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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cell_injury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Cell injury</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cell_injury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EC%83%81_(%EB%AA%B8)" title="부상 (몸) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="부상 (몸)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D6%84" title="Վնասվածք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վնասվածք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4" title="क्षत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्षत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verletzung" title="Verletzung – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Verletzung" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="പരിക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പരിക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarohatlanish" title="Jarohatlanish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jarohatlanish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wound caused by an external source</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about damage to organisms. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Injury_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Injury (disambiguation)">Injury (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crabeater_Seal_Injured_by_Predator.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Crabeater_Seal_Injured_by_Predator.JPG/220px-Crabeater_Seal_Injured_by_Predator.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Crabeater_Seal_Injured_by_Predator.JPG/330px-Crabeater_Seal_Injured_by_Predator.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Crabeater_Seal_Injured_by_Predator.JPG/440px-Crabeater_Seal_Injured_by_Predator.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Crabeater_seal" title="Crabeater seal">crabeater seal</a> injured by a <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predator</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Injury</b> is physiological damage to the living tissue of any organism, whether <a href="/wiki/Injury_in_humans" title="Injury in humans">in humans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Injury_in_animals" title="Injury in animals">in other animals</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Injury_in_plants" title="Injury in plants">in plants</a>. </p><p>Injuries can be caused in many ways, including mechanically with <a href="/wiki/Penetrating_trauma" title="Penetrating trauma">penetration by sharp objects</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Tooth" title="Tooth">teeth</a> or <a href="/wiki/Blunt_trauma" title="Blunt trauma">with blunt objects</a>, by heat or cold, or by <a href="/wiki/Venom" title="Venom">venoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Biotoxin">biotoxins</a>. Injury prompts an <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammatory response</a> in many <a href="/wiki/Taxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxa">taxa</a> of animals; this prompts <a href="/wiki/Wound_healing" title="Wound healing">wound healing</a>. In both plants and animals, substances are often released to help to occlude the wound, limiting loss of fluids and the entry of <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> such as bacteria. Many organisms secrete <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial" title="Antimicrobial">antimicrobial</a> chemicals which limit wound infection; in addition, animals have a variety of <a href="/wiki/Immune_response" title="Immune response">immune responses</a> for the same purpose. Both plants and animals have regrowth mechanisms which may result in complete or partial healing over the injury. Cells too can <a href="/wiki/Cell_damage" title="Cell damage">repair damage</a> to a certain degree. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomic_range">Taxonomic range</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injury&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomic range"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animals">Animals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injury&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zauneidechse_1469.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Zauneidechse_1469.jpg/220px-Zauneidechse_1469.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Zauneidechse_1469.jpg/330px-Zauneidechse_1469.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Zauneidechse_1469.jpg/440px-Zauneidechse_1469.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4035" data-file-height="2098" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Sand_lizard" title="Sand lizard">sand lizard</a> that has <a href="/wiki/Autotomy" title="Autotomy">shed its tail</a> when attacked by a <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predator</a>, and has started to regrow a tail from the site of the injury</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Injury_in_animals" title="Injury in animals">Injury in animals</a></div> <p>Injury in animals is sometimes defined as mechanical damage to anatomical structure,<sup id="cite_ref-Rennolds_Bely_2022_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rennolds_Bely_2022-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it has a wider connotation of physical damage with any cause, including <a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">drowning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burn" title="Burn">burns</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Poisoning" title="Poisoning">poisoning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-De_Ramirez_Hyder_Herbert_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Ramirez_Hyder_Herbert-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such damage may result from attempted <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predation</a>, territorial fights, falls, and abiotic factors.<sup id="cite_ref-De_Ramirez_Hyder_Herbert_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Ramirez_Hyder_Herbert-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Injury prompts an <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammatory response</a> in animals of many different <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phyla</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Sparks_1972_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sparks_1972-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this prompts <a href="/wiki/Coagulation" title="Coagulation">coagulation</a> of the blood or body fluid,<sup id="cite_ref-Cerenius_Söderhäll_2010_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cerenius_Söderhäll_2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by <a href="/wiki/Wound_healing" title="Wound healing">wound healing</a>, which may be rapid, as in the <a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">cnidaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sparks_1972_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sparks_1972-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropods</a> are able to repair injuries to the <a href="/wiki/Arthropod_cuticle" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropod cuticle">cuticle</a> that forms their <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">exoskeleton</a> to some extent.<sup id="cite_ref-Parle_Dirks_Taylor_2016_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parle_Dirks_Taylor_2016-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Animals in several phyla, including <a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">annelids</a>, arthropods, cnidaria, <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">molluscs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> are able to produce <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_peptides" title="Antimicrobial peptides">antimicrobial peptides</a> to fight off infection following an injury.<sup id="cite_ref-Rennolds_Bely_2022_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rennolds_Bely_2022-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Humans">Humans</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injury&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Injury_in_humans" title="Injury in humans">Injury in humans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_041117-M-0000G-004_U.S._Navy_Surgeons_and_Hospital_Corpsman,_assigned_to_the_Surgical-Shock_Trauma_Platoon_(SSTP)_at_Camp_Taqaddum,_Iraq,_operate_on_a_Marine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/US_Navy_041117-M-0000G-004_U.S._Navy_Surgeons_and_Hospital_Corpsman%2C_assigned_to_the_Surgical-Shock_Trauma_Platoon_%28SSTP%29_at_Camp_Taqaddum%2C_Iraq%2C_operate_on_a_Marine.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/US_Navy_041117-M-0000G-004_U.S._Navy_Surgeons_and_Hospital_Corpsman%2C_assigned_to_the_Surgical-Shock_Trauma_Platoon_%28SSTP%29_at_Camp_Taqaddum%2C_Iraq%2C_operate_on_a_Marine.