Anatomy & Physiology

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The textbook follows the scope and sequence of most Human Anatomy and Physiology courses, and its coverage and organization were informed by hundreds of instructors who teach the course. Instructors can customize the book, adapting it to the approach that works best in their classroom. The artwork for this textbook is aimed focusing student learning through a powerful blend of traditional depictions and instructional innovations. Color is used sparingly, to emphasize the most important aspects of any given illustration. Significant use of micrographs from the University of Michigan complement the illustrations, and provide the students with a meaningful alternate depiction of each concept. Finally, enrichment elements provide relevance and deeper context for students, particularly in the areas of health, disease, and information relevant to their intended careers. 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id="cnx_course_navigation_expand" alt="" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130im_/http://cnx.org/cnx-styles/newlook/arrow-closed.png" style="display: none;"/> </a> </h3></span> <span class="portletTopRight"></span> </dt> <dd class="portletItem odd"> <div id="cnx_course_navigation_contents"> <div id="course" path="/content"> <ul id="collapsibleDemo"> <li id="m46844"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46844/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Preface</a></li> <li class="cnx_null_li"> <h4 class="cnx_chapter_header" onclick="org.archomai.transMenus.toc.ExpandMenuHeader(event);">1. Unit 1: Levels of Organization</h4> <ul id="jsbc7b9e7c02bbb4cc9ca6a1d3be741656" class="collapsibleMenu" style="display: True"> <li class="cnx_null_li"> <h5 class="cnx_chapter_header" onclick="org.archomai.transMenus.toc.ExpandMenuHeader(event);">An Introduction to the Human Body</h5> <ul id="js19255546fbe3748ba1b12846d2d537fa" class="collapsibleMenu" style="display: True"><li id="m45981"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m45981/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Introduction</a></li> <li id="m45983"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m45983/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Overview of Anatomy and Physiology</a></li> <li id="m45985"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m45985/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Introduction to Anatomy Module 3: Structural Organization of the Human Body</a></li> <li id="m45986"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m45986/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Introduction to Anatomy Module 4: Functions of Human Life</a></li> <li id="m45988"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m45988/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Requirements for Human Life</a></li> <li id="m45989"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m45989/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Homeostasis</a></li> <li id="m45990"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m45990/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Anatomical Terminology</a></li> <li id="m45991"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m45991/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Medical Imaging</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="cnx_null_li"> <h5 class="cnx_chapter_header" onclick="org.archomai.transMenus.toc.ExpandMenuHeader(event);">The Chemical Level of Organization</h5> <ul id="js8af356e85f6508f0b296ca94586dafbf" class="collapsibleMenu" style="display: True"><li id="m45996"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m45996/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Introduction</a></li> <li id="m45998"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m45998/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter</a></li> <li id="m46000"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46000/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Chemical Bonds</a></li> <li id="m46004"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46004/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Chemical Reactions</a></li> <li id="m46006"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46006/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning</a></li> <li id="m46008"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46008/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="cnx_null_li"> <h5 class="cnx_chapter_header" onclick="org.archomai.transMenus.toc.ExpandMenuHeader(event);">The Cellular Level of Organization</h5> <ul id="jsfbdd5ae0aa7a8d1aa506e2c620f52dc7" class="collapsibleMenu" style="display: True"><li id="m46016"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46016/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Introduction</a></li> <li id="m46021"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46021/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">The Cell Membrane</a></li> <li id="m46023"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46023/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles</a></li> <li id="m46073"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46073/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">The Nucleus and DNA Replication</a></li> <li id="m46032"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46032/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Protein Synthesis</a></li> <li id="m46034"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46034/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Cell Growth and Division</a></li> <li id="m46036"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46036/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Cellular Differentiation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="cnx_null_li"> <h5 class="cnx_chapter_header" onclick="org.archomai.transMenus.toc.ExpandMenuHeader(event);">The Tissue Level of Organization</h5> <ul id="jsc4c27ceea395be48618af72d258d78c6" class="collapsibleMenu" style="display: True"><li id="m46045"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46045/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Introduction</a></li> <li id="m46046"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46046/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Types of Tissues</a></li> <li id="m46048"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46048/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Epithelial Tissue</a></li> <li id="m46049"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46049/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Connective Tissue Supports and Protects</a></li> <li id="m46055"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46055/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Muscle Tissue and Motion</a></li> <li id="m46057"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46057/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Nervous Tissue Mediates Perception and Response</a></li> <li id="m46058"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46058/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Tissue Injury and Aging</a></li> </ul> </li></ul> </li> <li class="cnx_null_li"> <h4 class="cnx_chapter_header" onclick="org.archomai.transMenus.toc.ExpandMenuHeader(event);">2. Unit 2: Support and Movement</h4> <ul id="js5f3d6426bfc7cf8d9c15d6e38b67151e" class="collapsibleMenu" style="display: True"> <li class="cnx_null_li"> <h5 class="cnx_chapter_header" onclick="org.archomai.transMenus.toc.ExpandMenuHeader(event);">The Integumentary System</h5> <ul id="js9df736b05cdccd9680a0500e098c75fa" class="collapsibleMenu" style="display: True"><li id="m46059"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46059/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Introduction</a></li> <li