OBP.0067</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78374-162-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78374-162-5"><bdi>978-1-78374-162-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ovid%2C+Amores+%28Book+1%29&rft.series=Dickinson+College+commentaries&rft.pub=Open+Book+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11647%2FOBP.0067&rft.isbn=978-1-78374-162-5&rft.au=William+Turpin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.openbookpublishers.com%2Fproduct%2F348%2Fovid--amores--book-1-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"></span> A <b>free</b> textbook for download.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewer,_Wilmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewer, Wilmon">Brewer, Wilmon</a>, <i>Ovid's Metamorphoses in European Culture (Commentary),</i> Marshall Jones Company, Francestown, NH, Revised Edition 1978</li> <li>More, Brookes, <i>Ovid's Metamorphoses (Translation in Blank Verse),</i> Marshall Jones Company, Francestown, NH, Revised Edition 1978</li> <li><i>Ovid Renewed: Ovidian Influences on Literature and Art from the Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century</i>. Ed. Charles Martindale. Cambridge, 1988.</li> <li>Richard A. Dwyer "Ovid in the Middle Ages" in <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_the_Middle_Ages" title="Dictionary of the Middle Ages">Dictionary of the Middle Ages</a></i>, 1989, pp. 312–14</li> <li>Federica Bessone. P. Ovidii Nasonis Heroidum Epistula XII: Medea Iasoni. Florence: Felice Le Monnier, 1997. pp. 324.</li> <li>Theodor Heinze. P. Ovidius Naso. Der XII. Heroidenbrief: Medea an Jason. Mit einer Beilage: Die Fragmente der Tragödie Medea. Einleitung, Text & Kommentar. Mnemosyne Supplement 170 Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>, 1997. pp. xi, 288.</li> <li>R. A. Smith. <i>Poetic Allusion and Poetic Embrace in Ovid and Virgil</i>. Ann Arbor; The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>, 1997. pp. ix, 226.</li> <li>Michael Simpson, <i>The Metamorphoses of Ovid</i>. Amherst: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press" title="University of Massachusetts Press">University of Massachusetts Press</a>, 2001. pp. 498.</li> <li>Philip Hardie (ed.), <i>The Cambridge Companion to Ovid</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2002. pp. xvi, 408.</li> <li><i>Ovid's Fasti: Historical Readings at its Bimillennium</i>. Edited by Geraldine Herbert-Brown. Oxford, OUP, 2002, 327 pp.</li> <li>Susanne Gippert, Joseph Addison's <i>Ovid: An Adaptation of the Metamorphoses in the Augustan Age of English Literature</i>. Die Antike und ihr Weiterleben, Band 5. Remscheid: Gardez! Verlag, 2003. pp. 304.</li> <li>Heather van Tress, <i>Poetic Memory. Allusion in the Poetry of Callimachus and the Metamorphoses of Ovid</i>. Mnemosyne, Supplementa 258. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2004. pp. ix, 215.</li> <li>Ziolkowski, Theodore, <i>Ovid and the Moderns</i>. Ithaca: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>, 2005. pp. 262.</li> <li>Desmond, Marilynn, <i>Ovid's Art and the Wife of Bath: The Ethics of Erotic Violence</i>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2006. pp. 232.</li> <li>Rimell, Victoria, <i>Ovid's Lovers: Desire, Difference, and the Poetic Imagination</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. pp. 235.</li> <li>Pugh, Syrithe, <i>Spenser and Ovid</i>. Burlington: Ashgate, 2005. p. 302.</li> <li>Montuschi, Claudia, Il tempo in Ovidio. Funzioni, meccanismi, strutture. Accademia la colombaria studi, 226. Firenze: Leo S. Olschki, 2005. p. 463.</li> <li>Pasco-Pranger, Molly, <i>Founding the Year: Ovid's Fasti and the Poetics of the Roman Calendar</i>. Mnemosyne Suppl., 276. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2006. p. 326.</li> <li>Martin Amann, Komik in den Tristien Ovids. (Schweizerische Beiträge zur Altertumswissenschaft, 31). Basel: Schwabe Verlag, 2006. pp. 296.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSciaramenti2023" class="citation book cs1">Sciaramenti, Benedetta (2023). <i>Metamorfosi e corpo: poesia ovidiana e arti figurative</i>. Rome: Giorgio Bretschneider Editore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788876893438" title="Special:BookSources/9788876893438"><bdi>9788876893438</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metamorfosi+e+corpo%3A+poesia+ovidiana+e+arti+figurative&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Giorgio+Bretschneider+Editore&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9788876893438&rft.aulast=Sciaramenti&rft.aufirst=Benedetta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>P. J. Davis, <i>Ovid & <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>: A political reading of Ovid's erotic poems</i>. London: Duckworth, 2006. p. 183.</li> <li>Lee Fratantuono, <i>Madness Transformed: A Reading of Ovid's Metamorphoses</i>. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books, 2011.</li> <li>Peter E. Knox (ed.), <i>Oxford Readings in Ovid</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2006. p. 541.</li> <li>Andreas N. Michalopoulos, <i>Ovid Heroides 16 and 17</i>. Introduction, text and commentary. (ARCA: Classical and Medieval Texts, Papers and Monographs, 47). Cambridge: Francis Cairns, 2006. pp. x, 409.</li> <li>R. Gibson, S. Green, S. Sharrock, <i>The Art of Love: Bimillennial Essays on Ovid's Ars Amatoria and Remedia Amoris</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. pp. 375.</li> <li>Johnson, Patricia J. <i>Ovid before Exile: Art and Punishment in the Metamorphoses</i>. (Wisconsin Studies in Classics). Madison, WI: The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>, 2008. pp. x, 184.