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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IMAX_Corporation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IMAX_Corporation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 IMAX Corporation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IMAX_Corporation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_projection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_projection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Digital projection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_projection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Technical aspects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technical_aspects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Technical aspects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Technical_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Camera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Camera </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Camera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film_cameras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_cameras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Film cameras </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_cameras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phantom_65_IMAX_3D_digital_camera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phantom_65_IMAX_3D_digital_camera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Phantom 65 IMAX 3D digital camera </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phantom_65_IMAX_3D_digital_camera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ARRI_Alexa_IMAX_digital_camera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ARRI_Alexa_IMAX_digital_camera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 ARRI Alexa IMAX digital camera </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ARRI_Alexa_IMAX_digital_camera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IMAX_certified_cameras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IMAX_certified_cameras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 IMAX certified cameras </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IMAX_certified_cameras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_stock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_stock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Film stock </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_stock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soundtrack_–_double-system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soundtrack_–_double-system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Soundtrack – double-system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soundtrack_–_double-system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Projectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Projectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Projectors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Projectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_projection_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_projection_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Digital projection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_projection_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laser_projection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laser_projection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Laser projection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laser_projection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Theatres </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Variations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Variations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Variations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dome_and_Omnimax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dome_and_Omnimax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Dome and Omnimax </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dome_and_Omnimax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-3D" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#3D"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 3D </div> </a> <ul id="toc-3D-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 HD </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Digital </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IMAXShift" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IMAXShift"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 IMAXShift </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IMAXShift-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virtual_reality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virtual_reality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Virtual reality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virtual_reality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Films </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Films-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Films subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Entertainment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_Hollywood_productions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_Hollywood_productions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Use in Hollywood productions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_Hollywood_productions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DMR_(Digital_Media_Remastering)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DMR_(Digital_Media_Remastering)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 DMR (Digital Media Remastering) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DMR_(Digital_Media_Remastering)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feature_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feature_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Feature films </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feature_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_space_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_space_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 In space exploration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_space_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Other uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_specifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_specifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Technical specifications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technical_specifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competitors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competitors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Competitors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competitors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">IMAX</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" > 52 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="IMAX" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3" title="آيماكس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آيماكس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="IMAX" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="আইম্যাক্স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আইম্যাক্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="IMAX" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="IMAX" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="IMAX" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="IMAX" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="IMAX" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="IMAX" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="IMAX" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="IMAX" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="آی‌مکس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آی‌مکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="IMAX" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="IMAX" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="IMAX" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="आईमैक्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आईमैक्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="IMAX" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="IMAX" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="IMAX" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="IMAX" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="IMAX" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="IMAX" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="IMAX" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="IMAX" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="IMAX" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC" title="ഐമാക്സ് തീയേറ്റർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഐമാക്സ് തീയേറ്റർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="आयमॅक्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आयमॅक्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="IMAX" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="IMAX" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="IMAX" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="IMAX" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="IMAX" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="IMAX" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="IMAX" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="IMAX" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="IMAX" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="IMAX" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="IMAX" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="IMAX" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX" title="IMAX – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="IMAX" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the IMAX motion picture film format. For the company responsible for this format, see <a href="/wiki/IMAX_Corporation" title="IMAX Corporation">IMAX Corporation</a>. For the car known as the Hyundai iMax in some markets, see <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Starex" title="Hyundai Starex">Hyundai Starex</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/IMac" title="IMac">iMac</a>, <a href="/wiki/I%27MAX" title="I'MAX">I'MAX</a>, or <a href="/wiki/INAX" title="INAX">INAX</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title fn" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">IMAX</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:IMAX_blue_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/IMAX_blue_logo.svg/220px-IMAX_blue_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/IMAX_blue_logo.svg/330px-IMAX_blue_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/IMAX_blue_logo.svg/440px-IMAX_blue_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="95" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;">Film format</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;">Inception</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;">1970</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data brand" style="line-height: 1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/IMAX_Corporation" title="IMAX Corporation">IMAX Corporation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 0.5em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data url" style="line-height: 1.35em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imax.com">imax.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table> IMAX is a proprietary system of <a href="/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">high-resolution cameras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">film formats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film_projector" class="mw-redirect" title="Film projector">film projectors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Movie_theater" title="Movie theater">theaters</a> known for having very large screens with a tall <a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(image)" title="Aspect ratio (image)">aspect ratio</a> (approximately either <a href="/wiki/List_of_motion_picture_film_formats#Film_formats" title="List of motion picture film formats">1.43:1 or 1.90:1</a>) and steep <a href="/wiki/Stadium_seating" title="Stadium seating">stadium seating</a>, with the 1.43:1 ratio format being available only in few selected locations.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Graeme_Ferguson_(filmmaker)" title="Graeme Ferguson (filmmaker)">Graeme Ferguson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Kroitor" title="Roman Kroitor">Roman Kroitor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kerr_(Canadian_politician)" title="Robert Kerr (Canadian politician)">Robert Kerr</a>, and William C. Shaw were the co-founders of what would be named the <a href="/wiki/IMAX_Corporation" title="IMAX Corporation">IMAX Corporation</a> (founded in September 1967 as Multiscreen Corporation, Ltd.), and they developed the first IMAX cinema projection standards in the late 1960s and early 1970s in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> IMAX GT is the premium large format. The digital format uses dual laser projectors, which can show 1.43 digital content when combined with a 1.43 screen. The film format uses very large screens of 18 by 24 metres (59 by 79 feet) and, unlike most conventional film projectors, the film runs horizontally so that the image width can be greater than the width of the <a href="/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">film stock</a>. It is called the <a href="/wiki/70mm#IMAX" class="mw-redirect" title="70mm">15/70 format</a>. They can be purpose-built theaters and <a href="/wiki/Fulldome" title="Fulldome">dome theaters</a>, and many installations of this type limit themselves to a projection of high quality, short documentaries. The dedicated buildings and projectors required high construction and maintenance costs, necessitating several compromises in the following years. To reduce costs, the IMAX SR and MPX systems were introduced in 1998 and 2004, respectively, to make IMAX available to <a href="/wiki/Multiplex_(movie_theater)" title="Multiplex (movie theater)">multiplex</a> and existing theaters. The SR system featured slightly smaller screens than GT theatres, though still in purpose-built auditoriums with a 1.43:1 aspect ratio. The MPX projectors were solely used to retrofit existing multiplex auditoriums, losing much of the quality of the GT experience.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Later came the introduction of the IMAX Digital 2K and IMAX with Laser 4K in 2008 and 2014 respectively, still limited in respect to the 70 megapixels of equivalent resolution of the original 15/70 film. Both technologies are purely digital and suitable to retrofit existing theaters. Since 2018, the Laser system has been employed to retrofit full dome installations, with limited results due to the large area of a dome screen. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IMAX&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IMAX_comparison.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/IMAX_comparison.svg/250px-IMAX_comparison.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/IMAX_comparison.svg/330px-IMAX_comparison.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/IMAX_comparison.svg/500px-IMAX_comparison.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption>A comparison between 35 mm and 15/70 mm negative areas</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiscreen_Corporation">Multiscreen Corporation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IMAX&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Multiscreen Corporation">edit</a>]</div> The single-projector/single-camera system they eventually settled upon was designed and built by Shaw based upon a novel "Rolling Loop" film-transport technology purchased from Peter Ronald Wright Jones, a machine shop worker from Brisbane, Australia.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Film projectors do not continuously flow the film in front of the bulb, but instead "stutter" the film travel so that each frame can be illuminated in a momentarily-paused still image. This requires a mechanical apparatus to buffer the jerky travel of the film strip. The older technology of running 70 mm film vertically through the projector used only five sprocket perforations on the sides of each frame; however, the IMAX method used fifteen perforations per frame.<a href="#cite_note-gizmodo.com-5">[5]</a> The previous mechanism was inadequate to handle this intermittent mechanical movement that was three times longer, and so Jones's invention was necessary for the novel IMAX projector method with its horizontal film feed. As it became clear that a single, large-screen image had more impact than multiple smaller ones and was a more viable product direction, Multiscreen changed its name to IMAX. Co-founder Graeme Ferguson explained how the name IMAX originated:<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <blockquote>... the incorporation date [of the company was] September 1967. ... [The name change] came a year or two later. We first called the company Multiscreen Corporation because that, in fact, was what people knew us as. ... After about a year, our attorney informed us that we could never copyright or trademark Multivision. It was too generic. It was a descriptive word. The words that you can copyright are words like Kleenex or Xerox or Coca-Cola. If the name is descriptive, you can't trademark it so you have to make up a word. So we were sitting at lunch one day in a Hungarian restaurant in Montreal and we worked out a name on a placemat on which we wrote all the possible names we could think of. We kept working with the idea of maximum image. We turned it around and came up with IMAX.