id="m46060"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46060/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Layers of the Skin</a></li> <li id="m46062"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46062/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Accessory Structures of the Skin</a></li> <li id="m46064"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46064/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Functions of the Integumentary System</a></li> <li id="m46066"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46066/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="cnx_null_li"> <h5 class="cnx_chapter_header" onclick="org.archomai.transMenus.toc.ExpandMenuHeader(event);">Bone Tissue and the Skeletal System</h5> <ul id="js5ca43ed02f34e0ab2239a103b1d71a14" class="collapsibleMenu" style="display: True"><li id="m46290"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46290/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Introduction</a></li> <li id="m46341"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46341/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">The Functions of the Skeletal System</a></li> <li id="m46282"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46282/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Bone Classification</a></li> <li id="m46281"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46281/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Bone Structure</a></li> <li id="m46301"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46301/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Bone Formation and Development</a></li> <li id="m46342"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46342/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Fractures: Bone Repair</a></li> <li id="m46305"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46305/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Exercise, Nutrition, Hormones, and Bone Tissue</a></li> <li id="m46295"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46295/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Calcium Homeostasis: Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="cnx_null_li"> <h5 class="cnx_chapter_header" onclick="org.archomai.transMenus.toc.ExpandMenuHeader(event);">Axial Skeleton</h5> <ul id="js2c609402282b5f9035cec3754bed84ad" class="collapsibleMenu" style="display: True"><li id="m46347"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46347/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Introduction</a></li> <li id="m46344"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46344/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Divisions of the Skeletal System</a></li> <li id="m46355"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46355/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">The Skull</a></li> <li id="m46352"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46352/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">The Vertebral Column</a></li> <li id="m46350"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46350/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">The Thoracic Cage</a></li> <li id="m46348"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46348/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Embryonic Development of the Axial Skeleton</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="cnx_null_li"> <h5 class="cnx_chapter_header" onclick="org.archomai.transMenus.toc.ExpandMenuHeader(event);">The Appendicular Skeleton</h5> <ul id="jsd9e42624cf31bf07a801adab53877dd1" class="collapsibleMenu" style="display: True"><li id="m46370"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46370/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Introduction</a></li> <li id="m46374"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46374/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">The Pectoral Girdle</a></li> <li id="m46368"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46368/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Bones of the Upper Limb</a></li> <li id="m46375"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46375/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis</a></li> <li id="m46364"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46364/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Bones of the Lower Limb</a></li> <li id="m46376"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46376/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Development of the Appendicular Skeleton</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="cnx_null_li"> <h5 class="cnx_chapter_header" onclick="org.archomai.transMenus.toc.ExpandMenuHeader(event);">Joints</h5> <ul id="js1740363f49971340043704036375d2ae" class="collapsibleMenu" style="display: True"><li id="m46402"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46402/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Introduction</a></li> <li id="m46383"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46383/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Classification of Joints</a></li> <li id="m46403"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46403/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Fibrous Joints</a></li> <li id="m46381"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46381/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Cartilaginous Joints</a></li> <li id="m46394"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46394/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Synovial Joints</a></li> <li id="m46398"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46398/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Types of Body Movements</a></li> <li id="m46377"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46377/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints</a></li> <li id="m46388"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46388/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Development of Joints</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="cnx_null_li"> <h5 class="cnx_chapter_header" onclick="org.archomai.transMenus.toc.ExpandMenuHeader(event);">Muscle Tissue</h5> <ul id="js9f20b382dd1d5f50af06768f94c6df7c" class="collapsibleMenu" style="display: True"><li id="m46450"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46450/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Introduction</a></li> <li id="m46473"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46473/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Overview of Muscle Tissues</a></li> <li id="m46476"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46476/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Skeletal Muscle</a></li> <li id="m46447"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46447/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Muscle Fiber Contraction and Relaxation</a></li> <li id="m46470"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46470/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension</a></li> <li id="m46480"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46480/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Types of Muscle Fibers</a></li> <li id="m46438"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46438/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Exercise and Muscle Performance</a></li> <li id="m46404"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46404/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Cardiac Muscle Tissue</a></li> <li id="m46478"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46478/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Smooth Muscle</a></li> <li id="m46407"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46407/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="cnx_null_li"> <h5 