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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rotation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rotation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Rotation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rotation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_motion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_motion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Special motion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Special_motion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Special motion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Special_motion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hands_and_feet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hands_and_feet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Hands and feet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hands_and_feet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flexion_and_extension_of_the_foot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flexion_and_extension_of_the_foot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Flexion and extension of the foot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flexion_and_extension_of_the_foot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flexion_and_extension_of_the_hand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flexion_and_extension_of_the_hand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Flexion and extension of the hand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flexion_and_extension_of_the_hand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronation_and_supination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronation_and_supination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Pronation and supination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronation_and_supination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inversion_and_eversion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inversion_and_eversion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Inversion and eversion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inversion_and_eversion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eyes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eyes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Eyes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eyes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jaw_and_teeth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jaw_and_teeth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Jaw and teeth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jaw_and_teeth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Anatomical terms of motion</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" 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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_(%D8%B7%D8%A8)" title="قائمة مصطلحات تشريح الحركة (طب) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قائمة مصطلحات تشريح الحركة (طب)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomski_termini_pokreta" title="Anatomski termini pokreta – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Anatomski termini pokreta" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termes_anat%C3%B2mics_del_moviment" title="Termes anatòmics del moviment – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Termes anatòmics del moviment" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%98%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="واژه‌های حرکت اندام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="واژه‌های حرکت اندام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99%EC%97%90_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C_%ED%95%B4%EB%B6%80%ED%95%99_%EC%9A%A9%EC%96%B4" title="운동에 대한 해부학 용어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="운동에 대한 해부학 용어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_istilah_anatomi" title="Daftar istilah anatomi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Daftar istilah anatomi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istilah_gerakan_anatomi" title="Istilah gerakan anatomi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Istilah gerakan anatomi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Абдукция (анатомия) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Абдукция (анатомия)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istilah_gerakan_anatomi" title="Istilah gerakan anatomi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Istilah gerakan anatomi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%A6%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E3%81%AE%E8%A1%A8%E7%8F%BE" title="解剖学における運動の表現 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="解剖学における運動の表現" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomiske_r%C3%B8rsleskildringar" title="Anatomiske rørsleskildringar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Anatomiske rørsleskildringar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D8%B1%DA%98%DB%86%DA%A9" title="ماسوولکەی گرژۆک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ماسوولکەی گرژۆک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Моторичко знање – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Моторичко знање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomiska_termer_f%C3%B6r_r%C3%B6relse" title="Anatomiska termer för rörelse – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Anatomiska termer för rörelse" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomide_hareket_terimleri" title="Anatomide hareket terimleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Anatomide hareket terimleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85%D1%83" title="Анатомічна термінологія руху – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Анатомічна термінологія руху" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thu%E1%BA%ADt_ng%E1%BB%AF_gi%E1%BA%A3i_ph%E1%BA%ABu_c%E1%BB%AD_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng" title="Thuật ngữ giải phẫu cử động – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thuật ngữ giải phẫu cử động" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q264251#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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blue;background:misty-rose;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braus_1921_290.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Braus_1921_290.png/125px-Braus_1921_290.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Braus_1921_290.png/188px-Braus_1921_290.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Braus_1921_290.png/250px-Braus_1921_290.png 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="864" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anatomical_terminology" title="Category:Anatomical terminology">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_bone" title="Anatomical terms of bone">Bone</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location" title="Anatomical terms of location">Location</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_microanatomy" title="Anatomical terms of microanatomy">Microanatomy</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Motion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_muscle" title="Anatomical terms of muscle">Muscle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_neuroanatomy" title="Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy">Neuroanatomy</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Anatomical_terminology_series" title="Template:Anatomical terminology series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anatomical_terminology_series" title="Template talk:Anatomical terminology series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anatomical_terminology_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anatomical terminology series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Motion" title="Motion">Motion</a>, the process of movement, is described using specific <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">anatomical terms</a>. Motion includes movement of <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">joints</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)" title="Limb (anatomy)">limbs</a>, and specific sections of the body. The terminology used describes this motion according to its direction relative to the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_position" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomical position">anatomical position</a> of the body parts involved. <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">Anatomists</a> and others use a unified set of terms to describe most of the movements, although other, more specialized terms are necessary for describing unique movements such as those of the hands, feet, and eyes. </p><p>In general, motion is classified according to the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_plane" title="Anatomical plane">anatomical plane</a> it occurs in. <i>Flexion</i> and <i>extension</i> are examples of <i>angular</i> motions, in which two axes of a joint are brought closer together or moved further apart. <i>Rotational</i> motion may occur at other joints, for example the <a href="/wiki/Shoulder" title="Shoulder">shoulder</a>, and are described as <i>internal</i> or <i>external</i>. Other terms, such as <i>elevation</i> and <i>depression</i>, describe movement above or below the horizontal plane. Many anatomical terms derive from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> terms with the same meaning. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_motion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Motions are classified after the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_plane" title="Anatomical plane">anatomical planes</a> they occur in,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarieb2010212_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarieb2010212-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although movement is more often than not a combination of different motions occurring simultaneously in several planes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELippert20116–7_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELippert20116–7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Motions can be split into categories relating to the nature of the joints involved: </p> <ul><li><i>Gliding</i> motions occur between flat surfaces, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Intervertebral_disc" title="Intervertebral disc">intervertebral discs</a> or between the <a href="/wiki/Carpal_bones" title="Carpal bones">carpal bones</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Wrist" title="Wrist">wrist</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Metacarpal_bones" title="Metacarpal bones">metacarpal bones</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">hand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarieb2010212_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarieb2010212-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Angular</i> motions occur over <a href="/wiki/Synovial_joint" title="Synovial joint">synovial joints</a> and causes them to either increase or decrease angles between bones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarieb2010212_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarieb2010212-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Rotational</i> motions move a structure in a <a href="/wiki/Rotation" title="Rotation">rotational</a> motion along a longitudinal axis, such as turning the head to look to either side.