</blockquote> The name change actually happened more than two years later, because a key patent filed on January 16, 1970, was assigned under the original name Multiscreen Corporation, Limited.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> IMAX Chief Administration Officer Mary Ruby was quoted as saying, "Although many people may think 'IMAX' is an <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronym</a>, it is, in fact, a made-up word."<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IMAX_Corporation">IMAX Corporation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IMAX&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: IMAX Corporation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/IMAX_Corporation" title="IMAX Corporation">IMAX Corporation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IMAX_film_projector_2011_Bradford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/IMAX_film_projector_2011_Bradford.jpg/250px-IMAX_film_projector_2011_Bradford.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/IMAX_film_projector_2011_Bradford.jpg/330px-IMAX_film_projector_2011_Bradford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/IMAX_film_projector_2011_Bradford.jpg/500px-IMAX_film_projector_2011_Bradford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>IMAX projector with horizontal film reel</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Tiger_Child" title="Tiger Child">Tiger Child</a>, the first IMAX film, was demonstrated at <a href="/wiki/Expo_%2770" title="Expo '70">Expo '70</a> in <a href="/wiki/Osaka,_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Osaka, Japan">Osaka, Japan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The first permanent IMAX installation was built at the <a href="/wiki/Cinesphere" title="Cinesphere">Cinesphere</a> theatre at <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Place" title="Ontario Place">Ontario Place</a> in Toronto. It debuted in May 1971, showing the film <a href="/wiki/North_of_Superior" title="North of Superior">North of Superior</a>. The installation remained in place<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> during Ontario Place's hiatus for redevelopment. The Cinesphere was renovated while Ontario Place was closed and re-opened on November 3, 2017, with IMAX 70 mm and IMAX with laser illumination.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Expo_%2774" title="Expo '74">Expo '74</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spokane,_Washington" title="Spokane, Washington">Spokane, Washington</a>, an IMAX screen that measured 27×20 metres (89×66 ft) was featured in the 'Environmental Theater' of the US Pavilion, the largest structure in the expo; at the time, it was the largest movie screen in the world.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>: 22, 102  It became the first IMAX Theatre to not be partnered with any other brand of movie theatres. About five million visitors viewed the short film <a href="/w/index.php?title=Man_Belongs_to_the_Earth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Man Belongs to the Earth (page does not exist)">Man Belongs to the Earth</a>. Because the screen covered the viewer's total visual field when looking directly forward, most felt a sensation of motion and some experienced <a href="/wiki/Motion_sickness" title="Motion sickness">motion sickness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sommerfeld24-13">[13]</a> The large pavilion screen was torn down after the exposition closed and was replaced by a nearby permanent IMAX theater which opened in 1978 and was demolished in 2018;<a href="#cite_note-Sommerfeld24-13">[13]</a> however, its screen size is less than half. Due to protests, the City of Spokane officials decided to work with the IMAX Corporation to demolish the 1978 theatre, under the condition they renovate the former US Pavilion itself into IMAX's first permanent outdoor giant-screen theatre. The plan was to use material on the inside of the structure similar to that used when first constructed. However, it was expected to last only five years, due to weather conditions destroying previous materials.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Concept art has been released in videos featured on Spokane's renovation site, and its budget revealed that seating is planned for more than 2,000.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The first permanent IMAX Dome installation, the Eugene Heikoff and Marilyn Jacobs Heikoff Dome Theatre at the <a href="/wiki/Reuben_H._Fleet_Science_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuben H. Fleet Science Center">Reuben H. Fleet Science Center</a>, opened in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Balboa_Park,_San_Diego,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Balboa Park, San Diego, California">Balboa Park</a> in 1973. It doubles as a <a href="/wiki/Planetarium" title="Planetarium">planetarium</a> theater. The first permanent IMAX 3D theatre was built in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, British Columbia, for <a href="/wiki/Transitions_(film)" title="Transitions (film)">Transitions</a> at <a href="/wiki/Expo_%2786" class="mw-redirect" title="Expo '86">Expo '86</a>, and was in use until September 30, 2009.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> It was located at the tip of <a href="/wiki/Canada_Place" title="Canada Place">Canada Place</a>, a Vancouver landmark. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_projection">Digital projection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IMAX&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Digital projection">edit</a>]</div> In 2008, IMAX extended its brand into traditional theaters with the introduction of Digital IMAX, a lower-cost system that uses two 2K digital projectors to project on a 1.90:1 aspect ratio screen. This lower-cost option, which allowed for the conversion of existing <a href="/wiki/Multiplex_theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiplex theater">multiplex theater</a> auditoriums, helped IMAX to grow from 299 screens worldwide at the end of 2007 to over 1,000 screens by the end of 2015.<a href="#cite_note-results2015-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> As of September 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IMAX&action=edit">[update]</a>, there were 1,302 IMAX theatres located in 75 countries, of which 1,203 were in commercial multiplexes.<a href="#cite_note-canada-vr-20">[20]</a> The switch to digital projection came at a steep cost in image quality, with <a href="/wiki/2K_resolution" title="2K resolution">2K</a> projectors having roughly an order of magnitude less resolution than traditional IMAX film projectors. Maintaining the same 7-story screen size would only make this loss more noticeable, so many new theaters were instead built with significantly smaller screens. These newer theaters with much lower resolution and much smaller screens soon began to be referred to by the derogatory name "LieMAX", particularly because the company still marketed the new screens similarly to the old ones, without making the major differences clear to the public, going so far as to market the smallest "IMAX" screen, having 10 times less area, similarly to the largest while persisting with the same brand name.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Since 2002, some feature films have been converted into IMAX format for displaying in IMAX theatres, and some have also been (partially) shot in IMAX. By late 2017, 1,302 IMAX theatre systems were installed in 1,203 commercial multiplexes, 13 commercial destinations, and 86 institutional settings in 75 countries,<a href="#cite_note-canada-vr-20">[20]</a> with less than a quarter of those having the capability to show 70mm film at the resolution of the large format as originally conceived. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_aspects">Technical aspects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IMAX&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Technical aspects">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Camera">Camera</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IMAX&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Camera">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IMAX_camera_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/IMAX_camera_1.jpg/220px-IMAX_camera_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/IMAX_camera_1.jpg/330px-IMAX_camera_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/IMAX_camera_1.jpg/440px-IMAX_camera_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>An IMAX cinema camera, displayed at the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_and_Media_Museum" title="National Science and Media Museum">National Science and Media Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bradford" title="Bradford">Bradford</a>, England</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Film_cameras">Film cameras</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IMAX&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Film cameras">edit</a>]</div> The IMAX cinema process increases the <a href="/wiki/Image_resolution" title="Image resolution">image resolution</a> by using a larger film frame; in relative terms, a frame of IMAX format film has three times the theoretical horizontal resolution of a frame of <a href="/wiki/35_mm_movie_film" title="35 mm movie film">35 mm film</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Slash_Film-23">[23]</a> To achieve such increased image resolution, which IMAX estimates at approximately 12,000 lines (6,000 line pair modulations) of horizontal resolution (18K),<a href="#cite_note-imaxresolution-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/65_mm_film" class="mw-redirect" title="65 mm film">65 mm film</a> stock passes horizontally through the IMAX movie camera, 15 perforations at a time. At 24 frames per second, this means that the film moves through the camera at 102.7 meters (337 ft) per minute (just over 6 km/h). In a conventional 65 mm camera, the film passes vertically through the camera, five perforations at a time, or 34 meters (112 ft) per minute. In comparison, in a conventional 35 mm camera, 35 mm film passes vertically through the camera, at four (smaller) perforations at a time, which translates to 27.4 meters (90 ft) per minute.<a href="#cite_note-Slash_Film-23">[23]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Todd-AO" title="Todd-AO">Todd-AO</a> 70 mm-format of widescreen cinema, the image area of a 65 mm film-frame is 48.5 mm × 22.1 mm (1.91 in × 0.87 in); in the IMAX-format of widescreen cinema, the film-frame dimensions are 69.6 mm × 48.5 mm (2.74 in × 1.91 in). To match the standard image resolution of the moving image produced with the film-speed of 24 <a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">frames per second</a>, an IMAX film requires three times the length of (negative) film stock required for a 65 mm film of comparable scope and <a href="/wiki/Cinematography" title="Cinematography">cinematic technique</a>. In March 2022, IMAX announced a new initiative in cooperation with <a href="/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Kodak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panavision" title="Panavision">Panavision</a>, and <a href="/wiki/FotoKem" title="FotoKem">FotoKem</a> to develop "a new fleet of next generation IMAX film cameras", with a goal to deploy the first four units in the next two years. <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Nolan" title="Christopher Nolan">Christopher Nolan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peele" title="Jordan Peele">Jordan Peele</a> are among a group of advisors, made up of filmmakers and cinematographers, assisting in identifying new specs and features for the prototype development phase.<a href="#cite_note-IMAX_Corporation-25">[25]</a> In a May 2024 interview with <a href="/wiki/Collider_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Collider (website)">Collider</a>, IMAX CEO <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gelfond" title="Richard Gelfond">Richard Gelfond</a> revealed that there will be four new identical cameras that will be 30% quieter than the existing cameras.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> revealed that the new cameras will be made out of carbon fiber and titanium, and they will feature a five inch color display along with wireless capability.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phantom_65_IMAX_3D_digital_camera">Phantom 65 IMAX 3D digital camera</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IMAX&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Phantom 65 IMAX 3D digital camera">edit</a>]</div> In 2011, IMAX announced a 4K 3D digital camera. The camera was developed alongside <a href="/wiki/Vision_Research_(company)" title="Vision Research (company)">Vision Research</a> and AbelCine, integrating two Phantom 65 engines. A prototype camera was used for the documentary <a href="/wiki/Born_to_Be_Wild_(2011_film)" title="Born to Be Wild (2011 film)">Born to be Wild</a>, in which approximately 10% of the finished film was shot with the system.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The company has said they have no intention of replacing the higher resolution film cameras with the new digital camera, but the latter can be used in scenes that require a lightweight or relatively small 3D camera. While IMAX has completed the production camera and has placed it in service on several films, they have no plans to produce an IMAX film solely with the new digital system. <a href="/wiki/Transformers:_Age_of_Extinction" title="Transformers: Age of Extinction">Transformers: Age of Extinction</a> is the first feature film partially filmed with the Phantom 65 IMAX 3D camera.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ARRI_Alexa_IMAX_digital_camera">ARRI Alexa IMAX digital camera</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IMAX&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: ARRI Alexa IMAX digital camera">edit</a>]</div> In 2015, IMAX announced a 2D digital camera that was developed alongside <a href="/wiki/Arri" title="Arri">Arri</a>, the camera being based on the latter company's <a href="/wiki/Arri_Alexa" title="Arri Alexa">Arri Alexa 65</a> technology. The first production to use the camera was <a href="/wiki/Captain_America:_Civil_War" title="Captain America: Civil War">Captain America: Civil War</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Russo_brothers" title="Russo brothers">Russo brothers</a> have stated that they solely used the Arri Alexa IMAX on <a href="/wiki/Avengers:_Infinity_War" title="Avengers: Infinity War">Avengers: Infinity War</a> (2018) and <a href="/wiki/Avengers:_Endgame" title="Avengers: Endgame">Avengers: Endgame</a> (2019).<a href="#cite_note-captain-america-30">[30]</a> For <a href="/wiki/Transformers:_The_Last_Knight" title="Transformers: The Last Knight">Transformers: The Last Knight</a>, two ARRI Alexa IMAX cameras were combined in a rig to provide native 3D, with the film containing 98% of IMAX footage.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="IMAX_certified_cameras">IMAX certified cameras</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IMAX&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: IMAX certified cameras">edit</a>]</div> In September 2020, IMAX launched the "Filmed for IMAX" program, which certifies high-quality digital cameras that can be used to create IMAX-format films. As the scope of certified cameras expands, it will be easier for filmmakers to create films to meet the projection needs of the IMAX giant screen theater. <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>IMAX certified cameras </th></tr> <tr> <td>Arri Alexa LF (4.5K camera) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arri Alexa Mini LF (4.5K camera) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Panavision Millennium DXL2 (8K camera) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Red Ranger Monstro (8K camera) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Red V-Raptor (8K camera) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sony CineAlta Venice (6K camera) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arri Alexa 65 IMAX (6.5K camera) </td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Top_Gun:_Maverick" title="Top Gun: Maverick">Top Gun: Maverick</a> (shot with the Sony CineAlta Venice) and <a href="/wiki/Dune_(2021_film)" title="Dune (2021 film)">Dune</a> (shot with the Arri Alexa LF and Mini LF) were among the first films that used IMAX-certified cameras.<a href="#cite_note-filmed-in-IMAX-32">[32]</a> Other films between 2021 and 2023 that captured with this program are <a href="/wiki/The_Suicide_Squad_(film)" title="The Suicide Squad (film)">The Suicide Squad</a> (shot with the Red Ranger Monstro and Komodo), <a href="/wiki/Shang-Chi_and_the_Legend_of_the_Ten_Rings" title="Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings">Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings</a> (shot with the Arri Alexa LF and Mini LF), <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_at_Lake_Changjin" title="The Battle at Lake Changjin">The Battle at Lake Changjin</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_at_Lake_Changjin_II" title="The Battle at Lake Changjin II">The Battle at Lake Changjin II</a> (shot with the Red Ranger Monstro), <a href="/wiki/Eternals_(film)" title="Eternals (film)">Eternals</a> (shot with the Arri Alexa LF and Mini LF), <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Strange_in_the_Multiverse_of_Madness" title="Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness">Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness</a> (shot with Panavision Millennium DXL2), <a href="/wiki/Thor:_Love_and_Thunder" title="Thor: Love and Thunder">Thor: Love and Thunder</a> (shot with the Arri Alexa LF and Mini LF), <a href="/wiki/Black_Panther:_Wakanda_Forever" title="Black Panther: Wakanda Forever">Black Panther: Wakanda Forever</a> (shot with the Sony CineAlta Venice), <a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_Vol._3" title="Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3">Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3</a> (shot with the Red V-Raptor),<a href="#cite_note-auto3-33">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Marvels" title="The Marvels">The Marvels</a> (shot with the Arri Alexa LF and Mini LF)<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dune:_Part_Two" title="Dune: Part Two">Dune: Part Two</a> (shot with the Arri Alexa LF and Mini LF).