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<span>Locations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Locations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Locations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Locations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arctic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arctic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Arctic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arctic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antarctica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antarctica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Antarctica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antarctica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mountains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mountains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Mountains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mountains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quantifying_polar_climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quantifying_polar_climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Quantifying polar climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quantifying_polar_climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Polar climate</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE_%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="مناخ قطبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مناخ قطبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktika_iqlimi" title="Arktika iqlimi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Arktika iqlimi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81" title="মেরুজ জলবায়ু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মেরুজ জলবায়ু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Палярны клімат – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Палярны клімат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Полярен климат – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Полярен климат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clima_polar" title="Clima polar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Clima polar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_podneb%C3%AD" title="Polární podnebí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Polární podnebí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarklima" title="Polarklima – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Polarklima" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/EF-Klima" title="EF-Klima – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="EF-Klima" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktiline_kliimav%C3%B6%C3%B6de" title="Arktiline kliimavööde – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Arktiline kliimavööde" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Πολικό κλίμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολικό κλίμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clima_polar" title="Clima polar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Clima polar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polusa_klimato" title="Polusa klimato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Polusa klimato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klima_polar" title="Klima polar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Klima polar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="اقلیم قطبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اقلیم قطبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climat_polaire" title="Climat polaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Climat polaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poalklimaat" title="Poalklimaat – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Poalklimaat" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clima_polar" title="Clima polar – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Clima polar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%9C%EB%8C%80_%EA%B8%B0%ED%9B%84" title="한대 기후 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="한대 기후" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D6%87%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A1" title="Բևեռային կլիմա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բևեռային կլիմա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarna_klima" title="Polarna klima – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Polarna klima" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iklim_kutub" title="Iklim kutub – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Iklim kutub" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clima_polare" title="Clima polare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Clima polare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%98%D7%91%D7%99" title="אקלים קוטבי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אקלים קוטבי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="პოლარული კლიმატი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოლარული კლიმატი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Арктика климаты – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Арктика климаты" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hali_ya_hewa_ya_polar" title="Hali ya hewa ya polar – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hali ya hewa ya polar" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Уюлдук климат – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Уюлдук климат" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliarinis_klimatas" title="Poliarinis klimatas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Poliarinis klimatas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkvid%C3%A9ki_%C3%A9ghajlat" title="Sarkvidéki éghajlat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sarkvidéki éghajlat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toetanin-tendron-tany" title="Toetanin-tendron-tany – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Toetanin-tendron-tany" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iklim_kutub" title="Iklim kutub – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Iklim kutub" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poolklimaat" title="Poolklimaat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Poolklimaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%92%E5%B8%AF" title="寒帯 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="寒帯" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskliima" title="Iskliima – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Iskliima" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktisk_klima" title="Arktisk klima – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Arktisk klima" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktisk_klima" title="Arktisk klima – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Arktisk klima" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clima_polar" title="Clima polar – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Clima polar" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klimat_polarny" title="Klimat polarny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Klimat polarny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clima_polar" title="Clima polar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Clima polar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climat_polar" title="Climat polar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Climat polar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Полярный климат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Полярный климат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_climate" title="Polar climate – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Polar climate" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Поларна клима – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Поларна клима" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarna_klima" title="Polarna klima – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Polarna klima" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kylm%C3%A4_vy%C3%B6hyke" title="Kylmä vyöhyke – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kylmä vyöhyke" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarklimat" title="Polarklimat – Swedish" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Climate classification</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_E_1991%E2%80%932020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_E_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/400px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_E_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_E_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/600px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_E_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_E_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/800px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_E_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption>Areas of polar climate according to the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E2E2E2; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Tundra_climate" title="Tundra climate">Tundra climate</a> <i>(ET)</i></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#565656; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Ice_cap_climate" title="Ice cap climate">Ice cap climate</a> <i>(EF)</i></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oblique_rays_04_Pengo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Oblique_rays_04_Pengo.svg/280px-Oblique_rays_04_Pengo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Oblique_rays_04_Pengo.svg/420px-Oblique_rays_04_Pengo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Oblique_rays_04_Pengo.svg/560px-Oblique_rays_04_Pengo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Solar radiation has a lower intensity in polar regions because the angle at which it hits the earth is not as direct as at the equator. Another effect is that sunlight has to go through more atmosphere to reach the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>polar climate</b> regions are characterized by a lack of warm <a href="/wiki/Summer" title="Summer">summers</a> but with varying winters. Every month a polar climate has an average temperature of less than 10 °C (50 °F). Regions with a polar climate cover more than 20% of the Earth's area. Most of these regions are far from the equator and near the <a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">poles</a>, and in this case, winter days are extremely short and summer days are extremely long (could last for the entirety of each season or longer). A polar climate consists of cool summers and very cold winters (or, in the case of ice cap climates, no real summer at all), which results in treeless <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a>, or a permanent or semi-permanent layer of <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a>. It is identified with the letter <b>E</b> in the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subtypes">Subtypes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polar_climate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Subtypes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ice_cap_climate" title="Ice cap climate">Ice cap climate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tundra_climate" title="Tundra climate">Tundra climate</a></div> <p>There are two types of polar climate: <b>ET</b>, or tundra climate; and <b>EF</b>, or ice cap climate. A tundra climate is characterized by having at least one month whose average temperature is above 0 °C (32 °F), while an ice cap climate has no months averaging above 0 °C (32 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a tundra climate, even <a href="/wiki/Coniferous" class="mw-redirect" title="Coniferous">coniferous</a> trees cannot grow, but other specialized plants can grow. In an ice cap climate, no plants can grow, and ice gradually accumulates until it flows or slides elsewhere. Many <a href="/wiki/High_altitude" class="mw-redirect" title="High altitude">high altitude</a> locations on Earth have a climate where no month has an average temperature of 10 °C (50 °F) or higher, but as this is due to elevation, this climate is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Alpine_climate" title="Alpine climate">Alpine climate</a>. Alpine climate can mimic either tundra or ice cap climate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Locations">Locations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polar_climate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Locations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laponie007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Laponie007.jpg/220px-Laponie007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Laponie007.jpg/330px-Laponie007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Laponie007.jpg/440px-Laponie007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A snowy landscape of <a href="/wiki/Inari,_Finland" title="Inari, Finland">Inari</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Lapland_(Finland)" title="Lapland (Finland)">Lapland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursus_maritimus_mother_with_cub.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ursus_maritimus_mother_with_cub.jpg/220px-Ursus_maritimus_mother_with_cub.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ursus_maritimus_mother_with_cub.jpg/330px-Ursus_maritimus_mother_with_cub.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ursus_maritimus_mother_with_cub.jpg/440px-Ursus_maritimus_mother_with_cub.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1312" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">polar bear</a> with cub</figcaption></figure> <p>On Earth, the only continent where the ice cap polar climate is predominant is <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. All but a few isolated coastal areas on the island of <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> also have the ice cap climate. Summits of many high mountains also have ice cap climate due to their high elevation. Coastal regions of Greenland that do not have permanent ice sheets have the less extreme tundra climates. The northernmost part of the Eurasian land mass, from the extreme northeastern coast of <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> and eastwards to the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a>, large areas of northern <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> have tundra climate as well. Large areas in northern <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> have tundra climate, changing to ice cap climate in the most northern parts of Canada. Southernmost <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Tierra del Fuego">Tierra del Fuego</a> where it abuts the <a href="/wiki/Drake_Passage" title="Drake Passage">Drake Passage</a>) and such subantarctic islands such as the <a href="/wiki/South_Shetland_Islands" title="South Shetland Islands">South Shetland Islands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> have <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a> climates of slight <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> range in which no month is as warm as 10 °C (50 °F). These subantarctic lowlands are found closer to the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a> than the coastal tundras of the Arctic basin. Summits of many mountains of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> also have polar climates, due to their higher elevations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arctic">Arctic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polar_climate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Arctic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Arctic" title="Climate of the Arctic">Climate of the Arctic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arctic_big.