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall200557_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall200557-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Apart from this motions can also be divided into: </p> <ul><li><i>Linear</i> motions (or <i>translatory</i> motions), which move in a line between two points. <i>Rectilinear</i> motion is motion in a straight line between two points, whereas <i>curvilinear</i> motion is motion following a curved path.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELippert20116–7_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELippert20116–7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Angular</i> motions (or <i>rotary</i> motions) occur when an object is around another object increasing or decreasing the angle. The different parts of the object do not move the same distance. Examples include a movement of the knee, where the lower leg changes angle compared to the femur, or movements of the ankle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELippert20116–7_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELippert20116–7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The study of movement in the human body is known as <a href="/wiki/Kinesiology" title="Kinesiology">kinesiology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELippert20111–7_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELippert20111–7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A categoric list of movements and the <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a> involved can be found at <a href="/wiki/List_of_movements_of_the_human_body" title="List of movements of the human body">list of movements of the human body</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abnormal_motion">Abnormal motion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_motion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Abnormal motion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hypermobility-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hypermobility-10.jpg/130px-Hypermobility-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hypermobility-10.jpg/195px-Hypermobility-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hypermobility-10.jpg/260px-Hypermobility-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>Hyperextended finger in <a href="/wiki/Hypermobility_spectrum_disorder" title="Hypermobility spectrum disorder">hypermobility spectrum disorder</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hypermobility-11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Hypermobility-11.jpg/130px-Hypermobility-11.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Hypermobility-11.jpg/195px-Hypermobility-11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Hypermobility-11.jpg/260px-Hypermobility-11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Hyperextended thumb in <a href="/wiki/Hypermobility_spectrum_disorder" title="Hypermobility spectrum disorder">hypermobility spectrum disorder</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The prefix <i>hyper-</i> is sometimes added to describe movement beyond the normal limits, such as in <i><a href="/wiki/Hypermobility_(joints)" title="Hypermobility (joints)">hypermobility</a></i>, <i>hyperflexion</i> or <i>hyperextension</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Range_of_motion" title="Range of motion">range of motion</a> describes the total range of motion that a joint is able to do.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall2005G-4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall2005G-4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, if a part of the body such as a joint is overstretched or "bent backwards" because of exaggerated extension motion, then it can be described as <i>hyperextended</i>. Hyperextension increases the stress on the <a href="/wiki/Ligament" title="Ligament">ligaments</a> of a joint, and is not always because of a voluntary movement. It may be a result of accidents, falls, or other causes of trauma. It may also be used in surgery, such as in temporarily dislocating joints for surgical procedures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeeley1998229_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeeley1998229-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Or it may be used as a <a href="/wiki/Pain_compliance" title="Pain compliance">pain compliance</a> method to force a person to take a certain action, such as allowing a police officer to take him into custody. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_motion">General motion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_motion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: General motion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_muscle" title="Anatomical terms of muscle">Anatomical terms of muscle</a></div> <p>These are general terms that can be used to describe most movements the body makes. Most terms have a clear opposite, and so are treated in pairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flexion_and_extension">Flexion and extension</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_motion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Flexion and extension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_flexors_of_the_human_body" title="List of flexors of the human body">List of flexors of the human body</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_extensors_of_the_human_body" title="List of extensors of the human body">List of extensors of the human body</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FlexsionExtension2017.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/FlexsionExtension2017.jpeg/440px-FlexsionExtension2017.jpeg" decoding="async" width="440" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/FlexsionExtension2017.jpeg/660px-FlexsionExtension2017.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/FlexsionExtension2017.jpeg/880px-FlexsionExtension2017.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2430" data-file-height="1377" /></a><figcaption>Flexion and extension</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Flexion and extension</b> are movements that affect the angle between two parts of the body. These terms come from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> words with the same meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Flexion</b> is a bending movement that <i>decreases</i> the angle between a segment and its proximal segment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED1989"flexion"_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOED1989"flexion"-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, bending the <a href="/wiki/Elbow" title="Elbow">elbow</a>, or clenching a hand into a fist, are examples of flexion. When a person is sitting down, the knees are flexed. When a joint can move forward and backward, such as the neck and trunk, flexion is movement in the anterior direction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall200556_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall200556-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the chin is against the chest, the neck is flexed, and the trunk is flexed when a person leans forward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall200556_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall200556-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flexion of the shoulder or hip is movement of the arm or leg forward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook2012180–193_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2012180–193-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Extension</b> is the opposite of flexion, a straightening movement that <i>increases</i> the angle between body parts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED1989"extension"_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOED1989"extension"-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, when standing up, the knees are extended. When a joint can move forward and backward, such as the neck and trunk, extension is movement in the posterior direction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall200556_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall200556-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extension of the hip or shoulder moves the arm or leg backward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook2012180–193_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2012180–193-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even for other upper extremity joints – elbow and wrist, backward movement results in extension. The knee, ankle, and wrist are exceptions, where the distal end has to move in the anterior direction for it to be called extension.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall2005_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall2005-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>For the <a href="/wiki/Toe" title="Toe">toes</a>, flexion is curling them downward whereas extension is uncurling them or raising them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlatzer2004258_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatzer2004258-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abduction_and_adduction">Abduction and adduction<span class="anchor" id="Abduction"></span><span class="anchor" id="Adduction"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_motion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Abduction and adduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_abductors_of_the_human_body" title="List of abductors of the human body">List of abductors of the human body</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_adductors_of_the_human_body" title="List of adductors of the human body">List of adductors of the human body</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Body_Movements_I_(cropped_AbAd).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Body_Movements_I_%28cropped_AbAd%29.jpg/260px-Body_Movements_I_%28cropped_AbAd%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Body_Movements_I_%28cropped_AbAd%29.jpg/390px-Body_Movements_I_%28cropped_AbAd%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Body_Movements_I_%28cropped_AbAd%29.jpg/520px-Body_Movements_I_%28cropped_AbAd%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="1489" /></a><figcaption>Abduction and adduction</figcaption></figure> <p>Abduction is the motion of a structure away from the midline while adduction is motion towards the center of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwartz2010590–591_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwartz2010590–591-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The center of the body is defined as the <a href="/wiki/Sagittal_plane" title="Sagittal plane">midsagittal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sagittal_plane" title="Sagittal plane">longitudinal</a> plane.