<a href="#cite_note-comingsoon.net-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_stock">Film stock</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IMAX&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Film stock">edit</a>]</div> The IMAX format is generically called "15/70" film, the name referring to the 15 sprocket holes or perforations per frame. The film's bulk and weight require horizontal platters, rather than conventional vertically mounted film reels. IMAX film is fed through the projector horizontally,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> and the film is drawn from the inner circumference of the platter, not from the outer circumference like in conventional film reels. A system is in place to keep the film in the outer circumference from flying outwards due to centrifugal force while the platter is spinning. IMAX film is shipped to theaters in several small reels that are spliced into one continuous length that is then wound into a platter, a process that may take hours to complete. Films may be several kilometers in length: Avatar, which was 2:45 hours in duration, was close to 16 km (9.9 mi) long. Platters are handled using special forklifts.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-37">[37]</a> IMAX platters range from 1.2 to 1.83 m (3.9 to 6.0 ft) diameter to accommodate 1 to 2.75 hours of film. Platters with a 2.5 hour feature film weigh 250 kg (550 lb). IMAX uses ESTAR-based print film<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> in their 15/70 rolling-loop film projection systems. ESTAR-based print film provides greater precision. The chemical development process does not change the size or shape of ESTAR print film, and IMAX's pin registration system (especially that of the camera mechanism) does not tolerate either <a href="/wiki/Sprocket" title="Sprocket">sprocket</a>-hole or film-thickness variations, but the film can still swell or shrink under varying temperature and humidity. This requires projection booths to be kept at a temperature of between 20 and 23.8 °C and a humidity of 50%.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-37">[37]</a> The film is too large to be moved using its sprockets,<a href="#cite_note-auto2-39">[39]</a> so they are instead used for registration, to aid in aligning the film. A feature film platter can cost <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>36,000 to print. The camera negative is actually 65 mm film stock, but it runs horizontally and with 15 perforations per frame.<a href="#cite_note-auto-40">[40]</a> The camera, like the projector, has a vacuum system; this makes the camera noisy, forbidding the <a href="/wiki/Sync-sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Sync-sound">sync-sound</a> recording of quiet scenes. The camera has enough film for three minutes of shooting. The large frame of the film also imposes optical limitations such as an extremely shallow <a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">depth of field</a> when shooting with an open aperture.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soundtrack_–_double-system">Soundtrack – double-system</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IMAX&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Soundtrack – double-system">edit</a>]</div> To use more of the image area, IMAX film does not include an embedded soundtrack. Instead, the IMAX system specifies a separate six-channel 35 mm (1.4 in) magnetic film, recorded and played back on a <a href="/wiki/Sound_follower" title="Sound follower">film follower</a> locked to picture, just as <a href="/wiki/Vitaphone" title="Vitaphone">Vitaphone</a> had been (utilizing 16-inch 33 1/3 RPM <a href="/wiki/Old-time_radio#Electrical_transcription_discs" class="mw-redirect" title="Old-time radio">electrical transcription discs</a>) in the early 20th century, and was the same technology used to provide the 7-channel soundtrack accompanying films photographed and exhibited in the <a href="/wiki/Cinerama" title="Cinerama">Cinerama</a> process in the mid-1950s. By the early 1990s, a separate <a href="/wiki/DTS_(sound_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="DTS (sound system)">DTS</a>-based 6-track digital sound system was used, similarly locked to the projector by a <a href="/wiki/SMPTE_time_code" class="mw-redirect" title="SMPTE time code">SMPTE time code</a> synchronization apparatus, the audio played off a series of proprietarily encoded <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> discs. In the late 1990s, IMAX upgraded this system to use a <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">hard drive</a> that carries a single uncompressed <a href="/wiki/Audio_file_format" title="Audio file format">audio</a> file. These are converted directly to analogue rather than processed through a decoding method such as <a href="/wiki/DTS_(sound_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="DTS (sound system)">DTS</a>. IMAX film and IMAX digital cinemas utilise a 6-channel surround sound system - with Left, Centre, Right speakers behind the screen similar to conventional cinemas, plus an additional "top center" speaker to create the effect of height in the screen<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a>. There are also 2 rear left and rear right surround sound speaker, arranged as clusters of speakers rather than a spaced array of speakers such as used in a Dolby surround sound system. IMAX with Laser adds another 6 channels of sound: 4 channels of overhead speakers plus 2 extra side surround speakers<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Projectors">Projectors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IMAX&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Projectors">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xenon_IMAX_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Xenon_IMAX_1.jpg/220px-Xenon_IMAX_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Xenon_IMAX_1.jpg/330px-Xenon_IMAX_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Xenon_IMAX_1.jpg/440px-Xenon_IMAX_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The 15 kW <a href="/wiki/Xenon_arc_lamp" title="Xenon arc lamp">Xenon short-arc lamp</a> used in IMAX film projectors, as seen here, being displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Science_Centre" title="Montreal Science Centre">Montreal Science Centre</a></figcaption></figure> Transporting the large film stock through the optical system presented challenges for both the camera and the projector. Conventional <a href="/wiki/70_mm_film" title="70 mm film">70 mm</a> systems were not steady enough for the 586× magnification. On the projector side, William Shaw adapted an Australian patent (no. 291,375) for film transport called the "rolling loop" by adding a <a href="/wiki/Compressed_air" title="Compressed air">compressed air</a> "puffer" to accelerate the film, and put a <a href="/wiki/Cylindrical_lens" title="Cylindrical lens">cylindrical lens</a> in the projector's "aperture block".<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The rolling loop mechanism is used to move the film in projectors and cameras; the sprockets in the film are only used for registration as the film is too large to be moved with sprockets at the necessary speeds for projection and filming without damage. The projector uses a <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a> to pull the film into contact with this lens. Thus the "<a href="/wiki/Field_flattener_lens" title="Field flattener lens">field flattener</a>" flattens the image field. The lens is twice the height of the film and connects to a <a href="/wiki/Pneumatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumatic">pneumatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Piston" title="Piston">piston</a> so it can be moved up or down while the projector is running. This way, if a piece of dust comes off the film and sticks to the lens, the projectionist can switch to a clean portion of the lens at the push of a button. The lens also has "wiper bars" made of a <a href="/wiki/Felt" title="Felt">felt</a> or brush-like material that wipes dust off the lens as it moves up or down.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The projector uses a vacuum to keep the film flat and oriented correctly for projection.<a href="#cite_note-auto-40">[40]</a> The shutter of an IMAX projector is also kept open for longer than a 35 mm projector shutter to increase image brightness.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-39">[39]</a> IMAX projectors are <a href="/wiki/Pin" title="Pin">pin</a>-stabilized; this means that four registration pins engage the <a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">perforations</a> at the corners of the projected frame to ensure perfect alignment. Shaw added <a href="/wiki/Cam_(mechanism)" title="Cam (mechanism)">cam</a>-controlled arms to decelerate each frame to eliminate the microscopic shaking as the frame "settled" onto the registration pins. The projector's <a href="/wiki/Movie_projector_shutter" class="mw-redirect" title="Movie projector shutter">shutter</a> is open around 20% longer than in conventional equipment, and the light source is brighter. The <a href="/wiki/Xenon_arc_lamp" title="Xenon arc lamp">xenon short-arc lamps</a> are made with a thin envelope of <a href="/wiki/Fused_quartz" title="Fused quartz">fused quartz</a> and contain <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a> gas at a pressure of about 25 <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_(pressure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere (pressure)">atmospheres</a> (367 psi (2,530 kPa)). Because of this, projectionists are required to wear protective <a href="/wiki/Bulletproof_vest" title="Bulletproof vest">body armor</a> when changing or handling the lamp in case it breaks (e.g., due to a drop to the floor) because of the danger from flying quartz shards propelled by the high pressure of the xenon gas within; this applies to all projection xenon lamps. An IMAX xenon lamp runs on DC power, lasts for 1,000 hours and requires its own pump and water cooler. The projector's optics also require compressed air cooling.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-37">[37]</a> An IMAX projector weighs up to 1.8 tonnes (2 <a href="/wiki/Short_tons" class="mw-redirect" title="Short tons">short tons</a>)<a href="#cite_note-auto2-39">[39]</a> and is over 178 cm (5.8 ft) tall and 195 cm (6.4 ft) long.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The projector is raised and locked into position before each screening.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-37">[37]</a> IMAX Corporation has released four projector types that use its 15-perforation, <a href="/wiki/70_mm_film" title="70 mm film">70 mm film</a> format: GT (Grand Theatre), GT 3D (dual rotor), SR (Small Rotor), and MPX, which was designed for retrofitted theatres.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In July 2008, the company introduced a digital projection system, which it has not given a distinct name or brand, designed for multiplex theatres with screens no wider than 21.3 m (70 ft). All IMAX projectors, except the standard GT system, can project <a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">3D images</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> GT 3D projectors require two separate lamps and polarized projection optics.<a href="#cite_note-auto-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_projection_2">Digital projection</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IMAX&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Digital projection">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IMAX_AMC_BC_14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/IMAX_AMC_BC_14.jpg/250px-IMAX_AMC_BC_14.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/IMAX_AMC_BC_14.jpg/330px-IMAX_AMC_BC_14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/IMAX_AMC_BC_14.jpg/500px-IMAX_AMC_BC_14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>A typical entrance to an IMAX digital theater, such as the <a href="/wiki/AMC_Theatres" title="AMC Theatres">AMC</a> Barton Creek Square 14 in <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Digital_cinema" title="Digital cinema">digital cinema</a> IMAX projection system, debuted in 2008, is designed for use with shorter 1.90:1 aspect ratio screens. The system uses two 2K projectors that can present either 2D or 3D content in <a href="/wiki/Digital_Cinema_Initiatives" title="Digital Cinema Initiatives">DCI</a> or IMAX Digital Format (IDF; which in itself is a superset of DCI). IDF initially used 2K-resolution <a href="/wiki/Christie_(audiovisual_company)" title="Christie (audiovisual company)">Christie</a> xenon projectors, with a <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_Light_Processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Light Processing">Digital Light Processing</a> (DLP) engine, but in 2012 IMAX announced that they would be switching to <a href="/wiki/Barco_(manufacturer)" title="Barco (manufacturer)">Barco</a> as their primary supplier.<a href="#cite_note-barco-49">[49]</a> The two 2K images are projected superimposed on each other with a half-pixel offset, using <a href="/wiki/Super-resolution_imaging" title="Super-resolution imaging">super-resolution imaging</a> to increase the perceived resolution to approximately 2.9K. For 3D presentations, one projector is used to display the image for each eye, while 2D presentations use the superimposed images to allow for a brighter 75 cd/m2 image. The Digital IMAX projection system includes a proprietary IMAX Image Enhancer that modifies the output of the digital media server based on feedback from cameras and microphones in the auditorium, and maintains alignment with sub-pixel accuracy.<a href="#cite_note-IMAX_Digital_-_Slater-50">[50]</a> Mainly because the system facilitates inexpensive distribution of IMAX features, the company announced in February 2012 that they were renovating specially selected locations around the world to present both 70 mm analog as well as digital presentations. To do so, IMAX developed a rail system that moves the projectors in and out to accommodate either a full-frame film print or a digital-only release. These theaters were prepared in time for the release of <a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Knight_Rises" title="The Dark Knight Rises">The Dark Knight Rises</a> in July 2012.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Laser_projection">Laser projection</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IMAX&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Laser projection">edit</a>]</div> In April 2012, IMAX began testing a new 4K laser projection system, based on patents licensed from <a href="/wiki/Eastman_Kodak" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastman Kodak">Eastman Kodak</a>. Like the 3D film and digital systems, it used two projectors, but it improved over the smaller digital screens by retaining the traditional IMAX aspect ratio and let films be shown on screens 36 m (118 ft) wide or more.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In December 2014, IMAX began rolling out its new dual 4K <a href="/wiki/Laser_projector" title="Laser projector">laser projector</a> system, dubbed "IMAX with Laser" and known as IMAX GT, with the first installation occurring at the <a href="/wiki/Scotiabank_Theatre_Toronto" title="Scotiabank Theatre Toronto">Cineplex Scotiabank Theatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-latimeslaser-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The system allows digital projection of the 1.43:1 aspect ratio surface of a traditional IMAX screen, but can also be used on other screens, e.g. with an 1.90:1 aspect ratio. The system replaces the <a href="/wiki/Xenon_arc_lamp" title="Xenon arc lamp">xenon arc lamp</a> of a traditional digital projector with a laser light source, and is capable of <a href="/wiki/High_frame_rate" title="High frame rate">60 fps</a> with "50 percent greater" brightness than the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Cinema_Initiatives" title="Digital Cinema Initiatives">Digital Cinema Initiatives</a> spec, a contrast ratio "double" that of IMAX 15/70 mm film projection and "higher" than the 2,500:1 contrast ratio of IMAX's xenon lamp-based projection systems, and displaying the full <a href="/wiki/Rec._2020" title="Rec. 2020">Rec. 2020</a> color gamut. The system also features a new <a href="/wiki/Surround_sound#11.1_surround_sound" title="Surround sound">12-channel</a> surround sound system, which adds an additional speaker on either side of the theater as well as four new overhead speakers.