CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html class="client-nojs mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="ar" dir="rtl"> <head> <base href="https://ar.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>أطربون - ويكيبيديا</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )arwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[".\t,","٫\t٬"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["0\t1\t2\t3\t4\t5\t6\t7\t8\t9","٠\t١\t٢\t٣\t٤\t٥\t٦\t٧\t٨\t٩"],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","يناير","فبراير","مارس","أبريل","مايو","يونيو","يوليو","أغسطس","سبتمبر","أكتوبر","نوفمبر","ديسمبر"],"wgRequestId":"838f580d-177d-4d10-bde2-ec10f831a10a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"أطربون", "wgTitle":"أطربون","wgCurRevisionId":60671649,"wgRevisionId":60671649,"wgArticleId":805226,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"ar","wgPageContentLanguage":"ar","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"أطربون","wgRelevantArticleId":805226,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"accuracy":{"levels":2}}},"wgStableRevisionId":60671649,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"ar","pageLanguageDir":"rtl","pageVariantFallbacks":"ar"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{ "search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true,"wgMFScriptPath":"","wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":2000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"an","autonym":"aragonés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"arz","autonym":"مصرى","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ast","autonym":"asturianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym":"Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"az","autonym":"azərbaycanca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"azb","autonym":"تۆرکجه","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ba","autonym":"башҡортса","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym":"Boarisch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bcl","autonym":"Bikol Central","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bg","autonym":"български","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bn","autonym":"বাংলা","dir":"ltr" },{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"br","autonym":"brezhoneg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bs","autonym":"bosanski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym":"閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ce","autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ckb","autonym":"کوردی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cy","autonym":"Cymraeg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang": "dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"de","autonym":"Deutsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"diq","autonym":"Zazaki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frr","autonym":"Nordfriisk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fy","autonym":"Frysk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang": "gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gl","autonym":"galego","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ha","autonym":"Hausa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hi","autonym":"हिन्दी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr" },{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hu","autonym":"magyar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hy","autonym":"հայերեն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"io","autonym":"Ido","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"is","autonym":"íslenska","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jv","autonym":"Jawa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kk","autonym":"қазақша","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kn","autonym":"ಕನ್ನಡ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ku","autonym":"kurdî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ky","autonym":"кыргызча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lb","autonym":"Lëtzebuergesch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir" :"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"li","autonym":"Limburgs","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lmo","autonym":"lombard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lv","autonym":"latviešu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mg","autonym":"Malagasy","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mk","autonym":"македонски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ml","autonym":"മലയാളം","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mn","autonym": "монгол","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mr","autonym":"मराठी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"my","autonym":"မြန်မာဘာသာ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds","autonym":"Plattdüütsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ne","autonym":"नेपाली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym": "नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"oc","autonym":"occitan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pa","autonym":"ਪੰਜਾਬੀ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcd","autonym":"Picard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pl","autonym":"polski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pnb","autonym":"پنجابی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ps", "autonym":"پښتو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"qu","autonym":"Runa Simi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym":"русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym":"саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym":"sardu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"scn","autonym":"sicilianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sco","autonym":"Scots","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"si","autonym":"සිංහල","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sk","autonym":"slovenčina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sq","autonym":"shqip","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sw","autonym":"Kiswahili","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ta","autonym":"தமிழ்","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym": "ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"te","autonym":"తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tg","autonym":"тоҷикӣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"th","autonym":"ไทย","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tl","autonym":"Tagalog","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tt","autonym":"татарча / tatarça","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"ur","autonym":"اردو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"uz","autonym":"oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vi","autonym":"Tiếng Việt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"war","autonym":"Winaray","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wuu","autonym":"吴语","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xmf","autonym":"მარგალური","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym":"ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij", "lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"], "wgWikibaseItemId":"Q190401","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":true,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":false,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":false},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0],"wgSiteNoticeId":"2.73"};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.Font-Amiri":"ready","ext.gadget.palestineTheme":"ready","ext.gadget.HideExLinkIcon":"ready","ext.gadget.Urgent-fixes":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user" :"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","ext.flaggedRevs.basic":"ready","mediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready","ext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.flaggedRevs.advanced","ext.gadget.events-loader","ext.gadget.ArabicAds","ext.gadget.Defaulteditnotices","ext.gadget.NoRefCopy","ext.gadget.exlinks","ext.gadget.content-support-loader","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.TemplateParamWizard","ext.gadget.decodesummary","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin" ,"ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking","ext.dismissableSiteNotice"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ar&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles%7Cext.flaggedRevs.basic%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async src="/w/load.php?lang=ar&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ar&modules=ext.gadget.Font-Amiri%2CHideExLinkIcon%2CUrgent-fixes%2CpalestineTheme&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="أطربون - ويكيبيديا"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="عدل" href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="ويكيبيديا (ar)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//ar.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ar"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> <meta http-equiv="X-Translated-By" content="Google"> <meta http-equiv="X-Translated-To" content="ms"> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gstatic.com/_/translate_http/_/js/k=translate_http.tr.en_GB.omlEigW4xY8.O/am=DgY/d=1/rs=AN8SPfpjsL9kUWY0h-sp7Ilu7hZWGwEmeg/m=corsproxy" data-sourceurl="https://ar.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86"></script> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20..48,100..700,0..1,-50..200" rel="stylesheet"> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gstatic.com/_/translate_http/_/js/k=translate_http.tr.en_GB.omlEigW4xY8.O/am=DgY/d=1/exm=corsproxy/ed=1/rs=AN8SPfpjsL9kUWY0h-sp7Ilu7hZWGwEmeg/m=phishing_protection" data-phishing-protection-enabled="false" data-forms-warning-enabled="true" data-source-url="https://ar.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86"></script> <meta name="robots" content="none"> </head> <body class="mediawiki rtl sitedir-rtl mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-أطربون rootpage-أطربون stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gstatic.com/_/translate_http/_/js/k=translate_http.tr.en_GB.omlEigW4xY8.O/am=DgY/d=1/exm=corsproxy,phishing_protection/ed=1/rs=AN8SPfpjsL9kUWY0h-sp7Ilu7hZWGwEmeg/m=navigationui" data-environment="prod" data-proxy-url="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog" data-proxy-full-url="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" data-source-url="https://ar.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" data-source-language="en" data-target-language="ms" data-display-language="ms" data-detected-source-language="" data-is-source-untranslated="false" data-source-untranslated-url="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ar.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A3%25D8%25B7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8%25D9%2588%25D9%2586&anno=2" data-client="tr"></script> <div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"><a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"><input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--menu"></span> <span></span> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--home"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">الصفحة الرئيسة</span> </a></li> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%B9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--die"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">عشوائي</span> </a></li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--mapPin"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">بالقرب من هنا</span> </a></li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--login" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85&returnto=%D8%A3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--logIn"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">دخول</span> </a></li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84&returnto=%D8%A3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--settings"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">الإعدادات</span> </a></li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source%3Ddonate%26utm_medium%3Dsidebar%26utm_campaign%3DC13_ar.wikipedia.org%26uselang%3Dar%26wmf_key%3Dminerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--heart"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">تبرع</span> </a></li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%B9%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" data-mw="interface"> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">حول ويكيبيديا</span> </a></li> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%A5%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A4%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" data-mw="interface"> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">إخلاء مسؤولية</span> </a></li> </ul> </div><label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms"> <span><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ar.svg" alt="ويكيبيديا" width="112" height="39" style="width: 7em; height: 2.4375em;"> </span> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"><input