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文艺复兴 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书
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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录,但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="建议你登录,尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-概述" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#概述"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>概述</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-概述-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-起源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#起源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>起源</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-起源-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关起源子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-起源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-文艺复兴人文主义的拉丁语和希腊语时期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文艺复兴人文主义的拉丁语和希腊语时期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>文艺复兴人文主义的拉丁语和希腊语时期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文艺复兴人文主义的拉丁语和希腊语时期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-意大利的社会与政治结构" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#意大利的社会与政治结构"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>意大利的社会与政治结构</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-意大利的社会与政治结构-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-黑死病对文艺复兴的影响" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#黑死病对文艺复兴的影响"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>黑死病对文艺复兴的影响</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-黑死病对文艺复兴的影响-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-作品思想" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#作品思想"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>作品思想</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-作品思想-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-不同範疇中的文藝復興" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#不同範疇中的文藝復興"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>不同範疇中的文藝復興</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-不同範疇中的文藝復興-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关不同範疇中的文藝復興子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-不同範疇中的文藝復興-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-自然科學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#自然科學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>自然科學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-自然科學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>文學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-繪畫" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#繪畫"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>繪畫</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-繪畫-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-音樂" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#音樂"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>音樂</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-音樂-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-舞蹈" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#舞蹈"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>舞蹈</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-舞蹈-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-建築" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#建築"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>建築</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-建築-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-當代国家特征" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#當代国家特征"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>當代国家特征</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-當代国家特征-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关當代国家特征子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-當代国家特征-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-意大利及其代表人物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#意大利及其代表人物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>意大利及其代表人物</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-意大利及其代表人物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-西班牙及其代表人物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#西班牙及其代表人物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>西班牙及其代表人物</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-西班牙及其代表人物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-葡萄牙及其代表人物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#葡萄牙及其代表人物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>葡萄牙及其代表人物</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-葡萄牙及其代表人物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-德意志及其代表人物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#德意志及其代表人物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>德意志及其代表人物</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-德意志及其代表人物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-法國及其代表人物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#法國及其代表人物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>法國及其代表人物</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-法國及其代表人物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-英格蘭及其代表人物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#英格蘭及其代表人物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>英格蘭及其代表人物</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-英格蘭及其代表人物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-荷蘭及其代表人物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#荷蘭及其代表人物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>荷蘭及其代表人物</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-荷蘭及其代表人物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-波蘭及其代表人物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#波蘭及其代表人物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>波蘭及其代表人物</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-波蘭及其代表人物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-同時期中國" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#同時期中國"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>同時期中國</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-同時期中國-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歷史意义" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史意义"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>歷史意义</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歷史意义-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-关于文艺复兴的不同意见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#关于文艺复兴的不同意见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>关于文艺复兴的不同意见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-关于文艺复兴的不同意见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>注释</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关參考文獻子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>引用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-来源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#来源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>来源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-来源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">文艺复兴</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。165种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-165" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">165种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B8%D2%AD%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%BF%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Аиҭарҿиара – 阿布哈西亚语" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аиҭарҿиара" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="阿布哈西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Renaissance" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Renaissance" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%98%E1%88%98%E1%8A%90_%E1%88%85%E1%8B%B3%E1%88%B4" title="ዘመነ ህዳሴ – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዘመነ ህዳሴ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaiximiento" title="Renaiximiento – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Renaiximiento" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B6%D8%A9" title="عصر النهضة – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عصر النهضة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF-%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="لعاود-ولادة – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لعاود-ولادة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B6%D9%87" title="عصر النهضه – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عصر النهضه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renacimientu" title="Renacimientu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Renacimientu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ntibah_d%C3%B6vr%C3%BC" title="İntibah dövrü – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İntibah dövrü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="رونسانس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رونسانس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D2%A3%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%83" title="Яңырыу – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Яңырыу" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance – 巴厘语" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Renaissance" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="巴厘语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Renaissance" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesansos" title="Renesansos – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Renesansos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Адраджэнне – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Адраджэнне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Адраджэньне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Адраджэньне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Ренесанс – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ренесанс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="ရီနေသွန်းခေတ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ရီနေသွန်းခေတ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81" title="রেনেসাঁ – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রেনেসাঁ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A9%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B" title="རིག་རྩལ་བསྐྱར་དར་ – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རིག་རྩལ་བསྐྱར་དར་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azginivelezh" title="Azginivelezh – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Azginivelezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesansa" title="Renesansa – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Renesansa" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D2%AF%D0%B5" title="Һэргэн мандалтын үе – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Һэргэн мандалтын үе" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaixement" title="Renaixement – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Renaixement" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%99ng-ngi%C3%AA-h%C3%B3k-h%C4%ADng" title="Ùng-ngiê-hók-hĭng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ùng-ngiê-hók-hĭng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Дендалар – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Дендалар" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renasans" title="Renasans – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Renasans" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8E%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="ڕینێسانس – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕینێسانس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renessans" title="Renessans – 克里米亚鞑靼语" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Renessans" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亚鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesance" title="Renesance – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Renesance" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D3%97%D1%80%D3%97%D0%BB%D3%B3" title="Чӗрӗлӳ – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чӗрӗлӳ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Dadeni_Dysg" title="Y Dadeni Dysg – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Dadeni Dysg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A6ssancen" title="Renæssancen – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Renæssancen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Renaissance" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Αναγέννηση – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αναγέννηση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Renaissance" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesanco" title="Renesanco – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Renesanco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renacimiento" title="Renacimiento – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Renacimiento" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renessanss" title="Renessanss – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Renessanss" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizkundea" title="Pizkundea – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pizkundea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renac%C3%A9ncia" title="Renacéncia – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Renacéncia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="رنسانس – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رنسانس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renessanssi" title="Renessanssi – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Renessanssi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renessanss" title="Renessanss – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Renessanss" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesansan" title="Renesansan – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Renesansan" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Renaissance" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Renaissance" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinassiment" title="Rinassiment – 弗留利语" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Rinassiment" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%AAss%C3%A2nse" title="Renêssânse – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Renêssânse" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Athbheochan" title="An Athbheochan – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Athbheochan" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roun%C3%A9sans" title="Rounésans – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Rounésans" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linn_an_Ath-bhe%C3%B2thachaidh" title="Linn an Ath-bheòthachaidh – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Linn an Ath-bheòthachaidh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renacemento" title="Renacemento – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Renacemento" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renacimiento" title="Renacimiento – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Renacimiento" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Renaissance" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A1" title="רנסאנס – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רנסאנס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="पुनर्जागरण – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पुनर्जागरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Renaissance" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesansa" title="Renesansa – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Renesansa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesans" title="Renesans – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Renesans" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesz%C3%A1nsz" title="Reneszánsz – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Reneszánsz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A4" title="Վերածնունդ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վերածնունդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A4" title="Վերածնունդ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Վերածնունդ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renascentia" title="Renascentia – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Renascentia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaisans" title="Renaisans – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Renaisans" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renascentie" title="Renascentie – 国际文字(E)" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Renascentie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字(E)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renasimiento" title="Renasimiento – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Renasimiento" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesanco" title="Renesanco – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Renesanco" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurreisnin" title="Endurreisnin – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Endurreisnin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinascimento" title="Rinascimento – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rinascimento" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9" title="ルネサンス – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルネサンス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesans" title="Renesans – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Renesans" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_Renaisans" title="Abad Renaisans – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Abad Renaisans" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="რენესანსი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რენესანსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyan%C4%B1w_d%C3%A1wiri" title="Oyanıw dáwiri – 卡拉卡尔帕克语" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Oyanıw dáwiri" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡尔帕克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taleslalit" title="Taleslalit – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Taleslalit" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C9%9B%C9%9B_k%C9%A9fana_yaa_al%C9%A9waat%CA%8A_k%C9%A9fat%CA%8A_(Renaissance)" title="Wɛɛ kɩfana yaa alɩwaatʊ kɩfatʊ (Renaissance) – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Wɛɛ kɩfana yaa alɩwaatʊ kɩfatʊ (Renaissance)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Ренессанс – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ренессанс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%AF" title="ನವೋದಯ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನವೋದಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A5%B4%EB%84%A4%EC%83%81%EC%8A%A4" title="르네상스 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="르네상스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%96%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%9B%D8%B3_(%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%AC%D9%8E%D9%86%D9%8E%D9%85)" title="رینیٖسانٛس (نو جَنَم) – 克什米尔语" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="رینیٖسانٛس (نو جَنَم)" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="克什米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronesans" title="Ronesans – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ronesans" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dastinythians" title="Dastinythians – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Dastinythians" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83" title="Кайра жаралуу – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кайра жаралуу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renascentia_litterarum" title="Renascentia litterarum – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Renascentia litterarum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Renaissance" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Ренессанс – 列兹金语" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Ренессанс" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列兹金语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renase" title="Renase – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Renase" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Renaissance" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renascimento" title="Renascimento – 利古里亚语" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Renascimento" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renascim%C3%ABnt" title="Renascimënt – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Renascimënt" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renassiment" title="Renassiment – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Renassiment" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A3%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%8A%E0%BB%8C" title="ເຣເນສຊ໌ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເຣເນສຊ໌" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesansas" title="Renesansas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Renesansas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesanse" title="Renesanse – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Renesanse" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Ренесанса – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ренесанса" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82" title="യൂറോപ്പിലെ നവോത്ഥാനകാലം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യൂറോപ്പിലെ നവോത്ഥാനകാലം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D2%AF%D0%B5" title="Сэргэн мандалтын үе – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сэргэн мандалтын үе" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3" title="युरोपीय प्रबोधनाचा काळ – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="युरोपीय प्रबोधनाचा काळ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Pembaharuan" title="Zaman Pembaharuan – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zaman Pembaharuan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinaxximent" title="Rinaxximent – 马耳他语" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Rinaxximent" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="马耳他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renacimiento" title="Renacimiento – 米兰德斯语" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Renacimiento" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米兰德斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%89%E1%80%AC%E1%80%8F%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6" title="ဉာဏ်သစ် အရေးတော်ပုံ – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဉာဏ်သစ် အရေးတော်ပုံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="رنسانس – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="رنسانس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Renaissance" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance – 低萨克森语" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Renaissance" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低萨克森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="पुनर्जागरण – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पुनर्जागरण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="पूनर्जागरण – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पूनर्जागरण" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Renaissance" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renessansen" title="Renessansen – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Renessansen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renessansen" title="Renessansen – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Renessansen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%27na%C3%AEt%C3%A9" title="R'naîté – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="R'naîté" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissen%C3%A7a" title="Renaissença – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Renaissença" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bara_Jalqabbii_Yaada_Haaraa(Renaissance)" title="Bara Jalqabbii Yaada Haaraa(Renaissance) – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Bara Jalqabbii Yaada Haaraa(Renaissance)" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%9C-%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80" title="ਮੁੜ-ਸੁਰਜੀਤੀ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੁੜ-ਸੁਰਜੀਤੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renasementu" title="Renasementu – 帕皮阿门托语" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Renasementu" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿门托语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernai%C3%A7ance" title="Ernaiçance – 庇卡底文" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Ernaiçance" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="庇卡底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesans" title="Renesans – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Renesans" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnassensa" title="Arnassensa – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Arnassensa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%83_%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81" title="نشاۃ ثانیہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نشاۃ ثانیہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_(%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7_%DA%98%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF)" title="رنسانس (نوی والی/بيا ژوند) – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="رنسانس (نوی والی/بيا ژوند)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renascimento" title="Renascimento – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Renascimento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaschientscha" title="Renaschientscha – 罗曼什语" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Renaschientscha" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="罗曼什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rena%C8%99terea" title="Renașterea – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Renașterea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Возрождение – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Возрождение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ренесанція – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ренесанція" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Ренессанс – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ренессанс" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinaschimentu" title="Rinaschimentu – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Rinaschimentu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinascimentu" title="Rinascimentu – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Rinascimentu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%B3" title="ريناسنس – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ريناسنس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesansa" title="Renesansa – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Renesansa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="පුනරුදය – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පුනරුදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Renaissance" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesancia" title="Renesancia – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Renesancia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesansa" title="Renesansa – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Renesansa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rilindja" title="Rilindja – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rilindja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Ренесанса – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ренесанса" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Renaissance" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9naisans" title="Rénaisans – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Rénaisans" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A4ssansen" title="Renässansen – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Renässansen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Renaissance" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/palekalay_tu_naliman_a_misulit_tu_cudad_%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88" title="palekalay tu naliman a misulit tu cudad 文藝復興 – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="palekalay tu naliman a misulit tu cudad 文藝復興" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_(%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE)" title="மறுமலர்ச்சி (ஐரோப்பா) – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மறுமலர்ச்சி (ஐரோப்பா)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="రినైజెన్స్ – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రినైజెన్స్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D2%B3%D1%91" title="Эҳё – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Эҳё" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="สมัยฟื้นฟูศิลปวิทยา – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมัยฟื้นฟูศิลปวิทยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wozro%C5%BEdeni%C3%BDe" title="Wozroždeniýe – 土库曼语" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Wozroždeniýe" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土库曼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renasimiyento" title="Renasimiyento – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Renasimiyento" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intibohi_Dovr" title="Intibohi Dovr – 塔里什文" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Intibohi Dovr" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="塔里什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6nesans" title="Rönesans – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rönesans" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7_%DA%AF%DB%88%D9%84%D9%84%D9%89%D9%86%D9%89%D8%B4" title="قايتا گۈللىنىش – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قايتا گۈللىنىش" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Відродження – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Відродження" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%83_%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81" title="نشاۃ ثانیہ – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نشاۃ ثانیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyg%CA%BBonish_davri" title="Uygʻonish davri – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Uygʻonish davri" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renasimento" title="Renasimento – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Renasimento" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BB%A5c_H%C6%B0ng" title="Phục Hưng – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phục Hưng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance – 西佛蘭德文" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Renaissance" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="西佛蘭德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renasimyento" title="Renasimyento – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Renasimyento" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="文艺复兴 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="文艺复兴" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="რენესანსი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რენესანსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A1" title="רענעסאנס – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רענעסאנס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88" title="文藝復興 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="文藝復興" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BBn-g%C4%93_ho%CC%8Dk-heng" title="Bûn-gē ho̍k-heng – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bûn-gē ho̍k-heng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88" title="文藝復興 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="文藝復興" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4692#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> 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.ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>可能包含<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%9D%9E%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%9B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="Wikipedia:非原创研究">原创研究</a>。</b><span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2016年7月18日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>请协助補充参考资料、添加<a href="/wiki/Template:Original_research_inline" title="Template:Original research inline">相关内联标签</a>和删除原创研究内容以<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>。详细情况请参见<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="Talk:文艺复兴">讨论页</a>。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>此條目介紹的是欧洲文艺复兴运动。关于欧洲早期的文艺复兴运动,请见「<b><a href="/wiki/12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="12世纪的文艺复兴">12世纪的文艺复兴</a></b>」。关于8世紀的文艺复兴运动,请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="卡洛林文艺复兴">卡洛林文藝復興</a></b>」。