<a href="#cite_note-deadline-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-arstech-56">[56]</a> While still not matching the theoretical resolution of traditional IMAX film, which is estimated at up to 12,000 lines of horizontal resolution on the 65 mm camera negative (12K) and approximately 6,000 on a 35 mm release print (6K),<a href="#cite_note-imaxresolution-24">[24]</a> the new laser system features dual-<a href="/wiki/4K_resolution" title="4K resolution">4K resolution</a> projectors, each capable of displaying four times the detail of one Digital IMAX projector. Like Digital IMAX, images from the two projectors are projected superimposed on each other with a half-pixel offset, using <a href="/wiki/Super-resolution_imaging" title="Super-resolution imaging">super-resolution imaging</a>, which makes the perceived resolution greater than 4K.<a href="#cite_note-slashfilmlaser-57">[57]</a> In-theater cameras and microphones are used to automatically calibrate the projectors and sound system between showings.<a href="#cite_note-whathifilaser-58">[58]</a> For 3D presentations, one projector is used to display the image for each eye, while 2D presentations use the superimposed images to allow for a brighter image.<a href="#cite_note-arstech-56">[56]</a> For 3D presentations, IMAX with Laser systems use <a href="/wiki/Dichroic_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Dichroic filter">dichroic filter</a> glasses, similar to those used by <a href="/wiki/Dolby_3D" title="Dolby 3D">Dolby 3D</a>, as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Linear_polarization" title="Linear polarization">linear polarization</a> glasses used in Digital IMAX theaters.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> On April 24, 2018, IMAX announced that they would begin rolling out a new single-unit version of their laser projector system later that year, with this iteration designed to replace the IMAX Xenon digital projection system for 1.90:1 screens.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theatres">Theatres</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IMAX&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Theatres">edit</a>]</div> IMAX theatres are described as either "Classic Design" (purpose-built structures), or "Multiplex Design" (retrofitted auditoriums).<a href="#cite_note-IMAX-61">[61]</a> Classic IMAX theatre construction differs significantly from conventional theatres. The increased resolution lets the audience be much closer to the screen. Typically all rows are within one screen height[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] – conventional theatre seating runs 8 to 12-screen heights.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Also, the rows of seats are set at a steep angle (up to 30° in some domed theatres) so that the audience is facing the screen directly.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Traumpalast_Leonberg_Theater" title="Traumpalast Leonberg Theater">The world's largest IMAX screen</a> currently stands in <a href="/wiki/Leonberg" title="Leonberg">Leonberg</a> near <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, Germany and measures 38 by 22 m (125 by 72 ft).<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Until the Leonberg IMAX opened in 2021, the largest operating IMAX screen was in <a href="/wiki/IMAX_Melbourne" title="IMAX Melbourne">IMAX Melbourne</a>, located within the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Museum" title="Melbourne Museum">Melbourne Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, Australia, measuring 32 m × 23 m (105 ft × 75 ft).<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Until its demolition in 2016, the world's largest IMAX screen had been in <a href="/wiki/IMAX_Sydney" title="IMAX Sydney">IMAX Sydney</a> in <a href="/wiki/Darling_Harbour" title="Darling Harbour">Darling Harbour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, Australia, measuring 35.72 m × 29.57 m (117.2 ft × 97.0 ft).<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> It reopened on 12 October 2023, with a screen measuring 693 square meters 31.2 by 22.2 m (102 by 73 ft) within <a href="/wiki/The_Ribbon,_Sydney" title="The Ribbon, Sydney">The Ribbon</a> building, after years of extensive redevelopment, making it the world's third-largest screen.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variations">Variations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IMAX&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Variations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dome_and_Omnimax">Dome and Omnimax</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IMAX&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Dome and Omnimax">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cecut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Cecut.jpg/250px-Cecut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Cecut.jpg/330px-Cecut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Cecut.jpg/500px-Cecut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Outside of the IMAX dome in <a href="/wiki/Tijuana,_Baja_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Tijuana, Baja California">Tijuana, Baja California</a>, Mexico</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vista_lateral_museo_Alfa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Vista_lateral_museo_Alfa.jpg/250px-Vista_lateral_museo_Alfa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Vista_lateral_museo_Alfa.jpg/330px-Vista_lateral_museo_Alfa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Vista_lateral_museo_Alfa.jpg/500px-Vista_lateral_museo_Alfa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alfa_Planetarium" title="Alfa Planetarium">Planetario Alfa</a>, museum, astronomical observatory and IMAX Dome system, <a href="/wiki/Monterrey,_Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Monterrey, Nuevo León">Monterrey, Nuevo León</a>, Mexico</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OMNIMAX_frame_(English).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/OMNIMAX_frame_%28English%29.svg/220px-OMNIMAX_frame_%28English%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/OMNIMAX_frame_%28English%29.svg/330px-OMNIMAX_frame_%28English%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/OMNIMAX_frame_%28English%29.svg/440px-OMNIMAX_frame_%28English%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="293" /></a><figcaption>The frame layout of the IMAX Dome film</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cosmonova_2009b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Cosmonova_2009b.jpg/220px-Cosmonova_2009b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Cosmonova_2009b.jpg/330px-Cosmonova_2009b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Cosmonova_2009b.jpg/440px-Cosmonova_2009b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The control room of an IMAX Dome theatre at <a href="/wiki/Cosmonova" title="Cosmonova">Cosmonova</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Swedish Museum of Natural History">Swedish Museum of Natural History</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cosmonova_2009c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Cosmonova_2009c.jpg/220px-Cosmonova_2009c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Cosmonova_2009c.jpg/330px-Cosmonova_2009c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Cosmonova_2009c.jpg/440px-Cosmonova_2009c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Closeup of an IMAX Dome 70 mm film reel at Cosmonova</figcaption></figure> In the late-1960s, the San Diego Hall of Science (later known as the San Diego Space and Science Foundation) began searching North America for a large-format film system to project on the dome of their planned 23.16 m (76.0 ft) tilted <a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">dome</a> <a href="/wiki/Planetarium" title="Planetarium">planetarium</a>. The standard IMAX projector was unsuitable for use inside a dome because it had a 3.65 m (12.0 ft) tall lamp house on top. IMAX Corporation redesigned its system, adding an <a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">elevator</a> to lift the projector to the center of the dome from the projection booth below. <a href="/wiki/MKS_Instruments" title="MKS Instruments">Spectra Physics</a> designed a suitable lamphouse that took smaller, 46 cm (18 in) lamps and placed the bulb behind the lens instead of above the projector. In 1970,<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Ernst Leitz Canada, Ltd. (now <a href="/wiki/ELCAN_Optical_Technologies" title="ELCAN Optical Technologies">ELCAN Optical Technologies</a>) won a contract to develop and manufacture a <a href="/wiki/Fisheye_lens" title="Fisheye lens">fisheye lens</a> projection system optimized to project an image onto a dome instead of a flat screen. The dome system, which the San Diego Hall of Science called "Omnimax", uses films shot with a camera equipped with a <a href="/wiki/Fisheye_lens" title="Fisheye lens">fisheye lens</a> that squeezes a highly distorted <a href="/wiki/Anamorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anamorphic">anamorphic</a> 180° field of view onto the 65 mm IMAX film. The lens is aligned below the center of the frame, and most of the bottom half of the circular field falls beyond the edge of the film. The part of the field that would fall below the edge of the dome is masked. When filming, the camera is aimed upward at an angle that matches the tilt of the dome. When projected through a matching fisheye lens onto a dome, the original panoramic view is recreated. Omnimax wraps 180° horizontally, 100° above the horizon and 22° below the horizon for a viewer at the center of the dome. Omnimax premiered in 1973, showing <a href="/wiki/Voyage_to_the_Outer_Planets" title="Voyage to the Outer Planets">Voyage to the Outer Planets</a> (produced by Graphic Films) and <a href="/wiki/Garden_Isle" class="mw-redirect" title="Garden Isle">Garden Isle</a> (by Roger Tilton Films) on a double bill. Later in the 70s a successful Omnimax center was built at <a href="/wiki/Caesars_Palace" title="Caesars Palace">Caesars Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a>, and ran strongly through the 80s and 90s,<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> eventually being closed and rebuilt. IMAX has since renamed its Omnimax system "IMAX Dome", but some theaters (primarily those opened before the 2000s) continue to call it "Omnimax". IMAX Dome theatres are used in theme parks and many North American museums, particularly those with a scientific focus, where the technical aspects of the system may be highlighted as part of the attraction. The projection room is often windowed to allow public viewing of the equipment in operation, and it is often accompanied by informational placards like other exhibits. For some theaters, before the show begins, the screen can be backlit to show the speakers and girders behind it. The screen may be a permanent fixture, such as at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_(Chicago)" title="Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)">Museum of Science and Industry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Henry_Crown_Space_Center" title="Henry Crown Space Center">Henry Crown Space Center</a>) in Chicago, Illinois; the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth_Museum_of_Science_and_History" title="Fort Worth Museum of Science and History">Fort Worth Museum of Science and History</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a> in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Science_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis Science Center">St. Louis Science Center</a>; <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Science_(Boston)" title="Museum of Science (Boston)">Boston's Museum of Science</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond's</a> <a href="/wiki/Science_Museum_of_Virginia" title="Science Museum of Virginia">Science Museum of Virginia</a>; the Charlotte Observer IMAX Dome Theatre at <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Place" title="Discovery Place">Discovery Place</a>, Charlotte, North Carolina; Birmingham, Alabama's <a href="/wiki/McWane_Science_Center" title="McWane Science Center">McWane Science Center</a>; <a href="/wiki/US_Space_and_Rocket_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="US Space and Rocket Center">US Space and Rocket Center</a> in Huntsville, Alabama; the <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Museum_Center_at_Union_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Cincinnati Museum Center at Union Terminal">Cincinnati Museum Center at Union Terminal</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Science_Center" title="Great Lakes Science Center">Great Lakes Science Center</a> in Cleveland, Ohio; the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Science_Centre" title="Ontario Science Centre">Ontario Science Centre</a> in Toronto, Ontario; and <a href="/wiki/Science_World_(Vancouver)" title="Science World (Vancouver)">Science World</a> in Vancouver, British Columbia. Alternatively, the dome may be lowered and raised as needed, such as at the <a href="/wiki/Science_Museum_of_Minnesota" title="Science Museum of Minnesota">Science Museum of Minnesota</a>, and the former installation at the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Museum_of_History" title="Canadian Museum of History">Canadian Museum of History</a> (where it shared an auditorium with a standard IMAX screen, all replaced with a <a href="/wiki/Barco_(manufacturer)" title="Barco (manufacturer)">Barco</a> CINE+ digital theatre system in 2016).<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The entire dome could be raised to show flat-screen features, and repositioned for immersive features. While the majority of museum installations focus on educational and documentary films, on special occasions entertainment films are also shown, such as <a href="/wiki/Charlie_and_the_Chocolate_Factory_(film)" title="Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (film)">Charlie and the Chocolate Factory</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Museum_of_Science_and_Industry" title="Oregon Museum of Science and Industry">Oregon Museum of Science and Industry</a>. The largest screen in North America is at the <a href="/wiki/Science_World_(Vancouver)" title="Science World (Vancouver)">Science World</a> in Vancouver, British Columbia, which has a dome screen 27 metres (89 ft) in size. Due to the age of the IMAX Dome format as well as its entirely analogue nature, some theatres may opt to replace their existing IMAX Dome systems with newer, more versatile digital systems. Examples of former IMAX Dome theatres that have had their IMAX equipment replaced with newer equipment include <a href="/wiki/Tietomaa" title="Tietomaa">Tietomaa Science Centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> (which replaced its IMAX 8/70 equipment from 1988 with a Barco DP4K-32B <a href="/wiki/4K_resolution" title="4K resolution">4K</a> projection system in 2013),<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Omni-Theatre,_Science_Centre_Singapore" title="Omni-Theatre, Science Centre Singapore">Omni-Theatre at</a> <a href="/wiki/Science_Centre_Singapore" title="Science Centre Singapore">Science Centre Singapore</a>,<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_Science" title="National Museum of Natural Science">National Museum of Natural Science</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Taichung" title="Taichung">Taichung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> (which both had their original IMAX Dome 1570 projection systems installed respectively in 1987 and 1985 replaced with <a href="/wiki/Evans_%26_Sutherland" title="Evans & Sutherland">Evans & Sutherland</a> <a href="/wiki/Digistar" title="Digistar">Digistar 5</a> <a href="/wiki/8K_resolution" title="8K resolution">8K</a> digital systems in 2015), and the Jennifer Chalsty Planetarium at <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Science_Center" title="Liberty Science Center">Liberty Science Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jersey_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey City">Jersey City</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, which replaced its IMAX Dome 1570 projection system from 1993 (when built was the largest IMAX Dome/OMNIMAX theatre in the world) with an Evans & Sutherland Digistar 6 "True8K" digital system in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> In November 2018, the Hackworth IMAX dome in The Tech Museum (now <a href="/wiki/The_Tech_Interactive" title="The Tech Interactive">The Tech Interactive</a>) replaced its 70 mm IMAX projector with a 4K IMAX Laser projector. It became the first digital IMAX Laser dome theater in the world.