class="cnx_chapter_header" onclick="org.archomai.transMenus.toc.ExpandMenuHeader(event);">The Muscular System</h5> <ul id="js4853e3e924906f80526400cdcccae5d6" class="collapsibleMenu" style="display: True"><li id="m46492"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46492/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Introduction</a></li> <li id="m46487"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46487/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems</a></li> <li id="m46498"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46498/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Naming Skeletal Muscles</a></li> <li id="m46484"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46484/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back</a></li> <li id="m46485"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46485/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall and Thorax</a></li> <li id="m46495"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46495/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs</a></li> <li id="m46482"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46482/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs</a></li> </ul> </li></ul> </li> <li class="cnx_null_li"> <h4 class="cnx_chapter_header" onclick="org.archomai.transMenus.toc.ExpandMenuHeader(event);">3. Unit 3: Regulation, Integration, and Control</h4> <ul id="jsf29317fa19873f73a09ae982597087f6" class="collapsibleMenu" style="display: True"> <li class="cnx_null_li"> <h5 class="cnx_chapter_header" onclick="org.archomai.transMenus.toc.ExpandMenuHeader(event);">The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue</h5> <ul id="jsea2294b497f56f5d40fd42e01ee48737" class="collapsibleMenu" style="display: True"><li id="m46504"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46504/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Introduction</a></li> <li id="m46500"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46500/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Basic Structure and Function of the Nervous System</a></li> <li id="m46509"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46509/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Nervous Tissue</a></li> <li id="m46531"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46531/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">The Function of Nervous Tissue</a></li> <li id="m46526"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46526/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">The Action Potential</a></li> <li id="m46503"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46503/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Communication Between Neurons</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="cnx_null_li"> <h5 class="cnx_chapter_header" onclick="org.archomai.transMenus.toc.ExpandMenuHeader(event);">Anatomy of the Nervous System</h5> <ul id="jsad1524954840127445b02b381cd70571" class="collapsibleMenu" style="display: True"><li id="m46528"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46528/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Introduction</a></li> <li id="m46535"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46535/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">The Embryologic Perspective</a></li> <li id="m46533"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46533/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">The Central Nervous System</a></li> <li id="m46719"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46719/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Circulation and the Central Nervous System</a></li> <li id="m46553"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46553/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">The Peripheral Nervous System</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="cnx_null_li"> <h5 class="cnx_chapter_header" onclick="org.archomai.transMenus.toc.ExpandMenuHeader(event);">The Brain and Cranial Nerves</h5> <ul id="js5589509ed935546ba6307916da27d288" class="collapsibleMenu" style="display: True"><li id="m46561"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46561/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Introduction</a></li> <li id="m46577"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46577/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Sensory Perception</a></li> <li id="m46557"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46557/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Central Processing</a></li> <li id="m46574"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46574/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Motor Responses</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="cnx_null_li"> <h5 class="cnx_chapter_header" onclick="org.archomai.transMenus.toc.ExpandMenuHeader(event);">The Autonomic Nervous System</h5> <ul id="jse338c7d24a19e47d530ebcf33528574e" class="collapsibleMenu" style="display: True"><li id="m46590"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46590/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Introduction</a></li> <li id="m46582"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46582/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System</a></li> <li id="m46579"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46579/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Autonomic Reflexes and Homeostasis</a></li> <li id="m46581"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46581/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Central Control</a></li> <li id="m46587"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46587/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Drugs that Affect the Autonomic System</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="cnx_null_li"> <h5 class="cnx_chapter_header" onclick="org.archomai.transMenus.toc.ExpandMenuHeader(event);">The Neurological Exam</h5> <ul id="js358cc05721985c0021759f7537741334" class="collapsibleMenu" style="display: True"><li id="m46593"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46593/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Introduction</a></li> <li id="m46594"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46594/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Overview of the Neurological Exam</a></li> <li id="m46650"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46650/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">The Mental Status Exam</a></li> <li id="m46607"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46607/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">The Cranial Nerve Exam</a></li> <li id="m46640"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46640/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">The Sensory and Motor Exams</a></li> <li id="m46604"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46604/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">The Coordination and Gait Exams</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="cnx_null_li"> <h5 class="cnx_chapter_header" onclick="org.archomai.transMenus.toc.ExpandMenuHeader(event);">The Endocrine System</h5> <ul id="jsbbd5075a8d52e06c8794ec44d3310709" class="collapsibleMenu" style="display: True"><li id="m46682"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46682/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Introduction</a></li> <li id="m46656"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46656/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">An Overview of the Endocrine System</a></li> <li id="m46667"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46667/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Hormones</a></li> <li