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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"> <p><b>Tribune</b> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin_language?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Tribunus</i>) was the title of various elected officials in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Rome?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>. The two most important were the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune_of_the_Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribune of the Plebs">tribunes of the plebs</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Military_tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Military tribune">military tribunes</a>. For most of Roman history, a college of ten tribunes of the plebs acted as a check on the authority of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_senate?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman senate">senate</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_magistrate?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Roman magistrate">annual magistrates</a>, holding the power of <i>ius intercessionis</i> to intervene on behalf of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebs">plebeians</a>, and veto unfavourable legislation. There were also <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Military_tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Military tribune">military tribunes</a>, who commanded portions of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_army?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Roman army">Roman army</a>, subordinate to higher magistrates, such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_consul?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Roman consul">consuls</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Praetor?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Praetor">praetors</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Promagistrate?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Promagistrate">promagistrates</a>, and their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legatus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">legates</a>. Various officers within the Roman army were also known as tribunes. The title was also used for several other positions and classes in the course of Roman history.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Tribal_tribunes"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Tribal tribunes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Tribune_of_the_celeres"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Tribune of the <i>celeres</i></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Tribune_of_the_plebs"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Tribune of the plebs</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Military_tribunes"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Military tribunes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Consular_tribunes"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Consular tribunes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Tribunes_of_the_treasury"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Tribunes of the treasury</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Later_uses_of_the_title"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Later uses of the title</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Post-Roman_Britain"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Post-Roman Britain</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Republic_of_Venice"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Republic of Venice</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#French_revolutionary_tribunat"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">French revolutionary <i>tribunat</i></span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Tribal_tribunes">Tribal tribunes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Tribune&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Edit section: Tribal tribunes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The word <i>tribune</i> is derived from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_tribes?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman tribes">Roman tribes</a>. The three original tribes known as the <i>Ramnes</i> or <i>Ramnenses</i>, <i>Tities</i> or <i>Titienses,</i> and the <i>Luceres,</i> were each headed by a tribune, who represented each tribe in civil, religious, and military matters.<sup id="cite_ref-dionysius_1-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-dionysius-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: ii. 7">: ii. 7 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, each of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_tribe?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#The_Servian_tribes" title="Roman tribe">Servian tribes</a> was also represented by a tribune.<sup id="cite_ref-dionysius_1-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-dionysius-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: ii. 14">: ii. 14 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DGRA_4-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-DGRA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Tribune_of_the_celeres">Tribune of the <i>celeres</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Tribune&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Edit section: Tribune of the celeres" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Under the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Roman Kingdom">Roman Kingdom</a>, the <i>tribunus celerum</i>, in English <i>tribune of the celeres,</i> or <i>tribune of the knights</i>, was commander of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_King?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman King">king's</a> personal bodyguard, known as the <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celeres?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Celeres">celeres</a></i>. This official was second only to the king, and had the authority to pass law, known as <i>lex tribunicia</i>, and to preside over the <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Curiate_Assembly?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">comitia curiata</a></i>. Unless the king himself elected to lead the cavalry into battle, this responsibility fell to the tribune of the celeres. In theory he could deprive the king of his <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperium?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Imperium">imperium</a>, or authority to command, with the agreement of the <i>comitia curiata</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-dionysius_1-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-dionysius-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: ii. 13">: ii. 13 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DGRA_4-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-DGRA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In the reign of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Lucius Tarquinius Superbus">Lucius Tarquinius Superbus</a>, the last Roman king, this office was held by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Brutus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Lucius Junius Brutus">Lucius Junius Brutus</a>, the king's nephew, and thus the senior member of the king's household, after the king himself and his sons. It was Brutus who convened the <i>comitia</i> and asked that they revoke the king's imperium.