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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladwisselend" title="Bladwisselend – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bladwisselend" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B6%D9%8A" title="نفضي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نفضي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuella_caduca" title="Fuella caduca – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fuella caduca" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caducifoliu" title="Caducifoliu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Caducifoliu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80" title="পর্ণমোচী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পর্ণমোচী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Лістападныя расліны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лістападныя расліны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tat%C3%A2" title="Tatâ – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tatâ" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Листопадно растение – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Листопадно растение" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listopadne_biljke" title="Listopadne biljke – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Listopadne biljke" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caducifoli" title="Caducifoli – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Caducifoli" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opadav%C3%A9_d%C5%99eviny" title="Opadavé dřeviny – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Opadavé dřeviny" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B8vf%C3%A6ldende" title="Løvfældende – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Løvfældende" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heitlehisus" title="Heitlehisus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Heitlehisus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B2%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B1" title="Φυλλοβόλα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φυλλοβόλα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caducifolio" title="Caducifolio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caducifolio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falfolia_planto" title="Falfolia planto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Falfolia planto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostoerorkor" title="Hostoerorkor – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hostoerorkor" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="برگ‌ریز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برگ‌ریز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plante_d%C3%A9cidue" title="Plante décidue – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plante décidue" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planda_duillsilteach" title="Planda duillsilteach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Planda duillsilteach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn-lhoamey" title="Yn-lhoamey – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn-lhoamey" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caducifolio" title="Caducifolio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Caducifolio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%99%EC%97%BD%EC%84%B1" title="낙엽성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="낙엽성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80" title="पतझड़ी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पतझड़ी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjelogorica" title="Bjelogorica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bjelogorica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan_peluruh" title="Tumbuhan peluruh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tumbuhan peluruh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumargr%C3%A6n_jurt" title="Sumargræn jurt – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sumargræn jurt" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caducifoglio" title="Caducifoglio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Caducifoglio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="נשירים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נשירים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ಪರ್ಣಪಾತಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪರ್ಣಪಾತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_ki_gen_f%C3%A8y_kadik" title="Plant ki gen fèy kadik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Plant ki gen fèy kadik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapus_metantys_augalai" title="Lapus metantys augalai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lapus metantys augalai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caducifoeuj" title="Caducifoeuj – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Caducifoeuj" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombhullat%C3%B3_n%C3%B6v%C3%A9ny" title="Lombhullató növény – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lombhullató növény" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Листопадни растенија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Листопадни растенија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="ഇലപൊഴിയും വനങ്ങൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇലപൊഴിയും വനങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luruh" title="Luruh – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Luruh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladverliezend" title="Bladverliezend – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bladverliezend" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%BD%E8%91%89%E6%80%A7" title="落葉性 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="落葉性" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauvfellende" title="Lauvfellende – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lauvfellende" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauvfellande" title="Lauvfellande – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lauvfellande" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AA%DA%86%DA%91%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%B9%DB%92" title="پتچڑی بوٹے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پتچڑی بوٹے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caducif%C3%B3lia" title="Caducifólia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caducifólia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Листопадные растения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Листопадные растения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Deciduous" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%B3" title="ڊيسيڊيئس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڊيسيڊيئس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%99%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Листопадна