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/US_Navy_041117-M-0000G-004_U.S._Navy_Surgeons_and_Hospital_Corpsman%2C_assigned_to_the_Surgical-Shock_Trauma_Platoon_%28SSTP%29_at_Camp_Taqaddum%2C_Iraq%2C_operate_on_a_Marine.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Injuries to humans elicit an elaborate response including <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">emergency medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trauma_surgery" title="Trauma surgery">trauma surgery</a> (illustrated), and <a href="/wiki/Pain_management" title="Pain management">pain management</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Injury in humans has been studied extensively for its importance in <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>. Much of medical practice, including <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">emergency medicine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pain_management" title="Pain management">pain management</a>, is dedicated to the treatment of injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> has developed a <a href="/wiki/International_Classification_of_External_Causes_of_Injury" class="mw-redirect" title="International Classification of External Causes of Injury">classification of injuries in humans</a> by categories including mechanism, objects/substances producing injury, place of occurrence, activity when injured and the role of human intent.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to physical harm, injuries can cause psychological harm, including <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plants">Plants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injury&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oak_tree_struck_by_lightning_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4084083.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Oak_tree_struck_by_lightning_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4084083.jpg/220px-Oak_tree_struck_by_lightning_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4084083.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Oak_tree_struck_by_lightning_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4084083.jpg/330px-Oak_tree_struck_by_lightning_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4084083.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Oak_tree_struck_by_lightning_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4084083.jpg/440px-Oak_tree_struck_by_lightning_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4084083.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Oak tree split by <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a>, an abiotic cause of injury.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Injury_in_plants" title="Injury in plants">Injury in plants</a></div> <p>In plants, injuries result from the eating of plant parts by <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivorous</a> animals including insects and <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Tarr_1972_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tarr_1972-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from damage to tissues by <a href="/wiki/Plant_pathology" title="Plant pathology">plant pathogens</a> such as bacteria and <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a>, which may gain entry after herbivore damage or in other ways,<sup id="cite_ref-Cappelli_Koricheva_2021_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cappelli_Koricheva_2021-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from abiotic factors such as heat,<sup id="cite_ref-Smillie_Nott_1979_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smillie_Nott_1979-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> freezing,<sup id="cite_ref-Burke_Gusta_Quamme_Weiser_1976_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burke_Gusta_Quamme_Weiser_1976-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> flooding,<sup id="cite_ref-Kramer_1951_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kramer_1951-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lightning,<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_2008_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson_2008-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and pollutants<sup id="cite_ref-Heath_1980_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heath_1980-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as ozone.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plants respond to injury by signalling that damage has occurred,<sup id="cite_ref-Turlings_Tumlinson_1992_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turlings_Tumlinson_1992-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by secreting materials to seal off the damaged area,<sup id="cite_ref-Sun_Rost_Matthews_2008_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sun_Rost_Matthews_2008-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by producing <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial" title="Antimicrobial">antimicrobial</a> chemicals,<sup id="cite_ref-Shigo_1985a_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shigo_1985a-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-González-Lamothe_Mitchell_Gattuso_Diarra_2009_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-González-Lamothe_Mitchell_Gattuso_Diarra_2009-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in woody plants by regrowing over wounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Shigo_1985b_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shigo_1985b-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cell_injury">Cell injury</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injury&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cell injury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cell_damage" title="Cell damage">Cell damage</a></div><p> Cell injury is a variety of changes of stress that a <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cell</a> suffers due to external as well as internal environmental changes. Amongst other causes, this can be due to physical, chemical, infectious, biological, nutritional or immunological factors. Cell damage can be reversible or irreversible. Depending on the extent of injury, the cellular response may be adaptive and where possible, <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a> is restored.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolf_2011_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolf_2011-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cell death occurs when the severity of the injury exceeds the cell's ability to repair itself.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cell death is relative to both the length of exposure to a harmful stimulus and the severity of the damage caused.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolf_2011_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolf_2011-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Injury&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Rennolds_Bely_2022-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rennolds_Bely_2022_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rennolds_Bely_2022_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRennoldsBely2022" class="citation journal cs1">Rennolds, Corey W.; Bely, Alexandra E. (29 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10087827">"Integrative biology of injury in animals"</a>. <i>Biological Reviews</i>. <b>98</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">34–</span>62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fbrv.12894">10.1111/brv.12894</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1464-7931">1464-7931</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10087827">10087827</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36176189">36176189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Reviews&rft.atitle=Integrative+biology+of+injury+in+animals&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=2022-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10087827%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1464-7931&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36176189&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fbrv.12894&rft.aulast=Rennolds&rft.aufirst=Corey+W.&rft.au=Bely%2C+Alexandra+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10087827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInjury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-De_Ramirez_Hyder_Herbert-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-De_Ramirez_Hyder_Herbert_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-De_Ramirez_Hyder_Herbert_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_RamirezHyderHerbertStevens2012" class="citation journal cs1">de Ramirez, Sarah Stewart; 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