<sup id="cite_ref-livy_5-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-livy-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: i. 59">: i. 59 </span></sup> After the fall of the monarchy, the powers of the tribune of the celeres were divided between the <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_dictator?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Roman dictator">Magister Militum</a></i>, or Master of the Infantry, also known as the <i>Praetor Maximus</i> or <i>dictator</i>, and his lieutenant, the <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Master_of_the_Horse?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Master of the Horse">magister equitum</a></i> or "Master of the Horse".</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Tribune_of_the_plebs"><span class="anchor" id="Tribune_of_the_plebeians"></span>Tribune of the plebs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Tribune&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Edit section: Tribune of the plebs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Tribune of the plebs">Tribune of the plebs</a> </div> <p>The <i>tribuni plebis</i>, known in English as <i>tribunes of the plebs, tribunes of the people,</i> or <i>plebeian tribunes,</i> were instituted in 494 BC, after the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_secessio_plebis?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="First secessio plebis">first secession of the plebs</a>, to protect the interests of the plebeians against the actions of the senate and the annual magistrates, who were uniformly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patrician</a>. The ancient sources indicate the tribunes may have originally been two or five in number. If the former, the college of tribunes was expanded to five in 470 BC. Either way, the college was increased to ten in 457 BC, and remained at this number throughout Roman history. They were assisted by two <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aedile?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Aedile">aediles plebis</a></i>, or plebeian aediles. Only plebeians were eligible for these offices, although at least two exceptions existed.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The tribunes of the plebs had the power to convene the <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebeian_Council?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">concilium plebis</a></i>, or plebeian assembly, and propose legislation before it. Only one of the tribunes could preside over this assembly, which had the power to pass laws affecting only the plebeians, known as <i>plebiscita</i>, or plebiscites. After 287 BC, the decrees of the <i>concilium plebis</i> had the effect of law over all Roman citizens. By the 3rd century BC, the tribunes could also convene and propose legislation before the senate.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD_7-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-OCD-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Although sometimes referred to as "plebeian magistrates," technically the tribunes of the plebs were not magistrates, having been elected by the plebeians alone, and not the whole Roman people. However, they were <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sacrosanct?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrosanct">sacrosanct</a>, and the whole body of the plebeians were pledged to protect the tribunes against any assault or interference with their persons during their terms of office. Anyone who violated the sacrosanctity of the tribunes might be killed without penalty.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD_7-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-OCD-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>This was also the source of the tribunes' power, known as <i>ius intercessionis,</i> or <i>intercessio,</i> by which any tribune could intercede on behalf of a Roman citizen to prohibit the act of a magistrate or other official. Citizens could appeal the decisions of the magistrates to the tribunes, who would then be obliged to determine the legality of the action before a magistrate could proceed. This power also allowed the tribunes to forbid, or <i>veto</i> any act of the senate or another assembly. Only a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_dictator?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Roman dictator">dictator</a> was exempt from these powers.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD_7-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-OCD-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The <i>tribunicia potestas</i>, or tribunician power, was limited because it was derived from the people's oath to defend the tribunes. This limited most of the tribunes' actions to the boundaries of the city itself, as well as a radius of one mile around. They had no power to affect the actions of provincial governors.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD_7-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-OCD-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The powers of the tribunes were severely curtailed during <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constitutional_reforms_of_Sulla?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Constitutional reforms of Sulla">the constitutional reforms</a> of the dictator <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sulla?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Sulla">Sulla</a> in 81 BC. Although many of these powers were restored in further reforms of 75 BC and 70 BC, the prestige and authority of the tribunes had been irreparably damaged. In 48 BC, the senate granted tribunician powers (<i>tribunicia potestas</i>, powers equivalent to those of a tribune without actually being one) to the dictator <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julius_Caesar?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>. Caesar used them to prevent the other tribunes interfering with his actions. In 23 BC, the senate granted the same power to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augustus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, the first <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_emperor?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a>, and from that point onwards it was regularly granted to each emperor as part of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_emperor?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#Titles" title="Roman emperor">their formal titles</a>. Under the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, the tribunes continued to be elected, but had lost their independence and most of their practical power. The office became merely a step in the political careers of plebeians who aspired toward a seat in the senate.