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Arctic_big.svg/310px-Arctic_big.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="389" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Arctic_big.svg/465px-Arctic_big.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Arctic_big.svg/620px-Arctic_big.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="1267" /></a><figcaption>A map of the Arctic. The red line indicates the 10°C <a href="/wiki/Isotherm_(contour_line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotherm (contour line)">isotherm</a> in July and the white area shows the average minimum <a href="/wiki/Measurement_of_sea_ice#Sea_ice_extent" title="Measurement of sea ice">extent of sea ice</a> in <a href="/wiki/Summer" title="Summer">summer</a> as of 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Some parts of the Arctic are covered by ice (<a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">sea ice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacial ice</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">snow</a>) year-round, especially at the most poleward parts; and nearly all parts of the Arctic experience long periods with some form of ice or snow on the surface. Average January temperatures range from about −40 to 0 °C (−40 to 32 °F), and winter temperatures can drop below −50 °C (−58 °F) over large parts of the Arctic. Average July temperatures range from about −10 to 10 °C (14 to 50 °F), with some land areas occasionally exceeding 30 °C (86 °F) in summer. </p><p>The Arctic consists of <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">ocean</a> that is almost surrounded by landmasses like <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. As such, the <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> of much of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> is moderated by the ocean water, which can never have a temperature below −2 °C (28 °F). In winter, this relatively warm water, even though covered by the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_ice_pack" title="Arctic ice pack">polar ice pack</a>, keeps the <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a> from being the coldest place in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>, and it is also part of the reason that <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> is so much colder than the Arctic. In summer, the presence of the nearby water keeps coastal areas from warming as much as they might otherwise, just as it does in <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> regions with <a href="/wiki/Maritime_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime climate">maritime climates</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antarctica">Antarctica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polar_climate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Antarctica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Antarctica" title="Climate of Antarctica">Climate of Antarctica</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> is the coldest on Earth. Antarctica has the lowest naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> ever recorded: −93.3 °C (−135.9 °F) at <a href="/wiki/Vostok,_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="Vostok, Antarctica">Vostok Station</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ecoworldly_coldest_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecoworldly_coldest-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also extremely dry (technically a <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a>, or so called <a href="/wiki/Polar_desert" title="Polar desert">polar desert</a>), averaging 166 millimetres (6.5 in) of <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a> per year, as <a href="/wiki/Weather_front" title="Weather front">weather fronts</a> rarely penetrate far into the continent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mountains">Mountains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polar_climate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mountains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Summits of most mountains also have polar climates, despite being in lower latitudes, due to their high elevations. All mountains of the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> have tundra climate. Some mountains of the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Elias_Mountains" title="Saint Elias Mountains">Saint Elias Mountains</a>, and most mountains of the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Kush Range">Hindu Kush Range</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir Mountains</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Tian Shan Mountains">Tian Shan Mountains</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Range" title="Alaska Range">Alaska Range</a> also have ice cap climates at extremely high elevations, in addition to tundra climates at relatively lower elevations. Only the summit of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier">Mount Rainier</a> has an ice cap climate in the <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascade Range</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quantifying_polar_climate">Quantifying polar climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polar_climate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Quantifying polar climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been several attempts at quantifying what constitutes a polar climate. </p><p>Climatologist <a href="/wiki/Wladimir_K%C3%B6ppen" title="Wladimir Köppen">Wladimir Köppen</a> demonstrated a relationship between the Arctic and Antarctic tree lines and the 10 °C (50 °F) summer isotherm; i.e., places where the average temperature in the warmest calendar month of the year is below the fixed threshold of 10 °C (50 °F) cannot support forests. See <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> for more information. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Otto_Nordenskj%C3%B6ld" title="Otto Nordenskjöld">Otto Nordenskjöld</a> theorized that winter conditions also play a role: His formula is <span class="nowrap"><i>W</i> = 9 − 0.1 <i>C</i></span>, where <i>W</i> is the average temperature in the warmest month and <i>C</i> the average of the coldest month, both in degrees Celsius. For example, if a particular location had an average temperature of −20 °C (−4 °F) in its coldest month, the warmest month would need to average 11 °C (52 °F) or higher for trees to be able to survive there as <span class="nowrap">9 − 0.1(−20) = 11</span>. Nordenskiöld's line tends to run to the north of Köppen's near the west coasts of the Northern Hemisphere continents, south of it in the interior sections, and at about the same latitude along the east coasts of both Asia and North America. In the Southern Hemisphere, all of <a href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Tierra del Fuego">Tierra del Fuego</a> lies outside the polar region in Nordenskiöld's system, but part of the island (including <a href="/wiki/Ushuaia" title="Ushuaia">Ushuaia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>) is reckoned as being within the Antarctic under Köppen's. </p><p>In 1947, <a href="/wiki/Holdridge_life_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Holdridge life zone">Holdridge improved on these schemes</a>, by defining <a href="/wiki/Biotemperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Biotemperature">biotemperature</a>: the mean annual temperature, where all temperatures below 0 °C or 32 °F (and above 30 °C or 86 °F) are treated as 0 °C (because it makes no difference to plant life, being dormant). If the mean biotemperature is between 1.5 and 3 °C (34.7 and 37.4 °F),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holdridge quantifies the climate as <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">subpolar</a> (or alpine, if the low temperature is caused by elevation). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polar_climate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_climate" title="Tundra climate">Tundra climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cap_climate" title="Ice cap climate">Ice cap climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_oscillation" title="Arctic oscillation">Arctic oscillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">Climate change in the Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming_in_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming in Antarctica">Global warming in Antarctica</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polar_climate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFYung" class="citation web cs1">Yung, Chung-hoi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180614094310/http://www.hko.gov.hk/education/edu06nature/ele_srad_e.htm">"Why is the equator very hot and the poles very cold?"</a>. Hong Kong Observatory. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hko.gov.hk/education/edu06nature/ele_srad_e.htm">the original</a> on 2018-06-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+is+the+equator+very+hot+and+the+poles+very+cold%3F&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+Observatory&rft.aulast=Yung&rft.aufirst=Chung-hoi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hko.gov.hk%2Feducation%2Fedu06nature%2Fele_srad_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+climate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKnightHess2000" class="citation book cs1">McKnight, Tom L; Hess, Darrel (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physicalgeographmckn">"Climate Zones and Types: The Köppen System"</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physicalgeographmckn/page/235"><i>Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation</i></a>. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physicalgeographmckn/page/235">235–7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-020263-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-020263-5"><bdi>978-0-13-020263-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Climate+Zones+and+Types%3A+The+K%C3%B6ppen+System&rft.btitle=Physical+Geography%3A+A+Landscape+Appreciation&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+NJ&rft.pages=235-7&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-13-020263-5&rft.aulast=McKnight&rft.aufirst=Tom+L&rft.au=Hess%2C+Darrel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphysicalgeographmckn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+climate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/copyright-and-contributors/">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613024704/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/reference_maps/pdf/arctic.pdf"><i>The World Factbook</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.pub=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20070613024704%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Freference_maps%2Fpdf%2Farctic.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+climate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ecoworldly_coldest-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ecoworldly_coldest_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGavin_Hudson2008" class="citation web cs1">Gavin Hudson (2008-12-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081218000756/http://ecoworldly.com/2008/12/14/the-coldest-inhabited-places-on-earth/">"The Coldest Inhabited Places on Earth"</a>. Eco Worldly. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecoworldly.com/2008/12/14/the-coldest-inhabited-places-on-earth/">the original</a> on 2008-12-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Coldest+Inhabited+Places+on+Earth&rft.pub=Eco+Worldly&rft.date=2008-12-14&rft.au=Gavin+Hudson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecoworldly.com%2F2008%2F12%2F14%2Fthe-coldest-inhabited-places-on-earth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+climate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Allan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929131915/http://www.personal.dundee.ac.uk/~amjones/dundee/36biomes.htm">"Biodiversity lectures and practicals"</a>. University of Dundee. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.personal.dundee.ac.uk/~amjones/dundee/36biomes.htm">the original</a> on 2007-09-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biodiversity+lectures+and+practicals&rft.pub=University+of+Dundee&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.personal.dundee.ac.uk%2F~amjones%2Fdundee%2F36biomes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolar+climate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polar_climate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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href="/wiki/Southeast_Bathurst_Fault_Zone" title="Southeast Bathurst Fault Zone">Southeast Bathurst Fault Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungava_Fault_Zone" title="Ungava Fault Zone">Ungava Fault Zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Regions_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Regions of the Arctic">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Alaska" title="Arctic Alaska">Arctic Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Arctic_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Arctic Archipelago">Canadian Arctic Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnmark" title="Finnmark">Finnmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuvialuit_Settlement_Region" title="Inuvialuit Settlement Region">Inuvialuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_Republic" title="Komi Republic">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavik" title="Nunavik">Nunavik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunatsiavut" title="Nunatsiavut">Nunatsiavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Russian Arctic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_North" title="Russian North">North</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Arctic" title="North American Arctic">North American Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Arctic" title="Climate of the Arctic">Climate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Climate_Impact_Assessment" title="Arctic Climate Impact Assessment">Arctic Climate Impact Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_dipole_anomaly" title="Arctic dipole anomaly">Arctic dipole anomaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_haze" title="Arctic haze">Arctic haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_oscillation" title="Arctic oscillation">Arctic oscillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_ice_pack" title="Arctic ice pack">Arctic sea ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_ecology_and_history" title="Arctic sea ice ecology and history">ecology and history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions" title="Arctic methane emissions">Arctic methane emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">Climate change in the Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Alaska" title="Climate of Alaska">Climate of Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_global_warming_on_marine_mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of global warming on marine mammals">Effects of global warming on marine mammals</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polar climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_amplification" title="Polar