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall200557_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall200557-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These terms come from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> words with similar meanings, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ab-</i></span> being the Latin prefix indicating <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">away</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ad-</i></span> indicating <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">toward</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ducere</i></span> meaning <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">to draw or pull</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Abduction</b> is a motion that pulls a structure or part <i>away from</i> the midline of the body, carried out by one or more <b>abductor</b> muscles. In the case of fingers and toes, it is spreading the digits apart, away from the centerline of the hand or foot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwartz2010590–591_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwartz2010590–591-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, raising the arms up, such as when <a href="/wiki/Tightrope" class="mw-redirect" title="Tightrope">tightrope</a>-walking, is an example of abduction at the <a href="/wiki/Shoulder" title="Shoulder">shoulder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook2012180–193_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2012180–193-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the legs are splayed at the hip, such as when doing a <a href="/wiki/Star_jump" class="mw-redirect" title="Star jump">star jump</a> or doing a <a href="/wiki/Split_(gymnastics)" title="Split (gymnastics)">split</a>, the legs are abducted at the hip.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall200557_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall200557-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Adduction</b> is a motion that pulls a structure or part <i>towards</i> the midline of the body, or towards the midline of a limb, carried out by one or more <b>adductor</b> muscles. In the case of fingers and toes, it is bringing the digits together, towards the centerline of the hand or foot. Dropping the arms to the sides, and bringing the knees together, are examples of adduction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwartz2010590–591_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwartz2010590–591-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adduction of the <a href="/wiki/Wrist" title="Wrist">wrist</a> is also known as <b>ulnar deviation</b> which moves the hand towards the <a href="/wiki/Ulnar_styloid_process" title="Ulnar styloid process">ulnar styloid</a> (or, towards the <a href="/wiki/Little_finger" title="Little finger">little finger</a>). Abduction of the wrist is also called <b>radial deviation</b> which moves the hand moving towards the <a href="/wiki/Radial_styloid_process" title="Radial styloid process">radial styloid</a> (or, towards the <a href="/wiki/Thumb" title="Thumb">thumb</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwartz2010590–591_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwartz2010590–591-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elevation_and_depression">Elevation and depression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_motion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Elevation and depression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_elevators_of_the_human_body" title="List of elevators of the human body">List of elevators of the human body</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_depressors_of_the_human_body" title="List of depressors of the human body">List of depressors of the human body</a></div> <p><b>Elevation and depression</b> are movements above and below the horizontal. The words derive from the Latin terms with similar meanings.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Elevation</b> is movement in a superior direction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED1989"elevation"_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOED1989"elevation"-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, shrugging is an example of elevation of the scapula.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall2005303_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall2005303-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Depression</b> is movement in an inferior direction, the opposite of elevation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED1989"depression"_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOED1989"depression"-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rotation">Rotation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_motion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rotation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_internal_rotators_of_the_human_body" title="List of internal rotators of the human body">List of internal rotators of the human body</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_external_rotators_of_the_human_body" title="List of external rotators of the human body">List of external rotators of the human body</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eye_movement" title="Eye movement">Eye movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Body_Movements_I_(cropped_rotation).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Body_Movements_I_%28cropped_rotation%29.jpg/260px-Body_Movements_I_%28cropped_rotation%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="491" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Body_Movements_I_%28cropped_rotation%29.jpg/390px-Body_Movements_I_%28cropped_rotation%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Body_Movements_I_%28cropped_rotation%29.jpg/520px-Body_Movements_I_%28cropped_rotation%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption>Rotation</figcaption></figure> <p>Rotation of body parts may be internal or external, that is, towards or away from the center of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwartz2010590–1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwartz2010590–1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Internal rotation</b> (<i>medial rotation</i> or <i>intorsion</i>) is rotation towards the axis of the body,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwartz2010590–1_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwartz2010590–1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> carried out by <b>internal rotators</b>. </p><p><b>External rotation</b> (<i>lateral rotation</i> or <i>extorsion</i>) is rotation away from the center of the body,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwartz2010590–1_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwartz2010590–1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> carried out by <b>external rotators</b>. </p><p>Internal and external rotators make up the <a href="/wiki/Rotator_cuff" title="Rotator cuff">rotator cuff</a>, a group of muscles that help to stabilize the <a href="/wiki/Shoulder_joint" title="Shoulder joint">shoulder joint</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Babaji.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The lotus position of yoga, demonstrating external rotation of the thigh at the hip."><img alt="The lotus position of yoga, demonstrating external rotation of the thigh at the hip." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Babaji.jpg/94px-Babaji.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Babaji.jpg/140px-Babaji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Babaji.jpg/187px-Babaji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1047" data-file-height="1342" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">lotus position</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a>, demonstrating <i>external rotation</i> of the thigh at the hip.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cable-internal-rotation-2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Rotating the arm away from the body is external rotation."><img alt="Rotating the arm away from the body is external rotation." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cable-internal-rotation-2.png/117px-Cable-internal-rotation-2.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cable-internal-rotation-2.png/175px-Cable-internal-rotation-2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cable-internal-rotation-2.png/233px-Cable-internal-rotation-2.png 2x" data-file-width="874" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rotating the arm away from the body is <i>external rotation</i>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cable-internal-rotation-1.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Rotating the arm closer to the body is internal rotation."><img alt="Rotating the arm closer to the body is internal rotation." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cable-internal-rotation-1.png/117px-Cable-internal-rotation-1.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cable-internal-rotation-1.png/175px-Cable-internal-rotation-1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cable-internal-rotation-1.png/233px-Cable-internal-rotation-1.png 2x" data-file-width="874" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rotating the arm closer to the body is <i>internal rotation</i>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_motion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anterograde" class="extiw" title="wikt:anterograde">Anterograde</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/retrograde" class="extiw" title="wikt:retrograde">retrograde</a></i> flow refer to movement of blood or other fluids in a normal (anterograde) or abnormal (retrograde) direction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED1989"anterograde",_"retrograde"_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOED1989"anterograde",_"retrograde"-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circumduction" class="extiw" title="wikt:circumduction">Circumduction</a></i> is a conical movement of a body part, such as a <a href="/wiki/Ball_and_socket_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Ball and socket joint">ball and socket joint</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">eye</a>. Circumduction is a combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction. Circumduction can be best performed at ball and socket joints, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hip" title="Hip">hip</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shoulder" title="Shoulder">shoulder</a>, but may also be performed by other parts of the body such as fingers, hands, feet, and head.