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD_7-4" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-OCD-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Military_tribunes">Military tribunes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Tribune&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Edit section: Military tribunes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Military_tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Military tribune">Military tribune</a> </div> <p>The <i>tribuni militum,</i> known in English as <i>military tribunes</i> or literally, <i>tribunes of the soldiers</i>, were elected each year along with the annual magistrates. Their number varied throughout Roman history, but eventually reached twenty-four. These were usually young men in their late twenties, who aspired to a senatorial career. Each tribune would be assigned to command a portion of the Roman army, subordinate to the magistrates and promagistrates appointed by the senate, and their legates.</p> <p>Within each of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_legion?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Roman legion">legions</a>, various middle-ranking officers were also styled <i>tribune</i>. These officers included:</p> <ul> <li><i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribunus_laticlavius?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Tribunus laticlavius">Tribunus laticlavius</a></i>, a senatorial officer, second in command of a legion; identified by a broad stripe, or <i>laticlavus.</i></li> <li><i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribunus_angusticlavius?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Tribunus angusticlavius">Tribunus angusticlavius</a></i>, an officer chosen from among the equites, five to each legion; identified by a narrow stripe, or <i>angusticlavus</i>.</li> <li><i>Tribunus rufulus</i>, an officer chosen by the commander.</li> <li><i>Tribunus vacans</i>, an unassigned officer in the Late Roman army; a member of the general's staff.</li> <li><i>Tribunus cohortis</i>, an officer commanding a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cohort_(military_unit)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Cohort (military unit)">cohort</a>, part of a legion usually consisting of six <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Centuria?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Centuria">centuries</a>.</li> <li><i>Tribunus cohortis urbanae</i>, commander of one of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cohortes_urbanae?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Cohortes urbanae">urban cohorts</a>, a sort of military police unit stationed at Rome.</li> <li><i>Tribunus sexmestris</i>, a tribune serving a tour of duty of only six months; there is no evidence to identify this officer as a cavalry commander, as sometimes stated in modern literature.</li> </ul> <p>In the late Roman army, a <i>tribunus</i> was a senior officer, sometimes called a <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Comes?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Comes">comes</a></i>, who commanded a cavalry <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vexillatio?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Vexillatio">vexillatio</a>. As <i>tribounos</i>, the title survived in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_Roman_army?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="East Roman army">East Roman army</a> until the early 7th century.</p> <p>From the use of <i>tribunus</i> to describe various military officers is derived the word <i>tribunal</i>, originally referring to a raised platform used to address the soldiers or administer justice.</p> <p>Military tribunes are featured in notable works of historical fiction, including <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ben-Hur_(novel)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben-Hur (novel)">Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ</a></i>, by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lew_Wallace?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Lew Wallace">Lew Wallace</a>, and <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Robe?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="The Robe">The Robe</a></i> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lloyd_C._Douglas?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Lloyd C. Douglas">Lloyd C. Douglas</a>. Both novels involve characters affected by the life and death of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jesus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, and were turned into <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Epic_film?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Epic film">epic films</a> during the 1950s. Messala, the primary antagonist in <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ben-Hur_(1959_film)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Ben-Hur (1959 film)">Ben-Hur</a></i>, was played by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stephen_Boyd?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Stephen Boyd">Stephen Boyd</a>, while Marcellus Gallio, the protagonist of <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Robe_(film)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="The Robe (film)">The Robe</a></i>, was played by a young <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richard_Burton?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Richard Burton">Richard Burton</a>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Consular_tribunes">Consular tribunes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Tribune&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Edit section: Consular tribunes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Tribuni militum consulari potestate</a> </div> <p>In 445 BC, the tribunes of the plebs succeeded in passing the <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lex_Canuleia?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Lex Canuleia">lex Canuleia</a></i>, repealing the law forbidding the intermarriage of patricians and plebeians, and providing that one of the consuls might be a plebeian. Rather than permit the consular dignity to pass into the hands of a plebeian, the senate proposed a compromise whereby three military tribunes, who might be either patrician or plebeian, should be elected in place of the consuls. The first <i>tribuni militum consulare potestate</i>, or <i>military tribunes with consular power</i>, were elected for the year 444. Although plebeians were eligible for this office, each of the first "consular tribunes" was a patrician.<sup id="cite_ref-livy_5-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-livy-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: iv. 1–6">: iv. 1–6 </span></sup></p> <p>Military tribunes were elected in place of the consuls in half the years from 444 to 401 BC, and in each instance, all of the tribunes were patricians; nor did any plebeian succeed in obtaining the consulship. The number of tribunes increased to four beginning in 426, and six beginning in 405. At last, the plebeians elected four of their number military tribunes for the year 400; others were elected in 399, 396, 383, and 379. But apart from these years, no plebeian obtained the highest offices of the Roman State.