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandini_Pandey" title="Nandini Pandey">Nandini Pandey</a>, <i>The Poetics of Power in Augustan Rome: Latin Poetic Responses to Early Imperial Iconography</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wilkinson_(scholar)" title="Patrick Wilkinson (scholar)">Patrick Wilkinson</a>, <i>Ovid Recalled</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1955)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Latin <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="la" style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Scriptor:Publius_Ovidius_Naso" class="extiw" title="s:la:Scriptor:Publius Ovidius Naso">Publius Ovidius Naso</a></b> </div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Ovid</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ovid&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ovid">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ovid&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By Ovid</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Ovid&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Ovid">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Ovid&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/latin/ovid/notes.html">University of Virginia, "Ovid Illustrated: The Renaissance Reception of Ovid in Image and Text"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/ovid">Works by Ovid in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/2868">Works by Ovid</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Ovid%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ovid%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ovid%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Ovid%22%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Ovid</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/4959">Works by Ovid</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171101132135/http://ovidmeta.jp/search/p/search.php?BookId=1#book_card">Nihon University, "Ovid Metamorphoses: Paris 1651 (1619)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dcc.dickinson.edu/ovid-amores/preface">Dickinson College Commentaries: <i>Amores Book 1</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170131162913/https://edsitement.neh.gov/curriculum-unit/ovids-metamorphoses-common-core-exemplar">Ovid's "Metamorphoses": A Common Core Exemplar</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120215055813/http://www.rhapsodes.fll.vt.edu/metamorphoses08.htm">SORGLL: Ovid, Metamorphoses VIII, 183–235, (Daedalus & Icarus); read by Stephen Daitz</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_and_English_translation">Latin and English translation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Latin and English translation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/perscoll?.submit=Change&collection=Perseus:collection:Greco-Roman&type=text&lang=Any&lookup=Ovidius">Perseus/Tufts: P. Ovidius Naso</a> <i>Amores</i>, <i>Ars Amatoria</i>, <i>Heroides</i> (on this site called <i>Epistulae</i>), <i>Metamorphoses</i>, <i>Remedia Amoris</i>. Enhanced brower. Not downloadable.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/ovid">Sacred Texts Archive: Ovid</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121022220609/http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/ovid/">Archived</a> 22 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Amores</i>, <i>Ars Amatoria</i>, <i>Medicamina Faciei Femineae</i>, <i>Metamorphoses</i>, <i>Remedia Amoris</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fax.libs.uga.edu/PA6519xM3xB8/">The Metamorphoses of Publius Ovidius Naso</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070722000211/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/PA6519xM3xB8/">Archived</a> 22 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; elucidated by an analysis and explanation of the fables, together with English notes, historical, mythological and critical, and illustrated by pictorial embellishments: with a dictionary, giving the meaning of all the words with critical exactness. By <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Covington_Brooks" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathan Covington Brooks">Nathan Covington Brooks</a>. Publisher: New York, <a href="/wiki/A._S._Barnes" class="mw-redirect" title="A. S. Barnes">A. S. Barnes</a> & co.; Cincinnati, H. W. Derby & co., 1857 <i>(a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries; <a href="/wiki/DjVu" title="DjVu">DjVu</a> & <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fax.libs.uga.edu/PA6519xM3xB8/1f/metamorphoses_of_ovid.pdf">layered PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060305180551/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/PA6519xM3xB8/1f/metamorphoses_of_ovid.pdf">Archived</a> 5 March 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> format)</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Original_Latin_only">Original Latin only</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Original Latin only"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ovid.html">Latin Library: Ovid</a> <i>Amores</i>, <i>Ars Amatoria</i>, <i>Epistulae ex Ponto</i>, <i>Fasti</i>, <i>Heroides</i>, <i>Ibis</i>, <i>Metamorphoses</i>, <i>Remedia Amoris</i>, <i>Tristia</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/Aut281.HTM">Works by Ovid</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_translation_only">English translation only</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovid&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: English translation only"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tonykline.co.uk">New translations</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=A._S._Kline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. S. Kline (page does not exist)">A. S. Kline</a> <i>Amores</i>, <i>Ars Amatoria</i>, <i>Epistulae ex Ponto</i>, <i>Fasti</i>, <i>Heroides</i>, <i>Ibis</i>, <i>Medicamina Faciei Femineae</i>, <i>Metamorphoses</i>, <i>Remedia Amoris</i>, <i>Tristia</i> with enhanced browsing facility, downloadable in HTML, PDF, or MS Word DOC formats. Site also includes wide selection of works by other authors.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121208175849/http://www.fieralingue.it/modules/poetsonpoets/corner.php?pa=printpage&pid=13">Two translations from Ovid's <i>Amores</i> by Jon Corelis.