id="m46699"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46699/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus</a></li> <li id="m46700"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46700/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">The Thyroid Gland</a></li> <li id="m46687"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46687/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">The Parathyroid Glands</a></li> <li id="m46684"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46684/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">The Adrenal Glands</a></li> <li id="m46693"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46693/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">The Pineal Gland</a></li> <li id="m46670"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46670/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Gonadal and Placental Hormones</a></li> <li id="m46685"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46685/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">The Endocrine Pancreas</a></li> <li id="m46680"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46680/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions</a></li> <li id="m46658"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46658/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Development and Aging of the Endocrine System</a></li> </ul> </li></ul> </li> <li class="cnx_null_li"> <h4 class="cnx_chapter_header" onclick="org.archomai.transMenus.toc.ExpandMenuHeader(event);">4. Unit 4: Fluids and Transport</h4> <ul id="js9a8baeb1c41921ee53d3e08af1bb521c" class="collapsibleMenu" style="display: True"> <li class="cnx_null_li"> <h5 class="cnx_chapter_header" onclick="org.archomai.transMenus.toc.ExpandMenuHeader(event);">The Cardiovascular System: Blood</h5> <ul id="jsa959d94c3ba3de4632bc9cf73b57f655" class="collapsibleMenu" style="display: True"><li id="m46703"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46703/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Introduction</a></li> <li id="m46710"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46710/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">An Overview of Blood</a></li> <li id="m46691"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46691/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Production of the Formed Elements</a></li> <li id="m46707"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46707/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Erythrocytes</a></li> <li id="m46701"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46701/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Leukocytes and Platelets</a></li> <li id="m46705"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46705/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Hemostasis</a></li> <li id="m46708"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46708/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Blood Typing</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="cnx_null_li"> <h5 class="cnx_chapter_header" onclick="org.archomai.transMenus.toc.ExpandMenuHeader(event);">The Cardiovascular System: The Heart</h5> <ul id="jsdc122db91c52893f766f0fb6f296a609" class="collapsibleMenu" style="display: True"><li id="m46679"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46679/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Introduction</a></li> <li id="m46676"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46676/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Heart Anatomy</a></li> <li id="m46664"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46664/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity</a></li> <li id="m46661"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46661/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Cardiac Cycle</a></li> <li id="m46672"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46672/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Cardiac Physiology</a></li> <li id="m46673"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46673/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Development of the Heart</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="cnx_null_li"> <h5 class="cnx_chapter_header" onclick="org.archomai.transMenus.toc.ExpandMenuHeader(event);">The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation</h5> <ul id="js6e3b770b20f5825697829093a3b8f47b" class="collapsibleMenu" style="display: True"><li id="m46600"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46600/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Introduction</a></li> <li id="m46597"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46597/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Structure and Function of Blood Vessels</a></li> <li id="m46635"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46635/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance</a></li> <li id="m46586"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46586/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Capillary Exchange</a></li> <li id="m46603"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46603/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System</a></li> <li id="m46646"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46646/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Circulatory Pathways</a></li> <li id="m46610"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46610/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="cnx_null_li"> <h5 class="cnx_chapter_header" onclick="org.archomai.transMenus.toc.ExpandMenuHeader(event);">The Lymphatic and Immune System</h5> <ul id="jsdc2e2cd86e8ef50b7d5c6f1bd1aa4ea2" class="collapsibleMenu" style="display: True"><li id="m46573"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46573/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Introduction</a></li> <li id="m46563"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46563/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems</a></li> <li id="m46571"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46571/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response</a></li> <li id="m46560"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46560/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types</a></li> <li id="m46558"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46558/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies</a></li> <li id="m46569"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46569/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">The Immune Response against Pathogens</a></li> <li id="m46566"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46566/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses</a></li> <li id="m46583"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46583/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Transplantation and Cancer Immunology</a></li> </ul> </li></ul> </li> <li class="cnx_null_li"> <h4 class="cnx_chapter_header" onclick="org.archomai.transMenus.toc.ExpandMenuHeader(event);">5. Unit 5: Energy, Maintenance, and Environmental Exchange</h4> <ul id="js861e062701ee167ebd1137bac5729500" class="collapsibleMenu" style="display: True"> <li class="cnx_null_li"> <h5 class="cnx_chapter_header" onclick="org.archomai.transMenus.toc.ExpandMenuHeader(event);">The Respiratory System</h5> <ul id="js9c791fb39d4f26359d87eefd7d83c746" class="collapsibleMenu" style="display: True"><li id="m46523"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46523/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Introduction</a></li> <li id="m46548"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46548/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System</a></li> <li id="m46551"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46551/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">The