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaladin2010300_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaladin2010300-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, circumduction occurs when spinning the arm when performing a serve in <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a> or bowling a <a href="/wiki/Cricket_ball" title="Cricket ball">cricket ball</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall2005304_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall2005304-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/reduction" class="extiw" title="wikt:reduction">Reduction</a></i> is a motion returning a bone to its original state,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaber2001"reduction"_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaber2001"reduction"-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as a shoulder reduction following <a href="/wiki/Dislocated_shoulder" title="Dislocated shoulder">shoulder dislocation</a>, or reduction of a <a href="/wiki/Hernia" title="Hernia">hernia</a>.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heather_Watson_Serve.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The swinging action made during a tennis serve is an example of circumduction"><img alt="The swinging action made during a tennis serve is an example of circumduction" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Heather_Watson_Serve.jpg/63px-Heather_Watson_Serve.jpg" decoding="async" width="63" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Heather_Watson_Serve.jpg/94px-Heather_Watson_Serve.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Heather_Watson_Serve.jpg/126px-Heather_Watson_Serve.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2195" data-file-height="4186" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The swinging action made during a <a href="/wiki/Tennis_serve" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennis serve">tennis serve</a> is an example of <i>circumduction</i></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Special_motion">Special motion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_motion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Special motion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hands_and_feet">Hands and feet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_motion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hands and feet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flexion_and_extension_of_the_foot">Flexion and extension of the foot</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_motion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Flexion and extension of the foot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Dorsiflexion</i> and <i>plantar flexion</i> refer to extension or flexion of the foot at the ankle. These terms refer to flexion in direction of the "back" of the foot, which is the upper surface of the foot when standing, and flexion in direction of the sole of the foot. These terms are used to resolve confusion, as technically <i>extension</i> of the joint is dorsiflexion, which could be considered counter-intuitive as the motion reduces the angle between the foot and the leg.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall2005371_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall2005371-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dorsiflexion" class="extiw" title="wikt:dorsiflexion">Dorsiflexion</a> is where the toes are brought closer to the <a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">shin</a>. This decreases the angle between the dorsum of the foot and the <a href="/wiki/Leg" title="Leg">leg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKyung2005123_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKyung2005123-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, when walking on the <a href="/wiki/Heel" title="Heel">heels</a> the ankle is described as being in dorsiflexion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall2005371_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall2005371-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, dorsiflexion helps in assuming a deep <a href="/wiki/Squatting_position" title="Squatting position">squat position.</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plantar flexion or plantarflexion is the movement which decreases the angle between the sole of the foot and the back of the leg; for example, the movement when depressing a <a href="/wiki/Automobile_pedal" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile pedal">car pedal</a> or standing on tiptoes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall2005371_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall2005371-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:017_%27Ballerina%27_18x24_oil_on_linen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A ballerina, demonstrating plantar flexion of the feet"><img alt="A ballerina, demonstrating plantar flexion of the feet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/017_%27Ballerina%27_18x24_oil_on_linen.jpg/99px-017_%27Ballerina%27_18x24_oil_on_linen.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/017_%27Ballerina%27_18x24_oil_on_linen.jpg/149px-017_%27Ballerina%27_18x24_oil_on_linen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/017_%27Ballerina%27_18x24_oil_on_linen.jpg/199px-017_%27Ballerina%27_18x24_oil_on_linen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="702" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Ballerina" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballerina">ballerina</a>, demonstrating <i>plantar flexion</i> of the feet</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dorsiplantar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dorsi and plantar flexion of the foot"><img alt="Dorsi and plantar flexion of the foot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dorsiplantar.jpg/84px-Dorsiplantar.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dorsiplantar.jpg/126px-Dorsiplantar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dorsiplantar.jpg/168px-Dorsiplantar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="874" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dorsi and plantar flexion of the foot</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flexion_and_extension_of_the_hand">Flexion and extension of the hand</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_motion&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Flexion and extension of the hand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Palmarflexion and dorsiflexion refer to movement of the flexion (palmarflexion) or extension (dorsiflexion) of the hand at the wrist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwartz2010591–593_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwartz2010591–593-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These terms refer to flexion between the hand and the body's <i>dorsal</i> surface, which in <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_position" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomical position">anatomical position</a> is considered the back of the arm; and flexion between the hand and the body's <i>palmar</i> surface, which in anatomical position is considered the anterior side of the arm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED1989"palmarflexion",_"dorsiflexion"_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOED1989"palmarflexion",_"dorsiflexion"-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The direction of terms are opposite to those in the foot because of <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryological</a> rotation of the limbs in opposite directions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall200556_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall200556-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/palmarflexion" class="extiw" title="wikt:palmarflexion">Palmarflexion</a></i> is flexion of the wrist towards the <a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">palm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ventral" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral">ventral</a> side of <a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">forearm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwartz2010591–593_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwartz2010591–593-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dorsiflexion" class="extiw" title="wikt:dorsiflexion">Dorsiflexion</a></i> is <a href="/wiki/Hyperextension" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperextension">hyperextension</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Wrist" title="Wrist">wrist</a> joint, towards the <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal (anatomy)">dorsal</a> side of forearm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwartz2010591–593_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwartz2010591–593-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_Betende_H%C3%A4nde.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Praying Hands by Albrecht Dürer, demonstrating dorsiflexion of the hands."><img alt="Praying Hands by Albrecht Dürer, demonstrating dorsiflexion of the hands." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_Betende_H%C3%A4nde.jpg/82px-Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_Betende_H%C3%A4nde.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_Betende_H%C3%A4nde.jpg/123px-Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_Betende_H%C3%A4nde.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_Betende_H%C3%A4nde.jpg/164px-Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_Betende_H%C3%A4nde.jpg 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="1038" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Praying_Hands_(D%C3%BCrer)" title="Praying Hands (Dürer)">Praying Hands</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a>, demonstrating <i>dorsiflexion</i> of the hands.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pronation_and_supination">Pronation and supination</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_motion&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pronation and supination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pronation_of_the_foot" title="Pronation of the foot">Pronation of the foot</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pronation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronation">Pronation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supination" class="mw-redirect" title="Supination">supination</a> refer generally to the <a href="/wiki/Prone_position" title="Prone position">prone</a> (facing down) or <a href="/wiki/Supine_position" title="Supine position">supine</a> (facing up) positions. In the extremities, they are the rotation of the forearm or foot so that in the <a href="/wiki/Standard_anatomical_position" title="Standard anatomical position">standard anatomical position</a> the palm or sole is facing anteriorly when in supination and posteriorly when in pronation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwartz2010591–592_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwartz2010591–592-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an example, when a person is typing on a computer keyboard, their hands are pronated; when washing their face, they are supinated. </p><p><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pronation" class="extiw" title="wikt:pronation">Pronation</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">forearm</a> is a rotational movement where the hand and upper arm are turned so the thumbs point towards the body. When the forearm and hand are supinated, the thumbs point away from the body. Pronation of the foot is turning of the sole outwards, so that weight is borne on the medial part of the foot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED1989"pronation"_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOED1989"pronation"-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/supination" class="extiw" title="wikt:supination">Supination</a></i> of the forearm occurs when the forearm or palm are rotated outwards. Supination of the foot is turning of the sole of the foot inwards, shifting weight to the lateral edge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED1989"supination"_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOED1989"supination"-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braus_1921_306.