关于阿爾卑斯山北部的文艺复兴运动,请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88" title="北方文藝復興">北方文藝復興</a></b>」。关于这一时期的哲学思想,请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="文艺复兴时期哲学">文艺复兴时期哲学</a></b>」。关于其他用法,请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4_(%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89)" class="mw-disambig" title="文艺复兴 (消歧义)">文艺复兴 (消歧义)</a></b>」。</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo%27s_David_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Michelangelo%27s_David_2015.jpg/220px-Michelangelo%27s_David_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Michelangelo%27s_David_2015.jpg/330px-Michelangelo%27s_David_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Michelangelo%27s_David_2015.jpg/440px-Michelangelo%27s_David_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2388" data-file-height="3824" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%BC%80%E6%9C%97%E5%9F%BA%E7%BD%97" title="米开朗基罗">米开朗基罗</a>的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%9B%E5%83%8F" title="大衛像">大衛像</a>》(现藏于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%A6%E8%90%A8" title="佛罗伦萨">佛罗伦萨</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2%E7%BE%8E%E8%A1%93%E9%A4%A8_(%E4%BD%9B%E7%BE%85%E5%80%AB%E8%96%A9)" title="學院美術館 (佛羅倫薩)">学院美术馆</a>),文艺复兴艺术成就的代表作之一,栩栩如生的樣貌雖是模仿羅馬時代,雕塑卻是基於解剖學的進步所生,因此文藝復興不只在於追求復興,而是研究科學與探索創意的心態。</figcaption></figure> <p><b>文艺复兴</b>(Renaissance) 指的是一個文化运动,發生在<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲">歐洲</a>在14-16世紀間。它先在<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="意大利半岛">意大利半岛</a>,其後傳播至全歐洲。文藝復興結束<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="中古時期">中古時期</a>並開始了歐洲的近代時期。在這時期,人民受<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="人文主義">人文主義</a>所影響。他們相信人的價值比宗教緊要。他們對<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="希臘文明">希臘</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="古羅馬">古羅馬</a>的藝術及學習有興趣。他們開始欣賞他們身邊的美麗事物。他們相信道理及問不合理的問題。他們挑戰舊的意見及教會的教導。很多的重要的科學發現及發明產生了。 <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>“文艺复兴”一词亦可粗略地指代这一历史时期,但由于<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2" title="欧洲">欧洲</a>各地因其引发的变化并非完全一致,故“文艺复兴”只是对这一时期的通称。这场文化运动基本上以復興<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="古羅馬">古羅馬</a>為名,動機大致上是要改變<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="中世紀">中世紀</a>社會逐漸嚴重的腐敗,卻不是將<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="古羅馬">古羅馬</a>原樣重現,反而是加入新思考和檢討,所以做出實際上是一種徹底不同的新型態文化變革,其中雖囊括了对<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="古典时期">古典</a>文献的重新学习和承接,卻在绘画方面透過<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E7%BA%BF%E9%80%8F%E8%A7%86%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="直线透视法">直线透视法</a>的发展,以及逐步而广泛开展的中古時代教育变革,乃至於<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="人體">人體</a>結構、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學">化學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="天文">天文</a>技術和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="科學">科學</a>知識的追求等等,這些極重要的近代科學發展,除了打破<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E6%AC%8A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="神權政治">神權時代</a>,也打破了<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘">希臘</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬">羅馬</a>的古文化。传统观点认为,这种知识上的转变让文艺复兴发挥了衔接<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="中世纪">中世纪</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-disambig" title="近代">近代</a>的作用。尽管文艺复兴在知识、文學、社会和政治各个方面都引发了巨大變革,但令其闻名于世的或许仍在于这一时期的<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="艺术">艺术</a>成就,以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%A5%A5%E7%BA%B3%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E8%8A%AC%E5%A5%87" class="mw-redirect" title="列奥纳多·达芬奇">列奥纳多·達文西</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%BC%80%E6%9C%97%E5%9F%BA%E7%BD%97" title="米开朗基罗">米开朗基罗</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="博学家">博学家</a>做出的創新贡献。<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>一般认为,文藝復興始于義大利北部,這與其興盛的地中海貿易有關,商人除了將當時<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="中東">中東</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘">希臘</a>獲得的古羅馬文獻匯集於此進行研究,富裕的風雅紳商更傾力支持著藝術創作。正式的發展是從14世纪<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%E7%BA%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="托斯卡纳">托斯卡纳</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%A6%E8%90%A8" title="佛罗伦萨">佛罗伦萨</a>開展的,但对此尚有质疑之声<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。就这场运动的起源和特点而言,多种理论已经提出了各自的见解,但其关注的焦点不尽相同:其中包括有当时佛罗伦萨的社会和公民的特点;当地的政治结构;当地统治阶级<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E7%AC%AC%E5%A5%87%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F" title="美第奇家族">美第奇家族</a>的赞助<sup id="cite_ref-strathern_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strathern-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E4%BA%BA" title="奥斯曼土耳其人">奥斯曼土耳其人</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1%E7%9A%84%E9%99%B7%E8%90%BD" title="君士坦丁堡的陷落">攻陷君士坦丁堡</a>后,大批流入意大利的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="文艺复兴时期的希腊语学者" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%E7%9A%84%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文艺复兴时期的希腊语学者(页面不存在)">希腊语学者</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" class="extiw" title="en:Greek scholars in the Renaissance"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Greek scholars in the Renaissance</span></a></span>)</span></span>及书籍<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harris_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Norwich_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norwich-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="历史学">史学</a>上关于文艺复兴的内容很多且颇为复杂,而“文艺复兴”作为词汇的作用,及其作为历史过渡期的意义,都引发了史学家的诸多争论。<sup id="cite_ref-brotton_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brotton-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>文艺复兴一詞能否作為是中世纪后的文化“復興”,一些史学家对此是持怀疑态度的:他们认为,这个阶段只是对<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="古典时代">古典时代</a>抱持悲观与缅怀的时期,社會早就不是單純的撿拾古人的思想,反而是巨大創新的重塑了一個時代。<sup id="cite_ref-huizinga_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huizinga-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>而另一些人则关注两个时代之间的连续性。<sup id="cite_ref-starn_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-starn-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>实际上,现在已有人提出不应继续使用这个词汇,因为他们认为“文艺复兴”一词只是<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="现代主义">现代主义</a>的产物,是使用历史来验证和发扬当代理想的工具<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。“文艺复兴”一词也被用于其他历史或文化运动,如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="卡洛林文艺复兴">卡洛林文艺复兴</a>和<a href="/wiki/12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="12世纪的文艺复兴">12世纪的文艺复兴</a>就是这样的例子。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="概述"><span id=".E6.A6.82.E8.BF.B0"></span>概述</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节:概述"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">文艺复兴</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg/250px-%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg/375px-%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg/500px-%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3820" data-file-height="2964" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><span style="font-size:smaller;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%96%90%E5%B0%94" title="拉斐尔">拉斐尔</a>绘于1509–1511的《<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2_(%E7%95%AB%E4%BD%9C)" title="雅典學院 (畫作)">雅典學院</a>》</span></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:lavender;"> 主题</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="文藝復興人文主義">人文主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0" title="地理大发现">地理大发现</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91" title="文艺复兴建筑">建筑</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="文艺复兴舞蹈" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Renaissance dance"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4%E8%88%9E%E8%B9%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文艺复兴舞蹈(页面不存在)">舞蹈</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_dance" class="extiw" title="en:Renaissance dance"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Renaissance dance</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="文藝復興藝術">美术</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="文艺复兴文学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Renaissance literature"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文艺复兴文学(页面不存在)">文学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_literature" class="extiw" title="en:Renaissance literature"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Renaissance literature</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90" title="文艺复兴音乐">音乐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="文艺复兴时期哲学">哲学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="文艺复兴科学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of science in the Renaissance"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文艺复兴科学史(页面不存在)">科学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_science_in_the_Renaissance" class="extiw" title="en:History of science in the Renaissance"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of science in the Renaissance</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="文艺复兴技术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Renaissance technology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文艺复兴技术(页面不存在)">技术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_technology" class="extiw" title="en:Renaissance technology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Renaissance technology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="近代早期的战争" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Early Modern warfare"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E7%9A%84%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="近代早期的战争(页面不存在)">战争</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Modern_warfare" class="extiw" title="en:Early Modern warfare"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Early Modern warfare</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:lavender;"> 区域</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="英格兰文艺复兴" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="English Renaissance"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88" title="英格蘭文藝復興">英格兰</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Renaissance" class="extiw" title="en:English Renaissance"><span lang="en" dir="auto">English Renaissance</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="法国文艺复兴">法国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="德国文艺复兴">德国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88" title="義大利文藝復興">意大利</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="低地国家文艺复兴" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Renaissance in the Low Countries"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="低地国家文艺复兴(页面不存在)">低地国家</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_in_the_Low_Countries" class="extiw" title="en:Renaissance in the Low Countries"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Renaissance in the Low Countries</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88" title="北方文藝復興">北方</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="波兰文艺复兴" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Renaissance in Poland"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波兰文艺复兴(页面不存在)">波兰</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_in_Poland" class="extiw" title="en:Renaissance in Poland"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Renaissance in Poland</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="葡萄牙文艺复兴" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Portuguese Renaissance"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="葡萄牙文艺复兴(页面不存在)">葡萄牙</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Renaissance" class="extiw" title="en:Portuguese Renaissance"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Portuguese Renaissance</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="苏格兰文艺复兴" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Renaissance in Scotland"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏格兰文艺复兴(页面不存在)">苏格兰</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_in_Scotland" class="extiw" title="en:Renaissance in Scotland"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Renaissance in Scotland</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西班牙文艺复兴" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Spanish Renaissance"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西班牙文艺复兴(页面不存在)">西班牙</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Renaissance" class="extiw" title="en:Spanish Renaissance"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Spanish Renaissance</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6;border-top:1px #aaa solid;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="Template:文艺复兴"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:文艺复兴(页面不存在)"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:文艺复兴"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg/220px-Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg/330px-Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg/440px-Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2258" data-file-height="3070" /></a><figcaption>从<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%BE%E7%B2%AA%E5%A5%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="达粪奇(页面不存在)">达粪奇</a>的画作《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%B4%E7%89%B9%E9%B2%81%E5%A8%81%E4%BA%BA%E4%BB%BB%E4%BB%81%E5%BF%8D%E8%AE%A4%E5%88%83%E9%9F%A7%E9%9F%A7%E9%9F%A7%E5%A3%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="维特鲁威人任仁忍认刃韧韧韧壬(页面不存在)">维特鲁威人任仁忍认刃韧韧韧壬</a>》中可以看出古典时代作家对文艺复兴时期思想家的影响。根据约1500年前<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%89%B9%E9%B2%81%E5%A8%81" title="维特鲁威">维特鲁威</a>在《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%A6" title="建筑十书">建筑十书</a>》中的描述,达芬奇努力绘出了完美比例的人体。</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>文艺复兴这场文化运动对<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="近代早期">近代早期</a>欧洲的学术生活造成了深刻的影响。它从意大利兴起,在16世纪时已扩大至欧洲各国,其影响遍及<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="文学">文学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="哲学">哲学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="艺术">艺术</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="政治">政治</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="科学">科学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="宗教">宗教</a>等知识探索的各个方面。文艺复兴时期的学者在学术研究中使用<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="文艺复兴时期的人文主义">人文主义</a>的方法,并在艺术创作中追寻<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="现实主义">现实主义</a>和人类的情感。<sup id="cite_ref-perry-humanities_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perry-humanities-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>在欧洲的修道院图书馆中和没落的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD" title="拜占庭">拜占庭</a>帝国里,文艺复兴时期的思想家们搜集到了古典时代的文学、历史和演说文献。这些文献大多使用<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="拉丁语">拉丁语</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="古希腊语">古希腊语</a>写成,多数内容晦涩难懂。文艺复兴时期的学者同<a href="/wiki/12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="12世纪的文艺复兴">12世纪文艺复兴</a>时期的中世纪学者最显著的差别在于,前者将文学和历史等文化方面的文献作为新的研究重点,而后者只专注于自然科学、物理学和数学的希腊语和阿拉伯语典籍。文艺复兴时期的人文学者并不反对基督教;恰恰相反,这一时期众多的伟大作品都是为宗教而作,而且许多艺术作品得到了教会的赞助。然而,从文化生活的其他领域可以看出,学者们对待宗教的方式还是发生了微妙的转变。<sup id="cite_ref-openuni_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-openuni-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>此外,包括希腊语《新约》在内的大量希腊语基督教著作从拜占庭流入了西欧,这是自古典时代末期后,西方学者首次接触到如此具有吸引力的内容。这些希腊语的基督教作品,特别是由<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%A6%E4%BD%90%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E6%8B%89" title="洛伦佐·瓦拉">洛伦佐·瓦拉</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E8%B0%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="伊拉斯谟">伊拉斯谟</a>整理完善的希腊语原文《新约》,为后来的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="宗教改革">宗教改革</a>创造了条件。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%90%A8%E4%B9%94" title="马萨乔">马萨乔</a>等艺术家们为了更自然地表现<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%8F%E8%A7%86" title="透视">透视</a>和明暗系,都在改善自己的技法,努力做到能真实地描摹人体形态。以<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%AF%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%9A%E7%BB%B4%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="尼可罗·马基亚维利">尼可罗·马基亚维利</a>为首的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="政治哲学">政治哲学家</a>们理性地分析政治生活,设法让叙述符合事实。<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%85%B0%E5%A4%9A%E6%8B%89" title="米兰多拉">米兰多拉</a>的著名作品《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%BA%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8A%E4%B8%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="论人的尊严(页面不存在)">论人的尊严</a>》(<i>De hominis dignitate</i>,1486年)为意大利文艺复兴的人文主义作出了巨大贡献;文中论述了哲学、自然思想、宗教信仰和巫术这一系列的话题,并以理性为依据,有力地回击了反对者。除了学习古拉丁语和希腊语,文艺复兴时期的作家们还开始更多地使用<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E8%AF%9D" title="地方话">地方语言</a>写作;而<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BB%E5%AD%97%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7%E6%9C%AF" title="活字印刷术">印刷术</a>的推广亦使得更多的人能够接触到各种书籍,特别是圣经。<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>总而言之,文艺复兴可被视为学者们研究和改善<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97" title="世俗">俗世</a>的一次尝试,他们通过复兴古典时代思想和创新思考方式来推动变革。<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="罗德尼·斯塔克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rodney Stark"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="罗德尼·斯塔克(页面不存在)">罗德尼·斯塔克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Stark" class="extiw" title="en:Rodney Stark"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rodney Stark</span></a></span>)</span></span>等学者<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>认为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9B%9B%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="中世纪盛期">中世纪盛期</a>发生在<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6" title="意大利城邦">意大利城邦</a>的改革的意义并不亚于文艺复兴运动,前者产生了回应型政府、基督教和资本主义萌芽的结合体。这种分析认为,鉴于欧洲大国(法国和西班牙)受君主专制统治,而其他国家则受教会的直接控制;因而只有意大利的独立城市共和国才能从僧院等级承袭资本主义的原则,进而引发了一场规模空前的商业革命,并为随后发生的文艺复兴运动打下了经济基础。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="起源"><span id=".E8.B5.B7.E6.BA.90"></span>起源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节:起源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88" title="義大利文藝復興">意大利文艺复兴</a></div> <p>绝大部分历史学家相信,对文艺复兴这一概念的阐述源于13世纪晚期的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%A6%E8%90%A8" title="佛罗伦萨">佛罗伦萨</a>,特别是在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%86%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%88%A9%E5%90%89%E8%80%B6%E9%87%8C" title="但丁·阿利吉耶里">但丁</a>(1265年-1321年)、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%BD%BC%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="弗朗西斯克·彼特拉克">彼特拉克</a>(1304年-1374年)的著作以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E8%BF%AA%C2%B7%E9%82%A6%E5%A4%9A%E7%B4%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="喬托·迪·邦多納">乔托</a>(1267年-1337年)的绘画作品诞生的时代。有的学者非常明确地给出了文艺复兴开始的时间,最被人接受的是以1401年<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%A6%E4%BD%90%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E8%92%82" title="洛伦佐·吉贝尔蒂">洛伦佐·吉贝尔蒂</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E6%B3%A2%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E5%86%85%E8%8E%B1%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="菲利波·布鲁内莱斯基">菲利波·布鲁内莱斯基</a>这两位天才雕塑家竞争佛罗伦萨<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E6%AF%8D%E7%99%BE%E8%8A%B1%E5%A4%A7%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82" class="mw-redirect" title="圣母百花大教堂">圣母百花大教堂</a>洗礼堂铜门的合约为标志。<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>而其他学者<sup class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8A/%E4%B8%8D%E8%A6%81%E6%A8%A1%E7%A8%9C%E5%85%A9%E5%8F%AF" title="Wikipedia:格式手冊/不要模稜兩可"><span title="缺少主语或者主语不够具体的语句修正请求"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[谁?]</span></span></a></sup>则认为,是艺术家和博学家(包括布鲁内莱斯基、吉贝尔蒂、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E9%82%A3%E5%A4%AA%E7%BD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="多那太罗">多那太罗</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%90%A8%E4%B9%94" title="马萨乔">马萨乔</a>等人)为获得艺术品创作委托的普遍竞争,激发了文艺复兴时期的创造力。但是,对于文艺复兴为什么兴起于意大利,以及发生于当时的原因,学界至今仍有着诸多争议;相应地,也有多种理论用于解释文艺复兴的起源问题。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cicero.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Cicero.PNG/170px-Cicero.PNG" decoding="async" width="170" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Cicero.PNG/255px-Cicero.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Cicero.PNG/340px-Cicero.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="1769" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A1%9E%E7%BD%97" title="西塞罗">西塞罗</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC" title="古罗马">古罗马</a>著名的文学家、演说家和政治家。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="文艺复兴人文主义的拉丁语和希腊语时期"><span id=".E6.96.87.E8.89.BA.E5.A4.8D.E5.85.B4.E4.BA.BA.E6.96.87.E4.B8.BB.E4.B9.89.E7.9A.84.E6.8B.89.E4.B8.81.E8.AF.AD.E5.92.8C.E5.B8.8C.E8.85.8A.E8.AF.AD.E6.97.B6.E6.9C.9F"></span>文艺复兴人文主义的拉丁语和希腊语时期</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节:文艺复兴人文主义的拉丁语和希腊语时期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9B%9B%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="中世纪盛期">中世纪盛期</a>的拉丁语学者全身心地研究自然科学、哲学、数学的希腊语和阿拉伯文著作<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>,与之形成鲜明对比的是文艺复兴时期的学者,他们对重寻和研究拉丁语及希腊语的文学、历史与演讲资料更感兴趣。概括而言,这一时期开始于14世纪,与拉丁语时期同步。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%BD%BC%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="弗朗西斯克·彼特拉克">彼特拉克</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%8D%A2%E5%A1%94%E8%92%82" class="mw-redirect" title="萨卢塔蒂">萨卢塔蒂</a>(1331年-1406年)、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%A7%91%E5%88%A9" title="尼科利">尼科利</a>(1364年-1437年)及<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%84%A6%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%96%AC%E5%88%A9%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="波焦·布拉喬利尼">波焦·布拉乔利尼</a>(1380年-1459年)等文艺复兴学者,为了搜寻诸如<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A1%9E%E7%BD%97" title="西塞罗">西塞罗</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%82%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E7%BB%B4" title="蒂托·李维">李维</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%A7%E5%8D%A1" title="塞內卡">塞内卡</a>等拉丁语作家的著作而找遍了欧洲的各大图书馆<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。截至15世纪早期,已有大部分这样的拉丁语文学作品被找到;而当西欧学者开始寻找古希腊的文学、历史、演讲及神学资料时,文艺复兴人文主义的希腊语时期也随之开始<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghirlandaio_-_Tornabuoni_Chapel_-_a_Humanist_philosopher.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ghirlandaio_-_Tornabuoni_Chapel_-_a_Humanist_philosopher.jpg/200px-Ghirlandaio_-_Tornabuoni_Chapel_-_a_Humanist_philosopher.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ghirlandaio_-_Tornabuoni_Chapel_-_a_Humanist_philosopher.jpg/300px-Ghirlandaio_-_Tornabuoni_Chapel_-_a_Humanist_philosopher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Ghirlandaio_-_Tornabuoni_Chapel_-_a_Humanist_philosopher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德美特里·卡尔孔狄利斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Demetrius Chalcondyles"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E7%BE%8E%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E5%AD%94%E7%8B%84%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德美特里·卡尔孔狄利斯(页面不存在)">德美特里·卡尔孔狄利斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetrius_Chalcondyles" class="extiw" title="en:Demetrius Chalcondyles"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Demetrius Chalcondyles</span></a></span>)</span></span>(1421年-1511年),文艺复兴时期希腊语和柏拉图哲学教师,在意大利帕多瓦、佩鲁贾、米兰及佛罗伦萨<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>教授四十余年<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</figcaption></figure> <p>在西欧,从古典时代后期就有对拉丁语文献的保存和研究,但对古希腊语文献的研究却在整个中世纪都极为有限。西欧和伊斯兰世界分别从其<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9B%9B%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="中世纪盛期">中世纪盛期</a>和中世纪开始,都对古希腊语的科学、数学和哲学著作有所研究;但无论是在拉丁语地区还是伊斯兰世界,对希腊语文学、演讲及历史作品(如<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E9%A9%AC" title="荷马">荷马</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E6%98%94%E5%BA%95%E5%BE%B7" title="修昔底德">修昔底德</a>以及其他古希腊的剧作家、雄辩家等)的研究都未曾有过:在中世纪,只有拜占庭的学者才研究过这些著作。文艺复兴时期学者的一大成就,就是自古典时代后期以来,第一次将希腊语文化作品从整体上引入了西欧。该运动让希腊语的文学、历史、演讲和神学资料重新进入了西欧学校的课程中:这通常会以<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%8D%A2%E5%A1%94%E8%92%82" class="mw-redirect" title="萨卢塔蒂">萨卢塔蒂</a>邀请拜占庭外交官和学者<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E9%87%8C%E7%B4%A2%E6%B4%9B%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="赫里索洛拉斯">赫里索洛拉斯</a>(约1355年-1415年)到佛罗伦萨讲授希腊语为标志<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,后者的希腊语造诣对此发挥了关键的作用。另一位重要的希腊语拜占庭学者是<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德美特里·卡尔孔狄利斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Demetrius Chalcondyles"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E7%BE%8E%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E5%AD%94%E7%8B%84%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德美特里·卡尔孔狄利斯(页面不存在)">德美特里·卡尔孔狄利斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetrius_Chalcondyles" class="extiw" title="en:Demetrius Chalcondyles"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Demetrius Chalcondyles</span></a></span>)</span></span>(1421年-1511年),他在意大利的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E5%A4%9A%E7%93%A6" title="帕多瓦">帕多瓦</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%A9%E9%B2%81%E8%B4%BE" title="佩鲁贾">佩鲁贾</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%85%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="米兰">米兰</a>和佛罗伦萨<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>讲授了四十余年的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="希腊语">希腊语</a>和柏拉图哲学。他的学生有:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%8A%E5%B8%8C%E6%9E%97" class="mw-redirect" title="约翰·罗伊希林">约翰·罗伊希林</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亚努斯·拉斯卡里斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Janus Lascaris"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9A%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亚努斯·拉斯卡里斯(页面不存在)">亚努斯·拉斯卡里斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janus_Lascaris" class="extiw" title="en:Janus Lascaris"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Janus Lascaris</span></a></span>)</span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A9%E9%BD%90%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%BA" title="波利齐亚诺">波利齐亚诺</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A5%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="利奥十世">利奥十世</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E8%BE%BE%E8%90%A8%E9%9B%B7%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%BB%96%E5%86%85" title="巴尔达萨雷·卡斯蒂廖内">巴尔达萨雷·卡斯蒂廖内</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="吉利奥·格雷戈里奥·吉拉尔迪" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Giglio Gregorio Giraldi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%89%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7%E6%88%88%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%E8%BF%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吉利奥·格雷戈里奥·吉拉尔迪(页面不存在)">吉利奥·格雷戈里奥·吉拉尔迪</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giglio_Gregorio_Giraldi" class="extiw" title="en:Giglio Gregorio Giraldi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Giglio Gregorio Giraldi</span></a></span>)</span></span>、斯特凡诺·内格里(<small>Stefano Negri</small>)及乔瓦尼·马里亚·卡塔内奥(<small>Giovanni Maria Cattaneo</small>)<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1453年,随着<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="拜占庭帝国">拜占庭帝国</a>的彻底瓦解,<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E4%BA%BA" title="奥斯曼土耳其人">奥斯曼土耳其</a>关闭了它的高等学府。大批希腊语学者因而被迫流亡意大利乃至更远之处,同时也将他们的希腊语手稿和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="古希腊语">古希腊语</a>文学造诣带到了西欧:其中的一部分已在西方失佚了数百年之久<sup id="cite_ref-historyworld_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historyworld-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="意大利的社会与政治结构"><span id=".E6.84.8F.E5.A4.A7.E5.88.A9.E7.9A.84.E7.A4.BE.E4.BC.9A.E4.B8.8E.E6.94.BF.E6.B2.BB.E7.BB.93.E6.9E.84"></span>意大利的社会与政治结构</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节:意大利的社会与政治结构"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_1494_AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Italy_1494_AD.png/220px-Italy_1494_AD.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Italy_1494_AD.png/330px-Italy_1494_AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Italy_1494_AD.png/440px-Italy_1494_AD.png 2x" data-file-width="1261" data-file-height="1805" /></a><figcaption>一张1494年左右意大利<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" title="半岛">半岛</a>的政治地图</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lorenzo_de%27_Medici-ritratto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici-ritratto.jpg/200px-Lorenzo_de%27_Medici-ritratto.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici-ritratto.jpg/300px-Lorenzo_de%27_Medici-ritratto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici-ritratto.jpg/400px-Lorenzo_de%27_Medici-ritratto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="1207" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%BE%85%E5%80%AB%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="佛羅倫斯">佛羅倫斯</a>的「<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%A6%E4%BD%90%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%BE%8E%E7%AC%AC%E5%A5%87" class="mw-redirect" title="洛伦佐一世·德·美第奇">豪華者羅倫佐</a>」,是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88" title="義大利文藝復興">義大利文藝復興</a>高峰期的偉大領袖</figcaption></figure> <p>基于<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%90%8E%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="中世纪后期">中世纪后期</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="意大利">意大利</a>的独特政治结构,部分学者推理说:当地与众不同的社会氛围为意大利出现罕见的文化繁荣提供了必要条件。在近代早期,意大利并非一个统一的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AE%9E%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="政治实体">政治实体</a>,而是由一些<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6" title="意大利城邦">城邦</a>和领地组成:控制着南部的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E6%B3%A2%E9%87%8C%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="拿波里王國">拿波里王国</a>,位于中部的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%A6%E8%90%A8%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="佛罗伦萨共和国">佛罗伦萨共和国</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97%E5%9B%BD" title="教宗国">教宗国</a>,分别位于北部和西部的<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E9%82%A3%E4%BA%9A" title="热那亚">热那亚</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%85%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="米兰">米兰</a>,以及位于东部的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="威尼斯">威尼斯</a>。15世纪的意大利是欧洲<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%8C%96" title="城市化">城市化</a>水平最高的地区<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。许多意大利城市就建立在古罗马建筑的废墟之上;从表面上看,这就将文艺复兴的古典性及其发祥于罗马帝国心脏地带的事实联系在了一起<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>历史学与政治哲学家<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%86%E5%BB%B7%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E9%87%91%E7%BA%B3" title="昆廷·斯金纳">昆廷·斯金纳</a>指出,<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E8%B5%96%E8%BE%9B%E7%9A%84%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98" class="mw-redirect" title="弗赖辛的奥托">弗赖辛主教奥托</a>(1114年-1158年)在12世纪来到意大利时,曾注意到这里出现了一种新的政治和社会组织形态,并观察到意大利似乎已开始脱离封建制度,将商人和商业作为其社会基础。与此相关的,是壁画《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%BD%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%8E%E5%9D%8F%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%9A%84%E5%AF%93%E8%A8%80" title="好政府与坏政府的寓言">好政府与坏政府的寓言</a>》所表达出的反君主制思想;这幅著名的早期文艺复兴壁画位于锡耶纳,由<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%B8%83%E7%BD%97%E7%84%A6%C2%B7%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%A6%E9%87%87%E8%92%82" class="mw-redirect" title="安布罗焦·洛伦采蒂">安布罗焦·洛伦采蒂</a>绘于1338年至1340年;他通过这幅画传达出了对公平、公正、共和与善治的强烈渴盼。尽管受到教廷与神圣罗马帝国的牵制,但这些城市共和国依旧不懈地追求着自由的理念。斯金纳指出当地有很多人都在极力维护自由,例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%B3%B0%E5%A5%A7%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E7%88%BE%E7%B1%B3%E8%80%B6%E9%87%8C" title="馬泰奧·帕爾米耶里">马泰奥·帕尔米耶里</a>(1406年-1475年)不仅歌颂了佛罗伦萨艺术、雕塑及建筑方面的天才艺术家,还对“同时在佛罗伦萨出现的道德、社会及政治哲学的繁荣”<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>发出了赞美之辞<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>即使是意大利中心以外的城市与城邦,亦因其商人<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" title="共和制">共和国</a>的政体而备受关注,譬如当时的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%A6%E8%90%A8%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="佛罗伦萨共和国">佛罗伦萨共和国</a>;而其中最为出色的当属<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="威尼斯共和国">威尼斯共和国</a>。