биљка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Листопадна биљка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listopadna_biljka" title="Listopadna biljka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Listopadna biljka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kes%C3%A4vihanta" title="Kesävihanta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kesävihanta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv 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lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไม้ผลัดใบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaprak_d%C3%B6ken_bitkiler" title="Yaprak döken bitkiler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yaprak döken bitkiler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Листопадні рослини – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Листопадні рослини" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Plants that shed leaves seasonally</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Deciduous_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Deciduous (disambiguation)">Deciduous (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Deciduous forest</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Open_Woods.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Open_Woods.jpg/200px-Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Open_Woods.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Open_Woods.jpg/300px-Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Open_Woods.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Open_Woods.jpg/400px-Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Open_Woods.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Lofty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Lofty.jpg/200px-Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Lofty.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Lofty.jpg/300px-Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Lofty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Lofty.jpg/400px-Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Lofty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Autumnal_deciduous_forest_-_Laubwand_im_Herbst.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Autumnal_deciduous_forest_-_Laubwand_im_Herbst.jpg/200px-Autumnal_deciduous_forest_-_Laubwand_im_Herbst.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Autumnal_deciduous_forest_-_Laubwand_im_Herbst.jpg/300px-Autumnal_deciduous_forest_-_Laubwand_im_Herbst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Autumnal_deciduous_forest_-_Laubwand_im_Herbst.jpg/400px-Autumnal_deciduous_forest_-_Laubwand_im_Herbst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Langaa_egeskov_rimfrost.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Langaa_egeskov_rimfrost.jpg/200px-Langaa_egeskov_rimfrost.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Langaa_egeskov_rimfrost.jpg/300px-Langaa_egeskov_rimfrost.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Langaa_egeskov_rimfrost.jpg/400px-Langaa_egeskov_rimfrost.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2433" data-file-height="1441" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Four deciduous forests shown in spring, summer, autumn and winter.</div></div></div></div> <p>In the fields of <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticulture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a>, the term <i><b>deciduous</b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/u/: 'u' in 'influence'">u</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> means "falling off at maturity"<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "tending to fall off",<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in reference to <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">trees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrubs</a> that seasonally shed <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a>, usually in the <a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">autumn</a>; to the shedding of <a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">petals</a>, after flowering; and to the shedding of ripe <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Antonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonym">antonym</a> of deciduous in the botanical sense is <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a>. </p><p>Generally, the term "deciduous" means "the dropping of a part that is no longer needed or useful" and the "falling away after its purpose is finished". In plants, it is the result of natural processes. "Deciduous" has a similar meaning when referring to animal parts, such as deciduous <a href="/wiki/Antler" title="Antler">antlers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Deciduous_teeth" title="Deciduous teeth">deciduous teeth</a> (baby teeth) in some mammals (including humans); or <a href="/wiki/Decidua" title="Decidua">decidua</a>, the uterine lining that sheds off after birth. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Botany">Botany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deciduous&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Botany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticulture</a>, <b>deciduous <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a></b>, including <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">trees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrubs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbaceous">herbaceous</a> perennials, are those that lose all of their <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a> for part of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process is called <a href="/wiki/Abscission" title="Abscission">abscission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases leaf loss coincides with winter—namely in <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polar_climate" title="Polar climate">polar climates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other parts of the world, including tropical, subtropical, and arid regions, plants lose their leaves during the <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry season</a> or other seasons, depending on variations in <a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rainfall</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The converse of deciduous is <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a>, where foliage is shed on a different schedule from deciduous plants, therefore appearing to remain green year round because not all the leaves are shed at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plants that are intermediate may be called <a href="/wiki/Semi-deciduous" title="Semi-deciduous">semi-deciduous</a>; they lose old foliage as new growth begins.