CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="Yb69qXyMFNDQeIKRiiOOkTl6aX7Xpx9LlSnZ3QnXmWZNS8gQZH0aZmEVTDa/LxKVKNoqZTvRJIBq42yesNceig==" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Tránsitos Irregularizados en América Latina" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2017/01/01" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Dossier Central del Boletín del Sistema de Información sobre Migraciones Andinas - FLACSO Sede Ecuador - N.º 21" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Mónica Salmón Gómez" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/34389267/Tr%C3%A1nsitos_Irregularizados_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Tránsitos Irregularizados en América Latina" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="El dossier central, a cargo de Mónica Salmón, analiza estos tránsitos migratorios en América Latina, evidenciando las diferentes formas de violencias a la que están sometidas estas personas migrantes. En un segundo momento, se resaltan algunas" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/2703611/868298/36658151/s200_m_nica.salm_n_g_mez.jpeg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/34389267/Tr%C3%A1nsitos_Irregularizados_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Tránsitos Irregularizados en América Latina" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="El dossier central, a cargo de Mónica Salmón, analiza estos tránsitos migratorios en América Latina, evidenciando las diferentes formas de violencias a la que están sometidas estas personas migrantes. En un segundo momento, se resaltan algunas" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://nssr.academia.edu/M%C3%B3nicaSalm%C3%B3nG%C3%B3mez" /> <meta name="description" content="El dossier central, a cargo de Mónica Salmón, analiza estos tránsitos migratorios en América Latina, evidenciando las diferentes formas de violencias a la que están sometidas estas personas migrantes. En un segundo momento, se resaltan algunas" /> <title>(PDF) Tránsitos Irregularizados en América Latina | Mónica Salmón Gómez - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/34389267/Tr%C3%A1nsitos_Irregularizados_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '92477ec68c09d28ae4730a4143c926f074776319'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732773163000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732773163000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"El dossier central, a cargo de Mónica Salmón, analiza estos tránsitos migratorios en América Latina, evidenciando las diferentes formas de violencias a la que están sometidas estas personas migrantes. En un segundo momento, se resaltan algunas estrategias utilizadas por los migrantes para lograr completar el tránsito migratorio. Por último, se profundiza en varios elementos que permitan entender la responsabilidad de los Estados de la región en la producción de la irregularidad en la población migrante. El dossier cuestiona el accionar ambivalente de los Estados de la región que, por un lado, criminalizan el tránsito migratorio irregular a través del cierre de fronteras o de la deportación, mientras que por el otro, no activa mecanismos para contrarrestar la vulneración de los derechos humanos de esas poblaciones que se encuentran en tránsito. El dossier brinda valiosa información histórica sobre los recorridos migratorios de algunos grupos, sobre las diversas políticas de varios países frente a los mismos y acerca de las estrategias adoptadas por los migrantes, en sus trayectos forzosos por el corredor latinoamericano.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Mónica Salmón Gómez"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2017-08-28","dateModified":"2017-08-28","datePublished":"2017-01-01","headline":"Tránsitos Irregularizados en América Latina","inLanguage":"es","keywords":["Migration","Irregular Migration","International Migration","International Migration and Immigration Policy","Human Rights of Migrants"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":"Dossier Central del Boletín del Sistema de Información sobre Migraciones Andinas - FLACSO Sede Ecuador - N.º 21","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/34389267/Tr%C3%A1nsitos_Irregularizados_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"nssr"}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-102fa537001ba4d8dcd921ad9bd56c474abc201906ea4843e7e7efe9dfbf561d.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-8d679e925718b5e8e4b18e9a4fab37f7eaa99e43386459376559080ac8f2856a.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-3cea6e0ad4715ed965c49bfb15dedfc632787b32ff6d8c3a474182b231146ab7.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/text_button-73590134e40cdb49f9abdc8e796cc00dc362693f3f0f6137d6cf9bb78c318ce7.css" /><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-10fa40af19d25203774df2d4a03b9b5771b45109c2304968038e88a81d1215c5.css" /> </head> <body> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class="js-upgrade-ie-banner" style="display: none; text-align: center; padding: 8px 0; background-color: #ebe480;"><p style="color: #000; font-size: 12px; margin: 0 0 4px;">Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p style="color: #000; font-size: 12px; margin: 0;">To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.querySelector('.js-upgrade-ie-banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "01cdcd81e5fac89aa8af5ba981572b6059dcf37ac679635c10327cfce21f9d1d", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="K/B9BHvoVPomppiStThj5nCWyyDrtgYpzY7y57e0iJwHBQi9YxlaTJfLVjWANP/iYTaIOwfAPeIyREekDrQPcA==" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://www.academia.edu/34389267/Tr%C3%A1nsitos_Irregularizados_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="8Mk51u2NI8cskInKBJSFLgXO5uj9a3KrzK0I+sMLrKncPExv9XwtcZ39R20xmBkqFG6l8xEdSWAzZ725egsrRQ==" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><input