type="hidden" name="title" value="خاص:بحث"> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="ابحث في ويكيبيديا" aria-label="ابحث في ويكيبيديا" autocapitalize="sentences" title="ابحث في ويكيبيديا [f]" accesskey="f"> <span class="search-box-icon-overlay"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> </span> </div><button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> <span>بحث</span> </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="تصفح المستخدم"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"> <div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div> <script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"anonnotice\" lang=\"ar\" dir=\"rtl\"\u003E\u003Ctable style=\"border: 1px solid #a40007; padding: 10px; width:100%; background-image: linear-gradient(#000000,#000000)\"\u003E\n\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\n\u003Ctd style=\"width:10%\"\u003E\u003Cspan typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Arabic_Wikipedia_Logo_Gaza_(3).svg\" class=\"mw-file-description\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Arabic_Wikipedia_Logo_Gaza_%283%29.svg/70px-Arabic_Wikipedia_Logo_Gaza_%283%29.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"70\" height=\"99\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Arabic_Wikipedia_Logo_Gaza_%283%29.svg/105px-Arabic_Wikipedia_Logo_Gaza_%283%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Arabic_Wikipedia_Logo_Gaza_%283%29.svg/140px-Arabic_Wikipedia_Logo_Gaza_%283%29.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"241\" data-file-height=\"342\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\n\u003C/td\u003E\n\u003Ctd style=\"width:80%; text-align:center ; color:white\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size:100%\"\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%82%D9%81%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85\" title=\"ويكيبيديا:أوقفوا الحرب وانشروا السلام\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color:white\"\u003Eتضامنًا\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/a\u003E مع حق الشعب \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86\" title=\"فلسطين\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color:white\"\u003Eالفلسطيني\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003Eلا \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_2023\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"الحرب الفلسطينية الإسرائيلية 2023\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color:red\"\u003Eللإبادة الجماعية في غزة\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E .... \u003Cb\u003Eلا \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81:%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AD_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_2023\" title=\"تصنيف:مذابح خلال الحرب الفلسطينية الإسرائيلية 2023\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color:red\"\u003Eلقتل المدنيين\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E \n\u003Cb\u003Eلا \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A\" title=\"مجزرة مستشفى المعمداني\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color:red\"\u003Eلاستهداف المستشفيات والمدارس\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E .... \u003Cb\u003Eلا \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%89#الدعاية_الإسرائيلية\" title=\"عملية طوفان الأقصى\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color:red\"\u003Eللتضليل والكيل بمكيالين\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E\u003Cbr /\u003E\n\u003Cb\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D9%88%D9%82%D9%81_%D8%A5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9_2023\" class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"وقف إطلاق النار في غزة 2023\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color:white\"\u003Eأوقفوا الحرب\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/a\u003E .... وانشروا السلام العادل والشامل\u003C/b\u003E\n\u003C/p\u003E\n\n\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/td\u003E\u003C/tr\u003E\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script> </div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">أطربون</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="اللغة" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>اللغة</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85&returnto=%D8%A3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>راقب</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%A3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدّل</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-rtl mw-parser-output" lang="ar" dir="rtl"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p><b>الأطربون</b><sup id="cite_ref-nb_1-0" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-nb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> قائد من قادة <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85_(%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%AD)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-disambig" title="روم (توضيح)">الروم</a>. معناه في الأصل <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-redirect" title="قاضي">القاضي</a>، وقد يسمى نائبا لأنه كان ينتخب. وفيه مناصب منها: <span style="font-variant:small-caps;"> </span></p> <ul> <li>tribunus·plebis قاض وحاكم شرعي مختار.</li> <li>tribunus·militum ضابط عسكري مقدم، وموظف دولة.</li> <li>tribunus·aerarii خادم مدني ومدير خزينة الدولة؛ قابض <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="ضريبة">الجزية</a>.</li> <li>tribunus·numeri قائد فرقة من مئتي جندي إلى أربعمئة تدعى <i>العدد</i> numerus.</li> </ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="أرطبون"><span id=".D8.A3.D8.B1.D8.B7.D8.A8.D9.88.D9.86"></span>أرطبون</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%A3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="عدل القسم: أرطبون" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p><b>الأرطبون</b> اسم <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8_(%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%AD)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-disambig" title="مقلوب (توضيح)">مقلوب</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> عن الأطربون سمت به العرب قائدًا <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85_(%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%AD)?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-disambig" title="روم (توضيح)">روميًا</a> على وجه الاختصاص، قيل له « أرتيون <i>»</i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Aretion).</p> <p>وقد لقب <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A8?