Lungs</a></li> <li id="m46549"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46549/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">The Process of Breathing</a></li> <li id="m46521"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46521/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Gas Exchange</a></li> <li id="m46545"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46545/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Transport of Gases</a></li> <li id="m46524"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46524/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Modifications in Respiratory Functions</a></li> <li id="m46518"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46518/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="cnx_null_li"> <h5 class="cnx_chapter_header" onclick="org.archomai.transMenus.toc.ExpandMenuHeader(event);">The Digestive System</h5> <ul id="jscc99aceb6e9c41f323f79130ff4914fa" class="collapsibleMenu" style="display: True"><li id="m46505"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46505/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Introduction</a></li> <li id="m46506"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46506/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Overview of the Digestive System</a></li> <li id="m46502"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46502/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Digestive System Processes and Regulation</a></li> <li id="m46511"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46511/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus</a></li> <li id="m46517"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46517/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">The Stomach</a></li> <li id="m46512"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46512/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">The Small and Large Intestines</a></li> <li id="m46496"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46496/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder</a></li> <li id="m46501"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46501/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="cnx_null_li"> <h5 class="cnx_chapter_header" onclick="org.archomai.transMenus.toc.ExpandMenuHeader(event);">Metabolism and Nutrition</h5> <ul id="js48b239a97bba98fe452ebf55b9ee066d" class="collapsibleMenu" style="display: True"><li id="m46458"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46458/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Introduction</a></li> <li id="m46489"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46489/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Overview of Metabolic Reactions</a></li> <li id="m46451"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46451/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Carbohydrate Metabolism</a></li> <li id="m46462"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46462/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Lipid Metabolism</a></li> <li id="m46493"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46493/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Protein Metabolism</a></li> <li id="m46466"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46466/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Metabolic States of the Body</a></li> <li id="m46456"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46456/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Energy and Heat Balance</a></li> <li id="m46467"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46467/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Nutrition and Diet</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="cnx_null_li"> <h5 class="cnx_chapter_header" onclick="org.archomai.transMenus.toc.ExpandMenuHeader(event);">The Urinary System</h5> <ul id="jsaf57465b57894d332c061b0dd3b56979" class="collapsibleMenu" style="display: True"><li id="m46430"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46430/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Introduction</a></li> <li id="m46432"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46432/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Physical Characteristics of Urine</a></li> <li id="m46427"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46427/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Gross Anatomy of Urine Transport</a></li> <li id="m46429"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46429/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Gross Anatomy of the Kidney</a></li> <li id="m46431"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46431/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney</a></li> <li id="m46433"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46433/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Physiology of Urine Formation</a></li> <li id="m46443"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46443/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Tubular Reabsorption</a></li> <li id="m46435"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46435/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Regulation of Renal Blood Flow</a></li> <li id="m46424"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46424/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Endocrine Regulation of Kidney Function</a></li> <li id="m46434"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46434/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition</a></li> <li id="m46446"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46446/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">The Urinary System and Homeostasis</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="cnx_null_li"> <h5 class="cnx_chapter_header" onclick="org.archomai.transMenus.toc.ExpandMenuHeader(event);">Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance</h5> <ul id="js70967309b8ab3378f95384b9dbd961f9" class="collapsibleMenu" style="display: True"><li id="m46415"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46415/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Introduction</a></li> <li id="m46411"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46411/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments</a></li> <li id="m46416"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46416/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Water Balance</a></li> <li id="m46414"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46414/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Electrolyte Balance</a></li> <li id="m46409"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46409/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Acid-Base Balance</a></li> <li id="m46413"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46413/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Disorders of Acid-Base Balance</a></li> </ul> </li></ul> </li> <li class="cnx_null_li"> <h4 class="cnx_chapter_header" onclick="org.archomai.transMenus.toc.ExpandMenuHeader(event);">6. Unit 6: Human Development and the Continuity of Life</h4> <ul id="jscd19afbe410d230c913bc040a02e4173" class="collapsibleMenu" style="display: True"> <li class="cnx_null_li"> <h5 class="cnx_chapter_header" onclick="org.archomai.transMenus.toc.ExpandMenuHeader(event);">The Reproductive System</h5> <ul id="jsde3f6eb04402d4cd0e77b9af5425eb0f" class="collapsibleMenu" style="display: True"><li id="m46385"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46385/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Introduction</a></li> <li id="m46400"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46400/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System</a></li> <li id="m46392"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46392/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System</a></li> <li