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="3D"> 3D</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IMAX&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 3D">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D film</a></div> To create the illusion of depth, the IMAX <a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">3D</a> process uses two separate camera lenses that represent the left and right eyes. The lenses are separated by a distance of 64 mm (2.5 in), the average distance between a human's eyes. Two separate rolls of film are used to capture the images they produce. The IMAX 3D camera weighs over 113 kg (249 lb). By projecting the two films superimposed on the screen and using one of several available methods to direct only the correct image to each eye, viewers see a 3D image on a 2D screen. One method is to use <a href="/wiki/Polarizer" title="Polarizer">polarizing filters</a> to oppositely <a href="/wiki/Linear_polarization" title="Linear polarization">polarize</a> the light used in projecting each image. The viewer wears glasses with polarizing filters oriented to match the projector filters, so that the filter over each eye blocks the light used to project the images intended for the other eye. In another method, the two projections rapidly alternate. While one image is being shown, the projection of its mate is blocked. Each <a href="/wiki/Film_frame" title="Film frame">frame</a> is shown more than once to increase the rate and suppress flicker. The viewer wears <a href="/wiki/Active_shutter_3D_system" title="Active shutter 3D system">shutter glasses</a> with <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid crystal display">liquid crystal</a> shutters that block or transmit light <a href="/wiki/Synchronization" title="Synchronization">in sync</a> with the projectors, so each eye sees only the images meant for it. Several of the early films that had been produced in <a href="/wiki/Digital_3D" title="Digital 3D">digital 3D</a> for release in conventional theaters were also presented in IMAX 3D, including <a href="/wiki/Avatar_(2009_film)" title="Avatar (2009 film)">Avatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gravity_(2013_film)" title="Gravity (2013 film)">Gravity</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Amazing_Spider-Man_(2012_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 film)">The Amazing Spider-Man</a>. The first full-color IMAX 3D film was the 1986 short documentary <a href="/wiki/Transitions_(film)" title="Transitions (film)">Transitions</a>, produced for <a href="/wiki/Expo_86" title="Expo 86">Expo 86</a> in Vancouver.<a href="#cite_note-Aitken-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HD">HD</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IMAX&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: HD">edit</a>]</div> Variations on IMAX included the <a href="/wiki/High_Frame_Rate" class="mw-redirect" title="High Frame Rate">48 frames per second</a> IMAX HD process, which sought to produce smoother, more lifelike motion, while also reducing the blurring of moving objects, by doubling the normal film rate. The IMAX HD system was tested in 1992 at the Canada Pavilion of the <a href="/wiki/Seville_Expo_%2792" title="Seville Expo '92">Seville Expo '92</a> with the film <a href="/wiki/Momentum_(IMAX_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Momentum (IMAX film)">Momentum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NFB_Seville-79">[79]</a> Higher production costs, and the high "wear-and-tear" on the prints and projectors, doomed the IMAX HD system, but, not before many theatres had been retrofitted to project at 48 frames, especially in Canada, in order to play Momentum. In the 1990s theme parks in Thailand, Germany, and Las Vegas used IMAX HD for their Motion Simulator rides.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The Disney parks attraction <a href="/wiki/Soarin%27_Over_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Soarin' Over California">Soarin' Over California</a> features a modification of both IMAX HD and IMAX Dome, projecting in 48 frames per second. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital">Digital</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IMAX&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Digital">edit</a>]</div> Because 70 mm film and projectors are costly, difficult to produce en masse, and the size of auditoriums that house full-size IMAX screens make them expensive to construct, IMAX debuted a digital projection system in 2008 to use with shorter 1.89:1 aspect ratio screens. It uses two 2K-resolution projectors that can present either 2D or 3D content in <a href="/wiki/Digital_Cinema_Initiatives" title="Digital Cinema Initiatives">DCI</a> or IMAX Digital Format (IDF; which in itself is a superset of DCI). The digital installations have caused some controversy, as many theaters have branded their screens as IMAX after merely retrofitting standard auditoriums with IMAX digital projectors. The screen sizes in these auditoriums are much smaller than those in the purpose-built auditoriums of the original 15/70 IMAX format, and are limited to the 1.89:1 aspect ratio. Another disadvantage is the much lower resolution of digital IMAX. The technology has a maximum perceived resolution of 2.9K, compared to traditional IMAX 70 mm projection, which has an estimated resolution of 12K.<a href="#cite_note-imaxresolution-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-IMAX_Digital_-_Slater-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-atlasomega-81">[81]</a> Some reviewers have also noted that many non-IMAX theaters are projecting films at <a href="/wiki/4K_resolution" title="4K resolution">4K resolution</a> through competing brands such as <a href="/wiki/Dolby_Cinema" title="Dolby Cinema">Dolby Cinema</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cineplex_Entertainment#Premium_formats" title="Cineplex Entertainment">UltraAVX</a>. IMAX has held to a uniform branding of "The IMAX Experience" across various underlying technologies and screen sizes.<a href="#cite_note-lfexaminer.com-82">[82]</a> Some have criticized the company's marketing approach,<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> with the format being dubbed "Lie-MAX".<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The company has defended the format by saying it has a bigger screen, brighter picture and better sound than standard theatres.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Despite the differences with digital IMAX, the cost-effective format has aided in the company's worldwide growth, especially in Russia and China. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IMAXShift">IMAXShift</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IMAX&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: IMAXShift">edit</a>]</div> In May 2016, IMAX announced the test launch of IMAXShift, a multimedia <a href="/wiki/Indoor_cycling" title="Indoor cycling">indoor cycling</a> concept,<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> but decided to discontinue it June 4, 2017.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virtual_reality">Virtual reality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IMAX&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Virtual reality">edit</a>]</div> On September 2, 2016, IMAX announced plans to include <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a> (VR) into the IMAX theater experience with the opening of a new VR center in Los Angeles that would use a new StarVR headset created by <a href="/wiki/Acer_Inc." title="Acer Inc.">Acer</a>. The VR experience was intended for short but interactive videos.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> IMAX opened a total of seven IMAX VR centers and established a <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>50 million fund for the creation of VR content, as well as partnering with <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> for the production of IMAX VR cameras.<a href="#cite_note-VRClose-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> However, as of May 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IMAX&action=edit">[update]</a>, all seven IMAX VR centers have closed.<a href="#cite_note-VRClose-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Films">Films</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IMAX&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Films">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_IMAX_films" title="List of IMAX films">List of IMAX films</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_released_in_IMAX" title="List of films released in IMAX">List of films released in IMAX</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_IMAX-based_rides" title="List of IMAX-based rides">List of IMAX-based rides</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entertainment">Entertainment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IMAX&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Entertainment">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viewing_3D_IMAX_clips.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Viewing_3D_IMAX_clips.jpg/220px-Viewing_3D_IMAX_clips.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Viewing_3D_IMAX_clips.jpg/330px-Viewing_3D_IMAX_clips.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Viewing_3D_IMAX_clips.jpg/440px-Viewing_3D_IMAX_clips.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2997" data-file-height="1998" /></a><figcaption>Audiences view a film using 3D glasses.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%C2%AB%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB-IMAX%C2%BB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%C2%AB%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB-IMAX%C2%BB.jpg/250px-%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%C2%AB%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB-IMAX%C2%BB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%C2%AB%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB-IMAX%C2%BB.jpg/330px-%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%C2%AB%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB-IMAX%C2%BB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%C2%AB%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB-IMAX%C2%BB.jpg/500px-%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%C2%AB%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB-IMAX%C2%BB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>A movie theatre in <a href="/wiki/Perm,_Russia" title="Perm, Russia">Perm, Russia</a> advertising itself as having IMAX</figcaption></figure> In the US, IMAX has mostly been used for specialty applications. The expense and logistical challenges of producing and presenting IMAX films have led to approximately 40 minutes shorter running times than conventional films. Most are documentaries suited for institutional venues such as museums and <a href="/wiki/Science_museum" title="Science museum">science centers</a>. IMAX cameras have been used while orbiting the Earth, climbing <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a>, exploring the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean, and visiting the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a>. A film about the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rovers" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Exploration Rovers">Mars Exploration Rovers</a>, titled <a href="/wiki/Roving_Mars" title="Roving Mars">Roving Mars</a> (2006), used exclusive data[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] from the rovers.<a href="#cite_note-IMAX-61">[61]</a> An early attempt at presenting mainstream entertainment in IMAX format was <a href="/wiki/Stones_at_the_Max" title="Stones at the Max">The Rolling Stones: Live at the Max</a> (1991), an 85-minute compilation of concert footage filmed in IMAX during the rock band's <a href="/wiki/Steel_Wheels/Urban_Jungle_Tour" title="Steel Wheels/Urban Jungle Tour">1990 Steel Wheels tour</a>, edited to give the impression of a single concert. In the 1990s, more entertainment short films were created, notably <a href="/wiki/T-Rex:_Back_to_the_Cretaceous" title="T-Rex: Back to the Cretaceous">T-Rex: Back to the Cretaceous</a> in 1998, and <a href="/wiki/Haunted_Castle_(2001_film)" title="Haunted Castle (2001 film)">Haunted Castle</a> in 2001 (both in 3D). In 1995, French director <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Annaud" title="Jean-Jacques Annaud">Jean-Jacques Annaud</a> directed <a href="/wiki/Wings_of_Courage" title="Wings of Courage">Wings of Courage</a>, the first dramatic picture shot for IMAX. In 1998 and 1999, <a href="/wiki/More_(1998_film)" title="More (1998 film)">More</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea_(1999_film)" title="The Old Man and the Sea (1999 film)">The Old Man and the Sea</a> became the first short films produced using the IMAX format; both earned Academy Award nominations, with Old Man and the Sea becoming the only IMAX film to win an Oscar. In 2000, <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures" title="Walt Disney Pictures">Disney</a> produced <a href="/wiki/Fantasia_2000" title="Fantasia 2000">Fantasia 2000</a>, the first full-length animated feature initially released exclusively in the IMAX format. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_in_Hollywood_productions">Use in Hollywood productions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IMAX&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Use in Hollywood productions">edit</a>]</div> Before the end of the 1990s, theatrical features were deemed impossible to run in IMAX venues at the time, as there was a technical limitation on the size of the film reel where films had to run around two hours. Originally, IMAX and <a href="/wiki/Pixar" title="Pixar">Pixar</a> considered releasing <a href="/wiki/Toy_Story" title="Toy Story">Toy Story</a> in IMAX 3D, but test results showed that the render resolution could not match the size of the IMAX image.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/DreamWorks_Pictures" title="DreamWorks Pictures">DreamWorks</a> in the early 2000s wanted to re-release <a href="/wiki/Shrek" title="Shrek">Shrek</a> in IMAX 3D, but this too was canceled as a result of creative changes in the studio.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> These failed attempts at re-releases did inspire IMAX to experiment and improve their ability in presenting computer animation in their theaters. Their compilation <a href="/wiki/CyberWorld" title="CyberWorld">CyberWorld</a> was the result, which contained new original animation and IMAX-presented versions of computer-animated tests and music videos. Cyberworld even presented <a href="/wiki/Open_matte" title="Open matte">open-matte</a> 3D versions of the bar sequence from <a href="/wiki/Antz" title="Antz">Antz</a> and the "<a href="/wiki/Treehouse_of_Horror_VI" title="Treehouse of Horror VI">Homer3</a>" segment from <a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a>; both coincidentally were animated at <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Data_Images" title="Pacific Data Images">Pacific Data Images</a>. <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures" title="Walt Disney Pictures">Walt Disney Pictures</a> became the first studio to release theatrical films in the IMAX process. Released on New Year's Day in 2000, <a href="/wiki/Fantasia_2000" title="Fantasia 2000">Fantasia 2000</a> was the studio's first IMAX release and the first theatrical feature presented in IMAX theaters. It was originally planned as a standard theatrical release, but in agreeing with the company to release the film, the IMAX sound system incorporated a multi-channel and multi-layer stereo system for the orchestrated soundtrack, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Fantasound" title="Fantasound">Fantasound</a> system Walt Disney had envisioned for the <a href="/wiki/Fantasia_(1940_film)" title="Fantasia (1940 film)">original film</a> in 1940. The company agreed to Disney's terms and conditions to gain the exclusive first showings of the film. These included a limited engagement of four months (from January 1 to April 30) and 50% of the box office receipts. Not all IMAX cinemas were prepared to accept Disney's terms to present the film; however, following the IMAX release, a standard 35 mm run followed in June at regular theaters. Although Fantasia 2000 had a lukewarm financial run, the critical praise for its use of the IMAX format convinced Disney to put more releases in the giant-screen format in the pipeline. In 2002, IMAX re-issues of <a href="/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(1991_film)" title="Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)">Beauty and the Beast</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Lion_King" title="The Lion King">The Lion King</a> were released in select theaters over the winter and Christmas seasons of that year. New <a href="/wiki/Digital_master" title="Digital master">digital masters</a> were created from the original <a href="/wiki/Computer_Animation_Production_System" title="Computer Animation Production System">CAPS</a> production files and select scenes of animation were cleaned up to make use of the high resolution IMAX film negatives. <a href="/wiki/Treasure_Planet" title="Treasure Planet">Treasure Planet</a> was also released in select IMAX theaters and was the first theatrical film released in regular and IMAX theaters simultaneously. But all of these releases had underwhelming box office returns and Disney canceled later big-screen re-releases, including <a href="/wiki/Aladdin_(1992_Disney_film)" title="Aladdin (1992 Disney film)">Aladdin</a>. With the unveiling of the DMR process (see below), <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Pictures" title="Warner Bros. Pictures">Warner Bros. Pictures</a> especially embraced the format beginning in 2003 with the two <a href="/wiki/The_Matrix" title="The Matrix">Matrix</a> sequels, <a href="/wiki/The_Matrix_Reloaded" title="The Matrix Reloaded">Reloaded</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Matrix_Revolutions" title="The Matrix Revolutions">Revolutions</a>. Since <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Prisoner_of_Azkaban_(film)" title="Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film)">The Prisoner of Azkaban</a> in 2004, Warner Bros. began releasing <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film_series)" title="Harry Potter (film series)">the Harry Potter film franchise</a> in IMAX to strong financial success. Also in 2004 the studio released <a href="/wiki/Robert_Zemeckis" title="Robert Zemeckis">Robert Zemeckis</a>' motion-capture film <a href="/wiki/The_Polar_Express_(film)" title="The Polar Express (film)">The Polar Express</a> in IMAX 3D. Polar Express became the most successful film released in IMAX theaters, producing at least a quarter of the film's gross of $302 million from fewer than 100 IMAX screens.