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="عمر بن الخطاب">عمر بن الخطاب</a> الصحابي <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="عمرو بن العاص">عمرو بن العاص</a> بِأرطبون <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="عرب">العرب</a> لِشدة دهائِه وعبقريته. وقد كان <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A8?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="عمر بن الخطاب">الفاروق عمر بن الخطاب</a> إذا ذُكر أمامه حصار القدس (<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="القدس">بيت المقدس</a>) وما أبدى فيه <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="عمرو بن العاص">عمرو بن العاص</a> من براعة يقول : « لقد رمينا أرطبون الروم بأرطبون العرب ».</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="انظر_أيضاً"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.86.D8.B8.D8.B1_.D8.A3.D9.8A.D8.B6.D8.A7.D9.8B"></span>انظر أيضاً</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%A3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="عدل القسم: انظر أيضاً" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <ul> <li><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="قبقلار">قبقلار</a></li> <li><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="فيقار">فيقار</a></li> <li><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="درنجار">درنجار</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="حواش"><span id=".D8.AD.D9.88.D8.A7.D8.B4"></span>حواش</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%A3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="عدل القسم: حواش" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r64185426">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal;overflow-y:auto;max-height:300px}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}@media print{.mw-parser-output .reflist{overflow-y:visible!important;max-height:none!important}}</style> <div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64185426"> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nb-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-nb_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">tribūnus</span>‏ <span title="بالألفبائية الصوتية الدولية" class="IPA">‎<span dir="ltr">['trɪβuːnʊs]</span>‏</span> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="اللغة اللاتينية">بالرومية</a>، τριβούνος‏ <span title="بالألفبائية الصوتية الدولية" class="IPA">‎<span dir="ltr">[trˈiβu(o)nos]</span>‏</span> باليونانية البيزنطية.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moshe Gil. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DtSM4AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA41">A history of Palestine, 634-1099, Volume 1</a></i>، صفحة. 41, في <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%84?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="كتب جوجل">كتب جوجل</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2588%25D9%258A%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585_%25D9%2585%25D9%2588%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1" class="extiw" title="en:ويليام موير">William Muir</a>. <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/wikisource:The_Caliphate:_Its_Rise,_Decline_and_Fall/CHAPTER_XVIII" class="extiw" title="en:wikisource:The Caliphate: Its Rise, Decline and Fall/CHAPTER XVIII">en:wikisource:The Caliphate: Its Rise, Decline and Fall/CHAPTER XVIII</a> </span></li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r64177691">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r68124052">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:right;border-right-width:2px;border-right-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:right;text-align:right;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r68268331">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:20ch;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid #aaa 1px;padding:0.1em;background:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}.mw-parser-output #bandeau-portail{clear:both;line-height:1.9em;padding:3px;margin:2px 0;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output #liste-portail{padding:3px;text-align:center;margin-right:0;clear:both}.mw-parser-output #liste-portail li,.mw-parser-output #bandeau-portail li{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .bandeau-portail-element{white-space:nowrap;margin:auto 1.5em}.mw-parser-output .bandeau-portail-icone{margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .bandeau-portail-texte>a:nth-child(1){font-weight:700}.mw-parser-output .ns-14 #bandeau-portail{width:242px;float:left;font-size:96%;text-align:right;margin:0;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .ns-14 #bandeau-portail li{margin-right:-17px}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .portalbox{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .pane{background:transparent}}</style> <ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint bandeau-portail" id="bandeau-portail"> <li class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:P_Roman_empire.png?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/P_Roman_empire.png/31px-P_Roman_empire.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="269"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 31px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/P_Roman_empire.png/31px-P_Roman_empire.png" data-width="31" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/P_Roman_empire.png/47px-P_Roman_empire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/P_Roman_empire.png/63px-P_Roman_empire.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span><span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="بوابة:روما القديمة">بوابة روما القديمة</a></span></li> </ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r64185208">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden;background-color:#f9f9f9;border:solid 1px #C0C0C0}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}</style> <div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"> <table role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr class="noresize"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Abjad.svg?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="أيقونة بذرة" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Abjad.svg/24px-Abjad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="366"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Abjad.svg/24px-Abjad.svg.png" data-alt="أيقونة بذرة" data-width="24" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Abjad.svg/35px-Abjad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Abjad.svg/47px-Abjad.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></td> <td><p class="asbox-body">هذه <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%A8%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="ويكيبيديا:بذرة">بذرة</a> مقالة عن تعريف الكلمات والاصطلاحات العربية وإيضاحها بحاجة للتوسيع. فضلًا <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3D%25D8%25A3%25D8%25B7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%26action%3Dedit">شارك</a> في تحريرها.