id="m46408"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46408/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Development of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="cnx_null_li"> <h5 class="cnx_chapter_header" onclick="org.archomai.transMenus.toc.ExpandMenuHeader(event);">Development and Inheritance</h5> <ul id="js348cbf077df03f88cdf3b364010b8841" class="collapsibleMenu" style="display: True"><li id="m46339"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46339/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Introduction</a></li> <li id="m46308"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46308/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Fertilization</a></li> <li id="m46319"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46319/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Embryonic Development</a></li> <li id="m46316"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46316/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Fetal Development</a></li> <li id="m46353"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46353/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Maternal Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth</a></li> <li id="m46335"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46335/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages</a></li> <li id="m46325"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46325/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Lactation</a></li> <li id="m46311"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46311/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Patterns of Inheritance</a></li> </ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div> </div> </dd> </dl> </div> <div class="portletContainer" id="cnx_lens_info"> <dl class="portlet"> <dt class="portletHeader"> <span class="portletTopLeft"></span> <span><h3>Lenses</h3></span> <span class="portletTopRight"></span> </dt> <dd class="portletItem odd"> <div class="lensinfowrap"> <p id="cnx_what_is_a_lens"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/help/viewing/lenses" class="lenslink">What is a lens? </a> </p> <div class="lensinfo hiddenStructure"> <h4 class="hiddenStructure">Definition of a lens</h4> <img src="/web/20140629060130im_/http://cnx.org/lenses-large.png" class="lensinfologo" alt="Diagram of lenses"/> <h5>Lenses</h5> <p>A lens is a custom view of the content in the repository. You can think of it as a fancy kind of list that will let you see content through the eyes of organizations and people you trust. </p> <h5>What is in a lens?</h5> <p>Lens makers point to materials (modules and collections), creating a guide that includes their own comments and descriptive tags about the content. </p> <h5>Who can create a lens?</h5> <p>Any individual member, a community, or a respected organization. </p> <h5> <span>What are tags?</span> <img src="/web/20140629060130im_/http://cnx.org/tags.png" class="tagicon" alt="tag icon"/> </h5> <p>Tags are descriptors added by lens makers to help label content, attaching a vocabulary that is meaningful in the context of the lens. </p> </div> <div class="lensinfo hiddenStructure"> <h4 class="hiddenStructure">Definition of an open lens</h4> <p> Any member is allowed to add content to an open lens, even if the lens belongs to someone else. 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cnx_lens_trigger_link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/lens_add?contentId=col11496&version=1.6&returnTo=http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6"><input type="hidden" class="cnx_lens_contentId" name="contentId" value="col11496"/><input type="hidden" class="cnx_lens_version" name="version" value="1.6"/><input type="hidden" class="cnx_lens_urlbase" name="urlbase" value="http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6"/><input type="hidden" class="cnx_lens_title" name="lenstitle" value="Add to a lens"/>A lens I own</a> <span class="lensinfo hiddenStructure cnx_login_required">Login Required</span> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="lensinfowrap ca_help_link" id="cnx_actions_lenswhat"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/help/viewing/lenses" class="lenslink">(What is a lens?)</a> <div class="lensinfo hiddenStructure"> <h4 class="hiddenStructure">Definition of a lens</h4> <img src="/web/20140629060130im_/http://cnx.org/lenses-large.png" class="lensinfologo" alt="Diagram of lenses"/> <h5>Lenses</h5> <p>A lens is a custom view of the content in the repository. You can think of it as a fancy kind of list that will let you see content through the eyes of organizations and people you trust. </p> <h5>What is in a lens?</h5> <p>Lens makers point to materials (modules and collections), creating a guide that includes their own comments and descriptive tags about the content. </p> <h5>Who can create a lens?</h5> <p>Any individual member, a community, or a respected organization. </p> <h5> <span>What are tags?</span> <img src="/web/20140629060130im_/http://cnx.org/tags.png" class="tagicon" alt="tag icon"/> </h5> <p>Tags are descriptors added by lens makers to help label content, attaching a vocabulary that is meaningful in the context of the lens. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div id="cnx_actions_favorites" class="ca_button ca_menu"> <a href="#" class="ca_button_link ca_not_in_favorites" id="cnx_actions_favorites_link"> <span class="ca_text">Add to Favorites</span> <img class="ca_drop_arrow" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130im_/http://cnx.org/stylesheets/plone/arrow-down.png"/><img class="ca_drop_reverse_arrow" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130im_/http://cnx.org/stylesheets/plone/arrow-up.png"/> </a> <div id="cnx_actions_favorites_contents" class="ca_drop_contents"> <a href="#" class="ca_drop_close">x</a> <h3 class="ca_header">Add collection to:</h3> <ul class="ca_list"> <li class="ca_list_item ca_favorites"> <span> <span class="lensinfowrap"> <a id="cnx_actions_fav_popup_link_col" class="lenslink cnx_lens_trigger_link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/favorites_add?contentId=col11496&version=1.6&returnTo=http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6"><input type="hidden" class="cnx_lens_contentId" name="contentId" value="col11496"/><input type="hidden" class="cnx_lens_version" name="version" value="1.6"/><input type="hidden" class="cnx_lens_urlbase" name="urlbase" value="http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6"/><input type="hidden" class="cnx_lens_innerform" name="innerform" value="favorites_add_inner"/><input type="hidden" class="cnx_lens_title" name="title" value="Add to lens: My Favorites"/>My Favorites</a> <span class="lensinfo hiddenStructure cnx_login_required">Login Required</span> </span> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="lensinfowrap ca_help_link" id="cnx_actions_favoriteswhat"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/help/viewing/lenses" class="lenslink">(What is My Favorites?)</a> <div class="lensinfo hiddenStructure"> <p> 'My Favorites' is a special kind of lens which you can use to bookmark modules and collections. 'My Favorites' can only be seen by you, and collections saved in 'My Favorites' can remember the last module you were on. You need an account to use 'My Favorites'. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="cnx_module_header"> <div style="display:none">  </div> <div id="content_template_messages">  </div> <div class="cnx_social_media" id="cnx_social_media_top" style="display: none;"> <span class="cnx_facebook"> <iframe scrolling="no" frameborder="0" allowtransparency="true" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130if_/http://www.facebook.com/plugins/like.php?href=http%3A//cnx.org/content/col11496/latest/&layout=button_count&show_faces=false&action=like&colorscheme=light"> </iframe> </span> <span class="cnx_twitter"> <iframe scrolling="no" frameborder="0" allowtransparency="true" class="twitter-share-button twitter-count-horizontal" title="Tweet Button" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130if_/http://platform.twitter.com/widgets/tweet_button.html?count=horizontal&lang=en&text=Anatomy%20%26%20Physiology&url=http%3A//cnx.org/content/col11496/latest/&via=cnxorg"> </iframe> </span> </div> <img src="/web/20140629060130im_/http://cnx.org/book_icon_cnx.png" alt="Book icon" id="cnx_book_icon" herf="http://cnx.org/book_icon_cnx.png"/> <h1 id="cnx_content_title"> Anatomy & Physiology </h1> <p> <span class="cnx_before"> Collection type: </span> Textbook </p> <p id="cnx_authorship"> <span class="cnx_before"> Textbook by: </span>  <a href="/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/member_profile/OpenStaxCollege">OpenStax College</a>. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/mailto:info@openstaxcollege.org?cc=cnx@cnx.org&subject=Feedback on OpenStax-CNX collection: Anatomy%20%26%20Physiology&body=Feedback on OpenStax-CNX collection: Anatomy%20%26%20Physiology (http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6)" class="cnx_email_author" title="E-mail the author of the collection"> <span> E-mail the author</span></a> </p> <div class="cnx_clear"> </div> </div> <div id="cnx_main"> <a id="cnx_order_link" onmousedown="try{var t=_gat._getTracker('UA-7903479-1'); t._initData(); t._setDomainName('.cnx.org'); t._trackPageview(window.location.pathname+'?event=collection:order');}catch(err){}" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://openstaxcollege.worksmartsuite.com/UserContentStart.aspx" target="_blank">Order printed collection</a> <h2 id="cnx_course_start"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/m46844/latest/?collection=col11496/latest">Start <span class="hiddenStructure">reading the collection</span> »</a> </h2> <h2 class="hiddenStructure">Collection Properties</h2> <p id="cnx_course_description"> <span class="cnx_before">Summary: </span> <md:abstract xmlns="http://cnx.rice.edu/cnxml" xmlns:bib="http://bibtexml.sf.net/" xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:md="http://cnx.rice.edu/mdml" xmlns:q="http://cnx.rice.edu/qml/1.0">Human Anatomy and Physiology is designed for the two-semester anatomy and physiology course taken by life science and allied health students. The textbook follows the scope and sequence of most Human Anatomy and Physiology courses, and its coverage and organization were informed by hundreds of instructors who teach the course. Instructors can customize the book, adapting it to the approach that works best in their classroom. The artwork for this textbook is aimed focusing student learning through a powerful blend of traditional depictions and instructional innovations. Color is used sparingly, to emphasize the most important aspects of any given illustration. Significant use of micrographs from the University of Michigan complement the illustrations, and provide the students with a meaningful alternate depiction of each concept. Finally, enrichment elements provide relevance and deeper context for students, particularly in the areas of health, disease, and information relevant to their intended careers.</md:abstract> </p> <p id="cnx_course_contributors"> <span class="cnx_before" id="cnx_course_contributors_contains"> This collection contains: </span> <span class="cnx_before">Modules <span>by:</span></span> <span class="cnx_person"> <a href="/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/member_profile/cnxap">CNX Anatomy and Physiology</a>, </span> <span class="cnx_person"> <a href="/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/member_profile/OpenStaxCollege">OpenStax College</a>. </span> </p> </div> <div id="cnx_actions_bottom"> <h2 class="hiddenStructure"> Content actions </h2>  <div class="cnx_actions_category cnx_social_media" id="cnx_social_media_bottom" style="display: none;"> <h3 class="hiddenStructure"> Share content </h3> <div class="cnx_actions_group" id="cnx_social_media_bottom_collection"> <h4>Share collection:</h4> <span class="cnx_google"> <iframe scrolling="no" frameborder="0" vspace="0" tabindex="-1" style="position: static; left: 0pt; top: 0pt; width: 65px; height: 20px; visibility: visible;" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" hspace="0" allowtransparency="true" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130if_/https://plusone.google.com/_/+1/fastbutton?hl=en-US&url=http%3A//cnx.org/content/col11496/latest/&size=medium&count=true&parent=http%3A%2F%2Fcnx.org"> </iframe> </span> <span class="cnx_twitter"> <iframe scrolling="no" frameborder="0" allowtransparency="true" class="twitter-share-button twitter-count-horizontal" title="Tweet Button" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130if_/http://platform.twitter.com/widgets/tweet_button.html?count=horizontal&lang=en&text=Anatomy%20%26%20Physiology&url=http%3A//cnx.org/content/col11496/latest/&via=cnxorg"> </iframe> </span> <span class="cnx_facebook"> <iframe scrolling="no" frameborder="0" allowtransparency="true" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130if_/http://www.facebook.com/plugins/like.php?href=http%3A//cnx.org/content/col11496/latest/&layout=button_count&show_faces=false&action=like&colorscheme=light"> </iframe> </span> </div> </div>  <div class="cnx_actions_category" id="cnx_actions_category_feedback"> <h3> <span> Give feedback: </span> </h3> <div class="cnx_actions_group"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/mailto:info@openstaxcollege.org?cc=cnx@cnx.org&subject=Feedback on OpenStax-CNX collection: Anatomy%20%26%20Physiology&body=Feedback on OpenStax-CNX collection: Anatomy%20%26%20Physiology (http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6)" class="cnx_email_author"> E-mail the collection author</a> </div> </div>  <div class="cnx_actions_category" id="cnx_actions_category_download"> <h3> <span> Download collection as: </span> </h3> <div class="cnx_actions_group"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/pdf" onmousedown="try{var t=_gat._getTracker('UA-7903479-1'); t._initData(); t._setDomainName('.cnx.org'); t._trackPageview(window.location.pathname+'?event=collection:download:pdf', 100);}catch(err){}">PDF</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/epub" onmousedown="try{var t=_gat._getTracker('UA-7903479-1'); t._initData(); t._setDomainName('.cnx.org'); t._trackPageview(window.location.pathname+'?event=collection:download:epub', 100);}catch(err){}">EPUB</a> <span class="lensinfowrap ca_help_link"> <a href="/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/help/viewing/epub-help" class="lenslink">(?)</a> <div class="lensinfo hiddenStructure"> <h3>What is an EPUB file?</h3> <p> EPUB is an electronic book format that can be read on a variety of mobile devices. </p> <h3>Downloading to a reading device</h3> <p> For detailed instructions on how to download this content's EPUB to your specific device, click the <strong>"(?)"</strong> link. </p> </div> </span> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/content_info#cnx_downloads_header">More downloads ...</a> </div> <div class="cnx_actions_group"> </div> </div>  <div class="cnx_actions_category" id="cnx_actions_category_addto"> <h3> <span> Add collection to: </span> </h3> <div class="cnx_actions_group"> <span> <span class="lensinfowrap"> <a id="cnx_actions_fav_popup_link_col_bottom" class="lenslink cnx_lens_trigger_link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/favorites_add?contentId=col11496&version=1.6&returnTo=http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6"><input type="hidden" class="cnx_lens_contentId" name="contentId" value="col11496"/><input type="hidden" class="cnx_lens_version" name="version" value="1.6"/><input type="hidden" class="cnx_lens_urlbase" name="urlbase" value="http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6"/><input type="hidden" class="cnx_lens_innerform" name="innerform" value="favorites_add_inner"/><input type="hidden" class="cnx_lens_title" name="title" value="Add to lens: My Favorites"/>My Favorites</a> <span class="lensinfo hiddenStructure cnx_login_required">Login Required</span> </span> </span> <span class="lensinfowrap"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/help/viewing/lenses" class="lenslink">(?)