尽管这些政体在实际上仍是<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A1%E5%A4%B4%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="寡头政治">寡头政治</a>,与现代的民主也鲜有类似之处;但他们确实具备了<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="民主">民主</a>的特征,其响应型政府亦已具备了参与治理的形式及对自由的信念<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。这些城邦提供的相对政治自由,有利于学术和艺术的进步<sup id="cite_ref-burckhardt-republics_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burckhardt-republics-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。同样地,威尼斯等位于重要贸易中心的意大利城市,也成为了智慧交汇的枢纽。世界各地的——尤其是<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%87%A1%E7%89%B9" title="黎凡特">黎凡特</a>地区的——商人带着各自的观点来到这里。出产优质<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83" title="威尼斯玻璃">玻璃</a>的威尼斯,在这时成为了欧洲与东方的贸易门户;而佛罗伦萨则成为了纺织业的中心。商业活动为意大利带来的巨大财富,让艺术家得以创作大型的公共及私人艺术作品,同时也让个人拥有了更多的闲暇时间用来学习<sup id="cite_ref-burckhardt-republics_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burckhardt-republics-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="黑死病对文艺复兴的影响"><span id=".E9.BB.91.E6.AD.BB.E7.97.85.E5.AF.B9.E6.96.87.E8.89.BA.E5.A4.8D.E5.85.B4.E7.9A.84.E5.BD.B1.E5.93.8D"></span>黑死病对文艺复兴的影响</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节:黑死病对文艺复兴的影响"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%AD%BB%E7%97%85" title="黑死病">黑死病</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Triumph_of_Death_by_Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/The_Triumph_of_Death_by_Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder.jpg/220px-The_Triumph_of_Death_by_Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/The_Triumph_of_Death_by_Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder.jpg/330px-The_Triumph_of_Death_by_Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/The_Triumph_of_Death_by_Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder.jpg/440px-The_Triumph_of_Death_by_Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="1517" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E5%8B%83%E9%B2%81%E7%9B%96%E5%B0%94" title="老彼得·勃鲁盖尔">老彼得·勃鲁盖尔</a>于1562年左右所绘的《<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E7%9A%84%E5%8B%9D%E5%88%A9" title="死亡的勝利">死亡的勝利</a>》反映了黑死病后的社会动荡</figcaption></figure> <p>一种理论认为当时席卷欧洲的<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%AD%BB%E7%97%85" title="黑死病">黑死病</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%A6%E8%90%A8" title="佛罗伦萨">佛罗伦萨</a>造成的破坏加速了14世纪意大利人世界观的转变。该理论指出意大利在黑死病期间受到的重创迫使思想家和学者更多的思考活生生的人而不是<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E6%80%A7" title="靈性">靈性</a>或是<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E5%90%8E%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="死后生命">死后生命</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。不过也有人反对这种理论并指出黑死病引发了祈祷浪潮,并以该时期对宗教艺术品赞助的情况作为论据<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。不过,这些理论都没能圆满解释为什么文艺复兴在意大利率先出现:瘟疫当时影响了整个欧洲,而不仅仅是意大利。文艺复兴在意大利的出现的原因更有可能是以上所有因素的结合<sup id="cite_ref-brotton_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brotton-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>一般认为黑死病是由从亚洲返回的商船上的跳蚤携带的病毒所致,由于欧洲当时缺乏适当的卫生设施,该病迅速蔓延:英格兰的人口由于黑死病从约4,200,000快速减少至约2,800,000;仅1347年一年,佛罗伦萨的人口减少了大概一半。人口的大量减少导致工人阶级的酬劳增高,平民变得更加自由,工人们开始寻找最合适的职位<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="作品思想"><span id=".E4.BD.9C.E5.93.81.E6.80.9D.E6.83.B3"></span>作品思想</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节:作品思想"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>文艺复兴时期的作品當中,体现了<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="人文主义">人文主义</a>思想:主张个性解放,反对中世纪的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%81%E6%85%BE%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="禁慾主義">禁欲主义</a>和宗教观;提倡科学文化,反对蒙昧主义,摆脱<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A" title="教会">教会</a>对人们思想的束缚;肯定人权,反对神权,摒弃作为<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="神學">神學</a>和经院哲学基础的一切权威和传统教条;创造一个在任何条件下都十分卓越的、普世的人而不是神;拥护中央集权,反对封建割据,这是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="人文主义">人文主义</a>的主要思想。其中,代表性作品有:但丁的《<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E6%9B%B2" title="神曲">神曲</a>》、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E4%B8%87%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E8%96%84%E4%BC%BD%E4%B8%98" title="乔万尼·薄伽丘">薄伽丘</a>的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E6%97%A5%E8%AB%87" title="十日談">十日谈</a>》、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%AF%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%9A%E7%BB%B4%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="尼可罗·马基亚维利">马基维利</a>的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E8%AE%BA" title="君主论">君主论</a>》、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E7%B4%A2%E7%93%A6%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E9%9B%B7" title="弗朗索瓦·拉伯雷">拉伯雷</a>的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A8%E4%BA%BA%E4%BC%A0" title="巨人传">巨人传</a>》、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%B8%95%E5%86%85%E6%8B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="康帕内拉">康帕内拉</a>的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E5%9F%8E_(%E4%B9%A6)" class="mw-redirect" title="太阳城 (书)">太阳城</a>》等。 </p><p>文艺复兴时期的艺术歌颂了<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E4%BD%93" title="人体">人体</a>的美,主张人体比例是世界上最和谐的比例,并把它应用到建筑上,虽然它们都是一系列的仍以宗教故事为主题的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%98%E7%94%BB" title="绘画">绘画</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91" title="雕塑">雕塑</a>,但表现的都是普通人的场景,将神拉到了地上。 </p><p>人文主义者开始用研究古典文学的方法研究《<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93" title="聖經">聖經</a>》,将圣经翻译<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="民族語言">民族语言</a>,导致了<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="宗教改革運動">宗教改革运动</a>的兴起。 </p><p>人文主义歌颂世俗、蔑视天堂,标榜理性以取代神启,肯定“人”是现世生活的创造者和享受者,要求文学艺术表现人的思想感情,科学为人谋福利,<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="教育">教育</a>要发展人的个性,要求把人的思想感情和智慧从神学的束缚中解放出来,以及提倡个性自由,因此在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="历史">历史</a>发展上起了很大的进步作用。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="不同範疇中的文藝復興"><span id=".E4.B8.8D.E5.90.8C.E7.AF.84.E7.96.87.E4.B8.AD.E7.9A.84.E6.96.87.E8.97.9D.E5.BE.A9.E8.88.88"></span>不同範疇中的文藝復興</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节:不同範疇中的文藝復興"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poznan_10-2013_img10_Town_hall_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Poznan_10-2013_img10_Town_hall_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Poznan_10-2013_img10_Town_hall_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Poznan_10-2013_img10_Town_hall_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Poznan_10-2013_img10_Town_hall_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Poznan_10-2013_img10_Town_hall_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-Poznan_10-2013_img10_Town_hall_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2155" data-file-height="2982" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="波蘭">波蘭</a>城市<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%8C%B2%E5%8D%97" title="波茲南">波茲南</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Lady_with_an_Ermine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Lady_with_an_Ermine.jpg/200px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Lady_with_an_Ermine.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Lady_with_an_Ermine.jpg/300px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Lady_with_an_Ermine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Lady_with_an_Ermine.jpg/400px-Leonardo_da_Vinci_-_Lady_with_an_Ermine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="785" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%A5%A7%E7%B4%8D%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E9%81%94%E6%96%87%E8%A5%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="列奧納多·達文西">列奧納多·達文西</a>的作品</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="自然科學"><span id=".E8.87.AA.E7.84.B6.E7.A7.91.E5.AD.B8"></span>自然科學</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节:自然科學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="天文學">天文學</a>:<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="波蘭">波蘭</a>天文學家<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E5%93%A5%E7%99%BD%E5%B0%BC" title="尼古拉·哥白尼">哥白尼</a>1543年出版了《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E8%BF%90%E8%A1%8C%E8%AE%BA" title="天体运行论">天體運行論</a>》,在其中提出了與<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%8B%92%E5%AF%86" class="mw-redirect" title="托勒密">托勒密</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%BF%83%E8%AF%B4" title="地心说">地心說</a>體系不同的<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%BF%83%E8%AA%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="日心說">日心說</a>體系。義大利思想家<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E7%88%BE%E9%81%94%E8%AB%BE%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E9%AD%AF%E8%AB%BE" title="焦爾達諾·布魯諾">布魯諾</a>在《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AB%96%E7%84%A1%E9%99%90%E6%80%A7%E3%80%81%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%92%8C%E8%AB%B8%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="論無限性、宇宙和諸世界(页面不存在)">論無限性、宇宙和諸世界</a>》、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AB%96%E5%8E%9F%E5%9B%A0%E3%80%81%E6%9C%AC%E5%8E%9F%E5%92%8C%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="論原因、本原和統一(页面不存在)">論原因、本原和統一</a>》等書中宣稱,<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="宇宙">宇宙</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93" title="空間">空間</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" class="mw-redirect" title="時間">時間</a>上都是無限的,<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="太陽">太陽</a>只是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="太陽系">太陽系</a>的中心而非宇宙的中心。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E5%88%A9%E7%95%A5%C2%B7%E4%BC%BD%E5%88%A9%E8%8E%B1" title="伽利略·伽利莱">伽利略</a>1609年發明了天文望遠鏡,1610年出版了《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E9%9A%9B%E4%BF%A1%E4%BD%BF" title="星際信使">星際信使</a>》,1632年出版了《<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E6%89%98%E5%8B%92%E5%AF%86%E5%92%8C%E5%93%A5%E7%99%BD%E5%B0%BC%E4%B8%A4%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%9A%84%E5%AF%B9%E8%AF%9D" title="关于托勒密和哥白尼两大世界体系的对话">關於托勒密和哥白尼兩大世界體系的對話</a>》。德國天文學家<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%E5%85%A7%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%96%8B%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92" class="mw-redirect" title="約翰內斯·開普勒">開普勒</a>通過對其師丹麥天文學家<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E8%B0%B7%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E8%B5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="第谷·布拉赫">第谷</a>的觀測數據的研究,在1609年的《<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="新天文学">新天文學</a>》和1619年的《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E5%92%8C%E8%AB%A7" title="世界的和諧">世界的和諧</a>》提出了行星運動的三大定律,判定行星繞太陽運轉是沿著<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%A2%E5%9C%93%E5%BD%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="橢圓形">橢圓形</a>軌道進行的,而且這樣的運動是不等速的。</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="數學">數學</a>:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="代數">代數學</a>在文藝復興時期取得了重要發展,三、四次方程的解法被發現。意大利人<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E8%BE%BE%E8%AF%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="卡尔达诺">卡爾達諾</a>在他的著作《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大術(页面不存在)">大術</a>》中發表了三次方程的求根公式,但這一公式的發現實應歸功於另一學者<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94%E5%A1%94%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="塔尔塔利亚">塔爾塔利亞</a>。四次方程的解法由卡爾達諾的學生<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E6%8B%89%E9%87%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="费拉里">費拉里</a>發現,在《大術》中也有記載。<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A6%E8%B4%9D%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="邦贝利">邦貝利</a>在他的著作中闡述了三次方程不可約的情形,並使用了<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="虛數">虛數</a>,還改進了當時流行的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B8%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="代數符號(页面不存在)">代數符號</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="符號代數學(页面不存在)">符號代數學</a>是由16世紀的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a>數學家<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%8B%E9%81%94" class="mw-disambig" title="韋達">韋達</a>確立的。他於1591年出版了《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E5%85%A5%E9%96%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分析方法入門(页面不存在)">分析方法入門</a>》,對代數學加以系統的整理,第一次自覺地使用<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="字母">字母</a>來表示未知數和已知數。韋達在他的另一部著作《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AB%96%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E8%88%87%E8%A8%82%E6%AD%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="論方程的識別與訂正(页面不存在)">論方程的識別與訂正</a>》中,改進了三、四次方程的解法,還建立了二次和三次方程方程根與<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%82%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="係數">係數</a>之間的關係,現代稱之為<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%8B%E9%81%94%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="韋達定理">韋達定理</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="三角學">三角學</a>在文藝復興時期也獲得了較大的發展。德國數學家<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E6%A0%BC%E8%92%99%E5%A1%94%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="雷格蒙塔努斯">雷格蒙塔努斯</a>的《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AB%96%E5%90%84%E7%A8%AE%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E5%BD%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="論各種三角形(页面不存在)">論各種三角形</a>》是歐洲第一部獨立於天文學的三角學著作。書中對平面三角和球面三角進行了系統的闡述,還有很精密的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="三角函數">三角函數</a>表。哥白尼的學生雷蒂庫斯在重新定義三角函數的基礎上,製作了更多精密的三角函數表。</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="物理學">物理學</a>:在物理學方面,<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E5%88%A9%E7%95%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="伽利略">伽利略</a>通過多次實驗發現了落體、拋物體和振擺三大定律,使人對宇宙有了新的認識。他的學生<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%87%8C%E6%8B%86%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="托里拆利">托里拆利</a>經過實驗證明了空氣壓力,發明了水銀柱氣壓計。法國科學家<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E8%90%8A%E5%A3%AB%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="布萊士·帕斯卡">布萊士·帕斯卡</a>發現液體和氣體中壓力的傳播定律。英國科學家<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%A9%E8%80%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="羅伯特·波義耳">羅伯特·波義耳</a>發現氣體壓力定律。</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="生理學">生理學</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="醫學">醫學</a>:<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%99%82" class="mw-redirect" title="比利時">比利時</a>醫生<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%A1%9E%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="維塞利亞斯">維塞利亞斯</a>發表《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E4%BD%93%E7%9A%84%E6%9E%84%E9%80%A0" title="人体的构造">人體的構造</a>》一書,對<a href="/wiki/%E8%93%8B%E5%80%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="蓋倫">蓋倫</a>的「<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%BD%8D%E4%B8%80%E9%AB%94_(%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E7%BE%A9)" class="mw-disambig" title="三位一體 (消歧義)">三位一體</a>」學說提出了挑戰。<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="西班牙">西班牙</a>醫生<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E7%88%BE%E7%B6%AD%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="塞爾維特">塞爾維特</a>發現<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E6%B6%B2" title="血液">血液</a>的小循環系統,證明血液從右<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E5%AE%A4" title="心室">心室</a>流向<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA" title="肺">肺</a>部,通過曲折路線到達左心室。<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="英國">英國</a>解剖學家<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E7%BB%B4" title="威廉·哈维">威廉·哈維</a>通過大量的動物解剖實驗,發表了《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%A1%80%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E8%AE%BA" title="心血运动论">心血運動論</a>》等論著,系統闡釋了血液運動的規律和心臟的工作原理。他指出,心臟是血液運動的中心和動力的來源。這一重大發現使他成為近代生理學的鼻祖。</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BC%E7%8F%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="地理大發現">地理大發現</a>:<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E6%B5%B7" title="航海">航海</a>技術產生了一次革命性地飛躍,<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99" title="葡萄牙">葡萄牙</a>、西班牙、意大利的探險家們開始了一系列遠程航海活動。<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E7%A6%8F%C2%B7%E5%93%A5%E5%80%AB%E5%B8%83" class="mw-redirect" title="克里斯多福·哥倫布">克里斯托弗·哥倫布</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%90%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%97%C2%B7%E9%BA%A5%E5%93%B2%E5%80%AB" title="斐迪南·麥哲倫">斐迪南·麥哲倫</a>等人在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="地理學">地理</a>方面的發現,為<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%86%E8%AF%B4" title="地圆说">地圓說</a>提供了有力的證據。</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7" title="印刷">印刷術</a>:德国人古腾堡发明的现代印刷术使印刷品的价格大大降低,促进了知识的普及。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="文學"><span id=".E6.96.87.E5.AD.B8"></span>文學</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节:文學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>各地的作家都開始使用自己的方言而非<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁語">拉丁語</a>進行文學創作,帶動了<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%9C%BE%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="大眾文學">大眾文學</a>,替各種語言注入大量文學作品,包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="小說">小說</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%97%E6%AD%8C" title="诗歌">詩</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A3%E6%96%87" title="散文">散文</a>、民謠和<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B2%E5%8A%87" title="戲劇">戲劇</a>等。 </p><p>在意大利,文藝復興前期出現了「<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4%E4%B8%89%E6%9D%B0" title="文艺复兴三杰">文藝復興三傑</a>」。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%86%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E4%BA%9E%E5%88%A9%E5%9F%BA%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="但丁·亞利基利">但丁·亞利基利</a>一生寫下了許多學術著作和詩歌,其中著名的是《<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%94%9F_(%E8%A9%A9%E9%9B%86)" title="新生 (詩集)">新生</a>》和《<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E6%9B%B2" title="神曲">神曲</a>》。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%BD%BC%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="弗朗西斯克·彼特拉克">彼特拉克</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="人文主義">人文主義</a>的鼻祖,被譽為「人文主義之父」。他第一個發出復興古典文化的號召,提出以「人學」反對「神學」。彼特拉克主要創作了許多優美的詩篇,代表作是抒情<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E8%A1%8C%E8%A9%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="十四行詩">十四行詩</a>詩集《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%8C%E9%9B%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="歌集(页面不存在)">歌集</a>》。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E4%B8%87%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E8%96%84%E4%BC%BD%E4%B8%98" title="乔万尼·薄伽丘">薄伽丘</a>是意大利民族文學的奠基者,短篇小說集《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E6%97%A5%E8%AB%87" title="十日談">十日談</a>》是他的代表作。 </p><p>在法國,文藝復興運動明顯地形成兩派,一是以「<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E6%98%9F%E8%A9%A9%E7%A4%BE" title="七星詩社">七星詩社</a>」為代表的貴族派,二是以<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E7%B4%A2%E7%93%A6%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E9%9B%B7" title="弗朗索瓦·拉伯雷">拉伯雷</a>為代表的民主派。「七星詩社」以<a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E6%B2%99%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="龍沙區">龍沙</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%9C%E8%B2%9D%E8%90%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="杜貝萊(页面不存在)">杜貝萊</a>為代表,在語言和詩歌理論方面做出了突出的貢獻。他們最早提出統一民族語言的主張,促進了法國民族語言和民族文學的發展。然而,他們排斥民間詩歌,只為少數貴族服務。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E7%B4%A2%E7%93%A6%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E9%9B%B7" title="弗朗索瓦·拉伯雷">弗朗索瓦·拉伯雷</a>是繼薄伽丘之後傑出的人文主義作家,是法國文藝復興民主派的代表。他用20年時間創作的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A8%E4%BA%BA%E4%BC%A0" title="巨人传">巨人傳</a>》是一部現實與幻想交織的現實主義作品,在歐洲文學史和教育史上佔有重要地位。 </p><p>在英國,代表人物有<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="托馬斯·莫爾">托馬斯·莫爾</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%8E%8E%E5%A3%AB%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="威廉·莎士比亞">威廉·莎士比亞</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="托馬斯·莫爾">托馬斯·莫爾</a>是著名的人文主義思想家,也是<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%83%B3%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="空想社會主義">空想社會主義</a>的奠基人。1516年他用拉丁文寫成的《<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E6%89%98%E9%82%A6_(%E6%9B%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="烏托邦 (書)">烏托邦</a>》是空想社會主義的第一部作品。莎士比亞是天才的戲劇家和詩人,他同<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="荷馬">荷馬</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%86%E4%B8%81" class="mw-redirect" title="但丁">但丁</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%8C%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="歌德">歌德</a>一起,被譽為歐洲劃時代的四大作家。他的作品結構完整,情節生動,語言豐富精煉,人物個性突出,集中地代表歐洲文藝復興文學的最高成就,對歐洲現實主義文學的發展有深遠的影響。 </p><p>在西班牙,最傑出的代表人物是<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%A0%BC%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E8%90%AC%E6%8F%90%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="米格爾·德·塞萬提斯">米格爾·德·塞萬提斯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%8A%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="维加">維加</a>。塞萬提斯是現實主義作家、戲劇家和詩人。他創作了大量的詩歌、戲劇和小說,其中以長篇諷刺小說《<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E5%90%89%E8%A8%B6%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="唐吉訶德">唐吉訶德</a>》最著名,它對歐洲文學的發展產生了重大影響。維加是戲劇家、小說家和詩人,西班牙民族戲劇的奠基人,被譽為「西班牙戲劇之父」。他是世界上罕見的多產作家,一生共創作了兩千多個劇本,留傳至今的有600多個,有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%8A%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教劇(页面不存在)">宗教劇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%89%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="历史剧">歷史劇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1%E5%8A%87" title="神話劇">神話劇</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A2%8D%E5%8A%8D%E5%8A%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="袍劍劇(页面不存在)">袍劍劇</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A7%E6%AD%8C%E5%8A%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="牧歌劇(页面不存在)">牧歌劇</a>等多種形式,深刻反映了西班牙的社會現實,深受廣大群眾的喜愛。最傑出的代表作是《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8A%E6%B3%89%E6%9D%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="羊泉村(页面不存在)">羊泉村</a>》。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="繪畫"><span id=".E7.B9.AA.E7.95.AB"></span>繪畫</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节:繪畫"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E7%B9%AA%E7%95%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="文藝復興繪畫">文藝復興繪畫</a></div> <p>文艺复兴时期的绘画发展以<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="意大利">意大利</a>为中心。文艺复兴时期的意大利城市国家中,最突出的有<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%A6%E8%90%A8" title="佛罗伦萨">佛罗伦萨</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%85%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="米兰">米兰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A3%E4%B8%8D%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="那不勒斯">那不勒斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC" title="罗马">罗马</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="威尼斯">威尼斯</a>。人们曾按地域把当时的画家分为各个画派。意大利以外,文艺复兴的绘画思潮也感染了北方的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="尼德兰">尼德兰</a>等地,乃至整个欧洲。<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。文艺复兴时期绘画的代表以文艺复兴三杰的作品最为突出,包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E6%96%87%E8%A5%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="达文西">达文西</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%BC%80%E6%9C%97%E5%9F%BA%E7%BD%97" title="米开朗基罗">米开朗基罗</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%96%90%E5%B0%94" title="拉斐尔">拉斐尔</a>。此外杰出的画家还包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%B0%E5%88%A9%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="弗拉·安杰利科">安吉利柯修士</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E8%96%A9%E5%85%B6%E5%A5%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="馬薩其奧">馬薩其奧</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E6%99%AE%C2%B7%E5%88%A9%E7%9A%AE" title="菲利普·利皮">菲利普·利皮</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%8F%90%E5%88%87%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="波提切利">波提切利</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E9%81%94%E7%B4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="吉爾蘭達約">吉爾蘭達約</a>等等。达文西的绘画以《<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E5%90%8E%E7%9A%84%E6%99%9A%E9%A4%90" title="最后的晚餐">最后的晚餐</a>》和《<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%A8%9C%E4%B8%BD%E8%8E%8E" title="蒙娜丽莎">蒙娜丽莎</a>》(现存法国<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%B5%AE%E5%AE%AB" title="卢浮宫">卢浮宫</a>)最为为世人瞩目,此外还包括他研究动物、植物、机械,以及首次研究人体胚胎的手绘手稿(重要部分现存英国的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E8%8E%8E%E5%9F%8E%E5%A0%A1" title="溫莎城堡">温莎城堡</a>展厅)。米开朗基罗的绘画以<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E5%BB%B7%E7%A4%BC%E6%8B%9C%E5%A0%82" class="mw-redirect" title="西斯廷礼拜堂">西斯廷礼拜堂</a>的壁画为代表,屋顶正中的部分是“<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9B%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="创世纪">创世纪</a>”重要的各个场景,《<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E5%90%8E%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%A1%E5%88%A4" title="最后的审判">最后的审判</a>》也是西斯廷壁画的代表。拉斐尔绘画的代表作包括《<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E5%BB%B7%E5%9C%A3%E6%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="西斯廷圣母">西斯廷圣母</a>》、《圣体争辩》以及《<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2_(%E7%95%AB%E4%BD%9C)" title="雅典學院 (畫作)">雅典学院</a>》,拉斐尔也曾涉及毡幕图稿的设计,现存绘画手稿。除三杰以外,波提切利的绘画也达到了一定的高度,他的绘画以“妩媚”见称<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,他的代表作首推《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="春">春</a>》与《<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E7%B4%8D%E6%96%AF%E7%9A%84%E8%AA%95%E7%94%9F" title="維納斯的誕生">维纳斯的诞生</a>》,此外还包括《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BD%E8%B0%A4" title="诽谤">诽谤</a>》。威尼斯的大师<a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E9%A6%99" class="mw-redirect" title="提香">提香</a>,其作品以华美丰满见称,代表作有《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%8F%E6%82%94%E7%9A%84%E9%A9%AC%E6%A0%BC%E7%90%B3%E8%BE%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="忏悔的马格琳达(页面不存在)">忏悔的马格琳达</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%B0%94%E6%AF%94%E8%AF%BA%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%AF" title="乌尔比诺的维纳斯">乌尔比诺的维纳斯</a>》。意大利以外的文艺复兴的绘画同样引人注目。比如,德国的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A2%E5%8B%92" class="mw-redirect" title="丢勒">丢勒</a>,他的画在受到意大利文艺复兴的影响下,依旧保持鲜明的德意志民族特色,严肃缜密,可见其《自画像》。 </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lot_en_zijn_dochters_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-4866.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Lot_en_zijn_dochters_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-4866.jpeg/250px-Lot_en_zijn_dochters_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-4866.jpeg" decoding="async" width="250" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Lot_en_zijn_dochters_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-4866.jpeg/375px-Lot_en_zijn_dochters_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-4866.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Lot_en_zijn_dochters_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-4866.jpeg/500px-Lot_en_zijn_dochters_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-4866.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="5266" data-file-height="3620" /></a><figcaption>Hendrik Goltzius作品,聖經創世記中<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%97" title="羅得">羅得</a>和他的女兒們,畫中的羅得正被他兩個女兒勾引,1616年</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="音樂"><span id=".E9.9F.B3.E6.A8.82"></span>音樂</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节:音樂"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="文藝復興音樂">文藝復興音樂</a></div> <p>音樂形式上的革新通常比其他藝術形式來得晚,文藝復興亦然:一般相信,音樂上的文藝復興運動大概比意大利文學或繪畫的文藝復興運動,晚了約兩百年。 </p><p>另外,音樂記譜法到了這個時代已發展至接近成熟階段。而作曲家們在創作精緻複雜的宗教音樂之餘,也開始寫作其他類型的音樂,例如牧歌(madrigal)、舞曲(Suite)等。速度慢且少有對比。 </p><p>文藝復興時期的主要樂派是福萊樂派(Franco-Flemish School)。文藝復興時期著名的作曲家有:義大利的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E8%8E%B1%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E7%BA%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="帕莱斯特里纳">帕莱斯特里纳</a>、英國的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E5%BE%B7" title="威廉·伯德">威廉·伯德</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A1%94%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="托马斯·塔利斯">托马斯·塔利斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%81%93%E5%85%B0%E5%BE%B7" title="约翰·道兰德">约翰·道兰德</a>、西班牙的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="托马斯·路易斯·德·维多利亚(页面不存在)">托马斯·路易斯·德·维多利亚</a>、法蘭德斯的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%85%8B%E5%86%88" class="mw-redirect" title="奥克冈">奥克冈</a>以及法國的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="若斯坎">若斯坎</a>。 世俗音樂的牧歌(Madrigal)則簡單、曲調明亮。在這時期,由於樂器的設計和製造上有改進,所以器樂音樂開始擺脫聲樂獨立成曲,形成不同類型的器樂曲,主要為各類不同型式的舞曲。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="舞蹈"><span id=".E8.88.9E.E8.B9.88"></span>舞蹈</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节:舞蹈"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>欧洲文艺复兴以来,随着哲学、科学和艺术的发展,舞蹈逐渐成为一门独立艺术关于艺术起源及其本质,在美学史上有过种种解释:例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="黑格尔">黑格尔</a>认为是“<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9D%E5%AF%B9%E7%90%86%E5%BF%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="绝对理念">绝对理念</a>”发展的结果;H.泰纳认为是由心理活动产生的;H.斯宾塞认为产生于游戏;还有的学者认为艺术产生于巫术等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="建築"><span id=".E5.BB.BA.E7.AF.89"></span>建築</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节:建築"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" class="mw-redirect" title="文藝復興建築">文藝復興建築</a></div> <p>文艺复兴建筑是在公元14世纪在意大利随着文艺复兴这个文化运动而诞生的建筑风格。基于对中世纪神权至上的批判和对人道主义的肯定,建筑师希望借助古典的比例来重新塑造理想中古典社会的协调秩序。所以一般而言文艺复兴的建筑是讲究秩序和比例的,拥有严谨的立面和平面构图以及从古典建筑中继承下来的柱式系统。 </p><p>1485年建筑家阿尔伯蒂出版了《论建筑》,这是继古罗马建筑家和工程师维特鲁威《建筑十书》之后又一重要建筑设计著作。建筑家布拉曼特重新设计修建了圣彼得大教堂,恢复了古代混凝土结构的工程方式。 </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="當代国家特征"><span id=".E7.95.B6.E4.BB.A3.E5.9B.BD.E5.AE.B6.E7.89.B9.E5.BE.81"></span>當代国家特征</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节:當代国家特征"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="意大利及其代表人物"><span id=".E6.84.8F.E5.A4.A7.E5.88.A9.E5.8F.8A.E5.85.B6.E4.BB.A3.E8.A1.A8.E4.BA.BA.E7.89.A9"></span>意大利及其代表人物</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节:意大利及其代表人物"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88" title="義大利文藝復興">意大利文藝復興</a></div> <ul><li>意大利<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%A6%E8%90%A8" title="佛罗伦萨">佛罗伦萨</a>作為文藝復興的发祥地,在<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%97%E6%AD%8C" title="诗歌">诗歌</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%98%E7%94%BB" title="绘画">绘画</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91" title="雕塑">雕刻</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91" class="mw-redirect" title="建筑">建筑</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90" title="音乐">音乐</a>各方面均取得了突出的成就。</li> <li>佛罗伦萨著名的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E7%AC%AC%E5%A5%87%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="梅第奇家族">美第奇家族</a>是当时最重要的艺术赞助人。</li> <li>著名的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4%E4%B8%89%E6%9D%B0" title="文艺复兴三杰">文艺复兴三杰</a>全部诞生在意大利。 <ul><li>代表人物:</li> <li>诗人:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%86%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E4%BA%9E%E5%88%A9%E5%9F%BA%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="但丁·亞利基利">但丁·亞利基利</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%BD%BC%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="弗朗西斯克·彼特拉克">弗朗西斯克·彼特拉克</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%BC%97%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%BF%AA%E8%AF%BA" title="克里斯托弗罗·兰迪诺">克里斯托弗罗·兰迪诺</a>;</li> <li>作家:<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E4%B8%87%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E8%96%84%E4%BC%BD%E4%B8%98" title="乔万尼·薄伽丘">乔万尼·薄伽丘</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%AF%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%9A%E7%BB%B4%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="尼可罗·马基亚维利">尼可罗·马基亚维利</a>;</li> <li>画家:<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E8%BF%AA%C2%B7%E9%82%A6%E5%A4%9A%E7%B4%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="喬托·迪·邦多納">喬托·迪·邦多納</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E6%8F%90%E5%88%87%E5%88%A9" title="桑德罗·波提切利">桑德罗·波提切利</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%A5%A5%E7%BA%B3%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%C2%B7%E8%8A%AC%E5%A5%87" title="列奥纳多·达·芬奇">列奥纳多·达·芬奇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%96%90%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="拉斐爾">拉斐爾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E9%A6%99" class="mw-redirect" title="提香">提香</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%BC%80%E6%9C%97%E5%9F%BA%E7%BD%97" title="米开朗基罗">米开朗基罗</a>;</li> <li>雕刻家:<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%BC%80%E6%9C%97%E5%9F%BA%E7%BD%97" title="米开朗基罗">米开朗基罗</a>;</li> <li>建筑师:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E9%B2%81%E4%B9%83%E5%88%97%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="伯鲁乃列斯基">伯魯乃列斯基</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E8%92%82" class="mw-redirect" title="阿尔伯蒂">阿尔伯蒂</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E6%9B%BC%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="布拉曼特">布拉曼特</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%BC%80%E6%9C%97%E5%9F%BA%E7%BD%97" title="米开朗基罗">米开朗基罗</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%8B%89%E7%AC%AC%E5%A5%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="帕拉第奧">帕拉第奥</a>;</li> <li>音乐家:<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E8%8E%B1%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E9%82%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="帕莱斯特里那">帕莱斯特里那</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E7%B4%A2" class="mw-disambig" title="拉索">拉索</a>等。</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="西班牙及其代表人物"><span id=".E8.A5.BF.E7.8F.AD.E7.89.99.E5.8F.8A.E5.85.B6.E4.BB.A3.E8.A1.A8.E4.BA.BA.E7.89.A9"></span>西班牙及其代表人物</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节:西班牙及其代表人物"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>16世纪后半叶和17世纪初西班牙文艺复兴进入“黄金时期”,在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%AF%B4" title="小说">小说</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%8F%E5%89%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="戏剧">戏剧</a>方面成绩显著。 <ul><li>代表人物:作家<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E4%B8%87%E6%8F%90%E6%96%AF" title="米格尔·德·塞万提斯">米格尔·德·塞万提斯</a>、戏剧家<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E4%BD%A9%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%8A%A0" title="洛佩·德·维加">洛佩·德·维加</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="葡萄牙及其代表人物"><span id=".E8.91.A1.E8.90.84.E7.89.99.E5.8F.8A.E5.85.B6.E4.BB.A3.E8.A1.A8.E4.BA.BA.E7.89.A9"></span>葡萄牙及其代表人物</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节:葡萄牙及其代表人物"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>從15世纪後期開始,葡萄牙為歐洲大幅地擴展了<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%A7%80" class="mw-redirect" title="世界觀">世界觀</a>,可以說是它對文藝復興的最大貢獻。葡萄牙對<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%96%99%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93" class="mw-redirect" title="香料貿易">香料貿易</a>的壟斷,也造就了一批極其富有的君主與貴族,能夠大力地贊助藝術與文學,葡萄牙文藝復興一直維持到了17世紀。 <ul><li>代表人物:作家<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E9%9B%B7%E6%8B%89" title="安东尼奥·费雷拉">安東尼奧·費雷拉</a>、文學家兼詩人<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%88%E6%A2%85%E5%A3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="賈梅士">賈梅士</a>,代表作品是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%A9%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="史詩">史詩</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%BF%9F%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E4%BA%BA%E4%B9%8B%E6%AD%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="路濟塔尼亞人之歌">路濟塔尼亞人之歌</a>(《葡國魂》)。</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="德意志及其代表人物"><span id=".E5.BE.B7.E6.84.8F.E5.BF.97.E5.8F.8A.E5.85.B6.E4.BB.A3.E8.A1.A8.E4.BA.BA.E7.89.A9"></span>德意志及其代表人物</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节:德意志及其代表人物"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97" title="大德意志">德意志</a>:主要成就则表现在<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="宗教改革">宗教改革</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%86%9C%E6%B0%91%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="德意志农民战争">农民战争</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%B7%E5%88%BA%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="諷刺文學">讽刺文学</a>以及科学技术<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E6%98%8E" title="发明">发明</a>等方面。 <ul><li>代表人物:<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7" title="馬丁·路德">馬丁·路德</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E5%8B%92" class="mw-redirect" title="杜勒">杜勒</a>等。</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="法國及其代表人物"><span id=".E6.B3.95.E5.9C.8B.E5.8F.8A.E5.85.B6.E4.BB.A3.E8.A1.A8.E4.BA.BA.E7.89.A9"></span>法國及其代表人物</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节:法國及其代表人物"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="法国文艺复兴">法国文艺复兴</a>:自由思想和怀疑思想相当发达。 <ul><li>代表人物:<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E7%94%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="蒙田">蒙田</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E8%90%8A%E8%8C%B2%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="布萊茲·帕斯卡">帕斯卡尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E4%B8%9D%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E8%B4%9D" title="路易丝·拉贝">路易絲·拉貝</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E7%B4%A2%E7%93%A6%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E9%9B%B7" title="弗朗索瓦·拉伯雷">弗朗索瓦·拉伯雷</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E8%92%82%E5%AE%89" title="亨利·艾蒂安">亨利·艾蒂安</a>等。</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="英格蘭及其代表人物"><span id=".E8.8B.B1.E6.A0.BC.E8.98.AD.E5.8F.8A.E5.85.B6.E4.BB.A3.E8.A1.A8.E4.BA.BA.E7.89.A9"></span>英格蘭及其代表人物</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节:英格蘭及其代表人物"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>英格蘭的文艺复兴时期约为1500年-1660年。1506年<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E8%B0%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="伊拉斯谟">伊拉斯谟</a>短暂访问<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0" title="英格兰">英格兰</a>;1660年,<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE%E4%BA%9A%E7%89%B9%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="斯图亚特王朝">斯图亚特王朝</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8D%E8%BE%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="复辟">复辟</a>。 </p> <ul><li>在英格蘭:<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%97%E6%AD%8C" title="诗歌">诗歌</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%8F%E5%89%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="戏剧">戏剧</a>空前的繁荣。 <ul><li>代表人物:作家<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%8E%8E%E5%A3%AB%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="威廉·莎士比亚">威廉·莎士比亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%88%A9%E5%88%A9" title="约翰·利利">約翰·利利</a>等。</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="荷蘭及其代表人物"><span id=".E8.8D.B7.E8.98.AD.E5.8F.8A.E5.85.B6.E4.BB.A3.E8.A1.A8.E4.BA.BA.E7.89.A9"></span>荷蘭及其代表人物</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节:荷蘭及其代表人物"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E5%85%B0%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="弗兰德">弗兰德</a>(約為今日的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="荷蘭">荷蘭</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%99%82" class="mw-redirect" title="比利時">比利時</a>一帶)在1496年因為哈布斯堡家族的勃艮第公爵<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E5%88%A9%E4%BD%A9%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A)" class="mw-redirect" title="费利佩一世 (卡斯蒂利亚)">腓力一世</a>與卡斯蒂利亞王國的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%A1%E5%AE%89%E5%A8%9C%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="胡安娜一世 (卡斯蒂利亞)(页面不存在)">胡安娜</a>的婚姻,主權轉到西班牙的哈布斯堡王朝。十六世紀時,宗教改革已經蔓延到弗兰德一帶,但西班牙的<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="哈布斯堡王朝">哈布斯堡王朝</a>信奉天主教,再加上稅賦問題,雙方爆發<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="八十年戰爭">八十年戰爭</a>(1568-1648),弗兰德北部脫離西班牙控制而獨立,成為今日的荷蘭。戰爭使得弗兰德南部沒落,但卻沒有阻礙弗兰德北部的發展。荷蘭很快變成一個海上強權,經濟、文化也有顯著發展。 </p> <ul><li>人文主義發展。</li> <li>繪畫上接連出現許多有名的畫家。</li> <li>代表人物:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E8%B0%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="伊拉斯谟">伊拉斯謨</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%BC%E7%B1%B3%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E6%96%AF" title="耶罗尼米斯·博斯">耶罗尼米斯·博斯</a>等。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="波蘭及其代表人物"><span id=".E6.B3.A2.E8.98.AD.E5.8F.8A.E5.85.B6.E4.BB.A3.E8.A1.A8.E4.BA.BA.E7.89.A9"></span>波蘭及其代表人物</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节:波蘭及其代表人物"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E5%93%A5%E7%99%BD%E5%B0%BC" title="尼古拉·哥白尼">尼古拉·哥白尼</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" title="波兰">波兰</a>天文学家,是第一位提出太阳为中心——<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%BF%83%E8%AF%B4" title="日心说">日心说</a>的欧洲天文学家,一般认为他著的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E8%BF%90%E8%A1%8C%E8%AE%BA" title="天体运行论">天体运行论</a>》是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="现代天文学(页面不存在)">现代天文学</a>的起步点。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="同時期中國"><span id=".E5.90.8C.E6.99.82.E6.9C.9F.E4.B8.AD.E5.9C.8B"></span>同時期中國</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节:同時期中國"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="明朝">明朝</a>,重新建立長城,開展絲路路上貿易。<a href="/wiki/%E9%84%AD%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%8B%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="鄭和下西洋">鄭和下西洋</a>之后逐渐实行海禁。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史意义"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2.E6.84.8F.E4.B9.89"></span>歷史意义</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节:歷史意义"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>有一段时间,文艺复兴是简单地恢复了<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古典文化(页面不存在)">古典文化</a>。其实,文艺复兴并不是真正要“恢复”古典的文化,而是當時歐洲新興階級借古諷今,以此抨击当时僵化的文化和制度,以學習古羅馬的口號,建立新的文化和基礎,为建立新的社会制度体系製造舆论。 </p><p>文艺复兴是一次逐渐发展的时期,没有明确的分界线和事件。但文艺复兴使当时的人们思想发生了变化,导致了<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="宗教改革">宗教改革</a>和激烈的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="宗教战争">宗教战争</a>,后来的<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%9F%E8%92%99%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="啟蒙時代">启蒙运动</a>更以文艺复兴的反思,做为自己的榜样。19世纪的历史学家认为后来的科学发展、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0" title="地理大发现">地理大发现</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="民族国家">民族国家</a>的诞生都是源于文艺复兴。文艺复兴是“<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E9%BB%91%E6%9A%97%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="歐洲黑暗時代">黑暗时代</a>”的中世纪和近代的<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%B0%B4%E5%B2%AD" title="分水岭">分水岭</a>,是<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E7%94%A2%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A" title="資產階級">資產階級</a>革命的舆论前提,也使<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2" title="欧洲">欧洲</a>摆脱腐朽的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA" title="封建">封建</a>和宗教束缚,向全世界扩张。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="关于文艺复兴的不同意见"><span id=".E5.85.B3.E4.BA.8E.E6.96.87.E8.89.BA.E5.A4.8D.E5.85.B4.E7.9A.84.E4.B8.8D.E5.90.8C.E6.84.8F.E8.A7.81"></span>关于文艺复兴的不同意见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节:关于文艺复兴的不同意见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>“文艺复兴”(Renaissance)这个词在1855年为法国历史学家<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%8B%92%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E4%BB%80%E8%8E%B1" title="儒勒·米什莱">儒勒·米什莱</a>首次提出,用以概括16世纪时“对世界与人类的探索”;自此以后<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="历史学家">历史学家</a>们就对它的解释有很多不同意见。 </p><p>大部分观点认为文艺复兴起源于十五世纪的意大利,然后向整个欧洲扩展。文艺复兴代表了西方和古代(<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="中世纪">中世纪</a>以前)的古典文化连接,是对<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="阿拉伯人">阿拉伯人</a>的知识(尤其是数学知识)的吸收。文艺复兴使人们开始专注于现世生活质量(如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="人文主义">人文主义</a>)。文艺复兴同时也是知识由于<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7" title="印刷">印刷</a>和在<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="艺术">艺术</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%97%E6%AD%8C" title="诗歌">诗歌</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91" class="mw-redirect" title="建筑">建筑</a>等领域新技术的应用而导致的知识爆炸。这些新技术引起了艺术和文学在格式和内容上根本的变化。这个时期,这种观点认为,随着交流和探索的兴起,文艺复兴代表了欧洲从很长时期的一潭死水转变成了汹涌的江河。因此意大利的文艺复兴也常常认为是现代开端。 </p><p>今天大多数历史学家认为文艺复兴代表了理性思考和思想的巨大变化,而不是物质上的巨大变化。或许,对于文艺复兴最重要的观点是那些生活在文艺复兴时期的人认为他们生活在一个新时代,一个与中世纪彻底决裂的时代。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E4%BC%8A%E6%B4%A5%E5%93%88" title="约翰·赫伊津哈">约翰·赫伊津哈</a>承认文艺复兴,但是质疑它是否带来有益的变化。他认为文艺复兴是一个从中世纪衰落的时代,并且毁坏了很多重要的东西。例如,那时在<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A" title="教会">教会</a>和其他一些人使用的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="拉丁语">拉丁语</a>,从古典时代以来获得了很大发展,是一个活着的语言。但是,文艺复兴中痴迷于古典纯洁性的人们认为拉丁语与它的古典形式相抵触,于是拉丁语的自然进化停止了。Robert S. Lopez认为文艺复兴是一个<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E8%90%A7%E6%9D%A1" title="经济萧条">经济萧条</a>时期。然而<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E9%A1%BF" title="乔治·萨顿">乔治·萨顿</a>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="林恩·桑戴克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lynn Thorndike"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9E%97%E6%81%A9%C2%B7%E6%A1%91%E6%88%B4%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="林恩·桑戴克(页面不存在)">林恩·桑戴克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Thorndike" class="extiw" title="en:Lynn Thorndike"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lynn Thorndike</span></a></span>)</span></span>认为文艺复兴使科学的进步速度放缓。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注释"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.8A"></span>注释</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节:注释"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="references-NoteFoot"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">对于早期的这种针对不同古代文献(科学文献而不是文学文献)的不同研究,更详细的信息参见<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="12世纪的拉丁语翻译" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Latin translations of the 12th century"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="12世纪的拉丁语翻译(页面不存在)">12世纪的拉丁语翻译</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century" class="extiw" title="en:Latin translations of the 12th century"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Latin translations of the 12th century</span></a></span>)</span></span>以及<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%AF%B9%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯兰对中世纪欧洲的贡献">伊斯兰对中世纪欧洲的贡献</a>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">原文:“the remarkable efflorescence of moral, social and political philosophy that occurred in Florence at the same time”.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节:參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="引用"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E7.94.A8"></span>引用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节:引用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=renaissance&searchmode=none">Renaissance, Online Etymology Dictionary</a>. Etymonline.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-07-31</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170629033330/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=renaissance&searchmode=none">存档</a>于2017-06-29).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&rft.btitle=Renaissance%2C+Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fsearch%3Drenaissance%26searchmode%3Dnone&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BBC Science & Nature,<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/leonardo/">Leonardo da Vinci</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20171228183423/http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/leonardo/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</i>.于2009年12月24日查阅.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BBC History,<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/michelangelo.shtml">Michelangelo</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20171107190040/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/michelangelo.shtml">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</i>.于2009年12月24日查阅.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burke, P.,<i>The European Renaissance: Centre and Peripheries</i>(Blackwell,Oxford 1998)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-strathern-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-strathern_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strathern, Paul <i>The Medici: Godfathers of the Renaissance</i> (2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica1_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopedia Britannica,<i>Renaissance</i>,2008,O.Ed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harris_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Har, Michael H.<i>History of Libraries in the Western World</i>,Scarecrow Press Incorporate,1999,<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780810837249" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8108-3724-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norwich-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Norwich_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norwich, John Julius,<i>A Short History of Byzantium</i>,1997,Knopf,<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780679450887" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-679-45088-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brotton-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brotton_9-0"><sup><b>9.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brotton_9-1"><sup><b>9.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brotton, J., <i>The Renaissance: A Very Short Introduction</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University Press">OUP</a>, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-huizinga-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-huizinga_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huizanga, Johan,<i>The Waning of the Middle Ages</i>(1919,trans. 1924).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-starn-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-starn_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Starn, Randolph. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-8762%28199802%29103%3A1%3C122%3ARR%3E2.0.CO%3B2–2">Renaissance Redux</a>" <i>The American Historical Review</i> Vol.103 No.1 p.124 (Subscription required for JSTOR link)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/REN/IDEA.HTM">The Idea of the Renaissance</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20100528150716/http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/REN/IDEA.HTM">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</i>,Richard Hooker,Washington State University Website.于2009年12月24日查阅.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-perry-humanities-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-perry-humanities_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perry, M.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://college.hmco.com/humanities/perry/humanities/1e/students/summaries/ch13.html">Humanities in the Western Tradition</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20090429045555/http://college.hmco.com/humanities/perry/humanities/1e/students/summaries/ch13.html">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>),Ch. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-openuni-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-openuni_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Open University,<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open.ac.uk/Arts/renaissance2/religion.htm">Looking at the Renaissance: Religious Context in the Renaissance</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170725034622/http://www.open.ac.uk/Arts/renaissance2/religion.htm">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</i>.于2009年12月24日查阅.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Open University,<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open.ac.uk/Arts/renaissance2/economic.htm#urban">Looking at the Renaissance: Urban economy and government</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170716120230/http://www.open.ac.uk/Arts/renaissance2/economic.htm#urban">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</i>.于2009年12月24日查阅.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stark, Rodney,<i>The Victory of Reason</i>,Random House,NY:2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker, Paul Robert,<i>The Feud that sparked the Renaissance: How Brunelleschi and Ghiberti Changed the Art World</i>,(New York, Perennial-Harper Collins, 2003).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L.D. Reynolds and Nigel Wilson,<i>Scribes and Scholars: A guide to the transmission of Greek and Latin Literature</i> Clarendon Press,Oxford,1974,p.113-123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L.D. Reynolds and Nigel G. Wilson. <i>Scribes and scholars</i>, pp. 123, 130-137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bèze, Théodore de; Summers, Kirk M. A view from the Palatine: the Iuvenilia of Théodore de Bèze. Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies. 2001: 442. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0866982795" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0866982795</a>; <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780866982795" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9780866982795</a>. <q>Demetrius Chalcondyles (1423-1511), a Greek refugee who taught Greek at Perugia, Padua, Florence, and Milan. Around 1493 he produced a Greek textbook for beginners.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&rft.au=B%C3%A8ze%2C+Th%C3%A9odore+de&rft.au=Summers%2C+Kirk+M.&rft.btitle=A+view+from+the+Palatine%3A+the+Iuvenilia+of+Th%C3%A9odore+de+B%C3%A8ze&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=442&rft.pub=Arizona+Center+for+Medieval+and+Renaissance+Studies&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Valeriano, Pierio; Gaisser, Julia Haig. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pieriovalerianoo0000vale">Pierio Valeriano on the ill fortune of learned men: a Renaissance humanist and his world</a>. University of Michigan Press. 1999: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pieriovalerianoo0000vale/page/281">281</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0472110551" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0472110551</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780472110551" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9780472110551</a>. <q>Demetrius Chalcondyles was a prominent Greek humanist. He taught Greek in Italy for over forty years.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&rft.au=Gaisser%2C+Julia+Haig&rft.au=Valeriano%2C+Pierio&rft.btitle=Pierio+Valeriano+on+the+ill+fortune+of+learned+men%3A+a+Renaissance+humanist+and+his+world&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpieriovalerianoo0000vale&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L.D. Reynolds and Nigel G. Wilson,<i>Scribes and scholars,</i>.pp. 119, 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/157045/Demetrius-Chalcondyles">Demetrius Chalcondyles.</a>. www.britannica.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-09-24</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403075753/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/157045/Demetrius-Chalcondyles">存档</a>于2015-04-03). <q>Demetrius Chalcondyles – born 1424, Athens [Greece] died 1511, Milan [Italy]. In 1447 Demetrius went to Italy, where Cardinal Bessarion became his patron. He was made professor at Padua in 1463.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&rft.atitle=Demetrius+Chalcondyles.&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F157045%2FDemetrius-Chalcondyles&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Cubberley, Ellwood Patterson. The History of Education Volume 1. BiblioBazaar, LLC. 2008: 264. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780554225234" title="Special:网络书源/9780554225234"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780554225234</a>. <q>Another Greek of importance was Demetrius Chalcondyles of Athens (1424—1511), who reached Italy in 1447. In 1450 he became professor of Greek at Perugia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&rft.au=Cubberley%2C+Ellwood+Patterson&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Education+Volume+1&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780554225234&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=BiblioBazaar%2C+LLC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bèze, Théodore de; Summers, Kirk M. A view from the Palatine: the Iuvenilia of Théodore de Bèze. Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies. 2001: 442. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0866982795" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0866982795</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780866982795" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9780866982795</a>. <q>Demetrius Chalcondyles (1423-1511), a Greek refugee who taught Greek at Perugia, Padua, Florence, and Milan. Around 1493 he produced a Greek textbook for beginners.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&rft.au=B%C3%A8ze%2C+Th%C3%A9odore+de%3B+Summers%2C+Kirk+M.&rft.btitle=A+view+from+the+Palatine%3A+the+Iuvenilia+of+Th%C3%A9odore+de+B%C3%A8ze&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=442&rft.pub=Arizona+Center+for+Medieval+and+Renaissance+Studies&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/98529/Baldassare-Castiglione">Baldassare Castiglione</a>. britannica.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-12-26</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150517182335/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/98529/Baldassare-Castiglione">存档</a>于2015-05-17). <q>Castiglione was educated [by] Demetrius Chalcondyles.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&rft.btitle=Baldassare+Castiglione&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=britannica.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F98529%2FBaldassare-Castiglione&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Valeriano, Pierio; Gaisser, Julia Haig. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pieriovalerianoo0000vale">Pierio Valeriano on the ill fortune of learned men: a Renaissance humanist and his world</a>. University of Michigan Press. 1999: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pieriovalerianoo0000vale/page/281">281</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780472110551" title="Special:网络书源/9780472110551"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780472110551</a>. <q>Demetrius Chalcondyles was a prominent Greek humanist. He taught Greek in Italy for over forty years; among his pupils were Ianus Lascaris, Poliziano, Leo X, Castaglione, Giraldi, Stefano Negri, and Giovanni Maria Cattaneo.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&rft.au=Gaisser%2C+Julia+Haig&rft.au=Valeriano%2C+Pierio&rft.btitle=Pierio+Valeriano+on+the+ill+fortune+of+learned+men%3A+a+Renaissance+humanist+and+his+world&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780472110551&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpieriovalerianoo0000vale&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/157045/Demetrius-Chalcondyles">Demetrius Chalcondyles.</a>. www.britannica.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-09-25</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403075753/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/157045/Demetrius-Chalcondyles">存档</a>于2015-04-03). <q>One of his pupils at Florence was the German scholar Johann Reuchlin.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&rft.btitle=Demetrius+Chalcondyles.&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=www.britannica.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F157045%2FDemetrius-Chalcondyles&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-historyworld-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-historyworld_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=3093&HistoryID=ac88">History of the Renaissance</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210221222023/http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=3093&HistoryID=ac88">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</i>,HistoryWorld.于2009年12月27日查阅.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirshner, Julius,<i>Family and Marriage: A socio-legal perspective</i>,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=x9grA0fWpDMC&pg=PA89&lpg=PA89&dq=italy+urban+population+15th+century&sig=7QjemnDKllytG-1qNFygZFmlUD0"><i>Italy in the Age of the Renaissance: 1300–1550</i></a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170316150809/http://books.google.com/books?id=x9grA0fWpDMC&pg=PA89&lpg=PA89&dq=italy+urban+population+15th+century&sig=7QjemnDKllytG-1qNFygZFmlUD0">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>),ed. John M. Najemy (Oxford University Press, 2004) p.89.于2009年12月26日查阅.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burckhardt, Jacob,<i>The Revival of Antiquity',<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boisestate.edu/courses/hy309/docs/burckhardt/3-2.html"></a></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boisestate.edu/courses/hy309/docs/burckhardt/3-2.html">The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070407181825/http://www.boisestate.edu/courses/hy309/docs/burckhardt/3-2.html">存檔</a>,存档日期2007-04-07.<i>(trans. by S.G.C. Middlemore,1878).</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Skinner, Quentin,<i>The Foundations of Modern Political Thought</i>,vol I:<i>The Renaissance</i>;vol II:<i>The Age of Reformation</i>,Cambridge University Press,p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Skinner, Quentin,<i>The Foundations of Modern Political Thought</i>,vol I:<i>The Renaissance</i>;vol II:<i>The Age of Reformation</i>,Cambridge University Press,p. 69).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stark, Rodney,<i>The Victory of Reason</i>,New York,Random House,2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, J. and Romano, D.,<i>Venice Reconsidered</i>,Baltimore,Johns Hopkins University,2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-burckhardt-republics-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-burckhardt-republics_38-0"><sup><b>36.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-burckhardt-republics_38-1"><sup><b>36.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Burckhardt, Jacob,<i>The Republics: Venice and Florence</i>,<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boisestate.edu/courses/hy309/docs/burckhardt/1-7.html">The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070407035616/http://www.boisestate.edu/courses/hy309/docs/burckhardt/1-7.html">存檔</a>,存档日期2007-04-07.</i>,translated by S.G.C. Middlemore,1878.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara_Tuchman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbara Tuchman(页面不存在)">Barbara Tuchman</a> (1978) <i>A Distant Mirror</i>, Knopf <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61200749">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-394-40026-7" title="Special:网络书源/0-394-40026-7">0-394-40026-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/endmiddle/bluedot/blackdeath.html">The End of Europe's Middle Ages: The Black Death</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130309162102/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/endmiddle/bluedot/blackdeath.html">存檔</a>,存档日期March 9, 2013,. University of Calgary website. (Retrieved on April 5, 2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Netzley, Patricia D. <i>Life During the Renaissance.