</p> <p>The patricians' monopoly on power was finally broken by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaius_Licinius_Stolo?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Gaius Licinius Stolo">Gaius Licinius Calvus Stolo</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucius_Sextius?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Sextius">Lucius Sextius Lateranus</a>, tribunes of the people, who in 376 BC brought forward legislation demanding not merely that one of the consuls <i>might</i> be a plebeian, but that henceforth one <i>must</i> be chosen from their order. When the senate refused their demand, the tribunes prevented the election of annual magistrates for five years, before relenting and permitting the election of consular tribunes from 370 to 367. In the end, and with the encouragement of the dictator <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marcus_Furius_Camillus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Marcus Furius Camillus">Marcus Furius Camillus</a>, the senate conceded the battle, and passed the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lex_Licinia_Sextia?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Lex Licinia Sextia">Licinian Rogations</a>. Sextius was elected the first plebeian consul, followed by Licinius two years later; and with this settlement, the consular tribunes were abolished.<sup id="cite_ref-dionysius_1-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-dionysius-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: xiv. 12">: xiv. 12 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-livy_5-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-livy-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: vi. 35, 36, 38, 42, vii. 1, 2">: vi. 35, 36, 38, 42, vii. 1, 2 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Tribunes_of_the_treasury">Tribunes of the treasury</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Tribune&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Edit section: Tribunes of the treasury" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <p>The exact nature of the <i>Tribuni Aerarii</i>, or <i>Tribunes of the Treasury</i> is shrouded in mystery. Originally they seem to have been tax collectors, but this power was slowly lost to other officials. By the end of the Republic, this style belonged to a class of persons slightly below the equites in wealth. When the makeup of Roman juries was reformed in 70 BC, it was stipulated that one-third of the members of each jury should belong to this class.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Later_uses_of_the_title">Later uses of the title</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Tribune&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Edit section: Later uses of the title" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Post-Roman_Britain">Post-Roman Britain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Tribune&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Edit section: Post-Roman Britain" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In his <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vita_Germani?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Vita Germani">Vita Germani</a></i>, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hagiography?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Hagiography">hagiography</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanus_of_Auxerre?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Germanus of Auxerre">St. Germanus of Auxerre</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantius_of_Lyon?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Constantius of Lyon">Constantius of Lyon</a> writes that during his visit to Britain in AD 429, Germanus miraculously healed the blind daughter of "a man with tribunician power" (<i>vir tribunicae potestatis</i>). Being that the Roman Empire had withdrawn from Britain in AD 410, the use of this term may imply a continuation of some form of local Roman political system. There exists the possibility that this tribune had commanded a unit of the Roman army which had disbanded after the break with Rome, and was now occupying a more locally-granted appointment to help manage his city's defences.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Republic_of_Venice">Republic of Venice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Tribune&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Edit section: Republic of Venice" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In the early history of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republic_of_Venice?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>, during the tenure of the sixth <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doge_(title)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Doge (title)">Doge</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Domenico_Monegario?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Domenico Monegario">Domenico Monegario</a>, Venice instituted a dual Tribunal modeled on the above Roman institution - two new Tribunes being elected each year, with the intention to oversee the Doge and prevent abuse of power (though this aim was not always successfully achieved).</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="French_revolutionary_tribunat">French revolutionary <i>tribunat</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Tribune&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Edit section: French revolutionary tribunat" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribunat?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Tribunat">Tribunat</a> </div> <p>The "<b>Tribunat</b>", the French word for tribunate, derived from the Latin term <i>tribunatus</i>, meaning the office or term of a Roman <i>tribunus</i> (see above), was a collective organ of the young revolutionary French Republic composed of members styled <i>tribun</i> (the French for tribune), which, despite the apparent reference to one of ancient Rome's prestigious magistratures, never held any real political power as an assembly, its individual members no role at all.</p> <p>It was instituted by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Napoleon_I_Bonaparte?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I Bonaparte">Napoleon I Bonaparte</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_VIII?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Constitution of the Year VIII">Constitution of the Year VIII</a> "in order to moderate the other powers" by discussing every legislative project, sending its <i>orateurs</i> ("orators", i.e. spokesmen) to defend or attack them in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corps_l%C3%A9gislatif?