class="btn btn-primary btn-block g-recaptcha js-password-reset-submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" type="submit" value="Email me a link" /></form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script> <div class="header--container" id="main-header-container"><div class="header--inner-container header--inner-container-ds2"><div class="header-ds2--left-wrapper"><div class="header-ds2--left-wrapper-inner"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="hide-on-desktop-redesign" style="height: 24px; width: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hide-on-mobile-redesign" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a><div class="header--search-container header--search-container-ds2"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form select2-no-default-pills" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><svg style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="search" class="header--search-icon svg-inline--fa fa-search fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M505 442.7L405.3 343c-4.5-4.5-10.6-7-17-7H372c27.6-35.3 44-79.7 44-128C416 93.1 322.9 0 208 0S0 93.1 0 208s93.1 208 208 208c48.3 0 92.7-16.4 128-44v16.3c0 6.4 2.5 12.5 7 17l99.7 99.7c9.4 9.4 24.6 9.4 33.9 0l28.3-28.3c9.4-9.4 9.4-24.6.1-34zM208 336c-70.7 0-128-57.2-128-128 0-70.7 57.2-128 128-128 70.7 0 128 57.2 128 128 0 70.7-57.2 128-128 128z"></path></svg><input class="header--search-input header--search-input-ds2 js-SiteSearch-form-input" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" /></form></div></div></div><nav class="header--nav-buttons header--nav-buttons-ds2 js-main-nav"><a class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-header-login-url header-button-ds2 header-login-ds2 hide-on-mobile-redesign" href="https://www.academia.edu/login" rel="nofollow">Log In</a><a class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary header-button-ds2 hide-on-mobile-redesign" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup" rel="nofollow">Sign Up</a><button class="header--hamburger-button header--hamburger-button-ds2 hide-on-desktop-redesign js-header-hamburger-button"><div class="icon-bar"></div><div class="icon-bar" style="margin-top: 4px;"></div><div class="icon-bar" style="margin-top: 4px;"></div></button></nav></div><ul class="header--dropdown-container js-header-dropdown"><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/login" rel="nofollow">Log In</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup" rel="nofollow">Sign Up</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row js-header-dropdown-expand-button"><button class="header--dropdown-button">more<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="caret-down" class="header--dropdown-button-icon svg-inline--fa fa-caret-down fa-w-10" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg></button></li><li><ul class="header--expanded-dropdown-container"><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://medium.com/@academia">Blog</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="header--dropdown-row-icon svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg>We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://support.academia.edu/"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="header--dropdown-row-icon svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg>Help Center</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row js-header-dropdown-collapse-button"><button class="header--dropdown-button">less<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="caret-up" class="header--dropdown-button-icon svg-inline--fa fa-caret-up fa-w-10" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z"></path></svg></button></li></ul></li></ul></div> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/fast_loswp-bundle-5a6217ebba1e3e193cb1032ca4e3bea5eb426dd3928dd536d7bf14b642b1cd3a.js" defer="defer"></script><script>window.loswp = {}; window.loswp.author = 2703611; window.loswp.bulkDownloadFilterCounts = {}; window.loswp.hasDownloadableAttachment = true; window.loswp.hasViewableAttachments = true; // TODO: just use routes for this window.loswp.loginUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F34389267%2FTr%25C3%25A1nsitos_Irregularizados_en_Am%25C3%25A9rica_Latina%3Fauto%3Ddownload"; window.loswp.translateUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F34389267%2FTr%25C3%25A1nsitos_Irregularizados_en_Am%25C3%25A9rica_Latina%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":54273531,"identifier":"Attachment_54273531","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":34389267,"created_at":"2017-08-28T19:09:33.139-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2021-01-12T04:13:43.143-08:00","_data":{"volume":"21","abstract":"El dossier central, a cargo de Mónica Salmón, analiza estos tránsitos migratorios en América Latina, evidenciando las diferentes formas de violencias a la que están sometidas estas personas migrantes. En un segundo momento, se resaltan algunas estrategias utilizadas por los migrantes para lograr completar el tránsito migratorio. Por último, se profundiza en varios elementos que permitan entender la responsabilidad de los Estados de la región en la producción de la irregularidad en la población migrante. El dossier cuestiona el accionar ambivalente de los Estados de la región que, por un lado, criminalizan el tránsito migratorio irregular a través del cierre de fronteras o de la deportación, mientras que por el otro, no activa mecanismos para contrarrestar la vulneración de los derechos humanos de esas poblaciones que se encuentran en tránsito. El dossier brinda valiosa información histórica sobre los recorridos migratorios de algunos grupos, sobre las diversas políticas de varios países frente a los mismos y acerca de las estrategias adoptadas por los migrantes, en sus trayectos forzosos por el corredor latinoamericano.","publication_date":"2017,,","publication_name":"Dossier Central del Boletín del Sistema de Información sobre Migraciones Andinas - FLACSO Sede Ecuador - N.