</i>San Diego: Lucent Books, Inc., 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">参见迟轲《西方美术史话》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">见傅雷《世界美术名作二十讲》</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="来源"><span id=".E6.9D.A5.E6.BA.90"></span>来源</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节:来源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <dl><dt>书籍</dt></dl> <ul><li>Burckhardt, Jacob (1878), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080921145058/http://www.boisestate.edu/courses/hy309/docs/burckhardt/burckhardt.html"><i>The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy</i></a>, trans S.G.C Middlemore, republished in 1990 <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780140445343" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-14-044534-3</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh.html"><i>The Cambridge Modern History. Vol 1: The Renaissance (1902)</i></a><i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140210213151/http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh.html">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</i></li> <li>Cronin, Vincent (1967), <i>The Florentine Renaissance</i>, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780002112628" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-00-211262-8</a>; (1969), <i>The Flowering of the Renaissance</i>, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780712698849" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-7126-9884-9</a>; (1992), <i>The Renaissance</i>, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780002154116" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-00-215411-6</a></li> <li>Ergang, Robert (1967), <i>The Renaissance</i>, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780442023195" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-442-02319-5</a></li> <li>Ferguson, Wallace K. (1962), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=11874730"><i>Europe in Transition, 1300-1500</i></a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110628223419/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=11874730">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>), <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780049400085" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-04-940008-5</a></li> <li>Haskins, Charles Homer (1927), <i>The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century</i>, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780674760752" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-674-76075-2</a></li> <li>Huizinga, Johan (1924), <i>The Waning of the Middle Ages</i>, republished in 1990 <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780140137026" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-14-013702-6</a></li> <li>Jensen, De Lamar (1992), <i>Renaissance Europe</i>, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780395889473" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-395-88947-3</a></li> <li>Lopez, Robert S. (1952), <i>Hard Times and Investment in Culture</i></li> <li>Thorndike, Lynn (1943) <i>Renaissance or Prenaissance?'</i></li> <li>Harold Bayley, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fax.libs.uga.edu/CB361xB3/"><i>A New Light on the Renaissance</i></a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20050828181154/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/CB361xB3/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>), 1909.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&section=30" title="编辑章节:外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相关多媒体资源:<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Renaissance" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Renaissance"><span style="font-weight:bold;">文艺复兴</span></a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060830210425/http://www.chineseliterature.com.cn/zongjiao/luosu-xfzxs/051.htm">西方哲学史-意大利文艺复兴</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rensoc.org.uk/">Society for Renaissance Studies</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20060925131214/http://www.rensoc.org.uk/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00546tq">"The Renaissance"</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210312030553/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00546tq">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>) <i>In Our Time</i>, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Francis Ames-Lewis, Peter Burke and Evelyn Welch (June 8, 2000).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://womenshistory.about.com/library/bio/blbio_list_medieval.htm">Notable Medieval and Renaissance Women</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160401211543/http://womenshistory.about.com/library/bio/blbio_list_medieval.htm">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/british_galleries/bg_styles/Style01a/index.html">Renaissance Style Guide</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120803210220/http://www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/british_galleries/bg_styles/Style01a/index.html">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>互动类资源</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.compart-multimedia.com/virtuale/us/florence/florence.htm">Florence: 3D Panoramas of Florentine Renaissance Sites(English/Italian)</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080820073956/http://www.compart-multimedia.com/virtuale/us/florence/florence.htm">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081218130540/http://renaissancethorne.wetpaint.com/">Interactive Glossary of Terms Relating to the Renaissance</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.renaissanceconnection.org/main.cfm">Multimedia Exploration of the Renaissance</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210312030623/http://www.renaissanceconnection.org/main.cfm">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://interconnected.org/home/more/davinci/">RSS News Feed: Get an entry from Leonardo's Journal delivered each day</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20070403023522/http://interconnected.org/home/more/davinci/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.activehistory.co.uk/Miscellaneous/free_stuff/renaissance/frameset.htm">Virtual Journey to Renaissance Florence</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190915151119/http://www.activehistory.co.uk/Miscellaneous/free_stuff/renaissance/frameset.htm">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.learner.org/interactives/renaissance/">Exhibits Collection – Renaissance</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20191217202734/http://www.learner.org/interactives/renaissance/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>艺术作品和文化作品</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elrelojdesol.com/leonardo-da-vinci/gallery-english/index.htm">Leonardo da Vinci, Gallery of Paintings and Drawings</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20171005094258/http://www.elrelojdesol.com/leonardo-da-vinci/gallery-english/index.htm">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museobagattivalsecchi.org/">The Bagatti Valsecchi Museum</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130622143839/http://www.museobagattivalsecchi.org/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.all-art.org/history214_contents_Renaissance.html">Renaissance in the "History of Art"</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210312030613/http://www.all-art.org/history214_contents_Renaissance.html">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rensoc.org.uk/">The Society for Renaissance Studies</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20060925131214/http://www.rensoc.org.uk/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/education/teachers/teaching-packets/ie-european-renaissance.html/">Inquiring Eye: European Renaissance Art</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170222112232/http://www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/education/teachers/teaching-packets/ie-european-renaissance.html/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li></ul> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="欧洲历史">欧洲历史</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%89%8D%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2" title="史前欧洲">史前欧洲</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="旧石器时代欧洲" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Paleolithic Europe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A7%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="旧石器时代欧洲(页面不存在)">旧石器时代欧洲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" class="extiw" title="en:Paleolithic Europe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Paleolithic Europe</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="新石器时代欧洲" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Neolithic Europe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新石器时代欧洲(页面不存在)">新石器时代欧洲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" class="extiw" title="en:Neolithic Europe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Neolithic Europe</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="铜器时代欧洲" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bronze Age Europe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%9C%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="铜器时代欧洲(页面不存在)">铜器时代欧洲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" class="extiw" title="en:Bronze Age Europe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bronze Age Europe</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E7%90%B4%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="爱琴文明">爱琴文明</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="铁器时代欧洲" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Iron Age Europe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%81%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="铁器时代欧洲(页面不存在)">铁器时代欧洲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" class="extiw" title="en:Iron Age Europe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Iron Age Europe</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="古典时代">古典时代</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="古希腊">古希腊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="罗马共和国">罗马共和国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%8C%96%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="希臘化時代">希臘化時代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="羅馬帝國">羅馬帝國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F" title="古典时代晚期">古典时代晚期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="早期基督教">早期基督教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="三世紀危機">三世紀危機</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E8%A1%B0%E8%90%BD" title="罗马帝国的衰落">罗马帝国的衰落</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="中世纪">中世纪</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%89%8D%E6%9C%9F" title="中世纪前期">中世纪前期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%B7%E5%BE%99" title="民族大遷徙">民族大遷徙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="東羅馬帝國">拜占庭帝国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E5%8C%96" title="基督教化">基督教传播</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%AC%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="維京時代">維京時代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E8%BE%85%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="基辅罗斯">基辅罗斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E4%B8%AD%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="中世紀中期">中世紀中期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%9C%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="神圣罗马帝国">神圣罗马帝国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E8%BB%8D%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%81" title="十字軍東征">十字軍東征</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6_(%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2)" title="封建制度 (歐洲)">封建制度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%BE%8C%E6%9C%9F" title="中世紀後期">中世紀後期</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2" title="近代早期欧洲">近代早期</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">文艺复兴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="百年战争">百年战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="宗教改革">宗教改革</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0" title="地理大发现">地理大发现</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="巴洛克艺术">巴洛克艺术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="三十年戰爭">三十年戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%B0%88%E5%88%B6" title="君主專制">君主專制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="奥斯曼帝国">奥斯曼帝国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="葡萄牙帝國">葡萄牙帝國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="西班牙帝國">西班牙帝國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" title="近代早期的法國">近代法国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6" title="波蘭立陶宛聯邦">波蘭立陶宛聯邦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="瑞典帝國">瑞典帝國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="荷蘭共和國">荷蘭共和國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="大英帝国">大英帝国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%9C%8B" title="哈布斯堡君主國">哈布斯堡君主國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="俄罗斯帝国">俄罗斯帝国</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">现代史</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%9F%E8%92%99%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="啟蒙時代">启蒙运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E9%9A%BE%E9%A2%98" title="李约瑟难题">大分流</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="法国大革命">法国大革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E5%B4%99%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="拿破崙戰爭">拿破崙戰爭</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="欧洲民族主义的崛起" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rise of nationalism in Europe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%9A%84%E5%B4%9B%E8%B5%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="欧洲民族主义的崛起(页面不存在)">民族主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" class="extiw" title="en:Rise of nationalism in Europe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rise of nationalism in Europe</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="塞尔维亚起义">塞尔维亚革命</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848%E5%B9%B4%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="1848年革命">1848年革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96" title="工業化">工業化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第一次世界大战">第一次世界大战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E6%9C%88%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="十月革命">十月革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E9%97%B4%E6%9C%9F" title="战间期">战间期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第二次世界大战">第二次世界大战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E6%88%98" title="冷战">冷战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E4%B8%80%E9%AB%94%E5%8C%96" title="歐洲一體化">歐洲一體化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A%E5%82%B5%E5%8B%99%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="歐洲主權債務危機">歐洲主權債務危機</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E5%86%A0%E7%8A%B6%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%97%85%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85" title="2019冠状病毒病欧洲疫情">冠狀病毒歐洲疫情</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5%E7%83%8F%E5%85%8B%E8%98%AD" title="俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭">俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">参见</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E7%BE%8E%E6%9C%AF%E5%8F%B2" title="西方美术史">欧洲艺术史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="欧洲基因史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Genetic history of Europe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="欧洲基因史(页面不存在)">欧洲基因史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" class="extiw" title="en:Genetic history of Europe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Genetic history of Europe</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="地中海地区史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of the Mediterranean region"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地中海地区史(页面不存在)">地中海地区史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" class="extiw" title="en:History of the Mediterranean region"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of the Mediterranean region</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="欧洲联盟历史">欧洲联盟史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西方文明史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of Western civilization"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西方文明史(页面不存在)">西方文明史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" class="extiw" title="en:History of Western civilization"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of Western civilization</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E6%B5%B7%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%B2" title="欧洲海事史">欧洲海事史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="欧洲军事史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Military history of Europe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%B2" title="歐洲軍事史">欧洲军事史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" class="extiw" title="en:Military history of Europe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Military history of Europe</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="西方艺术运动" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="Template:西方艺术运动"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:西方艺术运动(页面不存在)"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:西方艺术运动"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="西方艺术运动" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E7%BE%8E%E6%9C%AF%E5%8F%B2" title="西方美术史">西方艺术运动</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古代艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ancient art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古代艺术(页面不存在)">古代</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_art" class="extiw" title="en:Ancient art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ancient art</span></a></span>)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="色雷斯人">色雷斯</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%BE%E5%A5%91%E4%BA%9A%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="达契亚艺术(页面不存在)">达契亚</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%BD%E6%8B%89%E5%A5%87%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="纽拉奇文明(页面不存在)">纽拉奇</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="爱琴海艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Aegean art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%88%B1%E7%90%B4%E6%B5%B7%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="爱琴海艺术(页面不存在)">爱琴海</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_art" class="extiw" title="en:Aegean art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Aegean art</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="基克拉泽斯艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cycladic art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E6%B3%BD%E6%96%AF%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基克拉泽斯艺术(页面不存在)">基克拉泽斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycladic_art" class="extiw" title="en:Cycladic art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cycladic art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="米诺斯艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Minoan art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B1%B3%E8%AF%BA%E6%96%AF%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="米诺斯艺术(页面不存在)">米诺斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoan_art" class="extiw" title="en:Minoan art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Minoan art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="米扬陶器" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Minyan ware"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B1%B3%E6%89%AC%E9%99%B6%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="米扬陶器(页面不存在)">米扬陶器</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyan_ware" class="extiw" title="en:Minyan ware"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Minyan ware</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E9%94%A1%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="迈锡尼文明">迈锡尼</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="古希臘藝術">古希臘</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亚迈锡尼陶器" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sub-Mycenaean pottery"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9A%E8%BF%88%E9%94%A1%E5%B0%BC%E9%99%B6%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亚迈锡尼陶器(页面不存在)">亚迈锡尼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Mycenaean_pottery" class="extiw" title="en:Sub-Mycenaean pottery"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sub-Mycenaean pottery</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="原型几何风格" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Protogeometric style"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%9E%8B%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E9%A3%8E%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原型几何风格(页面不存在)">原型几何风格</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protogeometric_style" class="extiw" title="en:Protogeometric style"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Protogeometric style</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="几何艺术">几何艺术</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="东方化时期" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Orientalizing period"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B9%E5%8C%96%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="东方化时期(页面不存在)">东方化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientalizing_period" class="extiw" title="en:Orientalizing period"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Orientalizing period</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%A2%A8%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="古風時期">古風</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E5%BD%A9%E9%99%B6%E5%99%A8" title="黑彩陶器">黑彩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E5%BD%A9%E9%99%B6%E5%99%A8" title="紅彩陶器">紅彩</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="早期希腊风格" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Severe style"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E9%A3%8E%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="早期希腊风格(页面不存在)">早期希腊风格</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_style" class="extiw" title="en:Severe style"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Severe style</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="古希臘藝術">古希臘</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="刻赤风格" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kerch style"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%BB%E8%B5%A4%E9%A3%8E%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="刻赤风格(页面不存在)">刻赤风格</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerch_style" class="extiw" title="en:Kerch style"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kerch style</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%8C%96%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="希腊化时期艺术">希腊化</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%8C%96%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="希腊化时期艺术">"巴洛克"</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="新阁楼" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Neo-Attic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E9%98%81%E6%A5%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新阁楼(页面不存在)">新阁楼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Attic" class="extiw" title="en:Neo-Attic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Neo-Attic</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊特拉斯坎艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Etruscan art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%8E%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊特拉斯坎艺术(页面不存在)">伊特拉斯坎</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_art" class="extiw" title="en:Etruscan art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Etruscan art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="斯基泰艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Scythian art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E6%B3%B0%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯基泰艺术(页面不存在)">斯基泰</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythian_art" class="extiw" title="en:Scythian art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Scythian art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊比利亚雕刻" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Iberian sculpture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E9%9B%95%E5%88%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊比利亚雕刻(页面不存在)">伊比利亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_sculpture" class="extiw" title="en:Iberian sculpture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Iberian sculpture</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8D%A2%E4%BA%BA" title="高卢人">高卢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="古羅馬藝術">古羅馬</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="罗马共和国艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Roman Republican art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="罗马共和国艺术(页面不存在)">共和国</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republican_art" class="extiw" title="en:Roman Republican art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Roman Republican art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="高卢罗马艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gallo-Roman art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%98%E5%8D%A2%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="高卢罗马艺术(页面不存在)">高卢罗马</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallo-Roman_art" class="extiw" title="en:Gallo-Roman art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gallo-Roman art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="奥古斯坦和胡里奥-克劳迪安艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Augustan and Julio-Claudian art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%92%8C%E8%83%A1%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5-%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%B3%E8%BF%AA%E5%AE%89%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奥古斯坦和胡里奥-克劳迪安艺术(页面不存在)">胡里奥-克劳迪安</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustan_and_Julio-Claudian_art" class="extiw" title="en:Augustan and Julio-Claudian art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Augustan and Julio-Claudian art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%90%E8%B2%9D%E9%A2%A8%E6%A0%BC" title="龐貝風格">龐貝風格</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="图拉真艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Trajanic art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BE%E6%8B%89%E7%9C%9F%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="图拉真艺术(页面不存在)">图拉真</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajanic_art" class="extiw" title="en:Trajanic art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Trajanic art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%E8%89%AF%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哈德良艺术(页面不存在)">哈德良艺术</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">​(<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_adrianea" class="extiw" title="it:Arte adrianea">意大利语</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E5%B0%BC%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安东尼艺术(页面不存在)">安东尼艺术</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">​(<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_dei_primi_Antonini" class="extiw" title="it:Arte dei primi Antonini">意大利语</a>)</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%B7%E8%8C%82%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%9F%E6%B2%BB%E4%B8%8B%E7%9A%84%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="康茂德统治下的罗马艺术(页面不存在)">康茂德统治下的罗马艺术</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">​(<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_nell%27et%C3%A0_di_Commodo" class="extiw" title="it:Arte nell'età di Commodo">意大利语</a>)</span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="赛文" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="赛文艺术"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B5%9B%E6%96%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="赛文(页面不存在)">赛文</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%9B%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" class="extiw" title="en:赛文艺术"><span lang="en" dir="auto">赛文艺术</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF%E7%BB%9F%E6%B2%BB%E4%B8%8B%E7%9A%84%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="加利努斯统治下的罗马艺术(页面不存在)">加利努斯统治下的罗马艺术</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">​(<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_nell%27et%C3%A0_di_Gallieno" class="extiw" title="it:Arte nell'età di Gallieno">意大利语</a>)</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%BE%8E%E6%9C%AF" title="欧洲中世纪美术">中世纪</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F" title="古典时代晚期">古典时代晚期</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="早期基督教艺术">早期基督教</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%B4%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%85%88%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="戴克里先艺术(页面不存在)">戴克里先艺术</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">​(<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_dioclezianea_e_della_tetrarchia" class="extiw" title="it:Arte dioclezianea e della tetrarchia">意大利语</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%9B%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="君士坦丁艺术(页面不存在)">君士坦丁艺术 </a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">​(<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_costantiniana" class="extiw" title="it:Arte costantiniana">意大利语</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%84%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%E8%A5%BF%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="狄奥多西艺术(页面不存在)">狄奥多西艺术</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">​(<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_teodosiana" class="extiw" title="it:Arte teodosiana">意大利语</a>)</span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="迁徙时期艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Migration Period art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%81%E5%BE%99%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="迁徙时期艺术(页面不存在)">迁徙时期</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_Period_art" class="extiw" title="en:Migration Period art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Migration Period art</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%8E%E6%A0%BC%E9%AD%AF-%E6%92%92%E5%85%8B%E9%81%9C%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="盎格魯-撒克遜藝術">盎格魯-撒克遜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA" title="匈人">匈奴</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="孤岛艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Insular art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%A4%E5%B2%9B%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孤岛艺术(页面不存在)">孤岛</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_art" class="extiw" title="en:Insular art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Insular art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E5%B7%B4%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%BA" title="伦巴第人">伦巴第</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西哥特式艺术与建筑" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Visigothic art and architecture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E7%89%B9%E5%BC%8F%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E4%B8%8E%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西哥特式艺术与建筑(页面不存在)">西哥特式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigothic_art_and_architecture" class="extiw" title="en:Visigothic art and architecture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Visigothic art and architecture</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="多罗肖像" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Donor portrait"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E7%BD%97%E8%82%96%E5%83%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多罗肖像(页面不存在)">多罗肖像</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donor_portrait" class="extiw" title="en:Donor portrait"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Donor portrait</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" title="皮克特人">皮克特</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="莫扎拉比艺术与建筑" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mozarabic art and architecture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8E%AB%E6%89%8E%E6%8B%89%E6%AF%94%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E4%B8%8E%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="莫扎拉比艺术与建筑(页面不存在)">莫扎拉比</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozarabic_art_and_architecture" class="extiw" title="en:Mozarabic art and architecture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mozarabic art and architecture</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="安置艺术与建筑" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Repoblación art and architecture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E7%BD%AE%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E4%B8%8E%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安置艺术与建筑(页面不存在)">安置</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repoblaci%C3%B3n_art_and_architecture" class="extiw" title="en:Repoblación art and architecture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Repoblación art and architecture</span></a></span>)</span></span></i></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="维京艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Viking