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Supination and pronation of the foot"><img alt="Supination and pronation of the foot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Braus_1921_306.png/114px-Braus_1921_306.png" decoding="async" width="114" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Braus_1921_306.png/171px-Braus_1921_306.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Braus_1921_306.png/228px-Braus_1921_306.png 2x" data-file-width="723" data-file-height="761" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Supination and pronation of the foot</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pronation_and_supination.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Supination and pronation of the arm"><img alt="Supination and pronation of the arm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Pronation_and_supination.jpg/77px-Pronation_and_supination.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Pronation_and_supination.jpg/116px-Pronation_and_supination.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Pronation_and_supination.jpg/155px-Pronation_and_supination.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="880" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Supination and pronation of the arm</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inversion_and_eversion">Inversion and eversion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_motion&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Inversion and eversion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inversion and eversion are movements that tilt the sole of the foot away from (eversion) or towards (inversion) the midline of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwartz2010591_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwartz2010591-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/eversion" class="extiw" title="wikt:eversion">Eversion</a></i> is the movement of the <a href="/wiki/Sole_of_the_foot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sole of the foot">sole of the foot</a> away from the <a href="/wiki/Median_plane" title="Median plane">median plane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKyung2005108_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKyung2005108-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inversion" class="extiw" title="wikt:inversion">Inversion</a></i> is the movement of the <a href="/wiki/Sole_(foot)" title="Sole (foot)">sole</a> towards the <a href="/wiki/Median_plane" title="Median plane">median plane</a>. For example, inversion describes the motion when an <a href="/wiki/Twisted_ankle" class="mw-redirect" title="Twisted ankle">ankle is twisted</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKyung2005123_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKyung2005123-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eversion_and_inversion.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Example showing inversion and eversion of the foot"><img alt="Example showing inversion and eversion of the foot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Eversion_and_inversion.jpg/83px-Eversion_and_inversion.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Eversion_and_inversion.jpg/124px-Eversion_and_inversion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Eversion_and_inversion.jpg/165px-Eversion_and_inversion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="871" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Example showing inversion and eversion of the foot</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89version_du_pied.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eversion of the right foot"><img alt="Eversion of the right foot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%C3%89version_du_pied.jpg/120px-%C3%89version_du_pied.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%C3%89version_du_pied.jpg/180px-%C3%89version_du_pied.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%C3%89version_du_pied.jpg/240px-%C3%89version_du_pied.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2590" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Eversion of the right foot</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inversion_du_pied.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Inversion of the right foot"><img alt="Inversion of the right foot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Inversion_du_pied.jpg/120px-Inversion_du_pied.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Inversion_du_pied.jpg/180px-Inversion_du_pied.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Inversion_du_pied.jpg/240px-Inversion_du_pied.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Inversion of the right foot</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eyes">Eyes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_motion&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Eyes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eye_movement#Terminology" title="Eye movement">Eye movement § Terminology</a></div> <p>Unique terminology is also used to describe the eye. For example: </p> <ul><li>A <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/version" class="extiw" title="wikt:version">version</a></i> is an eye movement involving both <a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">eyes</a> moving synchronously and symmetrically in the same direction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDMD2012"version"_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDMD2012"version"-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/torsion" class="extiw" title="wikt:torsion">Torsion</a></i> is eye movement that affects the vertical axis of the eye,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaber2001"torsion"_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaber2001"torsion"-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the movement made when looking in to the nose.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jaw_and_teeth">Jaw and teeth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_motion&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Jaw and teeth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Occlusion_(dentistry)" title="Occlusion (dentistry)">Occlusion</a></i> is motion of the <a href="/wiki/Mandibula" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandibula">mandibula</a> towards the <a href="/wiki/Maxilla" title="Maxilla">maxilla</a> making contact between the teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaber2001"occlusion"_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaber2001"occlusion"-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/protrusion" class="extiw" title="wikt:protrusion">Protrusion</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/retrusion" class="extiw" title="wikt:retrusion">retrusion</a></i> are sometimes used to describe the anterior (protrusion) and posterior (retrusion) movement of the jaw.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaber2001"protrusion",_"retrusion"_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaber2001"protrusion",_"retrusion"-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Protrusion_and_retrusion.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Examples showing protrusion and retrusion."><img alt="Examples showing protrusion and retrusion." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Protrusion_and_retrusion.jpg/96px-Protrusion_and_retrusion.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Protrusion_and_retrusion.jpg/145px-Protrusion_and_retrusion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Protrusion_and_retrusion.jpg/193px-Protrusion_and_retrusion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="733" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Examples showing protrusion and retrusion.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elevation_and_Depression.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elevation and depression of the jaw."><img alt="Elevation and depression of the jaw." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Elevation_and_Depression.jpg/96px-Elevation_and_Depression.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Elevation_and_Depression.jpg/144px-Elevation_and_Depression.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Elevation_and_Depression.jpg/192px-Elevation_and_Depression.jpg 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="727" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Elevation and depression of the jaw.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_2">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_motion&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Protraction"></span> Other terms include: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nutation" class="extiw" title="wikt:nutation">Nutation</a></i> and <i>counternutation</i><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are movement of the <a href="/wiki/Sacrum" title="Sacrum">sacrum</a> defined by the rotation of the <a href="/wiki/Sacrum#Promontory" title="Sacrum">promontory</a> downwards and anteriorly, as with lumbar extension (nutation); or upwards and posteriorly, as with lumbar flexion (counternutation).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHouglum2012333_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHouglum2012333-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thumb#Opposition_and_apposition" title="Thumb">Opposition</a></i> is the movement that involves grasping of the thumb and fingers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaber2001"opposition"_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaber2001"opposition"-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/protraction" class="extiw" title="wikt:protraction">Protraction</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/retraction" class="extiw" title="wikt:retraction">retraction</a></i> is an anterior (protraction) or posterior (retraction) movement,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED1989"protraction",_"retraction"_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOED1989"protraction",_"retraction"-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as of the arm at the shoulders, although these terms have been criticised as non-specific.