º 21"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"es","title":"Tránsitos Irregularizados en América Latina","broadcastable":true,"draft":false,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [2703611]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":54273531,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Tránsitos Irregularizados en América Latina”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/54273531/mini_magick20190117-13085-15z30rt.png?1547769257" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Tránsitos Irregularizados en América Latina</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2703611" href="https://nssr.academia.edu/M%C3%B3nicaSalm%C3%B3nG%C3%B3mez"><img alt="Profile image of Mónica Salmón Gómez" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/2703611/868298/36658151/s65_m_nica.salm_n_g_mez.jpeg" />Mónica Salmón Gómez</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2017, Dossier Central del Boletín del Sistema de Información sobre Migraciones Andinas - FLACSO Sede Ecuador - N.º 21</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">14 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 34389267; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=34389267"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { const viewCountNumber = Number(viewCount); if (!viewCountNumber) { throw new Error('Failed to parse view count'); } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (viewCountBody) { viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } else { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">El dossier central, a cargo de Mónica Salmón, analiza estos tránsitos migratorios en América Latina, evidenciando las diferentes formas de violencias a la que están sometidas estas personas migrantes. En un segundo momento, se resaltan algunas estrategias utilizadas por los migrantes para lograr completar el tránsito migratorio. Por último, se profundiza en varios elementos que permitan entender la responsabilidad de los Estados de la región en la producción de la irregularidad en la población migrante. El dossier cuestiona el accionar ambivalente de los Estados de la región que, por un lado, criminalizan el tránsito migratorio irregular a través del cierre de fronteras o de la deportación, mientras que por el otro, no activa mecanismos para contrarrestar la vulneración de los derechos humanos de esas poblaciones que se encuentran en tránsito. El dossier brinda valiosa información histórica sobre los recorridos migratorios de algunos grupos, sobre las diversas políticas de varios países frente a los mismos y acerca de las estrategias adoptadas por los migrantes, en sus trayectos forzosos por el corredor latinoamericano.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":54273531,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/34389267/Tr%C3%A1nsitos_Irregularizados_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":54273531,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/34389267/Tr%C3%A1nsitos_Irregularizados_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="54273531" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/34389267/Tr%C3%A1nsitos_Irregularizados_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="88572353" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/88572353/Laicidad_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina_y_Europa">Laicidad en América Latina y Europa</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="93796" href="https://ucu.academia.edu/NestorDaCosta">Nestor Da Costa</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2009</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Laicidad en América Latina y Europa","attachmentId":92520886,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/88572353/Laicidad_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina_y_Europa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/88572353/Laicidad_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina_y_Europa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="1070705" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1070705/Insumisos_Latinoamericanos">Insumisos Latinoamericanos</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="917842" href="https://unav.academia.edu/CarmenBeatrizFernandez">Carmen Beatriz Fernandez</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">angelfire.com</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Insumisos Latinoamericanos","attachmentId":6552634,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1070705/Insumisos_Latinoamericanos","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1070705/Insumisos_Latinoamericanos"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="47242080" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47242080/Utopizaciones_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina">Utopizaciones en América Latina</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="12001346" href="https://ku-dk.academia.edu/ElenaAnsotegui">Elena Ansotegui</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Diálogos Latinoamericanos, 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">En estas primeras décadas del siglo XXI, caracterizadas por la falta de alternativas ante la post-política surgida tras 1989 y por una repentina agitación política, urge