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/romanelegy/ovid">English translations of Ovid's <i>Amores</i> with introductory essay and notes by Jon Corelis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200309052035/https://sites.google.com/site/romanelegy/ovid">Archived</a> 9 March 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0061;layout=;loc=1.1;query=toc">Perseus/Tufts: Commentary on the <i>Heroides</i> of Ovid</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Associated_subjects86" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Associated subjects</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pygmalion_from_Ovid&#039;s_Metamorphoses153" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pygmalion_navbox" title="Template:Pygmalion navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pygmalion_navbox" title="Template talk:Pygmalion navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pygmalion_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pygmalion navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pygmalion_from_Ovid&#039;s_Metamorphoses153" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pygmalion_(mythology)" title="Pygmalion (mythology)">Pygmalion</a></i> from <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ovid</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galatea_(mythology)" title="Galatea (mythology)">Galatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propoetides" title="Propoetides">Propoetides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pigmalion_(opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigmalion (opera)">Pigmalion</a></i> (1748)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pygmalion_(opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pygmalion (opera)">Pygmalion</a></i> (1779)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pimmalione" title="Pimmalione">Pimmalione</a></i> (1809)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Il_Pigmalione" title="Il Pigmalione">Il Pigmalione</a></i> (1816)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_sch%C3%B6ne_Galath%C3%A9e" title="Die schöne Galathée">Die schöne Galathée</a></i> (1863 operetta)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ballet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pygmalion,_ou_La_Statue_de_Chypre" title="Pygmalion, ou La Statue de Chypre">Pygmalion, ou La Statue de Chypre</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Play</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pygmalion_(Rousseau)" title="Pygmalion (Rousseau)">Pygmalion</a></i> (1762)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pygmalion_and_Galatea_(play)" title="Pygmalion and Galatea (play)">Pygmalion and Galatea</a></i> (1871)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pygmalion_(play)" title="Pygmalion (play)">Pygmalion</a></i> (1912)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pygmalion;_or,_The_Statue_Fair" title="Pygmalion; or, The Statue Fair">Pygmalion; or, The Statue Fair</a></i> (1872)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galatea,_or_Pygmalion_Reversed" title="Galatea, or Pygmalion Reversed">Galatea, or Pygmalion Reversed</a></i> (1883)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One_Touch_of_Venus" title="One Touch of Venus">One Touch of Venus</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Fair_Lady" title="My Fair Lady">My Fair Lady</a></i> (1956)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video game</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Galatea_(video_game)" title="Galatea (video game)">Galatea</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pygmalion_and_the_Image_series" title="Pygmalion and the Image series">Pygmalion and the Image series</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pygmalion_and_Galatea_(G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_painting)" title="Pygmalion and Galatea (Gérôme painting)">Pygmalion and Galatea</a></i> (Gérôme)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/If_I_Had_a_Hammer_(Hercules:_The_Legendary_Journeys)" class="mw-redirect" title="If I Had a Hammer (Hercules: The Legendary Journeys)">If I Had a Hammer</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Mulher_Invis%C3%ADvel" title="A Mulher Invisível">A Mulher Invisível</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pintosmalto" title="Pintosmalto">Pintosmalto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mr_Simigd%C3%A1li" title="Mr Simigdáli">Mr Simigdáli</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fall_Out_Toy_Works" title="Fall Out Toy Works">Fall Out Toy Works</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pygmalion_and_Galatea_(film)" title="Pygmalion and Galatea (film)">Pygmalion and Galatea</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tinted_Venus" title="The Tinted Venus">The Tinted Venus</a></i> (1921)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pygmalion_(1938_film)" title="Pygmalion (1938 film)">Pygmalion</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One_Touch_of_Venus_(film)" title="One Touch of Venus (film)">One Touch of Venus</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Fair_Lady_(film)" title="My Fair Lady (film)">My Fair Lady</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mannequin_(1987_film)" title="Mannequin (1987 film)">Mannequin</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Sparks" title="Ruby Sparks">Ruby Sparks</a></i> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/96189_Pygmalion" class="mw-redirect" title="96189 Pygmalion">96189 Pygmalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agalmatophilia" title="Agalmatophilia">Agalmatophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynoid" title="Gynoid">Gynoid</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comic_Potential_(play)" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic Potential (play)">Comic Potential</a></i> (1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="&quot;Apollo_and_Daphne&quot;_from_Ovid&#039;s_Metamorphoses85" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apollo_and_Daphne" title="Template:Apollo and Daphne"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apollo_and_Daphne" title="Template talk:Apollo and Daphne"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apollo_and_Daphne" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Apollo and Daphne"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="&quot;Apollo_and_Daphne&quot;_from_Ovid&#039;s_Metamorphoses85" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">"Apollo and Daphne" from <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ovid</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphne" title="Daphne">Daphne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dafne" title="Dafne">Dafne</a></i> (1597)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Dafne" title="La