art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%AC%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="维京艺术(页面不存在)">维京</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_art" class="extiw" title="en:Viking art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Viking art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="拜占庭艺术">拜占庭</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%83%8F%E7%A0%B4%E5%A3%9E%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95_(%E6%9D%B1%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B)" title="聖像破壞運動 (東羅馬帝國)">聖像破壞</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="马其顿艺术(拜占庭)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A1%BF%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%EF%BC%88%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马其顿艺术(拜占庭)(页面不存在)">马其顿</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" class="extiw" title="en:Macedonian art (Byzantine)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Macedonian art (Byzantine)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="意大利-拜占庭" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Italo-Byzantine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9-%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="意大利-拜占庭(页面不存在)">意大利-拜占庭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italo-Byzantine" class="extiw" title="en:Italo-Byzantine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Italo-Byzantine</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E4%BA%BA" title="法蘭克人">法蘭克</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="墨洛温艺术与建筑" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Merovingian art and architecture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A2%A8%E6%B4%9B%E6%B8%A9%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E4%B8%8E%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="墨洛温艺术与建筑(页面不存在)">墨洛温王朝</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merovingian_art_and_architecture" class="extiw" title="en:Merovingian art and architecture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Merovingian art and architecture</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="卡洛林藝術">卡洛林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%E5%BC%8F%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91" title="前罗曼式建筑">前罗曼式建</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="奥托尼亚艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ottonian art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奥托尼亚艺术(页面不存在)">奥托尼亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottonian_art" class="extiw" title="en:Ottonian art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ottonian art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%BC%8F%E7%BE%8E%E6%9C%AF" title="罗马式美术">罗马式</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="莫桑艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mosan art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8E%AB%E6%A1%91%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="莫桑艺术(页面不存在)">莫桑</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosan_art" class="extiw" title="en:Mosan art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mosan art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西班牙罗马式" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Spanish Romanesque"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西班牙罗马式(页面不存在)">西班牙</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Romanesque" class="extiw" title="en:Spanish Romanesque"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Spanish Romanesque</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="諾曼人">諾曼</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="诺曼-阿拉伯-拜占庭文化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Norman–Arab–Byzantine culture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%BA%E6%9B%BC-%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF-%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="诺曼-阿拉伯-拜占庭文化(页面不存在)">诺曼-西西里</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman%E2%80%93Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_culture" class="extiw" title="en:Norman–Arab–Byzantine culture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Norman–Arab–Byzantine culture</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="英式针线活" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Opus Anglicanum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%BC%8F%E9%92%88%E7%BA%BF%E6%B4%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="英式针线活(页面不存在)">英式针线活</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opus_Anglicanum" class="extiw" title="en:Opus Anglicanum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Opus Anglicanum</span></a></span>)</span></span></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E5%BC%8F%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="哥德式藝術">哥德式</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%93%A5%E7%89%B9%E5%BC%8F%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="國際哥特式藝術">國際哥特式藝術</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="卢切斯画派" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lucchese School"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A2%E5%88%87%E6%96%AF%E7%94%BB%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卢切斯画派(页面不存在)">卢切斯画派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucchese_School" class="extiw" title="en:Lucchese School"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lucchese School</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="十字军东征的艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Art of the Crusades"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E5%86%9B%E4%B8%9C%E5%BE%81%E7%9A%84%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="十字军东征的艺术(页面不存在)">十字军东征</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_the_Crusades" class="extiw" title="en:Art of the Crusades"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Art of the Crusades</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="诺夫哥罗德画派" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Novgorod School"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%BA%E5%A4%AB%E5%93%A5%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E7%94%BB%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="诺夫哥罗德画派(页面不存在)">诺夫哥罗德画派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novgorod_School" class="extiw" title="en:Novgorod School"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Novgorod School</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="13世纪">13世纪</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AB%E8%80%B6%E7%B4%8D%E7%95%AB%E6%B4%BE" title="錫耶納畫派">錫耶納畫派</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="穆德哈尔艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mudéjar art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E5%BE%B7%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="穆德哈尔艺术(页面不存在)">穆德哈尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar_art" class="extiw" title="en:Mudéjar art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mudéjar art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>中世纪 <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="制图学历史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of cartography"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%B6%E5%9B%BE%E5%AD%A6%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="制图学历史(页面不存在)">制图学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cartography" class="extiw" title="en:History of cartography"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of cartography</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="制图学历史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of cartography#Italian cartography and the birth of portolan charts"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%B6%E5%9B%BE%E5%AD%A6%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="制图学历史(页面不存在)">意大利学派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cartography#Italian_cartography_and_the_birth_of_portolan_charts" class="extiw" title="en:History of cartography"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of cartography#Italian cartography and the birth of portolan charts</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="马略卡制图学校" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Majorcan cartographic school"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E7%95%A5%E5%8D%A1%E5%88%B6%E5%9B%BE%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马略卡制图学校(页面不存在)">马略卡学派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorcan_cartographic_school" class="extiw" title="en:Majorcan cartographic school"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Majorcan cartographic school</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="世界地图 (书)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mappa mundi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BE_(%E4%B9%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="世界地图 (书)(页面不存在)">世界地图 (书)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mappa_mundi" class="extiw" title="en:Mappa mundi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mappa mundi</span></a></span>)</span></span>》</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="文藝復興藝術">文藝復興</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="意大利文艺复兴绘画" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Italian Renaissance painting"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4%E7%BB%98%E7%94%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="意大利文艺复兴绘画(页面不存在)">意大利文艺复兴时期</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_painting" class="extiw" title="en:Italian Renaissance painting"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Italian Renaissance painting</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%99%BE_(%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88)" title="三百 (文藝復興)">三百 (文藝復興)</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="原文艺复兴" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Proto-Renaissance"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原文艺复兴(页面不存在)">原文艺复兴</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Renaissance" class="extiw" title="en:Proto-Renaissance"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Proto-Renaissance</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛罗伦萨画派" data-lang-code="Florentine painting" data-lang-name="" data-foreign-title="佛罗伦萨绘画"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%BE%85%E5%80%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%95%AB%E6%B4%BE" title="佛羅倫斯畫派">佛罗伦萨画派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang"></span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florentine_painting:%E4%BD%9B%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%A6%E8%90%A8%E7%BB%98%E7%94%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Florentine painting:佛罗伦萨绘画(页面不存在)"><span lang="Florentine painting" dir="auto">佛罗伦萨绘画</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="诽谤肖像" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pittura infamante"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%BD%E8%B0%A4%E8%82%96%E5%83%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="诽谤肖像(页面不存在)">诽谤肖像</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittura_infamante" class="extiw" title="en:Pittura infamante"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pittura infamante</span></a></span>)</span></span></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E7%99%BE_(%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4)" title="四百 (文艺复兴)">四百 (文艺复兴)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BB%E6%8B%89%E6%8B%89%E7%95%AB%E6%B4%BE" title="費拉拉畫派">费拉拉畫派</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="弗利艺术学校" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Forlivese school of art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E5%88%A9%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗利艺术学校(页面不存在)">弗利学派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forlivese_school_of_art" class="extiw" title="en:Forlivese school of art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Forlivese school of art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%94%BB%E6%B4%BE" title="威尼斯画派">威尼斯画派</a></li> <li><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="从下角度" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Di sotto in sù"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%8E%E4%B8%8B%E8%A7%92%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="从下角度(页面不存在)">从下角度</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di_sotto_in_s%C3%B9" class="extiw" title="en:Di sotto in sù"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Di sotto in sù</span></a></span>)</span></span></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E7%99%BE_(%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88)" title="五百 (文藝復興)">五百 (文藝復興)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E5%85%A8%E7%9B%9B%E6%9C%9F" title="文藝復興全盛期">文藝復興全盛期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E9%9A%86%E9%82%A3%E7%95%AB%E6%B4%BE" title="波隆那畫派">波隆那畫派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A8%E6%A0%BC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="風格主義">風格主義</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="反風格主義" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Counter-Maniera"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E9%A2%A8%E6%A0%BC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反風格主義(页面不存在)">反風格主義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-Maniera" class="extiw" title="en:Counter-Maniera"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Counter-Maniera</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88" title="北方文藝復興">北方文藝復興</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7%E8%98%AD%E7%B9%AA%E7%95%AB" title="早期尼德蘭繪畫">早期尼德蘭</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="世界景观" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="World landscape"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%99%AF%E8%A7%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="世界景观(页面不存在)">世界景观</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_landscape" class="extiw" title="en:World landscape"><span lang="en" dir="auto">World landscape</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="根特-布鲁日画派" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ghent-Bruges school"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B9%E7%89%B9-%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E6%97%A5%E7%94%BB%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="根特-布鲁日画派(页面不存在)">根特-布鲁日画派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghent-Bruges_school" class="extiw" title="en:Ghent-Bruges school"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ghent-Bruges school</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="北方矫饰主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Northern Mannerism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9%E7%9F%AB%E9%A5%B0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="北方矫饰主义(页面不存在)">北方矫饰主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Mannerism" class="extiw" title="en:Northern Mannerism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Northern Mannerism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="德国文艺复兴">德国文艺复兴</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="科隆画派" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cologne School of Painting"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E9%9A%86%E7%94%BB%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科隆画派(页面不存在)">科隆画派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_School_of_Painting" class="extiw" title="en:Cologne School of Painting"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cologne School of Painting</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="多瑙河画派" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Danube school"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E7%91%99%E6%B2%B3%E7%94%BB%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多瑙河画派(页面不存在)">多瑙河画派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube_school" class="extiw" title="en:Danube school"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Danube school</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="荷兰和佛兰德文艺复兴时期绘画" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E5%92%8C%E4%BD%9B%E5%85%B0%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%E7%BB%98%E7%94%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="荷兰和佛兰德文艺复兴时期绘画(页面不存在)">荷兰和佛兰德文艺复兴时期</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_and_Flemish_Renaissance_painting" class="extiw" title="en:Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="安特卫普矫饰主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Antwerp Mannerism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E7%89%B9%E5%8D%AB%E6%99%AE%E7%9F%AB%E9%A5%B0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安特卫普矫饰主义(页面不存在)">安特卫普矫饰主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp_Mannerism" class="extiw" title="en:Antwerp Mannerism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Antwerp Mannerism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="罗马主义 (绘画)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Romanism (painting)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89_(%E7%BB%98%E7%94%BB)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="罗马主义 (绘画)(页面不存在)">罗马主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanism_(painting)" class="extiw" title="en:Romanism (painting)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Romanism (painting)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%99%E7%89%A9%E7%94%BB" title="静物画">静物画</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="英国文艺复兴" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="English Renaissance#Visual arts"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="英国文艺复兴(页面不存在)">英国文艺复兴</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Renaissance#Visual_arts" class="extiw" title="en:English Renaissance"><span lang="en" dir="auto">English Renaissance#Visual arts</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="都铎宫廷的艺术家" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Artists of the Tudor court"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%83%BD%E9%93%8E%E5%AE%AB%E5%BB%B7%E7%9A%84%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="都铎宫廷的艺术家(页面不存在)">都铎宫廷</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artists_of_the_Tudor_court" class="extiw" title="en:Artists of the Tudor court"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Artists of the Tudor court</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="克里特岛画派" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cretan School"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%89%B9%E5%B2%9B%E7%94%BB%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克里特岛画派(页面不存在)">克里特岛画派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_School" class="extiw" title="en:Cretan School"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cretan School</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%83%E6%B4%9B%E6%A0%BC%E8%BE%BE%E7%94%BB%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沃洛格达画派(页面不存在)">沃洛格达画派 </a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">​(<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C" class="extiw" title="ru:Вологодская иконопись">俄语</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="土耳其风格" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Turquerie"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E9%A3%8E%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土耳其风格(页面不存在)">土耳其风格</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquerie" class="extiw" title="en:Turquerie"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Turquerie</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%AB%E4%B8%B9%E7%99%BD%E9%9C%B2%E7%94%BB%E6%B4%BE" title="枫丹白露画派">枫丹白露</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%">十七世纪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="巴洛克艺术">巴洛克艺术</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛兰芒巴洛克绘画" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Flemish Baroque painting"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E5%85%B0%E8%8A%92%E5%B7%B4%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E7%BB%98%E7%94%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛兰芒巴洛克绘画(页面不存在)">佛兰芒巴洛克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_Baroque_painting" class="extiw" title="en:Flemish Baroque painting"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Flemish Baroque painting</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E7%93%A6%E5%96%AC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E8%80%85" title="卡拉瓦喬主義者">卡拉瓦喬主義者</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="乌得勒支卡拉瓦格主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Utrecht Caravaggism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%8C%E5%BE%97%E5%8B%92%E6%94%AF%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E7%93%A6%E6%A0%BC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乌得勒支卡拉瓦格主义(页面不存在)">在乌得勒支</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_Caravaggism" class="extiw" title="en:Utrecht Caravaggism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Utrecht Caravaggism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="特内布利主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tenebrism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%86%85%E5%B8%83%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特内布利主义(页面不存在)">特内布利主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenebrism" class="extiw" title="en:Tenebrism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tenebrism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="开墙" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quadratura"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E5%A2%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="开墙(页面不存在)">开墙</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratura" class="extiw" title="en:Quadratura"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quadratura</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="路易十三风格" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Louis XIII style"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E9%A3%8E%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="路易十三风格(页面不存在)">路易十三风格</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIII_style" class="extiw" title="en:Louis XIII style"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Louis XIII style</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="路德宗巴洛克式" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lutheran baroque"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E5%AE%97%E5%B7%B4%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="路德宗巴洛克式(页面不存在)">路德宗巴洛克式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran_baroque" class="extiw" title="en:Lutheran baroque"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lutheran baroque</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%88%E6%9D%9C%E8%AF%BA%E5%A4%AB%E7%94%BB%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="戈杜诺夫画派(页面不存在)">戈杜诺夫画派</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">​(<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Годуновская школа иконописи">俄语</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="斯特罗加诺夫画派" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Stroganov School"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%BD%97%E5%8A%A0%E8%AF%BA%E5%A4%AB%E7%94%BB%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯特罗加诺夫画派(页面不存在)">斯特罗加诺夫画派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroganov_School" class="extiw" title="en:Stroganov School"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Stroganov School</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E4%BC%AF%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%94%BB%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西伯利亚画派(页面不存在)">西伯利亚画派</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">​(<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Сибирская икона">俄语</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="罗马主义者协会" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Guild of Romanists"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E8%80%85%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="罗马主义者协会(页面不存在)">罗马主义者协会</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild_of_Romanists" class="extiw" title="en:Guild of Romanists"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Guild of Romanists</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E9%BB%83%E9%87%91%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E7%B9%AA%E7%95%AB" title="荷蘭黃金時代繪畫">荷蘭黃金時代</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="代尔夫特画派" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Delft School (painting)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%A3%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB%E7%89%B9%E7%94%BB%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="代尔夫特画派(页面不存在)">代尔夫特画派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delft_School_(painting)" class="extiw" title="en:Delft School (painting)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Delft School (painting)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="随想画作(艺术)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Capriccio (art)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%8F%E6%83%B3%E7%94%BB%E4%BD%9C%EF%BC%88%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="随想画作(艺术)(页面不存在)">随想</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capriccio_(art)" class="extiw" title="en:Capriccio (art)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Capriccio (art)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="七岛学派" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Heptanese School (painting)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%83%E5%B2%9B%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="七岛学派(页面不存在)">七岛学派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heptanese_School_(painting)" class="extiw" title="en:Heptanese School (painting)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Heptanese School (painting)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="古典主義">古典</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="路易十四风格" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Louis XIV style"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E9%A3%8E%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="路易十四风格(页面不存在)">路易十四风格</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_style" class="extiw" title="en:Louis XIV style"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Louis XIV style</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%A1%91%E6%B4%BE%E4%B8%8E%E9%B2%81%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%BE" title="普桑派与鲁本斯派">普桑派与鲁本斯派</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%">十八世纪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E5%8F%AF%E5%8F%AF" title="洛可可">洛可可</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="假山花园" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rocaille"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%87%E5%B1%B1%E8%8A%B1%E5%9B%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="假山花园(页面不存在)">假山花园</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocaille" class="extiw" title="en:Rocaille"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rocaille</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="路易十五风格" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Louis XV style"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%94%E9%A3%8E%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="路易十五风格(页面不存在)">路易十五风格</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XV_style" class="extiw" title="en:Louis XV style"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Louis XV style</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E5%8F%AF%E5%8F%AF" title="洛可可">洛可可</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%A3%8E" title="中国风">中国风</a></li> <li><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="豪礼派对" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fête galante"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B1%AA%E7%A4%BC%E6%B4%BE%E5%AF%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="豪礼派对(页面不存在)">豪礼派对</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%AAte_galante" class="extiw" title="en:Fête galante"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fête galante</span></a></span>)</span></span></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="新古典主義">新古典主義</a> <ul><li><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="希腊风格" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Goût grec"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E9%A3%8E%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="希腊风格(页面不存在)">希腊风格</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C3%BBt_grec" class="extiw" title="en:Goût grec"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Goût grec</span></a></span>)</span></span></i></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="路易十六风格" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Louis XVI style"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E9%A3%8E%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="路易十六风格(页面不存在)">路易十六风格</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_style" class="extiw" title="en:Louis XVI style"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Louis XVI style</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亚当风格" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Adam style"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9A%E5%BD%93%E9%A3%8E%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亚当风格(页面不存在)">亚当风格</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_style" class="extiw" title="en:Adam style"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Adam style</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="督导风格" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Directoire style"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9D%A3%E5%AF%BC%E9%A3%8E%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="督导风格(页面不存在)">督导风格</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directoire_style" class="extiw" title="en:Directoire style"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Directoire style</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="如画" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Picturesque"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A6%82%E7%94%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="如画(页面不存在)">如画</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picturesque" class="extiw" title="en:Picturesque"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Picturesque</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%">十九世纪<br />(1800–1862)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%AA%E6%BC%AB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="浪漫主义">浪漫主义</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="仙子画" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fairy painting"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%99%E5%AD%90%E7%94%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="仙子画(页面不存在)">仙子画</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_painting" class="extiw" title="en:Fairy painting"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fairy painting</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E9%BB%84%E9%87%91%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="丹麦黄金时代">丹麦黄金时代</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="游吟诗人风格" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Troubadour style"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%B8%E5%90%9F%E8%AF%97%E4%BA%BA%E9%A3%8E%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="游吟诗人风格(页面不存在)">游吟诗人风格</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troubadour_style" class="extiw" title="en:Troubadour style"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Troubadour style</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E6%92%92%E5%8B%92%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="拿撒勒運動">拿撒勒運動</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="原始主义">原始主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古人 (美术组)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ancients (art group)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E4%BA%BA_(%E7%BE%8E%E6%9C%AF%E7%BB%84)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古人 (美术组)(页面不存在)">古人</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" class="extiw" title="en:Ancients (art group)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ancients (art