preguntarse quién produce y cómo se difunden las narrativas utópicas. A pesar de un sentimiento generalizado de desencanto con el statu quo político y un creciente descontento con la inminente crisis ambiental, el discurso utópico ocupa un lugar más prominente que nunca en el discurso político. En este dossier dedicado a la utopía deseamos revisar el pasado utópico latinoamericano y explorar por qué en estos contextos supuestamente post-utópicos ciertas ideas y prácticas sociales se politizan en el afán de transformar y mejorar la realidad. Los aportes publicados aquí son sólo un botón de muestra que sugiere que la utopía aún es el vehículo con el que diversos actores sociales difunden un tipo de narrativa religiosa o política pero también cultural o artística cuyo fin es persuadir a una parte significativa de la población de que cambiar la sociedad es posible.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Utopizaciones en América Latina","attachmentId":66431818,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/47242080/Utopizaciones_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/47242080/Utopizaciones_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="91166455" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/91166455/Riesgos_urbanos_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina">Riesgos urbanos en América Latina</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="246235759" href="https://independent.academia.edu/alexandravallejo23">alexandra vallejo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Letras Verdes, Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Socioambientales, 2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Riesgos urbanos en América Latina","attachmentId":94530569,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/91166455/Riesgos_urbanos_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/91166455/Riesgos_urbanos_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="37098596" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37098596/Los_itinerantes_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina_y_el_Caribe">Los itinerantes en América Latina y el Caribe</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16231638" href="https://auckland.academia.edu/LadyRuizGamba">Lady Ruiz Gamba</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">I Congreso de Pastorales de Movilidad Humana, Mayo 12-16 2014, Ciudad de Panamá, 2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">El presente documento, tiene el objetivo de mostrar una breve caracterización sobre los itinerantes de Latinoamérica y El Caribe, en los cuales comprenden las poblaciones de nómadas y semi nómadas como los gitanos, transportadores terrestres, recicladores y circenses . En el capítulo inicial, se considera la importancia en definir la palabra “itinerante” y por medio de un paralelo demostrar etimológica y conceptualmente que “migrante” difiere al término “itinerante”. Enseguida se identifica cada una de las categorías que componen esta pastoral y se relacionan breves aspectos estadísticos y sociales que pueden ayudar en la iniciación o seguimiento pastoral hacia las poblaciones que comprende este estudio preliminar.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Los itinerantes en América Latina y el Caribe","attachmentId":57050127,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37098596/Los_itinerantes_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina_y_el_Caribe","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37098596/Los_itinerantes_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina_y_el_Caribe"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="40631624" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40631624/America_Latina_Encrucijada">America Latina Encrucijada</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="131140166" href="https://cucsh.academia.edu/DominicHerrera">Dominic Herrera</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Irih Blood, 2005</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Esta chido</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"America Latina Encrucijada","attachmentId":60911769,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40631624/America_Latina_Encrucijada","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/40631624/America_Latina_Encrucijada"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="6315405" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6315405/Thrips_America_Latina">Thrips America Latina</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="723505" href="https://ucr.academia.edu/AxelRetanasalazar">Axel Retana-salazar</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Thrips America Latina","attachmentId":33152178,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6315405/Thrips_America_Latina","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6315405/Thrips_America_Latina"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="32815710" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32815710/Tributacion_America_Latina">Tributacion America Latina</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="63835421" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ricardopaula2">ricardo paula</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Tributacion America Latina","attachmentId":52965950,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/32815710/Tributacion_America_Latina","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/32815710/Tributacion_America_Latina"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="10024636" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10024636/Criminalidad_Organizada_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina">Criminalidad Organizada en América