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other plants are semi-evergreen and lose their leaves before the next growing season, retaining some during winter or dry periods.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forsythia_turin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Flowering branch of forsythia amid bare trees" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Forsythia_turin.JPG/220px-Forsythia_turin.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Forsythia_turin.JPG/330px-Forsythia_turin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Forsythia_turin.JPG/440px-Forsythia_turin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>Like a number of other deciduous plants, <i><a href="/wiki/Forsythia" title="Forsythia">Forsythia</a></i> flowers during the leafless season.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many deciduous plants <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flower</a> during the period when they are leafless, as this increases the effectiveness of <a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">pollination</a>. The absence of <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a> improves wind transmission of pollen for wind-pollinated plants and increases the visibility of the flowers to <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a> in insect-pollinated plants. This strategy is not without risks, as the flowers can be damaged by frost or, in dry season regions, result in water stress on the plant.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">Spring</a> leafout and <a href="/wiki/Fall" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall">fall</a> leaf drop are triggered by a combination of daylight and air temperatures. The exact conditions required will vary with the species, but generally more cold-tolerant genera such as <i>Salix</i> will leaf-out earlier and lose their leaves later, while genera such as <i>Fraxinus</i> and <i>Juglans</i> can only grow in warm, frost-free conditions so they need at least 13 hours of daylight and air temperatures of around 70 °F (21 °C) to leaf out. They will be among the earliest trees to lose their leaves in the fall. In sub-Arctic climates such as <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, leaves begin turning colors as early as August. However, for most temperate regions it takes place in late September through early November and in subtropical climates such as the southern US, it may be November into December.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Leaf drop or <a href="/wiki/Abscission" title="Abscission">abscission</a> involves complex physiological signals and changes within plants. When leafout is completed (marked by the transition from bright green spring leaves to dark green summer ones) the chlorophyll level in the leaves remains stable until cool temperatures arrive in autumn. When <a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">autumn</a> arrives and the days are shorter or when plants are drought-stressed,<sup id="cite_ref-Pessarakli2005_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pessarakli2005-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the chlorophyll steadily breaks down, allowing other pigments present in the leaf to become apparent and resulting in non-green colored foliage. The brightest leaf colors are produced when days grow short and nights are cool, but remain above freezing.<sup id="cite_ref-Linzey2008_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linzey2008-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These other pigments include <a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">carotenoids</a> that are yellow, brown, and orange. <a href="/wiki/Anthocyanin" title="Anthocyanin">Anthocyanin</a> pigments produce red and purple colors, though they are not always present in the leaves. Rather, they are produced in the foliage in late summer, when sugars are trapped in the leaves after the process of abscission begins. Parts of the world that have showy displays of bright autumn colors are limited to locations where days become short and nights are cool. The New England region of the United States and southeastern Canada tend to produce particularly good autumn colors for this reason, with Europe producing generally poorer colors due to the humid maritime climate and lower overall species diversity <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. It is also a factor that the continental United States and southern Canada are at a lower latitude than northern Europe, so the sun during the fall months is higher and stronger. This combination of strong sun and cool temperatures leads to more intense fall colors. The Southern United States also has poor fall colors due to warm temperatures during the fall months and the Western United States as it has more evergreen and fewer deciduous plants, combined with the West Coast and its maritime climate. (<i>See also</i>: <a href="/wiki/Autumn_leaf_color" title="Autumn leaf color">Autumn leaf color</a>) Most of the Southern Hemisphere lacks deciduous plants due to its milder winters and smaller landmass, most of which is nearer the equator with only far southern South America and the southern island of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> producing distinct fall colors. </p><p>The beginnings of leaf drop starts when an abscission layer is formed between the leaf <a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">petiole</a> and the stem. This layer is formed in the spring during active new growth of the leaf; it consists of layers of cells that can separate from each other. The cells are sensitive to a <a href="/wiki/Plant_hormone" title="Plant hormone">plant hormone</a> called <a href="/wiki/Auxin" title="Auxin">auxin</a> that is produced by the leaf and other parts of the plant. When auxin coming from the leaf is produced at a rate consistent with that from the body of the plant, the cells of the abscission layer remain connected; in autumn, or when under stress, the auxin flow from the leaf decreases or stops, triggering cellular elongation within the abscission layer. The elongation of these cells breaks the connection between the different cell layers, allowing the leaf to break away from the plant. It also forms a layer that seals the break, so the plant does not lose sap.