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall2005302_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall2005302-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Reciprocal motion">Reciprocal motion</a></i> is alternating motions in opposing directions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaber2001"reciprocation"_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaber2001"reciprocation"-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Reposition</i> is restoring an object to its natural condition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED1989"resposition"_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOED1989"resposition"-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braus_1921_231.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Nutation at left, counternutation at right"><img alt="Nutation at left, counternutation at right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Braus_1921_231.png/120px-Braus_1921_231.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Braus_1921_231.png/180px-Braus_1921_231.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Braus_1921_231.png/240px-Braus_1921_231.png 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="727" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nutation at left, counternutation at right</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ok_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An example of opposition"><img alt="An example of opposition" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ok_sign.jpg/90px-Ok_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ok_sign.jpg/135px-Ok_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ok_sign.jpg/180px-Ok_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="267" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An example of <i>opposition</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Opposition_CMX.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Example of opposition of the thumb and index finger"><img alt="Example of opposition of the thumb and index finger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Opposition_CMX.jpg/87px-Opposition_CMX.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Opposition_CMX.jpg/130px-Opposition_CMX.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Opposition_CMX.jpg/173px-Opposition_CMX.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="831" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Example of <i>opposition</i> of the thumb and index finger</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_motion&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location" title="Anatomical terms of location">Anatomical terms of location</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_muscle" title="Anatomical terms of muscle">Anatomical terms of muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_bone" title="Anatomical terms of bone">Anatomical terms of bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_neuroanatomy" title="Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy">Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_motion&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "to stretch out" (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">extendere</i>), "to bend" (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">flectere</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED1989"flexion",_"extension"_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOED1989"flexion",_"extension"-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "to bring in" (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">adductere</i>), "to lead away" (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">abducere</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED1989"adduction",_"abduction",_"abduct"_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOED1989"adduction",_"abduction",_"abduct"-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"press down" (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">deprimere</i>), "to raise" (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">elevare</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED1989_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOED1989-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"to nod" (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Nutare</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED1989"nutation"_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOED1989"nutation"-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_motion&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarieb2010212-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarieb2010212_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarieb2010212_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarieb2010212_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarieb2010">Marieb 2010</a>, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELippert20116–7-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELippert20116–7_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELippert20116–7_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELippert20116–7_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLippert2011">Lippert 2011</a>, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall200557-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall200557_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall200557_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall200557_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall2005">Kendall 2005</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELippert20111–7-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELippert20111–7_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLippert2011">Lippert 2011</a>, pp. 1–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall2005G-4-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall2005G-4_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall2005">Kendall 2005</a>, p. G-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeeley1998229-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeeley1998229_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeeley1998">Seeley 1998</a>, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cnx.org/content/col11496/latest/">"Anatomy & Physiology"</a>. Openstax college at Connexions. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/col11496/latest/">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anatomy+%26+Physiology&rft.pub=Openstax+college+at+Connexions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcnx.org%2Fcontent%2Fcol11496%2Flatest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatomical+terms+of+motion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOED1989"flexion",_"extension"-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED1989"flexion",_"extension"_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOED1989">OED 1989</a>, "flexion", "extension".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOED1989"flexion"-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED1989"flexion"_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOED1989">OED 1989</a>, "flexion".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall200556-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall200556_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall200556_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall200556_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall200556_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall2005">Kendall 2005</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2012180–193-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook2012180–193_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook2012180–193_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook2012180–193_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCook2012">Cook 2012</a>, pp. 180–193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOED1989"extension"-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED1989"extension"_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOED1989">OED 1989</a>, "extension".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall2005-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall2005_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall2005">Kendall 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatzer2004258-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlatzer2004258_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlatzer2004">Platzer 2004</a>, p. 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwartz2010590–591-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwartz2010590–591_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwartz2010590–591_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwartz2010590–591_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwartz2010590–591_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwartz2010">Swartz 2010</a>, pp. 590–591.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOED1989"adduction",_"abduction",_"abduct"-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED1989"adduction",_"abduction",_"abduct"_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOED1989">OED 1989</a>, "adduction", "abduction", "abduct".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://o.quizlet.com/uDf07L6r7LRa.H4VxXXziQ_m.jpg">for appropriate image</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222112818/https://o.quizlet.com/uDf07L6r7LRa.H4VxXXziQ_m.jpg">Archived</a> 2015-12-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOED1989-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED1989_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOED1989">OED 1989</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOED1989"elevation"-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED1989"elevation"_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOED1989">OED 1989</a>, "elevation".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall2005303-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall2005303_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall2005">Kendall 2005</a>, p. 303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOED1989"depression"-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED1989"depression"_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOED1989">OED 1989</a>, "depression".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwartz2010590–1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwartz2010590–1_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwartz2010590–1_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwartz2010590–1_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwartz2010">Swartz 2010</a>, pp. 590–1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOED1989"anterograde",_"retrograde"-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED1989"anterograde",_"retrograde"_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOED1989">OED 1989</a>, "anterograde", "retrograde".