amplification">Polar amplification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_vortex" title="Polar vortex">Polar vortex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Fauna of the Arctic">Fauna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_fox" title="Arctic fox">Arctic fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beluga_whale" title="Beluga whale">Beluga whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowhead_whale" title="Bowhead whale">Bowhead whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemming" title="Lemming">Lemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Muskox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narwhal" title="Narwhal">Narwhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">Polar bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Reindeer</a></li> <li>Seal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bearded_seal" title="Bearded seal">bearded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harp_seal" title="Harp seal">harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooded_seal" title="Hooded seal">hooded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribbon_seal" title="Ribbon seal">ribbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringed_seal" title="Ringed seal">ringed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowy_owl" title="Snowy owl">Snowy owl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">Walrus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Flora of the Arctic">Flora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_ecology" title="Arctic ecology">Arctic ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_vegetation" title="Arctic vegetation">Arctic vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Culture of the Arctic">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumpolar_peoples" title="Circumpolar peoples">Arctic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Subarctic" title="Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic">Subarctic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_people" title="Chukchi people">Chukchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotka_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Chukotka Autonomous Okrug">Chukotka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evenks" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelians" title="Karelians">Karelians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_peoples" title="Komi peoples">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic people">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich'in">Gwich'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanty" title="Khanty">Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koryaks" title="Koryaks">Koryaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nenets people">Nenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_small-numbered_peoples_of_the_North,_Siberia_and_the_Far_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East">Northern indigenous Russian peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkup_people" title="Selkup people">Selkup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_people" title="Yukaghir people">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Winter_Games" title="Arctic Winter Games">Arctic Winter Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quviasukvik" title="Quviasukvik">Quviasukvik <span style="font-size:85%;">(New Year's Day)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_the_Arctic" title="Natural resources of the Arctic">Natural resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_exploration_in_the_Arctic" title="Petroleum exploration in the Arctic">Petroleum exploration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Refuge_drilling_controversy" title="Arctic Refuge drilling controversy">Arctic Refuge drilling controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="Pollution in the Arctic Ocean">Pollution in the Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Protected_areas_of_the_Arctic" title="Category:Protected areas of the Arctic">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_in_the_Arctic" title="Category:Transport in the Arctic">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_in_the_Arctic" title="Category:Transport in the Arctic">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Bridge" title="Arctic Bridge">Arctic Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_shipping_routes" title="Arctic shipping routes">Arctic shipping routes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Passage" title="Northeast Passage">Northeast Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route" title="Northern Sea Route">Northern Sea Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_route" title="Polar route">Polar air route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpolar_Sea_Route" title="Transpolar Sea Route">Transpolar Sea Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Search_and_Rescue_Agreement" title="Arctic Search and Rescue Agreement">Search and rescue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arctic" title="Category:Arctic">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Arctic" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Arctic">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Climate_types_under_the_Köppen_climate_classification" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cceeff"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:K%C3%B6ppen" title="Template:Köppen"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:K%C3%B6ppen" title="Template talk:Köppen"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:K%C3%B6ppen" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Köppen"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Climate_types_under_the_Köppen_climate_classification" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a> types under the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cceeff;"><a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">Class A</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate" title="Tropical rainforest climate">Tropical rainforest <i>(Af)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_monsoon_climate" title="Tropical monsoon climate">Tropical monsoon <i>(Am)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate" title="Tropical savanna climate">Tropical savanna <i>(Aw, As)</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cceeff;">Class B</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desert_climate" title="Desert climate">Desert<i> (BWh, BWk)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">Semi-arid <i>(BSh, BSk)</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cceeff;"><a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">Class C</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">Humid subtropical <i>(Cfa, Cwa)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">Oceanic <i>(Cfb, Cwb, Cfc, Cwc)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean <i>(Csa, Csb, Csc)</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cceeff;"><a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">Class D</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">Humid continental <i>(Dfa, Dwa, Dsa, Dfb, Dwb, Dsb)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">Subarctic <i>(Dfc, Dwc, Dsc, Dfd, Dwd, Dsd)</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cceeff;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Class E</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_climate" title="Tundra climate">Tundra <i>(ET)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cap_climate" title="Ice cap climate">Ice cap <i>(EF)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_climate" title="Alpine climate">Alpine <i>(ET, EF)</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" 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