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some trees, particularly oaks and beeches, exhibit a behavior known as "<a href="/wiki/Marcescence" title="Marcescence">marcescence</a>" whereby dead leaves are not shed in the fall and remain on the tree until being blown off by the weather. This is caused by incomplete development of the abscission layer. It is mainly seen in the seedling and sapling stage, although mature trees may have marcescence of leaves on the lower branches. </p><p>A number of deciduous plants remove nitrogen and carbon from the <a href="/wiki/Foliage" class="mw-redirect" title="Foliage">foliage</a> before they are shed and store them in the form of proteins in the vacuoles of <a href="/wiki/Parenchyma_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parenchyma (botany)">parenchyma</a> cells in the roots and the inner bark. In the spring, these proteins are used as a nitrogen source during the growth of new leaves or flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Function">Function</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deciduous&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autumn_Leaf_08Nov17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Fallen leaves covering a patch of ground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Autumn_Leaf_08Nov17.jpg/220px-Autumn_Leaf_08Nov17.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Autumn_Leaf_08Nov17.jpg/330px-Autumn_Leaf_08Nov17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Autumn_Leaf_08Nov17.jpg/440px-Autumn_Leaf_08Nov17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="1741" /></a><figcaption>Deciduous plants in mid- to high <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitudes</a> shed their leaves as temperatures drop in <a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">autumn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Plants with deciduous foliage have advantages and disadvantages compared to plants with evergreen foliage.<br /> Since deciduous plants lose their leaves to conserve water or to better survive winter weather conditions, they must regrow new foliage during the next suitable growing season; this uses resources which evergreens do not need to expend.<br /> Evergreens suffer greater water loss during the winter and they also can experience greater <a href="/w/index.php?title=Predation_pressure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predation pressure (page does not exist)">predation pressure</a>, especially when small. Deciduous trees experience much less branch and trunk breakage from glaze ice storms when leafless, and plants can reduce water loss due to the reduction in availability of liquid water during cold winter days.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Losing leaves in winter may reduce damage from insects; repairing leaves and keeping them functional may be more costly than just losing and regrowing them.<sup id="cite_ref-Labandeira1994_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Labandeira1994-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Removing leaves also reduces <a href="/wiki/Cavitation#Vascular_plants" title="Cavitation">cavitation</a> which can damage <a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">xylem</a> vessels in plants.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This then allows deciduous plants to have xylem vessels with larger diameters and therefore a greater rate of <a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">transpiration</a> (and hence CO<sub>2</sub> uptake as this occurs when <a href="/wiki/Stomata" class="mw-redirect" title="Stomata">stomata</a> are open) during the summer growth period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deciduous_woody_plants">Deciduous woody plants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deciduous&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Deciduous woody plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The deciduous characteristic has developed repeatedly among woody plants. Trees include <a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">maple</a>, many <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oaks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nothofagus" title="Nothofagus">nothofagus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elm" title="Elm">elm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aspen" title="Aspen">aspen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a>, among others, as well as a number of <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">coniferous</a> <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Larch" title="Larch">larch</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Metasequoia" title="Metasequoia">Metasequoia</a></i>. Deciduous shrubs include <a href="/wiki/Honeysuckle" title="Honeysuckle">honeysuckle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viburnum" title="Viburnum">viburnum</a>, and many others. Most temperate woody vines are also deciduous, including <a href="/wiki/Vitis" title="Vitis">grapes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poison_ivy" title="Poison ivy">poison ivy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_creeper" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia creeper">Virginia creeper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisteria" title="Wisteria">wisteria</a>, etc. The characteristic is useful in plant identification; for instance in parts of <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Southeast" class="mw-redirect" title="American Southeast">American Southeast</a>, deciduous and <a href="/wiki/Evergreen_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="Evergreen oak">evergreen oak</a> species may grow side by side.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Periods of leaf fall often coincide with seasons: winter in the case of cool-climate plants or the dry-season in the case of tropical plants,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however there are no deciduous species among tree-like <a href="/wiki/Monocotyledonous" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocotyledonous">monocotyledonous</a> plants, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">palms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yucca" title="Yucca">yuccas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dracaena_(plant)" title="Dracaena (plant)">dracaenas</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hydrangea_hirta" title="Hydrangea hirta">hydrangea hirta</a> is a deciduous woody shrub found in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regions">Regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deciduous&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sydney_in_Autumn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sydney_in_Autumn.jpg/220px-Sydney_in_Autumn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sydney_in_Autumn.jpg/330px-Sydney_in_Autumn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sydney_in_Autumn.jpg/440px-Sydney_in_Autumn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="661" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Deciduous_trees" class="mw-redirect" title="Deciduous trees">Deciduous trees</a> were introduced to the <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> regions of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> where they are used as <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornamental plants">ornamental plants</a>, as seen here at a <a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">suburban street</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Forests where a majority of the trees lose their foliage at the end of the typical growing season are called deciduous forests. These forests are found in many areas worldwide and have distinctive ecosystems, understory growth, and <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> dynamics.