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaladin2010300-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaladin2010300_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaladin2010">Saladin 2010</a>, p. 300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall2005304-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall2005304_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall2005">Kendall 2005</a>, p. 304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaber2001"reduction"-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaber2001"reduction"_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaber2001">Taber 2001</a>, "reduction".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall2005371-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall2005371_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall2005371_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall2005371_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall2005">Kendall 2005</a>, p. 371.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKyung2005123-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKyung2005123_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKyung2005123_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKyung2005">Kyung 2005</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasuyamaSakamotoNakazawa2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kasuyama, Tatsuya; Sakamoto, Masaaki; Nakazawa, Rie (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jpts/21/2/21_2_195/_article/-char/ja/">"Ankle Joint Dorsiflexion Measurement Using the Deep Squatting Posture"</a>. <i>Journal of Physical Therapy Science</i>. <b>21</b> (2): 195–199. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1589%2Fjpts.21.195">10.1589/jpts.21.195</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240523114856/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jpts/21/2/21_2_195/_article/-char/ja/">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-05-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physical+Therapy+Science&rft.atitle=Ankle+Joint+Dorsiflexion+Measurement+Using+the+Deep+Squatting+Posture&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=195-199&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1589%2Fjpts.21.195&rft.aulast=Kasuyama&rft.aufirst=Tatsuya&rft.au=Sakamoto%2C+Masaaki&rft.au=Nakazawa%2C+Rie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Fjpts%2F21%2F2%2F21_2_195%2F_article%2F-char%2Fja%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatomical+terms+of+motion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwartz2010591–593-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwartz2010591–593_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwartz2010591–593_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwartz2010591–593_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwartz2010">Swartz 2010</a>, pp. 591–593.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOED1989"palmarflexion",_"dorsiflexion"-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED1989"palmarflexion",_"dorsiflexion"_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOED1989">OED 1989</a>, "palmarflexion", "dorsiflexion".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwartz2010591–592-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwartz2010591–592_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwartz2010">Swartz 2010</a>, pp. 591–592.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOED1989"pronation"-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED1989"pronation"_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOED1989">OED 1989</a>, "pronation".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOED1989"supination"-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED1989"supination"_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOED1989">OED 1989</a>, "supination".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwartz2010591-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwartz2010591_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwartz2010">Swartz 2010</a>, p. 591.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKyung2005108-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKyung2005108_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKyung2005">Kyung 2005</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDMD2012"version"-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDMD2012"version"_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDMD2012">DMD 2012</a>, "version".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaber2001"torsion"-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaber2001"torsion"_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaber2001">Taber 2001</a>, "torsion".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaber2001"occlusion"-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaber2001"occlusion"_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaber2001">Taber 2001</a>, "occlusion".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaber2001"protrusion",_"retrusion"-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaber2001"protrusion",_"retrusion"_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaber2001">Taber 2001</a>, "protrusion", "retrusion".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOED1989"nutation"-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED1989"nutation"_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOED1989">OED 1989</a>, "nutation".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHouglum2012333-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHouglum2012333_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHouglum2012">Houglum 2012</a>, p. 333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaber2001"opposition"-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaber2001"opposition"_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaber2001">Taber 2001</a>, "opposition".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOED1989"protraction",_"retraction"-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED1989"protraction",_"retraction"_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOED1989">OED 1989</a>, "protraction", "retraction".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall2005302-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKendall2005302_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKendall2005">Kendall 2005</a>, p. 302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaber2001"reciprocation"-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaber2001"reciprocation"_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaber2001">Taber 2001</a>, "reciprocation".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOED1989"resposition"-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED1989"resposition"_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOED1989">OED 1989</a>, "resposition".</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_motion&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDMD2012" class="citation book cs1">Albert, Daniel (2012). <i>Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary</i> (32nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1416062578" title="Special:BookSources/978-1416062578"><bdi>978-1416062578</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dorland%27s+Illustrated+Medical+Dictionary.&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.edition=32nd&rft.pub=Saunders%2FElsevier&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1416062578&rft.aulast=Albert&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatomical+terms+of+motion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKyung2005" class="citation book cs1">Chung, Kyung Won (2005). <i>Gross Anatomy (Board Review)</i>. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7817-5309-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7817-5309-0"><bdi>0-7817-5309-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gross+Anatomy+%28Board+Review%29&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7817-5309-0&rft.aulast=Chung&rft.aufirst=Kyung+Won&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatomical+terms+of+motion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2012" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Chad E. (2012). <i>Orthopedic Manual Therapy: An Evidence Based Approach</i> (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-802173-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-802173-3"><bdi>978-0-13-802173-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orthopedic+Manual+Therapy%3A+An+Evidence+Based+Approach&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+NJ&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-13-802173-3&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Chad+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatomical+terms+of+motion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouglum2012" class="citation book cs1">Houglum, Peggy A.; Bertoli, Dolores B. (2012). <i>Brunnstrom's Clinical Kinesiology</i>. F. A. Davis Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8036-2352-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8036-2352-1"><bdi>978-0-8036-2352-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brunnstrom%27s+Clinical+Kinesiology&rft.pub=F.+A.+Davis+Company&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8036-2352-1&rft.aulast=Houglum&rft.aufirst=Peggy+A.&rft.au=Bertoli%2C+Dolores+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatomical+terms+of+motion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKendall2005" class="citation book cs1">Kendall, Florence Peterson; et al. (2005). <i>Muscles : testing and function with posture and pain</i> (5th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7817-4780-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7817-4780-5"><bdi>0-7817-4780-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muscles+%3A+testing+and+function+with+posture+and+pain&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7817-4780-5&rft.aulast=Kendall&rft.aufirst=Florence+Peterson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatomical+terms+of+motion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLippert2011" class="citation book cs1">Lippert, Lynn S. (2011). <i>Clinical Kinesiology and Anatomy</i> (5th ed.). F. A. Davis Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8036-2363-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8036-2363-7"><bdi>978-0-8036-2363-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clinical+Kinesiology+and+Anatomy&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=F.+A.+Davis+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8036-2363-7&rft.aulast=Lippert&rft.aufirst=Lynn+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatomical+terms+of+motion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarieb2010" class="citation book cs1">Marieb, Elaine N.; Wilhelm, Patricia B.; Mallat, Jon (2010). <i>Human Anatomy</i>. Pearson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-61611-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-61611-1"><bdi>978-0-321-61611-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Anatomy&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-321-61611-1&rft.aulast=Marieb&rft.aufirst=Elaine+N.