</a> <div class="lensinfo hiddenStructure"> <p> 'My Favorites' is a special kind of lens which you can use to bookmark modules and collections. 'My Favorites' can only be seen by you, and collections saved in 'My Favorites' can remember the last module you were on. You need an account to use 'My Favorites'. </p> </div> </span> | <span class="lensinfowrap"> <a id="cnx_actions_lens_popup_link_col_bottom" class="lenslink cnx_lens_trigger_link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/lens_add?contentId=col11496&version=1.6&returnTo=http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6"><input type="hidden" class="cnx_lens_contentId" name="contentId" value="col11496"/><input type="hidden" class="cnx_lens_version" name="version" value="1.6"/><input type="hidden" class="cnx_lens_urlbase" name="urlbase" value="http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6"/><input type="hidden" class="cnx_lens_title" name="lenstitle" value="Add to a lens"/>A lens I own</a> <span class="lensinfo hiddenStructure cnx_login_required">Login Required</span> </span> <span class="lensinfowrap"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/help/viewing/lenses" class="lenslink">(?)</a> <div class="lensinfo hiddenStructure"> <h4 class="hiddenStructure">Definition of a lens</h4> <img src="/web/20140629060130im_/http://cnx.org/lenses-large.png" class="lensinfologo" alt="Diagram of lenses"/> <h5>Lenses</h5> <p>A lens is a custom view of the content in the repository. You can think of it as a fancy kind of list that will let you see content through the eyes of organizations and people you trust. </p> <h5>What is in a lens?</h5> <p>Lens makers point to materials (modules and collections), creating a guide that includes their own comments and descriptive tags about the content. </p> <h5>Who can create a lens?</h5> <p>Any individual member, a community, or a respected organization. </p> <h5> <span>What are tags?</span> <img src="/web/20140629060130im_/http://cnx.org/tags.png" class="tagicon" alt="tag icon"/> </h5> <p>Tags are descriptors added by lens makers to help label content, attaching a vocabulary that is meaningful in the context of the lens. </p> </div> </span> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://www.addthis.com/bookmark.php?v=250&pub=cnx_org&url=http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6&title=Anatomy & Physiology"> External bookmarks </a> </div> </div>  <div class="cnx_actions_category" id="cnx_actions_category_reuse_edit" style="display:none"> <h3>Reuse / Edit:</h3> <div class="cnx_actions_group"> <span class="lensinfowrap"> <a id="cnx_actions_reuse_edit_popup_link_c" class="lenslink cnx_reuse_edit_trigger_link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/reuse_edit?contentId=col11496&version=1.6&returnTo=http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6"><input type="hidden" class="cnx_reuse_edit_contentId" name="contentId" value="col11496"/><input type="hidden" class="cnx_reuse_edit_version" name="version" value="1.6"/><input type="hidden" class="cnx_reuse_edit_urlbase" name="urlbase" value="http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6"/>Reuse or edit collection</a> <span class="lensinfo hiddenStructure cnx_login_required">Login Required</span> </span> <span class="lensinfowrap"> <a class="lenslink" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/help/authoring/expressedit">(?)</a> <div class="lensinfo hiddenStructure"> <h4>Check out and edit</h4> <p> If you have permission to edit this content, using the "Reuse / Edit" action will allow you to check the content out into your Personal Workspace or a shared Workgroup and then make your edits. </p> <h4>Derive a copy</h4> <p> If you don't have permission to edit the content, you can still use "Reuse / Edit" to adapt the content by creating a derived copy of it and then editing and publishing the copy. </p> </div> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div id="cnx_footer"> <h2 class="hiddenStructure">Footer</h2> <div id="cnx_partner_logos"> <a id="cnx_license_logo" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"> <img alt="Creative Commons License" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130im_/http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by/3.0/88x31.png"/></a> <a id="cnx_oer_logo" xmlns:dct="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://opened.creativecommons.org/definition" rel="dct:conformsTo"> <img alt="Open Educational Resources Logo" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130im_/http://i.creativecommons.org/d/oer/88x31.gif"/> </a> </div> <div id="cnx_metadata_links"> <p> <span id="cnx_more_about">More about this content:</span> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/content_info">Metadata</a> <span>|</span> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/content_info#cnx_downloads_header">Downloads</a> <span>|</span> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/content_info#cnx_history_header">Version History</a> </p> <ul id="cnx_attribution"> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/content_info#cnx_attribution_header"> How to <b>reuse</b> and attribute this content</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/content_info#cnx_cite_header"> How to <b>cite</b> and attribute this content</a> </li> </ul> </div> <p id="cnx_license"> This work is licensed by  <a href="/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/member_profile/OSCRiceUniversity">Rice University</a> under a <a rel="license" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"><span>Creative Commons Attribution License</span> (CC-BY 3.0)</a>, and is an <a xmlns:dct="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130/http://opened.creativecommons.org/definition" rel="dct:conformsTo">Open Educational Resource</a>. </p> <p id="cnx_updated"> Last edited by <a href="/web/20140629060130/http://cnx.org/member_profile/cnxap">CNX Anatomy and Physiology</a> on Jun 19, 2013 3:59 pm GMT-5. </p> </div> </div> </div> <div id="cnx_lens_popup" class="cnx_popup" style="display:none"> <div class="x-dlg-hd">Add to a lens</div> <div class="x-dlg-bd" id="cnx_lens_inner"> Add this content to my lens: </div> </div> <div id="cnx_reuse_edit_popup" class="cnx_popup" style="display:none"> <div class="x-dlg-hd">Reuse / Edit</div> <div class="x-dlg-bd" id="cnx_reuse_edit_inner"> Reuse / edit: </div> </div> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060130js_/http://www.google-analytics.com/ga.js" type="text/javascript"> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var _gaq = _gaq || []; function trackthisGoogleAnalytics(strCode) { try { _gaq.push(['user._setAccount', strCode]); _gaq.push(['user._trackPageview']); } catch(err) {} } </script>  <script type="text/javascript"> var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-7903479-1']); _gaq.push(['_setDomainName', '.cnx.org']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); _gaq.push(['hewlett._setAccount', 'UA-5033010-1']); _gaq.push(['hewlett._setDomainName', '.cnx.org']); _gaq.push(['hewlett._trackPageview']); </script>  <script type="text/javascript" id="user-google-analytics" user="UA-30227798-5"> var thisElement; var codeGoogleAnalytics; thisElement = 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Anatomy & Physiology