Dafne">La Dafne</a></i> (1608)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dafne_(Opitz-Sch%C3%BCtz)" title="Dafne (Opitz-Schütz)">Dafne</a></i> (1627)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gli_amori_d%27Apollo_e_di_Dafne" title="Gli amori d'Apollo e di Dafne">Gli amori d'Apollo e di Dafne</a></i> (1640)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daphne_(Handel)" title="Daphne (Handel)">Daphne</a></i> (1708)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daphne_(opera)" title="Daphne (opera)">Daphne</a></i> (1938)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_e_Dafne_(Handel)" title="Apollo e Dafne (Handel)">Apollo e Dafne</a></i> (cantata)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_and_Daphne_(Bernini)" title="Apollo and Daphne (Bernini)">Apollo and Daphne</a></i> (sculpture)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daphnomancy" title="Daphnomancy">Daphnomancy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wood_of_Suicides" title="The Wood of Suicides">The Wood of Suicides</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="&quot;Pyramus_and_Thisbe&quot;_from_Ovid&#039;s_Metamorphoses80" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pyramus_and_Thisbe" title="Template:Pyramus and Thisbe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pyramus_and_Thisbe" title="Template talk:Pyramus and Thisbe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pyramus_and_Thisbe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pyramus and Thisbe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="&quot;Pyramus_and_Thisbe&quot;_from_Ovid&#039;s_Metamorphoses80" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">"<a href="/wiki/Pyramus_and_Thisbe" title="Pyramus and Thisbe">Pyramus and Thisbe</a>" from <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ovid</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pirame_et_Thisb%C3%A9" title="Pirame et Thisbé">Pirame et Thisbé</a></i> (1726 Francoeur and Rebel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyramus_and_Thisbe_(opera)" title="Pyramus and Thisbe (opera)">Pyramus and Thisbe</a></i> (1745 Lampe)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piramo_e_Tisbe" title="Piramo e Tisbe">Piramo e Tisbe</a></i> (1768 Hasse)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Amoryus_and_Cleopes" title="Amoryus and Cleopes">Amoryus and Cleopes</a>" (poem)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream" title="A Midsummer Night's Dream">A Midsummer Night's Dream</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet" title="Romeo and Juliet">Romeo and Juliet</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Rome_topics565" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Rome_topics565" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Rome" title="Outline of ancient Rome">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Roman_history" title="Timeline of Roman history">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rome" title="History of Rome">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy" title="Overthrow of the Roman monarchy">overthrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Roman Empire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">historiography of the fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Later_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Later Roman Empire">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman Constitution">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Constitution" title="History of the Roman Constitution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Roman Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire">Late Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">Legislative assemblies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">Curiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Executive magistrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">SPQR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tables" title="Twelve Tables">Twelve Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">Mos maiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_in_Roman_legal_system" title="Status in Roman legal system">Status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_litigation" title="Roman litigation">Litigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiality#In_the_Roman_Republic" title="Collegiality">Collegiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Officium (ancient Rome)">Officium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praefectus" title="Praefectus">Praefectus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">Vicarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">Vigintisexviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimates_and_populares" title="Optimates and populares">Optimates and populares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Province</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Magistrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">Tribune of the plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_tribune" title="Military tribune">Military tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">Aedile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">Promagistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Governor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decemviri" title="Decemviri">Decemviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Consular tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Triumvirate (ancient Rome)">Triumvir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military of ancient Rome">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military history of ancient Rome">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Borders of the Roman Empire">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_establishment_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Military establishment of the Roman Republic">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Structural history of the Roman military">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Political history of the Roman military">Political control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_the_Roman_military" title="Strategy of the Roman