Latina</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="15483746" href="https://unla.academia.edu/FedericoAquino">Federico Aquino</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Situación actual relativa a la Seguridad Ciudadana en Brasil y lavado de dinero en Uruguay</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Criminalidad Organizada en América Latina","attachmentId":36157961,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10024636/Criminalidad_Organizada_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10024636/Criminalidad_Organizada_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="30064796" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30064796/Cazadores_del_Tr%C3%B3pico_Americano_en_M%C3%A9xico">Cazadores del Trópico Americano en México</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2848921" href="https://unam1.academia.edu/GuillermoAcostaOchoa">Guillermo Acosta Ochoa</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Cazadores del Trópico Americano en México","attachmentId":50514276,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30064796/Cazadores_del_Tr%C3%B3pico_Americano_en_M%C3%A9xico","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30064796/Cazadores_del_Tr%C3%B3pico_Americano_en_M%C3%A9xico"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":54273531,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":54273531,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_54273531" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="11746912" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11746912/Sincronizaci%C3%B3n_en_am%C3%A9rica_latina">Sincronización en américa latina</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="28154698" href="https://eafit.academia.edu/ValorPublicoEAFIT">Valor Público - Centro de estudios e incidencia</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Sincronización en américa latina","attachmentId":37175700,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11746912/Sincronizaci%C3%B3n_en_am%C3%A9rica_latina","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11746912/Sincronizaci%C3%B3n_en_am%C3%A9rica_latina"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="84570105" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/84570105/INTEGRACION_LATINOAMERICANA_EN_TIEMPOS_DE_INCERTIDUMBRE">INTEGRACION LATINOAMERICANA EN TIEMPOS DE INCERTIDUMBRE</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="30865928" href="https://independent.academia.edu/claudiapatriciasacristanrodriguez">claudia patricia sacristan rodriguez</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2022</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"INTEGRACION LATINOAMERICANA EN TIEMPOS DE INCERTIDUMBRE","attachmentId":89546375,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/84570105/INTEGRACION_LATINOAMERICANA_EN_TIEMPOS_DE_INCERTIDUMBRE","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/84570105/INTEGRACION_LATINOAMERICANA_EN_TIEMPOS_DE_INCERTIDUMBRE"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="100657712" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/100657712/Delitos_de_Tr%C3%A1nsito_en_Ecuador">Delitos de Tránsito en Ecuador</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39641642" href="https://cinthyab.academia.edu/JorgeAndresParralesDavila">Jorge Andres Parrales Davila</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2022</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Delitos de Tránsito en Ecuador","attachmentId":101417717,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100657712/Delitos_de_Tr%C3%A1nsito_en_Ecuador","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/100657712/Delitos_de_Tr%C3%A1nsito_en_Ecuador"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="43176637" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43176637/Movilidad_en_la_inmovilidad_migrantes_atrapados_bajo_la_Covid_19_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina">Movilidad en la inmovilidad: migrantes atrapados bajo la Covid-19 en América Latina</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="534249" href="https://unam.academia.edu/LucianaGandini">Luciana Gandini</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="872093" href="https://qmu.academia.edu/MarciaVeraEspinoza">Marcia Vera Espinoza</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Open Democracy, 2020</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Movilidad en la inmovilidad: migrantes atrapados bajo la Covid-19 en América Latina","attachmentId":63440646,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43176637/Movilidad_en_la_inmovilidad_migrantes_atrapados_bajo_la_Covid_19_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/43176637/Movilidad_en_la_inmovilidad_migrantes_atrapados_bajo_la_Covid_19_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="76762262" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/76762262/La_burocracia_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina">La burocracia en América Latina</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3702673" href="https://uba.academia.edu/LauraIsabelZuvanic">LAURA ZUVANIC</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"La burocracia en América Latina","attachmentId":84360456,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/76762262/La_burocracia_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/76762262/La_burocracia_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="6475289" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6475289/Dictaduras_en_America_Latina">Dictaduras en America Latina</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10275657" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AnaSofiaHozman">Ana Sofia