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Success for Warner Bros. and IMAX followed in later years with <a href="/wiki/I_Am_Legend_(film)" title="I Am Legend (film)">I Am Legend</a>, <a href="/wiki/Happy_Feet" title="Happy Feet">Happy Feet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batman_Begins" title="Batman Begins">Batman Begins</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Knight" title="The Dark Knight">The Dark Knight</a>. Progressively other studios became further interested in releasing films in IMAX through the DMR process and have earned success through it. In May 2009, <a href="/wiki/J._J._Abrams" title="J. J. Abrams">J. J. Abrams</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_(2009_film)" title="Star Trek (2009 film)">Star Trek</a> was released in IMAX venues for the initial two weeks of its theatrical run and opened to $8.3 million.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The IMAX opening weekends of <a href="/wiki/The_Avengers_(2012_film)" title="The Avengers (2012 film)">The Avengers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows_%E2%80%93_Part_2" title="Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2">Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2</a> have since grossed $15 million. Though they were not filmed with IMAX cameras, <a href="/wiki/Skyfall" title="Skyfall">Skyfall</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Amazing_Spider-Man_(2012_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 film)">The Amazing Spider-Man</a> were optimized for IMAX digital screens when they were released. Both movies were filmed in high-resolution cameras and the digital negative ratio was equal to that of the IMAX Digital frame. Skyfall increased the visual information of the entire film while Amazing Spider-Man optimized the finale battle with the Lizard. When <a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Titanic_(1997_film)" title="Titanic (1997 film)">Titanic</a> was restored and re-released in theaters there was also specially made an open-matte version for IMAX. In 2010 after years of successful IMAX DMR releases, Warner Bros. signed a deal to release up to 20 feature films in IMAX up to 2013, including educational documentaries that were in production.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In May 2015, <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Studios" title="Marvel Studios">Marvel Studios</a> announced that its next two Avengers films – <a href="/wiki/Avengers:_Infinity_War" title="Avengers: Infinity War">Avengers: Infinity War</a> (2018) and <a href="/wiki/Avengers:_Endgame" title="Avengers: Endgame">Avengers: Endgame</a> (2019) – would be filmed entirely in IMAX, the first Hollywood feature films to do so, using a modified version of <a href="/wiki/Arri" title="Arri">Arri</a>'s Alexa 65 digital camera. The camera was used first to film select sequences in another Marvel production, 2016's <a href="/wiki/Captain_America:_Civil_War" title="Captain America: Civil War">Captain America: Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DMR_(Digital_Media_Remastering)">DMR (Digital Media Remastering)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IMAX&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: DMR (Digital Media Remastering)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_released_in_IMAX" title="List of films released in IMAX">List of films released in IMAX</a></div> IMAX's proprietary DMR (Digital Media Remastering) process <a href="/wiki/Video_scaler" title="Video scaler">up-converts</a> conventional films to IMAX format. This special <a href="/wiki/Digital_intermediate" title="Digital intermediate">digital intermediate</a> technology let IMAX venues show films shot on 35mm for conventional theaters. In 2002, <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_Episode_II_%E2%80%93_Attack_of_the_Clones" title="Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones">Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones</a> and an IMAX-format re-release of the 1995 film <a href="/wiki/Apollo_13_(film)" title="Apollo 13 (film)">Apollo 13</a>, were the first official applications of the DMR process. Because of projection limitations at the time, the studios had to edit Apollo 13 and Attack of the Clones to have a shorter playing time. As IMAX updated the system and expanded the size of the platters, the later DMR releases did not have this limitation; current platters provide a run time of up to 175 minutes. Reviewers have generally praised the results of the DMR blowup process, which are visually and audibly superior to the same films projected in 35mm.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] But some filmmakers, such as producer <a href="/wiki/Frank_Marshall_(film_producer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Marshall (film producer)">Frank Marshall</a>, point out that DMR blowups are not comparable to films created directly in the 70 mm 15 perf IMAX format, and that directors <a href="/wiki/Ron_Howard" title="Ron Howard">Ron Howard</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Lucas" title="George Lucas">George Lucas</a> expected better.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> They note that the decline of <a href="/wiki/Cinerama" title="Cinerama">Cinerama</a> coincided roughly with its replacement by a simpler, cheaper, technically inferior version, and view DMR with alarm. IMAX originally reserved the phrase "the IMAX experience" for true 70 mm productions, but now allows its use on DMR productions as well. After The Lion King in 2003, no Hollywood studio engaged in re-releasing and restoring classic films through the IMAX DMR process until 2012 although ongoing conversion of new releases continued and continued to grow in number. James Cameron's Titanic underwent both 3D conversion and DMR conversion to 3D in 2012 as did <a href="/wiki/Men_in_Black_3" title="Men in Black 3">Men in Black 3</a>. In August 2012 IMAX and <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a> announced a one-week exclusive re-release of <a href="/wiki/Raiders_of_the_Lost_Ark" title="Raiders of the Lost Ark">Raiders of the Lost Ark</a> on September 7, 2012, to promote the release of the Blu-Ray collection. The film, before it underwent DMR, was already restored in a 4K digital intermediate with 7.1 surround sound from the original negative. The process for IMAX theaters, like with the complete restoration, was supervised by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> and sound designer <a href="/wiki/Ben_Burtt" title="Ben Burtt">Ben Burtt</a>. "I didn't know if the 1981 print would stand up to a full IMAX transfer, so I came expecting a sort of grainy, muddy, and overly enlarged representation of the movie I had made years ago", Spielberg said. "I was blown away by the fact that it looked better than the movie I had made years ago."<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feature_films">Feature films</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IMAX&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Feature films">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christopher_Nolan,_London,_2013_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Christopher_Nolan%2C_London%2C_2013_%28crop%29.jpg/250px-Christopher_Nolan%2C_London%2C_2013_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Christopher_Nolan%2C_London%2C_2013_%28crop%29.jpg/330px-Christopher_Nolan%2C_London%2C_2013_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Christopher_Nolan%2C_London%2C_2013_%28crop%29.jpg/500px-Christopher_Nolan%2C_London%2C_2013_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="929" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Nolan" title="Christopher Nolan">Christopher Nolan</a> has been a vocal supporter of the IMAX 70 mm film format, and has collaborated with the company since the mid-2000s.<a href="#cite_note-NolanIMAX-100">[100]</a></figcaption></figure> Many recent features have employed IMAX cameras for select scenes; however, before 2018 no full-length feature film was shot entirely using IMAX cameras due to the numerous difficulties presented with the format – the cameras were much larger and heavier than standard cameras and the noise they produced made dialogue recording difficult.<a href="#cite_note-Slash-101">[101]</a> The 15/70 cameras have short film loads ranging from 30 seconds to two minutes<a href="#cite_note-Slash-101">[101]</a> and the cost of the film stock was much greater than standard 35mm film.<a href="#cite_note-Wrap-102">[102]</a> However, these issues have been minimized thanks to the digital Arri Alexa IMAX camera, with two films having been shot entirely with the camera.<a href="#cite_note-infinity-103">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Knight" title="The Dark Knight">The Dark Knight</a> features six sequences (a total of 28 minutes) shot using IMAX. According to the film's press notes, this was the "first time ever that a major feature film has been even partially shot using IMAX cameras".<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Even before Dark Knight, Nolan had wanted to shoot a film in the IMAX format, and he also used it for quiet scenes that it would make pictorially interesting. Nolan said that he wished that it were possible to shoot the entire film in IMAX: "if you could take an IMAX camera to Mount Everest or outer space, you could use it in a feature movie." Nolan chose to edit some of the IMAX sequences using the original camera negative to eliminate generation loss, while scenes that were digitally mastered were scanned and printed out at 8 thousand lines of horizontal resolution (8K).<a href="#cite_note-fxguide-105">[105]</a> When the film opened in 94 IMAX venues in 2008, all of them were sold out for the opening weekend. A year later, director <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bay" title="Michael Bay">Michael Bay</a> was inspired by IMAX's use in The Dark Knight to feature big-screen sequences in <a href="/wiki/Transformers:_Revenge_of_the_Fallen" title="Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen">Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> The film's co-writer Roberto Orci suggested that the IMAX footage would be 3D, but Bay later said that considering himself an "old school" filmmaker, he found 3D gimmicky and added that shooting in IMAX was easier than using stereoscopic cameras. The IMAX version of the film, in the end, contained almost ten minutes of IMAX-filmed footage out of the two and a half-hour film. Bay later partially filmed the third <a href="/wiki/Transformers_(film_series)" title="Transformers (film series)">Transformers</a> film, <a href="/wiki/Transformers:_Dark_of_the_Moon" title="Transformers: Dark of the Moon">Dark of the Moon</a> in 3D but without IMAX. Bay returned to IMAX for the fourth film, <a href="/wiki/Transformers:_Age_of_Extinction" title="Transformers: Age of Extinction">Age of Extinction</a>, in 2014. It was the first feature film shot using digital IMAX 3D cameras.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> He again used IMAX 3D cameras while shooting the fifth film, <a href="/wiki/Transformers:_The_Last_Knight" title="Transformers: The Last Knight">Transformers: The Last Knight</a>, filming 98% of the film with 2 Alexa/IMAX cameras attached together to a special mount. Two years later, <a href="/wiki/Terrence_Malick" title="Terrence Malick">Terrence Malick</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Tree_of_Life_(film)" title="The Tree of Life (film)">The Tree of Life</a> filmed select sequences using IMAX cameras, and often used natural light. The film used a mix of 35mm film and regular 65mm and the IMAX 15/70 mm format. The set of guidelines they fine-tuned for this film included an edict to achieve maximum resolution whenever possible. "We would have preferred to shoot the entire movie in IMAX," says cinematographer of the film <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Lubezki" title="Emmanuel Lubezki">Emmanuel Lubezki</a>. "When the 65mm and IMAX scenes do appear in the movie, they give you a jolt. It's a feeling of enhancement and majesty. It's almost as if someone cleaned off the window you were looking through". However the film wasn't screened on any IMAX screen.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> After The Tree of Life, <a href="/wiki/Brad_Bird" title="Brad Bird">Brad Bird</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mission:_Impossible_%E2%80%93_Ghost_Protocol" title="Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol">Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol</a> included 25 minutes of footage shot using IMAX cameras.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Bird believed that using IMAX format would bring back "a level of showmanship" to the presentation of Hollywood films, which he believes the industry has lost due to its emphasis on screening films in <a href="/wiki/Multiplex_(movie_theater)" title="Multiplex (movie theater)">multiplexes</a> as opposed to grand theaters, and vetoing "first runs" in favor of wider initial releases.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> He also added that the IMAX format offered the viewer more immersion than digital 3D due to its brighter, higher quality image, which is projected on a larger screen, without the need for specialised glasses. Ghost Protocol opened on December 16, 2011, in almost 500 IMAX venues worldwide a week before its wide release where it earned third place in the box office and $12 million. As with The Dark Knight, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Nolan" title="Christopher Nolan">Christopher Nolan</a> decided to film sequences of the sequel, <a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Knight_Rises" title="The Dark Knight Rises">The Dark Knight Rises</a>, in 15/70mm IMAX.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Nolan elected not to film in 3D and stated that he intends to focus on improving image quality and scale using the IMAX format. In a then-Hollywood record, The Dark Knight Rises featured 72 minutes of footage shot in 70mm IMAX (roughly 2.5 times that of The Dark Knight's 28 minutes, however, this record was later overtaken by another Nolan film, Dunkirk, which featured 79 minutes of IMAX) Because of the considerable noise IMAX cameras make, they used standard 35mm cameras to shoot dialogue scenes, and dubbed dialogue in scenes shot with IMAX cameras. Chairman and president of the IMAX Corporation Greg Foster stated that IMAX plans to run the film in its theaters for two months, despite only being contractually committed to run the film for two weeks in some theaters. <a href="/wiki/J._J._Abrams" title="J. J. Abrams">J. J. Abrams</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_Into_Darkness" title="Star Trek Into Darkness">Star Trek Into Darkness</a>,<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Lawrence" title="Francis Lawrence">Francis Lawrence</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Hunger_Games:_Catching_Fire" title="The Hunger Games: Catching Fire">The Hunger Games: Catching Fire</a>,<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Luc_Besson" title="Luc Besson">Luc Besson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lucy_(2014_film)" title="Lucy (2014 film)">Lucy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> and Christopher Nolan's <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_(film)" title="Interstellar (film)">Interstellar</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> are films that were released between 2013 and 2014 that had sequences filmed with 15/70 IMAX cameras. On July 9, 2014, Bad Robot (J. J. Abrams's production company) confirmed via a picture uploaded to Twitter that one sequence in Disney and Lucasfilm's <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Force_Awakens" title="Star Wars: The Force Awakens">Star Wars: The Force Awakens</a> would be captured with the IMAX 15/70 perf film camera, in addition to the standard 35 mm film cameras that Abrams and his cinematographer Dan Mindel have employed for shooting the movie.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The next installment in the franchise <a href="/wiki/Rian_Johnson" title="Rian Johnson">Rian Johnson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Last_Jedi" title="Star Wars: The Last Jedi">Star Wars: The Last Jedi</a>, released in December 2017, also included sequences shot with 15/70mm IMAX cameras. <a href="/wiki/Adele" title="Adele">Adele</a>'s music video "<a href="/wiki/Hello_(Adele_song)#Music_video" title="Hello (Adele song)">Hello</a>", released in 2015, became the first music video that was partially filmed with IMAX cameras.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> In April 2015, Marvel Studios announced that <a href="/wiki/Russo_brothers" title="Russo brothers">Russo brothers</a>' <a href="/wiki/Captain_America:_Civil_War" title="Captain America: Civil War">Captain America: Civil War</a> would be the first film to use the new ARRI Alexa IMAX 2D digital camera, which was used to shoot approximately 15 minutes of the film.<a href="#cite_note-captain-america-30">[30]</a> In May 2015, the Russo brothers announced that their films <a href="/wiki/Avengers:_Infinity_War" title="Avengers: Infinity War">Avengers: Infinity War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avengers:_Endgame" title="Avengers: Endgame">Avengers: Endgame</a>, released in 2018 and 2019, the first Hollywood feature films shot entirely in IMAX, albeit using ARRI Alexa IMAX cameras instead of 15/70 perf film.