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two distinctive types of deciduous forests are found growing around the world. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Temperate_deciduous_forest" title="Temperate deciduous forest">Temperate deciduous forest</a> biomes are plant communities distributed in North and South America, Asia, Southern slopes of the Himalayas, Europe and for cultivation purposes in Oceania. They have formed under climatic conditions which have great seasonable temperature variability. Growth occurs during warm summers, leaf drop in autumn, and dormancy during cold winters. These seasonally distinctive communities have diverse life forms that are impacted greatly by the seasonality of their climate, mainly temperature and precipitation rates. These varying and regionally different ecological conditions produce distinctive forest plant communities in different regions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_dry_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests">Tropical and subtropical deciduous forest</a> biomes have developed in response not to seasonal temperature variations but to seasonal rainfall patterns. During prolonged dry periods the foliage is dropped to conserve water and prevent death from drought. Leaf drop is not seasonally dependent as it is in temperate climates. It can occur any time of year and varies by region of the world.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Even within a small local area there can be variations in the timing and duration of leaf drop; different sides of the same mountain and areas that have high water tables or areas along streams and rivers can produce a patchwork of leafy and leafless trees.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chacachacare_dry_forest_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Dry-season deciduous tropical forest"><img alt="Aerial view of tropical deciduous trees" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Chacachacare_dry_forest_3.JPG/200px-Chacachacare_dry_forest_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Chacachacare_dry_forest_3.JPG/300px-Chacachacare_dry_forest_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Chacachacare_dry_forest_3.JPG/400px-Chacachacare_dry_forest_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dry-season deciduous <a href="/wiki/Tropical_forest" title="Tropical forest">tropical forest</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spring_Forest_Leaves_in_Texas_Hill_Country.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mixed tropical and subtropical deciduous forest in spring, Texas, United States"><img alt="View of treetops with light spring growth scattered amid darker evergreens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Spring_Forest_Leaves_in_Texas_Hill_Country.jpg/200px-Spring_Forest_Leaves_in_Texas_Hill_Country.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Spring_Forest_Leaves_in_Texas_Hill_Country.jpg/300px-Spring_Forest_Leaves_in_Texas_Hill_Country.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Spring_Forest_Leaves_in_Texas_Hill_Country.jpg/400px-Spring_Forest_Leaves_in_Texas_Hill_Country.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mixed tropical and subtropical deciduous forest in spring, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, United States</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dry_Teak_Forest_Theppakadu_Mudumalai_Mar21_A7C_00488.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tropical dry deciduous forests in southern India in the Mudumalai Tiger Reserve"><img alt="Tropical dry deciduous forests in southern India in the Mudumalai Tiger Reserve" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Dry_Teak_Forest_Theppakadu_Mudumalai_Mar21_A7C_00488.jpg/200px-Dry_Teak_Forest_Theppakadu_Mudumalai_Mar21_A7C_00488.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Dry_Teak_Forest_Theppakadu_Mudumalai_Mar21_A7C_00488.jpg/300px-Dry_Teak_Forest_Theppakadu_Mudumalai_Mar21_A7C_00488.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Dry_Teak_Forest_Theppakadu_Mudumalai_Mar21_A7C_00488.jpg/400px-Dry_Teak_Forest_Theppakadu_Mudumalai_Mar21_A7C_00488.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5736" data-file-height="3824" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tropical <a href="/wiki/Dry_deciduous_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry deciduous forest">dry deciduous forests</a> in southern India in the <a href="/wiki/Mudumalai_Tiger_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudumalai Tiger Reserve">Mudumalai Tiger Reserve</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deciduous&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/deciduous">"deciduous"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a></i> (Online). n.d.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=deciduous&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fdeciduous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeciduous" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/deciduous">"deciduous (adjective)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Advanced_Learner%27s_Dictionary" title="Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary">Oxford Advanced 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Robert Nuss; <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State University</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060906083235/http://pubs.cas.psu.edu/freepubs/pdfs/sc229.pdf">"Evergreen Shrubs and Trees for Pennsylvania"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. psu.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.cas.psu.edu/freepubs/pdfs/sc229.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+photosynthesis&rft.pages=725&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-5839-4&rft.au=Mohammad+Pessarakli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0_3XqlcKPpwC%26pg%3DPA725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeciduous" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Linzey2008-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Linzey2008_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_W._Linzey2008" class="citation book cs1">Donald W. Linzey (1 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UcGn0f7LiJsC&pg=PA27"><i>A natural history guide to Great Smoky Mountains National Park</i></a>. 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Amsterdam: Academic Press. p. 476. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-660570-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-660570-X"><bdi>0-12-660570-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+growth+and+development.+Hormones+and+environment&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=476&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-12-660570-X&rft.aulast=Srivastava&rft.aufirst=Lalit+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeciduous" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonan2015" class="citation book cs1">Bonan, Gordon (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kq8kDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA294"><i>Ecological Climatology: Concepts and Applications</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 294. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781316425190" title="Special:BookSources/9781316425190"><bdi>9781316425190</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecological+Climatology%3A+Concepts+and+Applications&rft.pages=294&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781316425190&rft.aulast=Bonan&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkq8kDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeciduous" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemon1961" class="citation journal cs1">Lemon, P. C. (1961). "Forest ecology of ice storms". <i>Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club</i>. <b>88</b> (1): 21–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2482410">10.2307/2482410</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2482410">2482410</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Torrey+Botanical+Club&rft.atitle=Forest+ecology+of+ice+storms&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-29&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2482410&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2482410%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lemon&rft.aufirst=P.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeciduous" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Labandeira1994-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Labandeira1994_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabandeiraDilcherDavisWagner1994" class="citation journal cs1">Labandeira, C. C.; Dilcher, D. L.; Davis, D. R.; Wagner, D. L. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC45420">"Ninety-seven million years of angiosperm-insect association: paleobiological insights into the meaning of coevolution"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>91</b> (25): 12278–12282. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994PNAS...9112278L">1994PNAS...9112278L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.91.25.12278">10.1073/pnas.91.25.12278</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC45420">45420</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11607501">11607501</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Ninety-seven+million+years+of+angiosperm-insect+association%3A+paleobiological+insights+into+the+meaning+of+coevolution&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=12278-12282&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC45420%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11607501&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.91.25.12278&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994PNAS...9112278L&rft.aulast=Labandeira&rft.aufirst=C.+C.&rft.au=Dilcher%2C+D.+L.&rft.au=Davis%2C+D.+R.&rft.au=Wagner%2C+D.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC45420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeciduous" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayrAméglio2016" class="citation cs2">Mayr, Stefan; Améglio, Thierry (2016), Lüttge, Ulrich; Cánovas, Francisco M.; Matyssek, Rainer (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-25688-7_13">"Freezing Stress in Tree Xylem"</a>, <i>Progress in Botany 77</i>, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 381–414, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-25688-7_13">10.1007/978-3-319-25688-7_13</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-25688-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-25688-7"><bdi>978-3-319-25688-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Botany+77&rft.atitle=Freezing+Stress+in+Tree+Xylem&rft.pages=381-414&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-25688-7_13&rft.isbn=978-3-319-25688-7&rft.aulast=Mayr&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft.au=Am%C3%A9glio%2C+Thierry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-25688-7_13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeciduous" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCundall2005" class="citation book cs1">Cundall, Peter (2005). <i>Flora: The Gardener's Bible: Over 20,000 Plants</i>. Ultimo, NSW, Australia: ABC Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7333-1094-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7333-1094-X"><bdi>0-7333-1094-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flora%3A+The+Gardener%27s+Bible%3A+Over+20%2C000+Plants&rft.place=Ultimo%2C+NSW%2C+Australia&rft.pub=ABC+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7333-1094-X&rft.aulast=Cundall&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeciduous" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRöhrigUlrich1991" class="citation book cs1">Röhrig, Ernst; Ulrich, Bernhard, eds. (1991). <i>Temperate deciduous forests</i>. 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"Phenology of Canopy Trees of a Tropical Deciduous Forest in Mexico". <i>Biotropica</i>. <b>22</b> (1): 22–35. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990Biotr..22...22B">1990Biotr..22...22B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2388716">10.2307/2388716</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2388716">2388716</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biotropica&rft.atitle=Phenology+of+Canopy+Trees+of+a+Tropical+Deciduous+Forest+in+Mexico&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22-35&rft.date=1990-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2388716%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2388716&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990Biotr..22...22B&rft.aulast=Bullock&rft.aufirst=Stephen+H.&rft.au=J.+Arturo+Solis-Magallanes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeciduous" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deciduous&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/deciduous" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:deciduous"><i>deciduous</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Deciduous_forests" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Deciduous forests">Deciduous forests</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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