Hozman</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Dictaduras en America Latina","attachmentId":33261751,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6475289/Dictaduras_en_America_Latina","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6475289/Dictaduras_en_America_Latina"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="98634942" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/98634942/Asalariados_rurales_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina">Asalariados rurales en América Latina</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="69639787" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ElenaMingo">Elena Mingo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2015</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Asalariados rurales en América Latina","attachmentId":99931491,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/98634942/Asalariados_rurales_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/98634942/Asalariados_rurales_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="91468850" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/91468850/El_Tr%C3%A1nsito_Hacia_El_Estado">El Tránsito Hacia El Estado</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="246897726" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EdwinRodr%C3%ADguez114">Edwin Rodríguez</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">1990</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"El Tránsito Hacia El Estado","attachmentId":94747977,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/91468850/El_Tr%C3%A1nsito_Hacia_El_Estado","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/91468850/El_Tr%C3%A1nsito_Hacia_El_Estado"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="88353820" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/88353820/Movilidades_forzadas_y_din%C3%A1micas_transfronterizas_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina">Movilidades forzadas y dinámicas transfronterizas en América Latina</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2917935" href="https://ecosu.academia.edu/EnriqueCorazadelosSantos">Enrique Coraza de Los Santos</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Estudios Políticos (Medellín), 2020</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Movilidades forzadas y dinámicas transfronterizas en América Latina","attachmentId":92342431,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/88353820/Movilidades_forzadas_y_din%C3%A1micas_transfronterizas_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/88353820/Movilidades_forzadas_y_din%C3%A1micas_transfronterizas_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="124174392" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/124174392/Transiciones_Inconclusas_y_nuevos_autoritarismos_en_America_Latina">Transiciones Inconclusas y nuevos autoritarismos en America Latina</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34702254" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Bertaccini">Tiziana Bertaccini</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Transicciones inconclusas y nuevos autoritarismos en America Latina, Nova americana,https://www.nova-americana.it/it/, 2024</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Transiciones Inconclusas y nuevos autoritarismos en America Latina","attachmentId":118447868,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/124174392/Transiciones_Inconclusas_y_nuevos_autoritarismos_en_America_Latina","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/124174392/Transiciones_Inconclusas_y_nuevos_autoritarismos_en_America_Latina"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="10" data-entity-id="42644197" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42644197/Contrabando_de_cigarrillos_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina">Contrabando de cigarrillos en América Latina</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2707546" href="https://usach.academia.edu/MarioVergaraBarahona">Mario Vergara Barahona</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="289763" href="https://usach.academia.edu/Luc%C3%ADaDammert">Lucía Dammert</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Centro de Estudios de Gobierno USACH, 2020</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Contrabando de cigarrillos en América Latina","attachmentId":62850218,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/42644197/Contrabando_de_cigarrillos_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/42644197/Contrabando_de_cigarrillos_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="11" data-entity-id="28685531" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28685531/RAZA_Y_ETNICIDAD_EN_LATINOAM%C3%89RICA">RAZA Y ETNICIDAD EN LATINOAMÉRICA</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="53904593" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DanielSantiagoPatinoHerrera">Daniel Santiago Patino Herrera</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"RAZA Y ETNICIDAD EN LATINOAMÉRICA","attachmentId":49071647,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/28685531/RAZA_Y_ETNICIDAD_EN_LATINOAM%C3%89RICA","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/28685531/RAZA_Y_ETNICIDAD_EN_LATINOAM%C3%89RICA"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="12" data-entity-id="35852985" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35852985/Violencia_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina">Violencia en América Latina</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="50678264" href="https://upeaceafricaprogramme.academia.edu/FranciscoRojasAravena">Francisco Rojas-Aravena</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Violencia en América