<a href="#cite_note-infinity-103">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rihanna" title="Rihanna">Rihanna</a>'s music video "<a href="/wiki/Sledgehammer_(Rihanna_song)" title="Sledgehammer (Rihanna song)">Sledgehammer</a>", released in 2016, was the second music video to use the new ARRI Alexa IMAX camera.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Other films between 2016 and 2021 that captured with IMAX cameras were <a href="/wiki/Zack_Snyder" title="Zack Snyder">Zack Snyder</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Batman_v_Superman:_Dawn_of_Justice" title="Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice">Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sully_(film)" title="Sully (film)">Sully</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damien_Chazelle" title="Damien Chazelle">Damien Chazelle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/First_Man_(film)" title="First Man (film)">First Man</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jon_Favreau" title="Jon Favreau">Jon Favreau</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Lion_King_(2019_film)" title="The Lion King (2019 film)">The Lion King</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patty_Jenkins" title="Patty Jenkins">Patty Jenkins</a>' <a href="/wiki/Wonder_Woman_1984" title="Wonder Woman 1984">Wonder Woman 1984</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cary_Joji_Fukunaga" title="Cary Joji Fukunaga">Cary Joji Fukunaga</a>'s <a href="/wiki/No_Time_to_Die" title="No Time to Die">No Time to Die</a>. Sully was filmed with ARRI Alexa IMAX cameras for almost the entire film and The Lion King for select sequences. The rest had sequences that were filmed with 15/70 mm IMAX cameras. Five Chinese titles have been captured with IMAX digital cameras (including two with IMAX-certified cameras); selected scenes in <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Wen" title="Jiang Wen">Jiang Wen</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gone_with_the_Bullets" title="Gone with the Bullets">Gone with the Bullets</a> in 2014, the entirety of <a href="/wiki/Guan_Hu" title="Guan Hu">Guan Hu</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Hundred" title="The Eight Hundred">The Eight Hundred</a> in 2020, almost all of <a href="/wiki/Chen_Sicheng" title="Chen Sicheng">Chen Sicheng</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Detective_Chinatown_3" title="Detective Chinatown 3">Detective Chinatown 3</a> in 2021 and the entirety of <a href="/wiki/Chen_Kaige" title="Chen Kaige">Chen Kaige</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsui_Hark" title="Tsui Hark">Tsui Hark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dante_Lam" title="Dante Lam">Dante Lam</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_at_Lake_Changjin" title="The Battle at Lake Changjin">The Battle at Lake Changjin</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_at_Lake_Changjin_II" title="The Battle at Lake Changjin II">The Battle at Lake Changjin II</a> with IMAX-certified <a href="/wiki/List_of_Red_Digital_Cinema_cameras" title="List of Red Digital Cinema cameras">Red Ranger Monstro</a> cameras in 2020 and 2022. Christopher Nolan used 15/70 IMAX cameras again on his next film, <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_(2017_film)" title="Dunkirk (2017 film)">Dunkirk</a>. However, unlike the previous films, where he used the cameras for select sequences, Nolan used IMAX as the primary shooting format, with 75% (about 79 minutes) of the 106-minute film featuring footage shot in 70 mm IMAX (breaking the aforementioned record that a previous Nolan film, <a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Knight_Rises" title="The Dark Knight Rises">The Dark Knight Rises</a>, held). This was possible due to the sparsity of dialogue in the film, as 15/70 mm IMAX cameras are notoriously noisy (a few dialogue-heavy scenes were shot with regular 70 mm film cameras from <a href="/wiki/Panavision" title="Panavision">Panavision</a>). IMAX cameras were also used hand-held for the first time, as Nolan was advised by both <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ron_Howard" title="Ron Howard">Ron Howard</a> that it was the best way to shoot on vessels. Dunkirk received the widest release on 70mm IMAX since his last film, <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_(film)" title="Interstellar (film)">Interstellar</a>, with the film being released on the format in 37 theaters around the world. The director's 2020 film, <a href="/wiki/Tenet_(film)" title="Tenet (film)">Tenet</a> filmed 76 minutes with 15/70 mm IMAX cameras, the rest of the film was shot with regular 70 mm film cameras from <a href="/wiki/Panavision" title="Panavision">Panavision</a>. The film's six-minute opening sequence was shown before IMAX screenings of <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_The_Rise_of_Skywalker" title="Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker">Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Tenet was shown over 13 theaters globally in 70mm IMAX.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> In September 2020, IMAX announced a new program called 'Filmed in IMAX', a new partnership with camera manufacturers to meet filmmaker demand for the format. Through the program, IMAX will certify digital cameras with brands including <a href="/wiki/Arri_Alexa" title="Arri Alexa">ARRI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panavision" title="Panavision">Panavision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Digital_Cinema" title="Red Digital Cinema">Red Digital Cinema</a> and <a href="/wiki/CineAlta" title="CineAlta">Sony</a> to work in the IMAX format when paired with its post-production process. The new program certifies the <a href="/wiki/Arri_Alexa" title="Arri Alexa">ARRI Alexa LF and Mini LF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panavision_cameras" title="Panavision cameras">Panavision Millennium DXL2</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Red_Digital_Cinema_cameras" title="List of Red Digital Cinema cameras">Red Ranger Monstro and Komodo</a> and <a href="/wiki/CineAlta#List_of_CineAlta_cameras" title="CineAlta">Sony's CineAlta Venice</a> cameras along with the ARRI Alexa IMAX camera previously announced with ARRI Rental. As part of the program, IMAX will also certify independent camera rental houses that can supply certified cameras worldwide, starting with Panavision, ARRI and Keslow Camera. IMAX will select only a limited number of films to participate in the program each year. <a href="/wiki/James_Gunn" title="James Gunn">James Gunn</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Suicide_Squad_(film)" title="The Suicide Squad (film)">The Suicide Squad</a> (shot with the Red Ranger Monstro and Komodo),<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Colin_Tilley" title="Colin Tilley">Colin Tilley</a>'s <a href="/wiki/If_I_Can%27t_Have_Love,_I_Want_Power_(film)" title="If I Can't Have Love, I Want Power (film)">If I Can't Have Love, I Want Power</a> (shot with the ARRI Alexa IMAX), <a href="/wiki/Destin_Daniel_Cretton" title="Destin Daniel Cretton">Destin Daniel Cretton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Shang-Chi_and_the_Legend_of_the_Ten_Rings" title="Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings">Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denis_Villeneuve" title="Denis Villeneuve">Denis Villeneuve</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dune_(2021_film)" title="Dune (2021 film)">Dune</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlo%C3%A9_Zhao" title="Chloé Zhao">Chloé Zhao</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Eternals_(film)" title="Eternals (film)">Eternals</a> (all three titles shot with the ARRI Alexa LF and Mini LF) and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kosinski" title="Joseph Kosinski">Joseph Kosinski</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Top_Gun:_Maverick" title="Top Gun: Maverick">Top Gun: Maverick</a> (shot with the Sony CineAlta Venice) are among the first releases certified as 'Filmed in IMAX' through the new program.<a href="#cite_note-filmed-in-IMAX-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Other films between 2022 and 2024 that are captured with IMAX-certified cameras are <a href="/wiki/Sam_Raimi" title="Sam Raimi">Sam Raimi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Strange_in_the_Multiverse_of_Madness" title="Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness">Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness</a> (Shot with the Panavision Millennium DXL2), <a href="/wiki/Taika_Waititi" title="Taika Waititi">Taika Waititi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Thor:_Love_and_Thunder" title="Thor: Love and Thunder">Thor: Love and Thunder</a> (shot with ARRI Alexa LF and Mini LF), <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Coogler" title="Ryan Coogler">Ryan Coogler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Black_Panther:_Wakanda_Forever" title="Black Panther: Wakanda Forever">Black Panther: Wakanda Forever</a> (shot with the Sony CineAlta Venice), <a href="/wiki/Peyton_Reed" title="Peyton Reed">Peyton Reed</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ant-Man_and_the_Wasp:_Quantumania" title="Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania">Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania</a> (Shot with the ARRI Alexa LF and Mini LF), <a href="/wiki/Michael_B._Jordan" title="Michael B. Jordan">Michael B. Jordan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Creed_III" title="Creed III">Creed III</a> (shot with the Sony CineAlta Venice), <a href="/wiki/James_Wan" title="James Wan">James Wan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Aquaman_and_the_Lost_Kingdom" title="Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom">Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom</a> (Shot with the Panavision Millennium DXL2), <a href="/wiki/James_Gunn" title="James Gunn">James Gunn</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_Vol._3" title="Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3">Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3</a> (Shot with the Red V-Raptor), <a href="/wiki/Christopher_McQuarrie" title="Christopher McQuarrie">Christopher McQuarrie</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mission:_Impossible_%E2%80%93_Dead_Reckoning_Part_One" title="Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One">Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One</a> (Shot with ARRI Alexa LF, Mini LF and Sony CineAlta Venice), <a href="/wiki/Nia_DaCosta" title="Nia DaCosta">Nia DaCosta</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Marvels" title="The Marvels">The Marvels</a> (Shot with the ARRI Alexa LF and Mini LF), <a href="/wiki/Angel_Manuel_Soto" class="mw-redirect" title="Angel Manuel Soto">Angel Manuel Soto</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Blue_Beetle_(film)" title="Blue Beetle (film)">Blue Beetle</a>, Denis Villeneuve's <a href="/wiki/Dune:_Part_Two" title="Dune: Part Two">Dune: Part Two</a> (shot with ARRI Alexa LF and Mini LF).<a href="#cite_note-comingsoon.net-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> In March 2022, IMAX plans to develop new 15/70 cameras that would be created with input from filmmakers such as <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peele" title="Jordan Peele">Jordan Peele</a> and Christopher Nolan. The work will be done in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Kodak</a>, camera maker <a href="/wiki/Panavision" title="Panavision">Panavision</a>, and post-production company and film lab <a href="/wiki/FotoKem" title="FotoKem">FotoKem</a>. The large format company is also consulting with leading cinematographers including <a href="/wiki/Linus_Sandgren" title="Linus Sandgren">Linus Sandgren</a> (<a href="/wiki/No_Time_to_Die" title="No Time to Die">No Time to Die</a>), <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Morrison" title="Rachel Morrison">Rachel Morrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_(film)" title="Black Panther (film)">Black Panther</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bradford_Young" title="Bradford Young">Bradford Young</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arrival_(film)" title="Arrival (film)">Arrival</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dan_Mindel" title="Dan Mindel">Dan Mindel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_(2009_film)" title="Star Trek (2009 film)">Star Trek</a>) and Nolan's go-to DP, <a href="/wiki/Hoyte_van_Hoytema" title="Hoyte van Hoytema">Hoyte van Hoytema</a>. Peele's 2022 film <a href="/wiki/Nope_(film)" title="Nope (film)">Nope</a> was filmed with the current generation of 15/70 IMAX cameras and Kodak 65mm film. IMAX intends to add at least four new 15/70mm cameras to its offing over the next two years, with the first new camera expected to be put into use by late 2023.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> In April 2022, it was announced that the 2022 <a href="/wiki/Pixar" title="Pixar">Pixar</a> animated film <a href="/wiki/Lightyear_(film)" title="Lightyear (film)">Lightyear</a> to have created a virtual IMAX camera in its production and the first 'animated' film to captured it. "We created a virtual IMAX camera with 1.43:1 aspect ratio and developed a pipeline to allow us to simultaneously shoot the film for IMAX, and then crop down for our standard 2.39:1 format," Jane Yen, Lightyear visual effects supervisor, revealed during a press conference. One of the two director's of photography Jeremy Lasky later said "I think this is the first that has been made for IMAX in this way. There's about a third of the film that was shot for IMAX. And the easy answer is that we have a set of lenses. And when I say lenses, I mean CG made". A set of lenses that recreate the look of an anamorphic lens, which is your typical wide screen. You'll notice things out of focus in the background instead of being round are like stretched a little bit. There's like that blue lens flare that you see. It's anamorphic lenses where the way to shoot wide screen in the sixties, seventies, and then later got phased out a little bit, but they're still used today. But those effects call to a period of sci-fi that we were looking at, which is why those same lenses or versions of those lenses were used on <a href="/wiki/WALL-E" title="WALL-E">WALL-E</a>". Later he recommend "So for the 30 or so minutes of the movie in IMAX, we shot with those lenses opened up to the 1.43 aspect ratio and composed for that while keeping the composition as clear and as solid for a 2.39 crop from the center. So the wide screen image is pulled out of the IMAX image. Which all sounds really technical, but all it really means is, when you're watching it an IMAX screen, we were thinking about those scenes as IMAX. And it wasn't just some after the film was done, blow up of the movie".<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> In December 2022, it was announced that IMAX have certified the Red V-Raptor as a new certified camera and that <a href="/wiki/James_Gunn" title="James Gunn">James Gunn</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Galaxy_Vol._3" title="Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3">Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3</a> will be the first film to shoot with the cameras instead of the Red Ranger Monstro.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-33">[33]</a> Nolan's <a href="/wiki/Oppenheimer_(film)" title="Oppenheimer (film)">Oppenheimer</a> was also filmed with the current generation of 15/70mm IMAX cameras and Kodak 65 mm film. It is also the first film to shoot sections in IMAX black and white <a href="/wiki/Analog_photography" title="Analog photography">analog photography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_space_exploration">In space exploration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IMAX&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: In space exploration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:635715main_84HC188_full.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/635715main_84HC188_full.jpg/250px-635715main_84HC188_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/635715main_84HC188_full.jpg/330px-635715main_84HC188_full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/635715main_84HC188_full.jpg/500px-635715main_84HC188_full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2180" data-file-height="1437" /></a><figcaption>STS 41-C mission specialist <a href="/wiki/Terry_Hart" title="Terry Hart">Terry J. Hart</a> holds a 70-pound IMAX camera in the mid-deck of the space shuttle <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger">Challenger</a> in 1984.</figcaption></figure> IMAX cameras have flown in space on 17 occasions, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> astronauts have used handheld IMAX cameras to document missions, and an IMAX camera has also been mounted in the payload bay of the Shuttle. Space shuttle mission <a href="/wiki/STS-41-C" title="STS-41-C">STS-41-C</a> filmed the deployment of the <a href="/wiki/Long_Duration_Exposure_Facility" title="Long Duration Exposure Facility">LDEF</a> (Long duration exposure facility) and the repair of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_Maximum_Mission" title="Solar Maximum Mission">Solar Max</a> satellite. This footage was included in the 1985 IMAX movie <a href="/wiki/The_Dream_Is_Alive" title="The Dream Is Alive">The Dream Is Alive</a>. Kennedy Space Center in Florida has two IMAX 3D theaters. These show space movies, including footage shot on missions and narrated by celebrities.