military">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_engineering" title="Roman military engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_frontiers_and_fortifications" title="Roman military frontiers and fortifications">Frontiers and fortifications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Technological history of the Roman military">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_infantry_tactics" title="Roman infantry tactics">Infantry tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_personal_equipment" title="Roman military personal equipment">Personal equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_siege_engines" title="Roman siege engines">Siege engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Roman_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege (Roman history)">Siege in Ancient Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">Auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_decorations_and_punishments" title="Roman military decorations and punishments">Decorations and punishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippika_gymnasia" title="Hippika gymnasia">Hippika gymnasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_economy" title="Roman economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_during_the_Roman_period" title="Deforestation during the Roman period">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce" title="Roman commerce">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_finance" title="Roman finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_currency" title="Roman Republican currency">Republican currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Imperial_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Imperial currency">Imperial currency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rome" title="Culture of ancient Rome">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_bathing" title="Ancient Roman bathing">Bathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome" title="Clothing in ancient Rome">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_in_ancient_Rome" title="Cosmetics in ancient Rome">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Rome" title="Education in ancient Rome">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_folklore" title="Roman folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_hairstyles" title="Roman hairstyles">Hairstyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Rome" title="Music of ancient Rome">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacles_in_ancient_Rome" title="Spectacles in ancient Rome">Spectacles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toys_and_games_in_ancient_Rome" title="Toys and games in ancient Rome">Toys and games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Patricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders" title="Conflict of the Orders">Conflict of the Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secessio_plebis" title="Secessio plebis">Secessio plebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">Equites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">Gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe" title="Roman tribe">Tribes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Patronage in ancient Rome">Patronage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Demography of the Roman Empire">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Rome" title="Women in ancient Rome">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Marriage in ancient Rome">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagaudae" title="Bagaudae">Bagaudae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_technology" title="Ancient Roman technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_amphitheatre" title="Roman amphitheatre">Amphitheatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">Aqueducts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_bridge" title="Roman bridge">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_circus" title="Roman circus">Circuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_engineering" title="Ancient Roman engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_concrete" title="Roman concrete">Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_metallurgy" title="Roman metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sanitation in ancient Rome">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)" title="Roman theatre (structure)">Theatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">Thermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin" title="History of Latin">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li>Versions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Latin" title="Contemporary Latin">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aelius_Donatus" title="Aelius Donatus">Aelius Donatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Appuleius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Asconius_Pedianus" title="Quintus Asconius Pedianus">Asconius Pedianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausonius" title="Ausonius">Ausonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boëthius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorinus" title="Censorinus">Censorinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Nepos" title="Cornelius Nepos">Cornelius Nepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennius" title="Ennius">Ennius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Pictor" title="Quintus Fabius Pictor">Fabius Pictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius_Festus" title="Sextus Pompeius Festus">Sextus Pompeius Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festus_(historian)" title="Festus (historian)">Rufus Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_attributed_to_Florus" class="mw-redirect" title="Works attributed to Florus">Florus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontinus" title="Frontinus">Frontinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cornelius_Fronto" title="Marcus Cornelius Fronto">Fronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabius_Planciades_Fulgentius" title="Fabius Planciades