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class="mw-page-title-main">Standard anatomical position</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/View_of_Viscera_Page_82.jpg/188px-View_of_Viscera_Page_82.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/View_of_Viscera_Page_82.jpg/250px-View_of_Viscera_Page_82.jpg 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="1057" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anatomical_terminology" title="Category:Anatomical terminology">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_bone" title="Anatomical terms of bone">Bone</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location" title="Anatomical terms of location">Location</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_microanatomy" title="Anatomical terms of microanatomy">Microanatomy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_motion" title="Anatomical terms of motion">Motion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_muscle" title="Anatomical terms of muscle">Muscle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_neuroanatomy" title="Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy">Neuroanatomy</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anatomical_terminology_series" title="Template:Anatomical terminology series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anatomical_terminology_series" title="Template talk:Anatomical terminology series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anatomical_terminology_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anatomical terminology series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>standard anatomical position</b>, or <b>standard anatomical model</b>, is the scientifically agreed upon reference position for <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location" title="Anatomical terms of location">anatomical location terms</a>. Standard anatomical positions are used to standardise the position of <a href="/wiki/Appendage" title="Appendage">appendages</a> of animals with respect to the main body of the organism. In medical disciplines, all references to a location on or in the body are made based upon the standard anatomical position. </p><p>A straight position is assumed when describing a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/proximal" class="extiw" title="wikt:proximal">proximo</a>-<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/distal" class="extiw" title="wikt:distal">distal</a> axis (towards or away from a point of attachment). This helps avoid confusion in terminology when referring to the same organism in different postures. For example, if the elbow is flexed, the hand remains distal to the shoulder even if it approaches the shoulder. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_anatomy">Human anatomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_anatomical_position&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Human anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anatomical_position.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Anatomical_position.jpg/300px-Anatomical_position.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="361" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Anatomical_position.jpg/450px-Anatomical_position.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Anatomical_position.jpg/600px-Anatomical_position.jpg 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="988" /></a><figcaption>The standard anatomical position in a male and female</figcaption></figure> <p>In standard anatomical position, the human body is standing erect and at rest. Unlike the situation in other vertebrates, the limbs are placed in positions reminiscent of the <a href="/wiki/Supine_position" title="Supine position">supine position</a> imposed on <a href="/wiki/Cadaver" title="Cadaver">cadavers</a> during autopsy. Therefore, the body has its feet together (or slightly separated), and its arms are rotated outward so that the <a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">palms</a> are forward, and the <a href="/wiki/Thumb" title="Thumb">thumbs</a> are pointed away from the body (forearms supine). As well, the arms are usually moved slightly out from the body, so that the hands do not touch the sides.<sup id="cite_ref-Marieb1995_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marieb1995-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tortora2006_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tortora2006-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The positions of the limbs (and the arms in particular) have important implications for directional terms in those appendages. The <a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">penis</a> in the anatomical position is described in its <a href="/wiki/Erection" title="Erection">erect position</a> and therefore lies against the abdomen, hence the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Dorsal_and_ventral" title="Anatomical terms of location">dorsal</a> surface of the penis is actually <a href="/wiki/Anterior" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior">anterior</a> when the penis is flaccid.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Erect_Penis_the_default_(you_wish!)_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erect_Penis_the_default_(you_wish!)-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skull">Skull</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_anatomical_position&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Skull"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In humans, the anatomical position of the <a href="/wiki/Human_skull" class="mw-redirect" title="Human skull">skull</a> has been agreed by international convention to be the <a href="#Frankfurt_plane">Frankfurt plane</a> or Frankfort plane, a position in which the lower margins of the <a href="/wiki/Orbit_(anatomy)" title="Orbit (anatomy)">orbits</a>, the orbitales, and the upper margins of the <a href="/wiki/Ear_canal" title="Ear canal">ear canals</a>, the poria, all lie in the same horizontal plane. This is a good approximation to the position in which the skull would be if the subject were standing upright and facing forward normally. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_anatomical_position&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frankfurt_plane">Frankfurt plane</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_anatomical_position&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Frankfurt plane"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>Frankfurt plane</b> was established at the World Congress on <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a> in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> am Main, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> in 1884, and decreed as the anatomical position of the <a href="/wiki/Human_skull" class="mw-redirect" title="Human skull">human skull</a>. It was decided that a plane passing through the inferior margin of the left <a href="/wiki/Orbit_(anatomy)" title="Orbit (anatomy)">orbit</a> (the point called the left <b>orbitale</b>) and the superior margin of each ear canal or external auditory meatus, a point called the <a href="/wiki/Porion" title="Porion">porion</a>, was most nearly parallel to the surface of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">earth</a> at the position the head is normally carried in the living subject.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The alternate spelling <b>Frankfort plane</b> is also widely used, and found in several medical dictionaries, although <i>Frankfurt</i> is the modern standard spelling of the city it is named for. Another name for the plane is the <b>auriculo-orbital plane</b>. </p><p>Note that in the normal subject, both orbitales and both porions lie in a single plane. However, due to pathology, this is not always the case. The formal definition specifies only the three points listed above, sufficient to describe a plane in three-dimensional space. </p><p>For purposes of comparison of human skulls with those of some other species, notably <a href="/wiki/Hominids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominids">hominids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Primates" class="mw-redirect" title="Primates">primates</a>, the skulls may be studied in the Frankfurt plane; nonetheless, the Frankfurt plane is not considered to be the anatomical position for most non-primate species. </p><p>The Frankfurt plane may also be used as a reference point in related fields. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Prosthodontics" title="Prosthodontics">prosthodontics</a>, the Frankfurt-Mandibular plane Angle (FMA) is the angle formed at the intersection of the Frankfurt plane with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandibular_plane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mandibular plane (page does not exist)">mandibular plane</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_anatomical_position&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canines">Canines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_anatomical_position&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Canines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For dogs, the standard anatomical position is having the abdomen ventral by each paw standing on the supporting surface.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_anatomical_position&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reid%27s_base_line" title="Reid's base line">Reid's base line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location" title="Anatomical terms of location">Anatomical terms of location</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_anatomical_position&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Marieb1995-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marieb1995_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marieb, E.N. Human Anatomy and Physiology pub: Benjamin/Cummings, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8053-4281-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8053-4281-8">0-8053-4281-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tortora2006-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tortora2006_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tortora, G.J. and Derrickson, B. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. Wiley 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-68934-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-68934-3">0-471-68934-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faculty of Biological Science, University of Leeds: Introductory Anatomy <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.leeds.ac.uk/chb/lectures/anatomy2.html">http://www.leeds.ac.uk/chb/lectures/anatomy2.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erect_Penis_the_default_(you_wish!)-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Erect_Penis_the_default_(you_wish!)_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunter2019" class="citation book cs1">Gunter, Dr. Jen (2019). <i>The Vagina Bible</i>. United States of America: Citadel Press. pp. 5, 393. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-3931-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-3931-7"><bdi>978-0-8065-3931-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vagina+Bible&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pages=5%2C+393&rft.pub=Citadel+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-8065-3931-7&rft.aulast=Gunter&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Jen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+anatomical+position" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quickmedical.com/include/php/nocache/pdf/download.php?file=downloads%2Ffrankfort-measurement-guide.pdf">"PDF from National Center for Social Research explaining the Frankfurt Plane"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PDF+from+National+Center+for+Social+Research+explaining+the+Frankfurt+Plane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quickmedical.com%2Finclude%2Fphp%2Fnocache%2Fpdf%2Fdownload.php%3Ffile%3Ddownloads%252Ffrankfort-measurement-guide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStandard+anatomical+position" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans, H.E., & Miller, M. E. Miller's anatomy of the dog, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-143770812-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-143770812-7">978-143770812-7</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_anatomical_position&oldid=1191623980">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_anatomical_position&oldid=1191623980</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anatomical_terminology" title="Category:Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 December 2023, at 17:45<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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