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Two of the IMAX cameras used by NASA are now on display at the <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington DC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IMAX&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Awards">edit</a>]</div> In 1996, IMAX was awarded the Oscar for Scientific and Technical Achievement by the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences">Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> The award cited IMAX's innovations in creating and developing a method of filming and exhibiting large-format, wide-angle motion pictures.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> To date, ten native-format IMAX format films have received <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a> nomination, with one winner. While on technical aspects and the usage of the IMAX system, only <a href="/wiki/Hoyte_van_Hoytema" title="Hoyte van Hoytema">Hoyte van Hoytema</a>'s cinematography on <a href="/wiki/Oppenheimer_(film)" title="Oppenheimer (film)">Oppenheimer</a> has won, while <a href="/wiki/Wally_Pfister" title="Wally Pfister">Wally Pfister</a>'s cinematography on <a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Knight" title="The Dark Knight">The Dark Knight</a> and Hoytema’s cinematography on <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_(2017_film)" title="Dunkirk (2017 film)">Dunkirk</a> have also earned nominations. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Eruption_of_Mount_St._Helens!" title="The Eruption of Mount St. Helens!">The Eruption of Mount St. Helens!</a>, 1980 Documentary Short Subject</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fires_of_Kuwait" title="Fires of Kuwait">Fires of Kuwait</a>, 1992 Documentary Feature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Living_Sea" title="The Living Sea">The Living Sea</a>, 1995 Documentary Short Subject</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Effects:_Anything_Can_Happen" title="Special Effects: Anything Can Happen">Special Effects: Anything Can Happen</a>, 1996 Documentary Short Subject</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Voyage_(1996_film)" title="Cosmic Voyage (1996 film)">Cosmic Voyage</a>, 1996 Documentary Short Subject</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_(1997_film)" title="Amazon (1997 film)">Amazon</a>, 1997 Documentary Short Subject</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska:_Spirit_of_the_Wild" title="Alaska: Spirit of the Wild">Alaska: Spirit of the Wild</a>, 1997 Documentary Short Subject</li> <li><a href="/wiki/More_(1998_film)" title="More (1998 film)">More</a>, 1998 Animated Short Film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea_(1999_film)" title="The Old Man and the Sea (1999 film)">The Old Man and the Sea</a>, Winner 1999 Animated Short Film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphins_(2000_film)" title="Dolphins (2000 film)">Dolphins</a>, 2000 Documentary Short Subject</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IMAX&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Other uses">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IMAX_Filming_at_Paranal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/IMAX_Filming_at_Paranal.jpg/170px-IMAX_Filming_at_Paranal.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/IMAX_Filming_at_Paranal.jpg/255px-IMAX_Filming_at_Paranal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/IMAX_Filming_at_Paranal.jpg/340px-IMAX_Filming_at_Paranal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>IMAX Filming at <a href="/wiki/Paranal_Observatory" title="Paranal Observatory">Paranal Observatory</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></figcaption></figure> Many IMAX films have been remastered into <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">HDTV</a> format (cropped to fit into HDTV's <a href="/wiki/16:9" class="mw-redirect" title="16:9">16:9</a> aspect ratio) for the <a href="/wiki/MOJO_HD" class="mw-redirect" title="MOJO HD">MOJO HD</a>, <a href="/wiki/HDNet" class="mw-redirect" title="HDNet">HDNet</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=HD_Theatre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HD Theatre (page does not exist)">HD Theatre</a> networks and release on DVD and <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray Disc">Blu-ray Disc</a>. In July 2005, the <a href="/wiki/London_IMAX" class="mw-redirect" title="London IMAX">BFI IMAX Cinema</a> in London became the first to host live music concerts, using a digital non-IMAX projector.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Science Museum London and BFI IMAX Cinema have also hosted <a href="/wiki/Electronic_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic sports">computer game tournaments</a> using digital projectors.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Several amusement park attractions have integrated IMAX film segments, including <a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Future:_The_Ride" title="Back to the Future: The Ride">Back to the Future: The Ride</a> formerly at <a href="/wiki/Universal_Destinations_%26_Experiences" title="Universal Destinations & Experiences">Universal Studios</a> in Florida and California, <a href="/wiki/Horizons_(Epcot_attraction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizons (Epcot attraction)">Horizons</a> formerly at <a href="/wiki/Epcot" title="Epcot">Epcot</a> and Soarin’ Over California at <a href="/wiki/Disney_California_Adventure" title="Disney California Adventure">Disney California Adventure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epcot" title="Epcot">Epcot</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_specifications">Technical specifications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IMAX&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Technical specifications">edit</a>]</div> IMAX (15/70) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spherical_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Spherical lens">spherical lenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/70_mm_film" title="70 mm film">70 mm film</a>, 15 perforations per frame</li> <li>horizontal rolling loop movement, from right to left (viewed from emulsion side)</li> <li>24 frames per second</li> <li>camera aperture: 70.41 mm × 52.63 mm (2.772 in × 2.072 in)</li> <li>projection aperture: at least 2 mm (0.079 in) less than camera aperture on the vertical axis and at least 0.41 mm (0.016 in) less on the horizontal axis</li> <li>aspect ratio: 1.43:1</li> <li>DMR aspect ratio: 1.90:1, 2.39:1</li></ul> IMAX Dome/Omnimax<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> Same as IMAX with the addition of: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fisheye_lens" title="Fisheye lens">fisheye lenses</a></li> <li>lens optically centered 9.4 mm (0.37 in) below film horizontal center line</li> <li>projected elliptically on a dome screen, 20° below and 110° above perfectly centered viewers</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Competitors">Competitors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IMAX&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Competitors">edit</a>]</div> In late 2014, Dolby announced <a href="/wiki/Dolby_Cinema" title="Dolby Cinema">Dolby Cinema</a> as an IMAX competitor with super-vivid image mainly in <a href="/wiki/High_Dynamic_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="High Dynamic Range">High Dynamic Range</a> with shadow.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> In Australia and New Zealand, <a href="/wiki/Event_Cinemas" title="Event Cinemas">Event Cinemas</a> sells a premium cinema experience with a bigger screen, improved imagery and better seats marketed as Vmax. In the United States <a href="/wiki/Cinemark" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinemark">Cinemark</a> has its Cinemark XD: Extreme Digital Cinema.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IMAX&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_released_in_IMAX" title="List of films released in IMAX">List of films released in IMAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_IMAX_films" title="List of IMAX films">List of IMAX films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_IMAX-based_rides" title="List of IMAX-based rides">List of IMAX-based rides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Film_Giant_Screen" title="China Film Giant Screen">China Film Giant Screen</a>, a similar format developed to break IMAX's large-screen monopoly in China</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=IMAX&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPowster" class="citation web cs1">Powster. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oppenheimermovie.com/tickets/formats/">"Oppenheimer | Showtimes & Tickets | In Theaters Now"</a>. Oppenheimer Official Movie Site. Retrieved August 7, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oppenheimer+Official+Movie+Site&rft.atitle=Oppenheimer+%7C+Showtimes+%26+Tickets+%7C+In+Theaters+Now&rft.au=Powster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oppenheimermovie.com%2Ftickets%2Fformats%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIMAX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190921101020/http://www.ieee.ca/millennium/imax/imax_birth.html">"The Birth of IMAX"</a>. Ieee.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ieee.ca/millennium/imax/imax_birth.html">the original</a> on September 21, 2019. Retrieved May 23, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+IMAX&rft.pub=Ieee.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fieee.ca%2Fmillennium%2Fimax%2Fimax_birth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIMAX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lfexaminer.com/2010/04/the-shrinking-imax-screen/">"The Shrinking IMAX Screen – LF Examiner"</a>. lfexaminer.com. Retrieved April 7, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lfexaminer.com&rft.atitle=The+Shrinking+IMAX+Screen+%E2%80%93+LF+Examiner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flfexaminer.com%2F2010%2F04%2Fthe-shrinking-imax-screen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIMAX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3494524">U.S. patent 3,494,524</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-gizmodo.com-5"><a href="#cite_ref-gizmodo.com_5-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gizmodo.com/how-regular-movies-become-imax-films-5250780">How Regular Movies Become "IMAX" Films</a>, by Mark Wilson (Gizmodo.com, published May 29, 2009) </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWise" class="citation web cs1">Wise, Wyndham. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171207023535/http://www.northernstars.ca/ferguson_graeme_article/">"IMAX at 30: An Interview with Graeme Ferguson"</a>. NorthernStars.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northernstars.ca/ferguson_graeme_article/">the original</a> on December 7, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NorthernStars.ca&rft.atitle=IMAX+at+30%3A+An+Interview+with+Graeme+Ferguson&rft.aulast=Wise&rft.aufirst=Wyndham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.northernstars.ca%2Fferguson_graeme_article%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIMAX" class="Z3988"> Originally published in Take One magazine, Issue #17, Fall 1997. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3944349A/en">"Shutter assembly"</a>. Patents.google.com. 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Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:IMAX" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:IMAX">IMAX</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imax.com/">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lfexaminer.com/large-formats/">Large Formats</a>, Describes the differences between the three different "large-format" or "giant-screen" formats, the IMAX Digital format, and the conventional formats.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imaxmusic.net/">IMAX Soundtracks Database</a></li> <li>YouTube videos explaining the theater operation and maintenance processes of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gENOhw1Q3vM&t=38s">threading & playing</a> a 70mm IMAX film, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rqb5oKhXif8">building a film</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H6QTOwBgNb0&t=33s">alt</a>) by splicing together 40 reels shipped in 7 boxes making one feature-length film 9 miles long weighing 1,200 pounds, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lSIhnR5QzYs">replacing the projector's xenon lamp</a> ($5600 bulb cost).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Motion_picture_film_formats143" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Motion_picture_film_formats143" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Motion picture <a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">film formats</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Film_gauge" title="Film gauge">Film gauges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8_mm_film" title="8 mm film">8 mm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9.5_mm_film" title="9.5 mm film">9.5 mm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16_mm_film" title="16 mm film">16 mm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17.5mm_film" class="mw-redirect" title="17.5mm film">17.5 mm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_mm_film" title="28 mm film">28 mm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/35_mm_movie_film" title="35 mm movie film">35 mm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/70_mm_film" title="70 mm film">70 mm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_formats" class="mw-redirect" title="List of film formats">Film formats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">35 mm</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CinemaScope" title="CinemaScope">CinemaScope</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VistaVision" title="VistaVision">VistaVision</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technirama" title="Technirama">Technirama</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anamorphic_format" title="Anamorphic format">Modern anamorphic</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techniscope" title="Techniscope">Techniscope</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_35" title="Super 35">Super 35</a> (1982)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">70 mm</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Todd-AO" title="Todd-AO">Todd-AO</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_Panavision_70" title="Ultra Panavision 70">Ultra Panavision 70</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Panavision_70" title="Super Panavision 70">Super Panavision 70</a> (1959)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IMAX</a> (1970)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">35 mm × 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinerama" title="Cinerama">Cinerama</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinopanorama" title="Kinopanorama">Kinopanorama</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinemiracle" title="Cinemiracle">Cinemiracle</a> (1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(image)" title="Aspect ratio (image)">Aspect ratio</a> standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_ratio" title="Academy ratio">Academy ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14:9_aspect_ratio" title="14:9 aspect ratio">14:9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anamorphic_format" title="Anamorphic format">Anamorphic format</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video framing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Widescreen" title="Widescreen">Widescreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anamorphic_widescreen" title="Anamorphic widescreen">Anamorphic widescreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letterboxing_(filming)" title="Letterboxing (filming)">Letterbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillarbox" title="Pillarbox">Pillarbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windowbox_(filmmaking)" title="Windowbox (filmmaking)">Windowbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_and_scan" title="Pan and scan">Pan and scan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fullscreen_(aspect_ratio)" title="Fullscreen (aspect ratio)">Fullscreen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_matte" title="Open matte">Open matte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_and_protect" title="Shoot and protect">Shoot and protect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="IMAX121" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:IMAX" title="Template:IMAX"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:IMAX" title="Template talk:IMAX"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:IMAX" title="Special:EditPage/Template:IMAX"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="IMAX121" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IMAX</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IMAX_Corporation" title="IMAX Corporation">IMAX Corporation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">IMAX film format</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_IMAX_films" title="List of IMAX films">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_released_in_IMAX" title="List of films released in IMAX">releases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_IMAX-based_rides" title="List of IMAX-based rides">Rides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other IMAX ventures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3net" title="3net">3net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMAX_Magic_Carpet" title="IMAX Magic Carpet">IMAX Magic 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