group)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E5%A1%9E%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%E7%B9%AA%E7%95%AB%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1" title="杜塞道夫繪畫學校">杜塞道夫繪畫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E6%8B%89%E6%96%90%E7%88%BE%E6%B4%BE%E5%85%84%E5%BC%9F%E6%9C%83" title="前拉斐爾派兄弟會">前拉斐爾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%E9%80%8A%E6%B2%B3%E6%B4%BE" title="哈德逊河派">哈德逊河派</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="发光主义 (美国艺术风格)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Luminism (American art style)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%91%E5%85%89%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89_(%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E9%A3%8E%E6%A0%BC)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="发光主义 (美国艺术风格)(页面不存在)">美国发光主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminism_(American_art_style)" class="extiw" title="en:Luminism (American art style)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Luminism (American art style)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="东方主义">东方风格</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="诺维奇画派" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Norwich School of painters"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%BA%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%E7%94%BB%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="诺维奇画派(页面不存在)">诺维奇画派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich_School_of_painters" class="extiw" title="en:Norwich School of painters"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Norwich School of painters</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E6%94%BF%E9%A3%8E%E6%A0%BC" title="帝政风格">帝政风格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9_(%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93)" title="歷史主義 (藝術)">歷史风</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4%E5%BC%8F%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91" title="复兴式建筑">复兴式建筑</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%A2%E5%BE%B7%E9%BA%A5%E9%9B%85" title="畢德麥雅">畢德麥雅</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="现实主义 (艺术运动)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Realism (art movement)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89_(%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="现实主义 (艺术运动)(页面不存在)">现实主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_(art_movement)" class="extiw" title="en:Realism (art movement)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Realism (art movement)</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E6%9D%BE%E6%B4%BE" title="巴比松派">巴比松派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E4%BF%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="风俗主义">风俗主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="意大利现实主义(绘画)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Verismo (painting)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%EF%BC%88%E7%BB%98%E7%94%BB%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="意大利现实主义(绘画)(页面不存在)">意大利现实主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verismo_(painting)" class="extiw" title="en:Verismo (painting)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Verismo (painting)</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="玛奇奥利" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Macchiaioli"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%9B%E5%A5%87%E5%A5%A5%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="玛奇奥利(页面不存在)">玛奇奥利</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macchiaioli" class="extiw" title="en:Macchiaioli"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Macchiaioli</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="學院藝術">學院藝術</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="慕尼黑画派" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Munich School"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%85%95%E5%B0%BC%E9%BB%91%E7%94%BB%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="慕尼黑画派(页面不存在)">慕尼黑画派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_School" class="extiw" title="en:Munich School"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Munich School</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="19世纪希腊学院艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Greek academic art of the 19th century"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=19%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="19世纪希腊学院艺术(页面不存在)">在希腊</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_academic_art_of_the_19th_century" class="extiw" title="en:Greek academic art of the 19th century"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Greek academic art of the 19th century</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="新希腊风格" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Neo-Grec#Painting"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E9%A3%8E%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新希腊风格(页面不存在)">新希腊风格</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Grec#Painting" class="extiw" title="en:Neo-Grec"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Neo-Grec#Painting</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="蚀刻复兴" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Etching revival"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9A%80%E5%88%BB%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蚀刻复兴(页面不存在)">蚀刻复兴</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etching_revival" class="extiw" title="en:Etching revival"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Etching revival</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="现代艺术">现代艺术</a><br />(1863–1944)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1863–1899</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="日本主義">日本主義</a></i> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="英日风格" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Anglo-Japanese style"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E6%97%A5%E9%A3%8E%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="英日风格(页面不存在)">英日风格</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_style" class="extiw" title="en:Anglo-Japanese style"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Anglo-Japanese style</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伯伦画派" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="伯伦艺术学校"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%AF%E4%BC%A6%E7%94%BB%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伯伦画派(页面不存在)">伯伦画派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E4%BC%A6%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1" class="extiw" title="en:伯伦艺术学校"><span lang="en" dir="auto">伯伦艺术学校</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%89%99%E7%95%AB%E6%B4%BE" title="海牙畫派">海牙畫派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A1%E5%9B%9E%E5%B1%95%E8%A7%88%E7%94%BB%E6%B4%BE" title="巡回展览画派">巡回展览画派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%AA%E6%BC%AB%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="浪漫民族主义">浪漫民族主义</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿布拉姆采沃艺术村" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Abramtsevo Colony"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E9%87%87%E6%B2%83%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E6%9D%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿布拉姆采沃艺术村(页面不存在)">阿布拉姆采沃</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abramtsevo_Colony" class="extiw" title="en:Abramtsevo Colony"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Abramtsevo Colony</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E8%B1%A1%E6%B4%BE" title="印象派">印象派</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国印象派" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="American Impressionism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%8D%B0%E8%B1%A1%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国印象派(页面不存在)">美式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Impressionism" class="extiw" title="en:American Impressionism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">American Impressionism</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="印第安纳州集团" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hoosier Group"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E7%AC%AC%E5%AE%89%E7%BA%B3%E5%B7%9E%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印第安纳州集团(页面不存在)">印第安纳州集团</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoosier_Group" class="extiw" title="en:Hoosier Group"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hoosier Group</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="波士顿画派" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Boston School (painting)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%A3%AB%E9%A1%BF%E7%94%BB%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波士顿画派(页面不存在)">波士顿画派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_School_(painting)" class="extiw" title="en:Boston School (painting)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Boston School (painting)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿姆斯特丹印象派" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Amsterdam Impressionism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%B9%E5%8D%B0%E8%B1%A1%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿姆斯特丹印象派(页面不存在)">阿姆斯特丹</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam_Impressionism" class="extiw" title="en:Amsterdam Impressionism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Amsterdam Impressionism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%B0%E8%B1%A1%E6%B4%BE" title="加拿大印象派">加拿大</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%A0%A1%E7%95%AB%E6%B4%BE" title="海德堡畫派">海德堡畫派</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E7%BE%8E%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="唯美主义">唯美主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E4%B8%8E%E5%B7%A5%E8%89%BA%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="艺术与工艺运动">艺术与工艺</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="艺术陶艺" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Art pottery"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E9%99%B6%E8%89%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艺术陶艺(页面不存在)">艺术陶艺</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_pottery" class="extiw" title="en:Art pottery"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Art pottery</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="调性主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tonalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B0%83%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="调性主义(页面不存在)">调性主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonalism" class="extiw" title="en:Tonalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tonalism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%B9%E5%BB%A2%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="頹廢主義運動">頹廢主義運動</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%A1%E5%BE%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="象征主义">象征</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="罗马尼亚的象征主义运动" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Symbolist movement in Romania"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E7%9A%84%E8%B1%A1%E5%BE%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="罗马尼亚的象征主义运动(页面不存在)">罗马尼亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolist_movement_in_Romania" class="extiw" title="en:Symbolist movement in Romania"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Symbolist movement in Romania</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="不連貫運動" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Incoherents"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8D%E9%80%A3%E8%B2%AB%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="不連貫運動(页面不存在)">不連貫運動</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incoherents" class="extiw" title="en:Incoherents"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Incoherents</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E5%8D%B0%E8%B1%A1%E6%B4%BE" title="后印象派">后印象派</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8D%B0%E8%B1%A1%E6%B4%BE" title="新印象派">新印象派</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="发光主义 (印象派)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Luminism (Impressionism)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%91%E5%85%89%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89_(%E5%8D%B0%E8%B1%A1%E6%B4%BE)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="发光主义 (印象派)(页面不存在)">发光主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminism_(Impressionism)" class="extiw" title="en:Luminism (Impressionism)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Luminism (Impressionism)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="分割主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Divisionism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%89%B2%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分割主义(页面不存在)">分割主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisionism" class="extiw" title="en:Divisionism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Divisionism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%82%B9%E5%BD%A9%E7%94%BB%E6%B4%BE" title="点彩画派">点彩画派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%87%A1%E6%A1%A5%E6%B4%BE" title="阿凡桥派">阿凡桥派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E9%9A%94%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="分隔主義">分隔主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%9C%E5%90%88%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="綜合主義">綜合主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E6%AF%94%E6%B4%BE" title="纳比派">纳比派</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="俄罗斯象征主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Russian symbolism#Visual arts"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E8%B1%A1%E5%BE%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="俄罗斯象征主义(页面不存在)">俄罗斯象征主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_symbolism#Visual_arts" class="extiw" title="en:Russian symbolism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Russian symbolism#Visual arts</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国巴比松学校" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="American Barbizon school"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E6%9D%BE%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国巴比松学校(页面不存在)">美国巴比松学校</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Barbizon_school" class="extiw" title="en:American Barbizon school"><span lang="en" dir="auto">American Barbizon school</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="加州调性主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="California Tonalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%9E%E8%B0%83%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="加州调性主义(页面不存在)">加州调性主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Tonalism" class="extiw" title="en:California Tonalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">California Tonalism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1900–1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="新艺术运动">新艺术运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="原始主义">原始主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="加州印象派" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="California Impressionism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%9E%E5%8D%B0%E8%B1%A1%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="加州印象派(页面不存在)">加州印象派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Impressionism" class="extiw" title="en:California Impressionism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">California Impressionism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E7%A6%BB%E6%B4%BE" title="分离派">分离派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E6%B4%BE" title="巴黎派">巴黎派</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="慕尼黑分离派" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Munich Secession"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%85%95%E5%B0%BC%E9%BB%91%E5%88%86%E7%A6%BB%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="慕尼黑分离派(页面不存在)">慕尼黑分离派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_Secession" class="extiw" title="en:Munich Secession"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Munich Secession</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%9F%E7%BA%B3%E5%88%86%E7%A6%BB%E6%B4%BE" title="维也纳分离派">维也纳分离派</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="柏林分离派" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Berlin Secession"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E5%88%86%E7%A6%BB%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="柏林分离派(页面不存在)">柏林分离派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Secession" class="extiw" title="en:Berlin Secession"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Berlin Secession</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西德艺术爱好者和艺术家特别协会" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Sonderbund westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Künstler"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E7%88%B1%E5%A5%BD%E8%80%85%E5%92%8C%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E5%AE%B6%E7%89%B9%E5%88%AB%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西德艺术爱好者和艺术家特别协会(页面不存在)">西德艺术爱好者</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonderbund_westdeutscher_Kunstfreunde_und_K%C3%BCnstler" class="extiw" title="de:Sonderbund westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Künstler"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Sonderbund westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Künstler</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="宾夕法尼亚印象派" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pennsylvania Impressionism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%BE%E5%A4%95%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%8D%B0%E8%B1%A1%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宾夕法尼亚印象派(页面不存在)">宾夕法尼亚印象派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Impressionism" class="extiw" title="en:Pennsylvania Impressionism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pennsylvania Impressionism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="艺术世界" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mir iskusstva"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艺术世界(页面不存在)">艺术世界</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_iskusstva" class="extiw" title="en:Mir iskusstva"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mir iskusstva</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="十位美国画家" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ten American Painters"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%81%E4%BD%8D%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%94%BB%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="十位美国画家(页面不存在)">十位美国画家</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_American_Painters" class="extiw" title="en:Ten American Painters"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ten American Painters</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8E%E5%85%BD%E6%B4%BE" title="野兽派">野兽派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E7%8E%B0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="表现主义">表现主义</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%A5%E7%A4%BE" title="桥社">桥社</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E9%AA%91%E5%A3%AB" title="青骑士">青骑士</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="无味主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Noucentisme"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E5%91%B3%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="无味主义(页面不存在)">无味主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noucentisme" class="extiw" title="en:Noucentisme"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Noucentisme</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B7%A5%E8%97%9D%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" title="德意志工藝聯盟">德意志工藝聯盟</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国现实主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="American Realism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国现实主义(页面不存在)">美国现实主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Realism" class="extiw" title="en:American Realism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">American Realism</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9E%83%E5%9C%BE%E7%AE%B1%E7%94%BB%E6%B4%BE" title="垃圾箱画派">垃圾箱画派</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="立体主义">立体主义</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="原始立体主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Proto-Cubism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E7%AB%8B%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原始立体主义(页面不存在)">原始立体主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Cubism" class="extiw" title="en:Proto-Cubism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Proto-Cubism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E8%B2%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="奧費主義">奧費</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="八 (画家)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="The Eight (painters)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AB_(%E7%94%BB%E5%AE%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="八 (画家)(页面不存在)">八 (画家)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eight_(painters)" class="extiw" title="en:The Eight (painters)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">The Eight (painters)</span></a></span>)</span></span></i></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="慕尼黑新艺术家协会" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Neue Künstlervereinigung München"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%85%95%E5%B0%BC%E9%BB%91%E6%96%B0%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E5%AE%B6%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="慕尼黑新艺术家协会(页面不存在)">慕尼黑新艺术家协会</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neue_K%C3%BCnstlervereinigung_M%C3%BCnchen" class="extiw" title="en:Neue Künstlervereinigung München"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Neue Künstlervereinigung München</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AA%E6%9D%A5%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="未来主义">未来主义</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="立体未来主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cubo-Futurism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%8B%E4%BD%93%E6%9C%AA%E6%9D%A5%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="立体未来主义(页面不存在)">立体未来主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubo-Futurism" class="extiw" title="en:Cubo-Futurism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cubo-Futurism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%85%E9%A5%B0%E9%A3%8E%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="装饰风艺术">装饰风艺术</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="形而上主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Metaphysical painting"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="形而上主义(页面不存在)">形而上</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysical_painting" class="extiw" title="en:Metaphysical painting"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Metaphysical painting</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="辐射主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rayonism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%90%E5%B0%84%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="辐射主义(页面不存在)">辐射主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayonism" class="extiw" title="en:Rayonism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rayonism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="艺术生产主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Productivism (art)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艺术生产主义(页面不存在)">艺术生产主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productivism_(art)" class="extiw" title="en:Productivism (art)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Productivism (art)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="色彩交响主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Synchromism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%B2%E5%BD%A9%E4%BA%A4%E5%93%8D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="色彩交响主义(页面不存在)">色彩交响主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchromism" class="extiw" title="en:Synchromism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Synchromism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A9%E6%B8%A6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="漩渦主義">漩渦主義</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1915–1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="创作版画" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sosaku-hanga"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%9B%E4%BD%9C%E7%89%88%E7%94%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="创作版画(页面不存在)">创作版画</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosaku-hanga" class="extiw" title="en:Sosaku-hanga"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sosaku-hanga</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%B3%E4%B8%8A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="至上主义">至上主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E6%B4%BE" title="巴黎派">巴黎派</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="水晶立体主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Crystal Cubism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E6%99%B6%E7%AB%8B%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="水晶立体主义(页面不存在)">水晶立体主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Cubism" class="extiw" title="en:Crystal Cubism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Crystal Cubism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%84%E6%88%90%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89_(%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF)" title="构成主义 (艺术)">构成主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E8%BE%BE%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="达达主义">达达主义</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E9%A3%8E%E6%A0%BC%E6%B4%BE%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="荷兰风格派运动">荷兰风格派运动</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%94%E7%B2%B9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="純粹主義">純粹主義</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="返回秩序主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Return to order"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%94%E5%9B%9E%E7%A7%A9%E5%BA%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="返回秩序主义(页面不存在)">返回秩序主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_to_order" class="extiw" title="en:Return to order"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Return to order</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="意大利二十世纪运动">意大利二十世纪运动</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="比喻建构主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Figurative Constructivism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E5%96%BB%E5%BB%BA%E6%9E%84%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="比喻建构主义(页面不存在)">比喻建构主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figurative_Constructivism" class="extiw" title="en:Figurative Constructivism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Figurative Constructivism</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="愚蠢(艺术运动)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Stupid (art movement)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9A%E8%A0%A2%EF%BC%88%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="愚蠢(艺术运动)(页面不存在)">愚蠢</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupid_(art_movement)" class="extiw" title="en:Stupid (art movement)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Stupid (art movement)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="科隆进步运动" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cologne Progressives"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E9%9A%86%E8%BF%9B%E6%AD%A5%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科隆进步运动(页面不存在)">科隆进步运动</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_Progressives" class="extiw" title="en:Cologne Progressives"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cologne Progressives</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="艺术工作委员会" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Arbeitsrat für Kunst"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艺术工作委员会(页面不存在)">艺术工作委员会</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbeitsrat_f%C3%BCr_Kunst" class="extiw" title="en:Arbeitsrat für Kunst"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Arbeitsrat für Kunst</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="十一月组(德国)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="November Group (German)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E6%9C%88%E7%BB%84%EF%BC%88%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="十一月组(德国)(页面不存在)">十一月组</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_Group_(German)" class="extiw" title="en:November Group (German)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">November Group (German)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="澳大利亚调性主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Australian tonalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E8%B0%83%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="澳大利亚调性主义(页面不存在)">澳大利亚调性主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_tonalism" class="extiw" title="en:Australian tonalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Australian tonalism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德累斯顿分离派" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dresden Secession"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E7%B4%AF%E6%96%AF%E9%A1%BF%E5%88%86%E7%A6%BB%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德累斯顿分离派(页面不存在)">德累斯顿分离派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden_Secession" class="extiw" title="en:Dresden Secession"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dresden Secession</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会现实主义">社会现实主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%85%E8%B1%AA%E6%96%AF" title="包豪斯">包豪斯</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="动态艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kinetic art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A8%E6%80%81%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="动态艺术(页面不存在)">动态艺术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_art" class="extiw" title="en:Kinetic art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kinetic art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E4%BA%BA%E7%94%BB%E6%B4%BE" title="七人画派">七人画派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8D%B3%E7%89%A9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="新即物主義">新即物主義</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="格罗夫纳现代艺术学院" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Grosvenor School of Modern Art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%A4%AB%E7%BA%B3%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格罗夫纳现代艺术学院(页面不存在)">格罗夫纳画派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosvenor_School_of_Modern_Art" class="extiw" title="en:Grosvenor School of Modern Art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Grosvenor School of Modern Art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="新见主意" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Neues Sehen"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E8%A7%81%E4%B8%BB%E6%84%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新见主意(页面不存在)">新见主意</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neues_Sehen" class="extiw" title="en:Neues Sehen"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Neues Sehen</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="超现实主义">超现实主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="新野兽派" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Neo-Fauvism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E9%87%8E%E5%85%BD%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新野兽派(页面不存在)">新野兽派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Fauvism" class="extiw" title="en:Neo-Fauvism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Neo-Fauvism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A2%BA%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="精確主義">精確主義</a></li> <li><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="航空涂装" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Aeropittura"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%B6%82%E8%A3%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="航空涂装(页面不存在)">航空涂装</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeropittura" class="extiw" title="en:Aeropittura"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Aeropittura</span></a></span>)</span></span></i></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="革命视觉艺术家协会" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Association