Fulgentius">Fulgentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Gellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydatius" title="Hydatius">Hydatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Paulus" title="Julius Paulus">Julius Paulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">Lucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Empiricus" title="Marcellus Empiricus">Marcellus Empiricus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Manilius" title="Marcus Manilius">Manilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" title="Nicolaus of Damascus">Nicolaus Damascenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonius_Marcellus" title="Nonius Marcellus">Nonius Marcellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Obsequens" title="Julius Obsequens">Obsequens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ovid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius" title="Petronius">Petronius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(fabulist)" title="Phaedrus (fabulist)">Phaedrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscian" title="Priscian">Priscian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Claudius_Quadrigarius" title="Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius">Quadrigarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Quintus Curtius Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Elder" title="Seneca the Elder">Seneca the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silius_Italicus" title="Silius Italicus">Silius Italicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus" title="Quintus Aurelius Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence" title="Terence">Terence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Antias" title="Valerius Antias">Valerius Antias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus">Valerius Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrius_Flaccus" title="Verrius Flaccus">Verrius Flaccus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Vergil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABtius_of_Amida" title="Aëtius of Amida">Aëtius of Amida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius of Caesaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libanius" title="Libanius">Libanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegon_of_Tralles" title="Phlegon of Tralles">Phlegon of Tralles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyaenus" title="Polyaenus">Polyaenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus" title="Priscus">Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium" title="Stephanus of Byzantium">Stephanus Byzantinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themistius" title="Themistius">Themistius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Zonaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bononia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutetia" title="Lutetia">Lutetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindobona" title="Vindobona">Vindobona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists <span class="nobold">and other<br />topics</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_founded_by_the_Romans" title="List of cities founded by the Romans">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_ancient_Rome" title="Climate of ancient Rome">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Consuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Dictators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_women" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman women">Distinguished women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dynasties" title="List of Roman dynasties">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_set_in_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiction set in ancient Rome">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_ancient_Rome" title="List of films set in ancient Rome">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_generals" title="List of Roman generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_gentes" title="List of Roman gentes">Gentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_laws" title="List of Roman laws">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_legions" title="List of Roman legions">Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Magistri equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_nomina" title="List of Roman nomina">Nomina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pontifices_maximi" title="List of pontifices maximi">Pontifices maximi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_praetors" title="List of Roman praetors">Praetors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_quaestors" title="List of Roman quaestors">Quaestors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_tribunes" title="List of Roman tribunes">Tribunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Iranian_relations" title="Roman–Iranian relations">Roman–Iranian relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_external_wars_and_battles" title="List of Roman external wars and battles">External wars and battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_civil_wars_and_revolts" title="List of Roman civil wars and revolts">Civil wars and revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7198#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4528" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7198#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4528" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7198#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/291213567">4</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1839763/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqbhw8tQDMtCgTRyVKcfq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118590995">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79041738">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119183166">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500246979">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/4f7c6dc7-fac9-48de-98cc-47498debcdaa">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118590995">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/940611">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118590995.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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