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Corps législatif">Corps législatif</a>, and asking the Senate to overturn "the lists of eligibles, the acts of the Legislative Body and those of the government" on account of unconstitutionality. Its 100 members were designated by the Senate from the list of citizens from 25 years up, and annually one fifth was renewed for a five-year term.</p> <p>When it opposed the first parts of Bonaparte's proposed penal code, he made the Senate nominate 20 new members at once to replace the 20 first opponents to his politic; they accepted the historically important reform of penal law. As the Tribunate opposed new despotic projects, he got the Senate in year X to allow itself to dissolve the Tribunate. In XIII it was further downsized to 50 members. On August 16, 1807, it was abolished and never revived.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Tribune&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px 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Republic</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Roman_tribunes?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="List of Roman tribunes">List of Roman tribunes</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Tribune&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Tribune&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dionysius-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-dionysius_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-dionysius_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-dionysius_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-dionysius_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDionysius_of_Halicarnassus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a>. <i>Romaike Archaiologia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romaike+Archaiologia&rft.au=Dionysius+of+Halicarnassus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATribune" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digest_(Roman_law)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Digest (Roman law)">Digesta seu Pandectae</a></i>. Vol. i. tit. 2 s2 § 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digesta+seu+Pandectae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATribune" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFServius" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a>. <i>ad Virg. Aen</i>. Vol. 560.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ad+Virg.+Aen.&rft.au=Servius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATribune" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-DGRA-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-DGRA_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-DGRA_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">Smith, William</a> (ed.). <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Antiquities?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Antiquities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATribune" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-livy-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-livy_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-livy_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-livy_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTitus_Livius" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Livy?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Livy">Titus Livius</a>. <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita_(book)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Urbe Condita (book)">Ab Urbe Condita</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ab+Urbe+Condita&rft.au=Titus+Livius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATribune" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Livy?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita_libri_(Livy)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab urbe condita libri (Livy)">Ab urbe condita</a></i>, ii. 33, 58 (citing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucius_Calpurnius_Piso_Frugi_(consul_133_BC)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi (consul 133 BC)">Piso</a>, iii. 31)</span></li> <li id="cite_note-OCD-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-OCD_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-OCD_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-OCD_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-OCD_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-OCD_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Tribuni Plebis". <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_Classical_Dictionary?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Oxford Classical Dictionary">Oxford Classical Dictionary</a></i> (2nd ed.). 1970.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tribuni+Plebis&rft.btitle=Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATribune" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbott1901" class="citation book cs1">Abbott, Frank Frost (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://archive.org/details/ahistoryanddesc04abbogoog"><i>A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions</i></a>. Ginn & Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://archive.org/details/ahistoryanddesc04abbogoog/page/n208">196</a>, 261.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+and+Description+of+Roman+Political+Institutions&rft.pages=196%2C+261&rft.pub=Ginn+%26+Co.&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Abbott&rft.aufirst=Frank+Frost&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fahistoryanddesc04abbogoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATribune" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlutarchus" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plutarch?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Plutarch">Plutarchus</a>. "Life of Camillus". <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parallel_Lives?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Parallel Lives">Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Life+of+Camillus&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Noble+Greeks+and+Romans&rft.au=Plutarchus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATribune" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKessler" class="citation web cs1">Kessler, P. L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesBritain/RomanDeparture05.htm">"The End of Roman Britain Part 5"</a>. <i>The History Files</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+History+Files&rft.atitle=The+End+of+Roman+Britain+Part+5&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.aufirst=P.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyfiles.co.uk%2FFeaturesBritain%2FRomanDeparture05.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATribune" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribune?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://www.bartleby.com/lit-hub/lives-of-the-saints/volume-vii-july/st-germanus-bishop-of-auxerre-confessor">"St. Germanus, Bishop of Auxerre, Confessor"</a>. <i>Bartleby.com</i>. 2023-01-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bartleby.com&rft.atitle=St.