Latina","attachmentId":55731484,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35852985/Violencia_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/35852985/Violencia_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="13" data-entity-id="8842325" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8842325/Guerrillas_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina">Guerrillas en América Latina</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6330086" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LizbethAMarroquin">Lizbeth A. Marroquin</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Guerrillas en América Latina","attachmentId":35181882,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8842325/Guerrillas_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8842325/Guerrillas_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="14" data-entity-id="44185523" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44185523/Tercermundismo_y_No_Alineamiento_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina">Tercermundismo y No Alineamiento en América Latina</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="15341736" href="https://uv-cl.academia.edu/GERM%C3%81NALBURQUERQUE">GERMÁN ALBURQUERQUE</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2020</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Tercermundismo y No Alineamiento en América Latina","attachmentId":64546428,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44185523/Tercermundismo_y_No_Alineamiento_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/44185523/Tercermundismo_y_No_Alineamiento_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="15" data-entity-id="37779665" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37779665/Migrantes_irregulares_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina_el_caso_colombiano_1">Migrantes irregulares en América Latina: el caso colombiano 1</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5473142" href="https://icesi.academia.edu/TranspasandoFronteras">Revista Trans-pasando Fronteras</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Migrantes irregulares en América Latina: el caso colombiano 1","attachmentId":57776034,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37779665/Migrantes_irregulares_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina_el_caso_colombiano_1","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37779665/Migrantes_irregulares_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina_el_caso_colombiano_1"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="16" data-entity-id="15074153" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15074153/Los_guardaparques_de_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina">Los guardaparques de América Latina</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3539270" href="https://lamolina.academia.edu/MarcDourojeanni">Marc Dourojeanni</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Los guardaparques de América Latina","attachmentId":38533983,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/15074153/Los_guardaparques_de_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/15074153/Los_guardaparques_de_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="17" data-entity-id="15036938" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15036938/Descentralizaci%C3%B3n_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina_y_Rep%C3%BAblica_Dominicana">Descentralización en América Latina y República Dominicana</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34045390" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KatherineThenD%C3%ADaz">Katherine Then Díaz</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Descentralización en América Latina y República Dominicana","attachmentId":38517494,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/15036938/Descentralizaci%C3%B3n_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina_y_Rep%C3%BAblica_Dominicana","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/15036938/Descentralizaci%C3%B3n_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina_y_Rep%C3%BAblica_Dominicana"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="18" data-entity-id="122640907" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/122640907/DESIGUALDADES_EN_CLAVE_LATINOAMERICANA">DESIGUALDADES EN CLAVE LATINOAMERICANA</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="11223157" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GorenNora">Nora J Goren</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"DESIGUALDADES EN CLAVE LATINOAMERICANA","attachmentId":117267289,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/122640907/DESIGUALDADES_EN_CLAVE_LATINOAMERICANA","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/122640907/DESIGUALDADES_EN_CLAVE_LATINOAMERICANA"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="19" data-entity-id="114244875" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/114244875/Una_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina_bullente">Una América Latina bullente</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="41522316" href="https://uchile.academia.edu/RaulRodriguezOrtiz">Raúl Rodríguez Ortiz</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Informe anual 2023. Miradas regionales sobre el derecho a la comunicación de la ciudadanía, 2024</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Una América Latina bullente","attachmentId":110993454,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/114244875/Una_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina_bullente","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/114244875/Una_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina_bullente"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="20" data-entity-id="120807758" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/120807758/Las_prisiones_de_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina">Las