&rft.au=Wilhelm%2C+Patricia+B.&rft.au=Mallat%2C+Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatomical+terms+of+motion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlatzer2004" class="citation book cs1">Platzer, Werner (2004). <i>Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 1: Locomotor System</i> (5th ed.). Thieme. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-13-533305-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-13-533305-1"><bdi>3-13-533305-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Color+Atlas+of+Human+Anatomy%2C+Vol.+1%3A+Locomotor+System&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Thieme&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-13-533305-1&rft.aulast=Platzer&rft.aufirst=Werner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatomical+terms+of+motion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaladin2010" class="citation book cs1">Saladin, Kenneth S. (2010). <i>Anatomy & Physiology The Unity of Form and Function</i> (5th ed.). McGraw Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0077361358" title="Special:BookSources/978-0077361358"><bdi>978-0077361358</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+%26+Physiology+The+Unity+of+Form+and+Function&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0077361358&rft.aulast=Saladin&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatomical+terms+of+motion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeeley1998" class="citation book cs1">Seeley, Rod R.; Stephens, Trent D.; Tate, Philip (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anatomyphysiolog0000seel"><i>Anatomy & Physiology</i></a></span> (4th ed.). WCB/McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-697-41107-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-697-41107-9"><bdi>0-697-41107-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+%26+Physiology&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=WCB%2FMcGraw-Hill&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-697-41107-9&rft.aulast=Seeley&rft.aufirst=Rod+R.&rft.au=Stephens%2C+Trent+D.&rft.au=Tate%2C+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanatomyphysiolog0000seel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatomical+terms+of+motion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOED1989" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, John A.; Weiner, Edmung (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordenglishdic15simp"><i>The Oxford English Dictionary</i></a></span>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198611868" title="Special:BookSources/9780198611868"><bdi>9780198611868</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+English+Dictionary.&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780198611868&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft.au=Weiner%2C+Edmung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordenglishdic15simp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatomical+terms+of+motion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwartz2010" class="citation book cs1">Swartz, Mark H. (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/textbookofphysic06edswar_f6f9"><i>Textbook of Physical Diagnosis: History and Examination</i></a></span> (6th ed.). Saunders/Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-6203-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-6203-5"><bdi>978-1-4160-6203-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textbook+of+Physical+Diagnosis%3A+History+and+Examination&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Saunders%2FElsevier&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4160-6203-5&rft.aulast=Swartz&rft.aufirst=Mark+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftextbookofphysic06edswar_f6f9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatomical+terms+of+motion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaber2001" class="citation book cs1">Venes, Donald; Thomas, Clayton L., eds. (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/taberscyclopedic19vene"><i>Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary</i></a></span> (illustrated in full color 19th ed.). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8036-0655-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8036-0655-9"><bdi>0-8036-0655-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taber%27s+Cyclopedic+Medical+Dictionary&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.edition=illustrated+in+full+color+19th&rft.pub=F.+A.+Davis+Co.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8036-0655-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftaberscyclopedic19vene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnatomical+terms+of+motion" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatomical_terms_of_motion&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Joints" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Joints" title="Template:Joints"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Joints" title="Template talk:Joints"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Joints" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Joints"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Joints" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">Joints</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fibrous_joint" title="Fibrous joint">Fibrous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gomphosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gomphosis">Gomphosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suture_(joint)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suture (joint)">Suture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndesmosis" title="Syndesmosis">Syndesmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interosseous_membrane" title="Interosseous membrane">Interosseous membrane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartilaginous_joint" title="Cartilaginous joint">Cartilaginous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synchondrosis" title="Synchondrosis">Synchondrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphysis" title="Symphysis">Symphysis</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Synovial_joint" title="Synovial joint">synovial</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Plane_joint" title="Plane joint">Plane joint</a></li> <li>1° <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinge_joint" title="Hinge joint">Hinge joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pivot_joint" title="Pivot joint">Pivot joint</a></li></ul></li> <li>2° <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condyloid_joint" title="Condyloid joint">Condyloid joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddle_joint" title="Saddle joint">Saddle joint</a></li></ul></li> <li>3° <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ball_and_socket_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Ball and socket joint">Ball and socket joint</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Synostosis" title="Synostosis">synostosis</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><i>by range of motion:</i> <a href="/wiki/Synarthrosis" title="Synarthrosis">Synarthrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphiarthrosis" title="Amphiarthrosis">Amphiarthrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synovial_joint" title="Synovial joint">Diarthrosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinesiology" title="Kinesiology">Kinesiology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anatomical terms of motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agonist_(muscle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agonist (muscle)">Agonist</a>/<a href="/wiki/Antagonist_(muscle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antagonist (muscle)">Antagonist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Motions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>general:</i> <a href="/wiki/Flexion" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexion">Flexion</a>/<a href="/wiki/Extension_(kinesiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Extension (kinesiology)">Extension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Adduction">Adduction</a>/<a href="/wiki/Abduction_(kinesiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abduction (kinesiology)">Abduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_rotation" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal rotation">Internal rotation</a>/<a href="/wiki/External_rotation" class="mw-redirect" title="External rotation">External rotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevation_(kinesiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elevation (kinesiology)">Elevation</a>/<a href="/wiki/Depression_(kinesiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Depression (kinesiology)">Depression</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>specialized/upper limbs:</i> <a href="/wiki/Protraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Protraction">Protraction</a>/<a href="/wiki/Retraction_(kinesiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Retraction (kinesiology)">Retraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supination" class="mw-redirect" title="Supination">Supination</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pronation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronation">Pronation</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>specialized/lower limbs:</i> <a href="/wiki/Plantarflexion" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantarflexion">Plantarflexion</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dorsiflexion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsiflexion">Dorsiflexion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eversion_(kinesiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eversion (kinesiology)">Eversion</a>/<a href="/wiki/Inversion_(kinesiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inversion (kinesiology)">Inversion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>capsular:</i> <a href="/wiki/Joint_capsule" title="Joint capsule">Joint capsule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synovial_membrane" title="Synovial membrane">Synovial membrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrous_membrane_of_articular_capsule" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibrous membrane of articular capsule">Fibrous membrane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synovial_fluid" title="Synovial fluid">Synovial fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synovial_bursa" title="Synovial bursa">Synovial bursa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articular_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Articular disk">Articular disk</a>/<a href="/wiki/Meniscus_(anatomy)" title="Meniscus (anatomy)">Meniscus</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>extracapsular:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ligament" title="Ligament">Ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthesis" title="Enthesis">Enthesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" 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