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r64185208"> <div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"> <table role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr class="noresize"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Rank-stub.svg?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="أيقونة بذرة" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Rank-stub.svg/20px-Rank-stub.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Rank-stub.svg/20px-Rank-stub.svg.png" data-alt="أيقونة بذرة" data-width="20" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Rank-stub.svg/30px-Rank-stub.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Rank-stub.svg/40px-Rank-stub.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></td> <td><p class="asbox-body">هذه <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%A8%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="ويكيبيديا:بذرة">بذرة</a> مقالة عن <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms" title="رتبة عسكرية">رتبة عسكرية</a> بحاجة للتوسيع. فضلًا <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3D%25D8%25A3%25D8%25B7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%26action%3Dedit">شارك</a> في تحريرها.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> مجلوبة من «<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3D%D8%A3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%26oldid%3D60671649">https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=أطربون&oldid=60671649</a>» </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%A3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86&action=history&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="2Amar0" data-user-gender="male" data-timestamp="1674022813"> <span>آخر تعديل بتاريخ 18 يناير 2023، في 06:20</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>اللغات</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D1%2580%25D1%258B%25D0%25B1%25D1%2583%25D0%25BD" title="Трыбун – البيلاروسية" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трыбун" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="البيلاروسية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribun%25C3%25ADcia" title="Tribunícia – الكتالانية" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tribunícia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="الكتالانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribun" title="Tribun – التشيكية" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tribun" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="التشيكية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribun" title="Tribun – الدانمركية" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tribun" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="الدانمركية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A4%25CF%2581%25CE%25B9%25CE%25B2%25CE%25BF%25CF%258D%25CE%25BD%25CE%25BF%25CF%2582" title="Τριβούνος – اليونانية" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τριβούνος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="اليونانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune – الإنجليزية" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Tribune" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="الإنجليزية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunuso" title="Tribunuso – الإسبرانتو" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tribunuso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="الإسبرانتو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribuno" title="Tribuno – الإسبانية" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tribuno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="الإسبانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribuun" title="Tribuun – الإستونية" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tribuun" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="الإستونية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribuno" title="Tribuno – الباسكية" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tribuno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="الباسكية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D8%25A8%25D9%2588%25D9%2586" title="تریبون – الفارسية" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تریبون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="الفارسية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribuuni" title="Tribuuni – الفنلندية" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tribuuni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="الفنلندية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribun" title="Tribun – الفرنسية" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tribun" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="الفرنسية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2598%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599%25D7%2591%25D7%2595%25D7%259F" title="טריבון – العبرية" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טריבון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="العبرية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribun" title="Tribun – الكرواتية" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tribun" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="الكرواتية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunus" title="Tribunus – الإندونيسية" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tribunus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="الإندونيسية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribuno" title="Tribuno – الإيطالية" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tribuno" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="الإيطالية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%2588%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2583%2596%25E3%2583%258C%25E3%2582%25B9" title="トリブヌス – اليابانية" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トリブヌス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="اليابانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2598" title="ტრიბუნი – الجورجية" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტრიბუნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="الجورجية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25ED%258A%25B8%25EB%25A6%25AC%25EB%25B6%2580%25EB%2588%2584%25EC%258A%25A4" title="트리부누스 – الكورية" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="트리부누스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="الكورية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trib%25C5%25ABnas" title="Tribūnas – الليتوانية" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tribūnas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="الليتوانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunus" title="Tribunus – الماليزية" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tribunus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="الماليزية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribuun" title="Tribuun – الهولندية" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tribuun" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="الهولندية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribun" title="Tribun – النرويجية نينورسك" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tribun" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="النرويجية نينورسك" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribun" title="Tribun – النرويجية بوكمال" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tribun" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="النرويجية بوكمال" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribuno" title="Tribuno – البرتغالية" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tribuno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="البرتغالية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribun" title="Tribun – الرومانية" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tribun" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="الرومانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B1%25D1%2583%25D0%25BD" title="Трибун – الروسية" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Трибун" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="الروسية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribun" title="Tribun – صربية-كرواتية" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tribun" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="صربية-كرواتية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribun" title="Tribun – السلوفانية" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tribun" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="السلوفانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B1%25D1%2583%25D0%25BD" title="Трибун – الصربية" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Трибун" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="الصربية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribun_(%25C3%25A4mbete)" title="Tribun (ämbete) – السويدية" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tribun (ämbete)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="السويدية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trib%25C3%25BCn" title="Tribün – التركية" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tribün" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="التركية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A6%25DB%2595%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AA%25DB%2595%25D8%25A8%25DB%2587%25D9%2586" title="ئەرتەبۇن – الأويغورية" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئەرتەبۇن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="الأويغورية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B1%25D1%2583%25D0%25BD" title="Трибун – الأوكرانية" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Трибун" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="الأوكرانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%25AD%25B7%25E6%25B0%2591%25E5%25AE%2598" title="護民官 – الصينية" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="護民官" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="الصينية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ar.svg" alt="ويكيبيديا" width="112" height="39" style="width: 7em; height: 2.4375em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">آخر تعديل لهذه الصفحة كان يوم 18 يناير 2023، الساعة 06:20.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">المحتوى متاح وفق <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ar">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> ما لم يرد خلاف ذلك.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy/ar">سياسة الخصوصية</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%B9%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms">حول ويكيبيديا</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%A5%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A4%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=ms">إخلاء مسؤولية</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">القواعد السلوكية</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://developer.wikimedia.org">المطورون</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://stats.wikimedia.org/%23/ar.wikipedia.org">إحصائيات</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">بيان تعريف الارتباطات</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">شروط الاستخدام</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=en&tl=ms&hl=ms&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3D%25D8%25A3%25D8%25B7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%26mobileaction%3Dtoggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">سطح المكتب</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7fc47fc68d-k5p7c","wgBackendResponseTime":168,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.222","walltime":"0.331","ppvisitednodes":{"value":541,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":46964,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1098,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":8,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":12382,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 266.630 1 -total"," 44.55% 118.790 3 قالب:شريط"," 43.65% 116.384 1 قالب:مواضيع_روما_القديمة"," 30.73% 81.939 1 قالب:شريط_بوابات"," 14.48% 38.614 2 قالب:مراجع"," 7.68% 20.468 1 قالب:بذرة_اصطلاح_عربي"," 6.96% 18.546 2 قالب:صندوق_رسالة_بذرة"," 1.60% 4.271 1 قالب:بذرة_رتب_عسكرية"," 1.17% 3.131 2 قالب:Smallcaps"," 1.15% 3.073 2 قالب:رئيسي_آخر"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.130","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1841975,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-559c9fd9f4-8w596","timestamp":"20241126130929","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646","url":"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q190401","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q190401","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2010-01-30T15:00:07Z"}</script> <script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> <script>function gtElInit() {var lib = new google.translate.TranslateService();lib.translatePage('en', 'ms', function () {});}</script> <script src="https://translate.google.com/translate_a/element.js?cb=gtElInit&hl=ms&client=wt" type="text/javascript"></script> </body> </html>