prisiones de América Latina</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1637257" href="https://westminster.academia.edu/SachaDarke">Sacha Darke</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2017</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Las prisiones de América Latina","attachmentId":115841165,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/120807758/Las_prisiones_de_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/120807758/Las_prisiones_de_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="21" data-entity-id="108521822" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/108521822/Am%C3%A9rica_Latina_la_curializaci%C3%B3n_imposible_o_el_parasitismo">América Latina: la curialización imposible o el parasitismo</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="66505688" href="https://unam1.academia.edu/MarcosCuevaPerus">Marcos Cueva Perus</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Revista De Investigacion Social, 2006</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"América Latina: la curialización imposible o el parasitismo","attachmentId":106881084,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108521822/Am%C3%A9rica_Latina_la_curializaci%C3%B3n_imposible_o_el_parasitismo","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/108521822/Am%C3%A9rica_Latina_la_curializaci%C3%B3n_imposible_o_el_parasitismo"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="22" data-entity-id="96936011" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/96936011/Territorios_Rupestres_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina">Territorios Rupestres en América Latina</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="239969108" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RedRupestre">Red Iberoamericana de Investigación en Manifestaciones Rupestres ( R I I M A R ) en América Latina</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Territorios Rupestres en América Latina, 2023</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Territorios Rupestres en América Latina","attachmentId":98695600,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/96936011/Territorios_Rupestres_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/96936011/Territorios_Rupestres_en_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="23" data-entity-id="73338967" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73338967/Autotraducci%C3%B3n_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina_y_la_di%C3%A1spora_latina">Autotraducción, América Latina y la diáspora latina</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="138331" href="https://uottawa.academia.edu/RainierGrutman">Rainier Grutman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Mutatis Mutandis, 2022</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Autotraducción, América Latina y la diáspora latina","attachmentId":81896812,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/73338967/Autotraducci%C3%B3n_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina_y_la_di%C3%A1spora_latina","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/73338967/Autotraducci%C3%B3n_Am%C3%A9rica_Latina_y_la_di%C3%A1spora_latina"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="24" data-entity-id="31114148" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31114148/DETERMINANTES_DE_CRECIMIENTO_EN_LATINOAMERICA">DETERMINANTES DE CRECIMIENTO EN LATINOAMERICA</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="59420947" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JakeJes%C3%BAs">Jake Jesús</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"DETERMINANTES DE CRECIMIENTO EN LATINOAMERICA","attachmentId":51549717,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/31114148/DETERMINANTES_DE_CRECIMIENTO_EN_LATINOAMERICA","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/31114148/DETERMINANTES_DE_CRECIMIENTO_EN_LATINOAMERICA"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related topics</h2><div class="ds-research-interests--pills-container"><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="4850" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migration">Migration</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="5349" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Irregular_Migration">Irregular Migration</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="11203" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Migration">International Migration</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="48036" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Migration_and_Immigration_Policy">International Migration and Immi...</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="198484" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_of_Migrants">Human Rights of Migrants</a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="footer--content"><ul class="footer--main-links hide-on-mobile"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://medium.com/academia">Blog</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px; position: relative; bottom: -1px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a href="https://support.academia.edu/"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px; position: relative; bottom: -1px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer--research-interests"><li>Find new research papers in:</li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul><ul class="footer--legal-links hide-on-mobile"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2024</li></ul></div> </body> </html>