+Germanus%2C+Bishop+of+Auxerre%2C+Confessor&rft.date=2023-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2Flit-hub%2Flives-of-the-saints%2Fvolume-vii-july%2Fst-germanus-bishop-of-auxerre-confessor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATribune" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Tribune&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Nouveau Larousse illustré</i> (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nouveau+Larousse+illustr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATribune" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackay" class="citation book cs1">Mackay, Christopher S. <i>Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History</i>. p. 135.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Rome%3A+A+Military+and+Political+History&rft.pages=135&rft.aulast=Mackay&rft.aufirst=Christopher+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATribune" class="Z3988"></span> for information on Tribunes of the Treasury</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Tribune&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://www.livius.org/to-ts/tribune/tribune.html">Livius.org: Tribune</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107104611/http://www.livius.org/to-ts/tribune/tribune.html">Archived</a> 2013-11-07 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tribune"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Britannica/Tribune">"Tribune" </a></span>. <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tribune&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATribune" class="Z3988"></span></li> </ul> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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<div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A3%25D8%25B7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8%25D9%2588%25D9%2586" title="أطربون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أطربون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D1%2580%25D1%258B%25D0%25B1%25D1%2583%25D0%25BD" title="Трыбун – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трыбун" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribun%25C3%25ADcia" title="Tribunícia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tribunícia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribun" title="Tribun – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tribun" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribun" title="Tribun – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tribun" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribuun" title="Tribuun – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tribuun" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A4%25CF%2581%25CE%25B9%25CE%25B2%25CE%25BF%25CF%258D%25CE%25BD%25CE%25BF%25CF%2582" title="Τριβούνος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τριβούνος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribuno" title="Tribuno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tribuno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunuso" title="Tribunuso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tribunuso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribuno" title="Tribuno – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tribuno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D8%25A8%25D9%2588%25D9%2586" title="تریبون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تریبون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribun" title="Tribun – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tribun" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25ED%258A%25B8%25EB%25A6%25AC%25EB%25B6%2580%25EB%2588%2584%25EC%258A%25A4" title="트리부누스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="트리부누스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribun" title="Tribun – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tribun" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunus" title="Tribunus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tribunus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribuno" title="Tribuno – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tribuno" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2598%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599%25D7%2591%25D7%2595%25D7%259F" title="טריבון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טריבון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2598" title="ტრიბუნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტრიბუნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trib%25C5%25ABnas" title="Tribūnas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tribūnas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunus" title="Tribunus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tribunus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribuun" title="Tribuun – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tribuun" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%2588%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%2596%25E3%2583%258C%25E3%2582%25B9" title="トリブヌス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トリブヌス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribun" title="Tribun – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tribun" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribun" title="Tribun – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tribun" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribuno" title="Tribuno – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tribuno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribun" title="Tribun – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tribun" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B1%25D1%2583%25D0%25BD" title="Трибун – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Трибун" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribun" title="Tribun – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tribun" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B1%25D1%2583%25D0%25BD" title="Трибун – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Трибун" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribun" title="Tribun – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tribun" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribuuni" title="Tribuuni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tribuuni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribun_(%25C3%25A4mbete)" title="Tribun (ämbete) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tribun (ämbete)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trib%25C3%25BCn" title="Tribün – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tribün" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B1%25D1%2583%25D0%25BD" title="Трибун – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Трибун" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A6%25DB%2595%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AA%25DB%2595%25D8%25A8%25DB%2587%25D9%2586" title="ئەرتەبۇن – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئەرتەبۇن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%25AD%25B7%25E6%25B0%2591%25E5%25AE%2598" title="護民官 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="護民官" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">This page was last edited on 12 November 2024, at 15:11<span 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