of Revolutionary Visual Artists"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E8%A7%86%E8%A7%89%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E5%AE%B6%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="革命视觉艺术家协会(页面不存在)">Asso</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Revolutionary_Visual_Artists" class="extiw" title="en:Association of Revolutionary Visual Artists"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Association of Revolutionary Visual Artists</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="罗马学院派" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Scuola Romana"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="罗马学院派(页面不存在)">罗马学院派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuola_Romana" class="extiw" title="en:Scuola Romana"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Scuola Romana</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="圆形和方形" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cercle et Carré"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%86%E5%BD%A2%E5%92%8C%E6%96%B9%E5%BD%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="圆形和方形(页面不存在)">圆形和方形</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercle_et_Carr%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="en:Cercle et Carré"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cercle et Carré</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="卡皮兹学派" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kapists"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E7%9A%AE%E5%85%B9%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡皮兹学派(页面不存在)">卡皮兹学派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapists" class="extiw" title="en:Kapists"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kapists</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="地域主义(艺术)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Regionalism (art)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E5%9F%9F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%EF%BC%88%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地域主义(艺术)(页面不存在)">地域主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalism_(art)" class="extiw" title="en:Regionalism (art)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Regionalism (art)</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="加州风景画" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="California Scene Painting"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%9E%E9%A3%8E%E6%99%AF%E7%94%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="加州风景画(页面不存在)">加州风景画</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Scene_Painting" class="extiw" title="en:California Scene Painting"><span lang="en" dir="auto">California Scene Painting</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="英雄现实主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Heroic realism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E9%9B%84%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="英雄现实主义(页面不存在)">英雄现实主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroic_realism" class="extiw" title="en:Heroic realism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Heroic realism</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="社會主義現實主義">社會主義現實主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="納粹德國藝術">納粹</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E7%99%BB%E6%B5%81%E7%B7%9A%E5%9E%8B%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="摩登流線型建築">摩登流線型建築</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="具体艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Concrete art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B7%E4%BD%93%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="具体艺术(页面不存在)">具体艺术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_art" class="extiw" title="en:Concrete art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Concrete art</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="抽象创造" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Abstraction-Création"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1%E5%88%9B%E9%80%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="抽象创造(页面不存在)">抽象创造</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction-Cr%C3%A9ation" class="extiw" title="en:Abstraction-Création"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Abstraction-Création</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="十人(表现主义)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="The Ten (Expressionists)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%BA%EF%BC%88%E8%A1%A8%E7%8E%B0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="十人(表现主义)(页面不存在)">十人</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ten_(Expressionists)" class="extiw" title="en:The Ten (Expressionists)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">The Ten (Expressionists)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="艺术的第四维度" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fourth dimension in art#Dimensionist manifesto"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E7%9A%84%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%BB%B4%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艺术的第四维度(页面不存在)">维度艺术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art#Dimensionist_manifesto" class="extiw" title="en:Fourth dimension in art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fourth dimension in art#Dimensionist manifesto</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="波士顿表现主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Boston Expressionism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%A3%AB%E9%A1%BF%E8%A1%A8%E7%8E%B0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波士顿表现主义(页面不存在)">波士顿表现主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Expressionism" class="extiw" title="en:Boston Expressionism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Boston Expressionism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="列宁格勒绘画学院" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Leningrad School of Painting"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%97%E5%AE%81%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%92%E7%BB%98%E7%94%BB%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="列宁格勒绘画学院(页面不存在)">列宁格勒画派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad_School_of_Painting" class="extiw" title="en:Leningrad School of Painting"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Leningrad School of Painting</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B6%E4%BB%A3%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="當代藝術">當代藝術</a><br />(1945–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1945–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E9%A3%8E%E6%A0%BC" title="国际主义设计风格">国际主义设计风格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1%E8%A1%A8%E7%8F%BE%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="抽象表現主義">抽象表現主義</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="华盛顿色彩画派" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Washington Color School"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%8E%E7%9B%9B%E9%A1%BF%E8%89%B2%E5%BD%A9%E7%94%BB%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="华盛顿色彩画派(页面不存在)">华盛顿色彩画派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Color_School" class="extiw" title="en:Washington Color School"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Washington Color School</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="梦幻艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Visionary art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%A6%E5%B9%BB%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="梦幻艺术(页面不存在)">梦幻艺术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visionary_art" class="extiw" title="en:Visionary art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Visionary art</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="维也纳奇幻现实主义学派" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vienna School of Fantastic Realism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%9F%E7%BA%B3%E5%A5%87%E5%B9%BB%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="维也纳奇幻现实主义学派(页面不存在)">维也纳奇幻现实主义学派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_School_of_Fantastic_Realism" class="extiw" title="en:Vienna School of Fantastic Realism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vienna School of Fantastic Realism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="空间主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Spatialism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="空间主义(页面不存在)">空间主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatialism" class="extiw" title="en:Spatialism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Spatialism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E5%9F%9F%E7%BB%98%E7%94%BB" title="色域绘画">色域绘画</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="抒情抽象" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lyrical abstraction"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%92%E6%83%85%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="抒情抽象(页面不存在)">抒情抽象</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrical_abstraction" class="extiw" title="en:Lyrical abstraction"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lyrical abstraction</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%91%E9%BB%9E%E6%B4%BE" title="斑點派">斑點派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="无形式艺术">无形式艺术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E9%8F%A1%E8%9B%87_(%E5%89%8D%E8%A1%9B%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95)" title="眼鏡蛇 (前衛運動)">眼鏡蛇</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="云主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nuagisme"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="云主义(页面不存在)">云主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuagisme" class="extiw" title="en:Nuagisme"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nuagisme</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E7%B9%AA%E7%95%AB" title="行動繪畫">行動繪畫</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美國具象表現主義" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="American Figurative Expressionism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%B7%E8%B1%A1%E8%A1%A8%E7%8F%BE%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國具象表現主義(页面不存在)">美國具象表現主義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Figurative_Expressionism" class="extiw" title="en:American Figurative Expressionism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">American Figurative Expressionism</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="纽约具象表現主義" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="New York Figurative Expressionism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%E5%85%B7%E8%B1%A1%E8%A1%A8%E7%8F%BE%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="纽约具象表現主義(页面不存在)">纽约</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Figurative_Expressionism" class="extiw" title="en:New York Figurative Expressionism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">New York Figurative Expressionism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="新媒體藝術">新媒體藝術</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="纽约学派 (艺术)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="New York School (art)#Visual arts"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE_(%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="纽约学派 (艺术)(页面不存在)">纽约学派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_School_(art)#Visual_arts" class="extiw" title="en:New York School (art)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">New York School (art)#Visual arts</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="硬邊繪畫" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hard-edge painting"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A1%AC%E9%82%8A%E7%B9%AA%E7%95%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="硬邊繪畫(页面不存在)">硬邊繪畫</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard-edge_painting" class="extiw" title="en:Hard-edge painting"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hard-edge painting</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="灣區具象畫派" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bay Area Figurative Movement"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%81%A3%E5%8D%80%E5%85%B7%E8%B1%A1%E7%95%AB%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="灣區具象畫派(页面不存在)">灣區具象畫派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Area_Figurative_Movement" class="extiw" title="en:Bay Area Figurative Movement"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bay Area Figurative Movement</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="塑胶画派" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Plasticien"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%91%E8%83%B6%E7%94%BB%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塑胶画派(页面不存在)">塑胶画派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasticien" class="extiw" title="en:Plasticien"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Plasticien</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%99%AE%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="波普藝術">波普藝術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E5%A2%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85" title="情境主义国际">情境主义国际</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="苏联异见画派" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Soviet Nonconformist Art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%BC%82%E8%A7%81%E7%94%BB%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏联异见画派(页面不存在)">苏联异见画派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Nonconformist_Art" class="extiw" title="en:Soviet Nonconformist Art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Soviet Nonconformist Art</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="乌克兰地下组织" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ukrainian underground"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%8B%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乌克兰地下组织(页面不存在)">乌克兰地下组织</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_underground" class="extiw" title="en:Ukrainian underground"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ukrainian underground</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="字母派" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lettrism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="字母派(页面不存在)">字母派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettrism" class="extiw" title="en:Lettrism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lettrism</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85" title="字母主义国际">字母主义国际</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="超字母派" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ultra-Lettrist"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超字母派(页面不存在)">超字母派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-Lettrist" class="extiw" title="en:Ultra-Lettrist"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ultra-Lettrist</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="控制论艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cybernetic art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E8%AE%BA%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="控制论艺术(页面不存在)">控制论艺术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetic_art" class="extiw" title="en:Cybernetic art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cybernetic art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="相反主義" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Antipodeans"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B8%E5%8F%8D%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="相反主義(页面不存在)">相反主義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipodeans" class="extiw" title="en:Antipodeans"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Antipodeans</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1960–1969</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Zero (艺术)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Zero (art)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zero_(%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zero (艺术)(页面不存在)">ZERO</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_(art)" class="extiw" title="en:Zero (art)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Zero (art)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%B6%E5%8F%91%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="偶发艺术">偶发艺术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%81%94%E9%81%94%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="新達達主義">新達達主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%99%AE%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="奥普艺术">奥普艺术</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="新现实主义 (艺术)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nouveau réalisme"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89_(%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新现实主义 (艺术)(页面不存在)">新现实主义 (艺术)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouveau_r%C3%A9alisme" class="extiw" title="en:Nouveau réalisme"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nouveau réalisme</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="新趋势" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nouvelle tendance"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E8%B6%8B%E5%8A%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新趋势(页面不存在)">新趋势</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouvelle_tendance" class="extiw" title="en:Nouvelle tendance"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nouvelle tendance</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="资本主义现实主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Capitalist realism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="资本主义现实主义(页面不存在)">资本主义现实主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalist_realism" class="extiw" title="en:Capitalist realism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Capitalist realism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E4%B8%8E%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="艺术与语言">艺术与语言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%AB%E7%A9%B7%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="贫穷艺术">贫穷艺术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%BF%B5%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="觀念藝術">觀念藝術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="大地艺术">大地艺术</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="系统艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Systems art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="系统艺术(页面不存在)">系统艺术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_art" class="extiw" title="en:Systems art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Systems art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%B1%E5%83%8F%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="影像艺术">影像艺术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E7%B0%A1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="極簡主義">極簡主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%80%E6%B5%AA%E6%B4%BE" title="激浪派">激浪派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="生成艺术">生成艺术</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="後繪畫性抽象" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Post-painterly abstraction"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%8C%E7%B9%AA%E7%95%AB%E6%80%A7%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="後繪畫性抽象(页面不存在)">後繪畫性抽象</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-painterly_abstraction" class="extiw" title="en:Post-painterly abstraction"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Post-painterly abstraction</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="多媒体艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Intermedia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E5%AA%92%E4%BD%93%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多媒体艺术(页面不存在)">多媒体艺术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermedia" class="extiw" title="en:Intermedia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Intermedia</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="迷幻艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Psychedelic art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%B7%E5%B9%BB%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="迷幻艺术(页面不存在)">迷幻艺术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_art" class="extiw" title="en:Psychedelic art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Psychedelic art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="坚果艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nut art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9D%9A%E6%9E%9C%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="坚果艺术(页面不存在)">坚果艺术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_art" class="extiw" title="en:Nut art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nut art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A7%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%AB%E5%AF%A6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="照相寫實主義">照相寫實主義</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="环保艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Environmental art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%AF%E4%BF%9D%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="环保艺术(页面不存在)">环保艺术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_art" class="extiw" title="en:Environmental art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Environmental art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="行为艺术">行为艺术</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="过程艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Process art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="过程艺术(页面不存在)">过程艺术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_art" class="extiw" title="en:Process art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Process art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="机构批判" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Institutional critique"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="机构批判(页面不存在)">机构批判</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_critique" class="extiw" title="en:Institutional critique"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Institutional critique</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="光与空间艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Light and Space"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%89%E4%B8%8E%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="光与空间艺术(页面不存在)">光与空间艺术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_and_Space" class="extiw" title="en:Light and Space"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Light and Space</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%97%E9%A0%AD%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="街頭藝術">街頭藝術</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1970–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="后概念艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Post-conceptual art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8E%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="后概念艺术(页面不存在)">后概念艺术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-conceptual_art" class="extiw" title="en:Post-conceptual art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Post-conceptual art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%9D%E7%BD%AE%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="裝置藝術">裝置藝術</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="电脑艺术群" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Artscene"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B5%E8%84%91%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E7%BE%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="电脑艺术群(页面不存在)">电脑艺术群</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artscene" class="extiw" title="en:Artscene"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Artscene</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="后极简主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Postminimalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8E%E6%9E%81%E7%AE%80%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="后极简主义(页面不存在)">后极简主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postminimalism" class="extiw" title="en:Postminimalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Postminimalism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="耐力艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Endurance art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%90%E5%8A%9B%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="耐力艺术(页面不存在)">耐力艺术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurance_art" class="extiw" title="en:Endurance art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Endurance art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="苏联流行艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sots Art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏联流行艺术(页面不存在)">苏联流行艺术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sots_Art" class="extiw" title="en:Sots Art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sots Art</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="莫斯科概念派" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Moscow Conceptualists"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="莫斯科概念派(页面不存在)">莫斯科概念派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Conceptualists" class="extiw" title="en:Moscow Conceptualists"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Moscow Conceptualists</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="图案和装饰复兴" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pattern and Decoration"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BE%E6%A1%88%E5%92%8C%E8%A3%85%E9%A5%B0%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="图案和装饰复兴(页面不存在)">图案和装饰复兴</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_and_Decoration" class="extiw" title="en:Pattern and Decoration"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pattern and Decoration</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="朋克视觉艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Punk visual art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%8B%E5%85%8B%E8%A7%86%E8%A7%89%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="朋克视觉艺术(页面不存在)">朋克艺术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_visual_art" class="extiw" title="en:Punk visual art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Punk visual art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%A1%A8%E7%8F%BE%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="新表現主義">新表現主義</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="超前卫艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Transavantgarde"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E5%89%8D%E5%8D%AB%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超前卫艺术(页面不存在)">超前卫艺术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transavantgarde" class="extiw" title="en:Transavantgarde"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Transavantgarde</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="游击艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Guerrilla art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%B8%E5%87%BB%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="游击艺术(页面不存在)">游击艺术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_art" class="extiw" title="en:Guerrilla art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Guerrilla art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="低俗(艺术运动)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lowbrow (art movement)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%8E%E4%BF%97%EF%BC%88%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="低俗(艺术运动)(页面不存在)">低俗艺术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowbrow_(art_movement)" class="extiw" title="en:Lowbrow (art movement)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lowbrow (art movement)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="远程艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Telematic art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%9C%E7%A8%8B%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="远程艺术(页面不存在)">远程艺术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telematic_art" class="extiw" title="en:Telematic art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Telematic art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E7%94%A8_(%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF)" title="挪用 (艺术)">挪用</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="新观念艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Neo-conceptual art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E8%A7%82%E5%BF%B5%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新观念艺术(页面不存在)">新观念艺术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-conceptual_art" class="extiw" title="en:Neo-conceptual art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Neo-conceptual art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="新欧洲绘画" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="New European Painting"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E7%BB%98%E7%94%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新欧洲绘画(页面不存在)">新欧洲绘画</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_European_Painting" class="extiw" title="en:New European Painting"><span lang="en" dir="auto">New European Painting</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF%E9%9B%86%E5%9C%98" title="孟菲斯集團">孟菲斯集團</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="网络迷幻艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cyberdelic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E8%BF%B7%E5%B9%BB%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="网络迷幻艺术(页面不存在)">网络迷幻艺术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberdelic" class="extiw" title="en:Cyberdelic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cyberdelic</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="新斯洛文尼亚艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Neue Slowenische Kunst"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%87%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新斯洛文尼亚艺术(页面不存在)">新斯洛文尼亚艺术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neue_Slowenische_Kunst" class="extiw" title="en:Neue Slowenische Kunst"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Neue Slowenische Kunst</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="刮刮视频" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Scratch video"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%AE%E5%88%AE%E8%A7%86%E9%A2%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="刮刮视频(页面不存在)">刮刮视频</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch_video" class="extiw" title="en:Scratch video"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Scratch video</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8D%E5%8F%A4%E6%9C%AA%E6%9D%A5%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="复古未来主义">复古未来主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E9%9D%92%E5%B9%B4%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E5%AE%B6" title="英国青年艺术家">英国青年艺术家</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="超级虚构" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Superfiction"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E7%BA%A7%E8%99%9A%E6%9E%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超级虚构(页面不存在)">超级虚构</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfiction" class="extiw" title="en:Superfiction"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Superfiction</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="新莱比锡学校" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="New Leipzig School"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E8%8E%B1%E6%AF%94%E9%94%A1%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新莱比锡学校(页面不存在)">新莱比锡学校</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Leipzig_School" class="extiw" title="en:New Leipzig School"><span lang="en" dir="auto">New Leipzig School</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="艺术家经营的倡议" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Artist-run initiative"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E5%AE%B6%E7%BB%8F%E8%90%A5%E7%9A%84%E5%80%A1%E8%AE%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艺术家经营的倡议(页面不存在)">艺术家经营的倡议</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artist-run_initiative" class="extiw" title="en:Artist-run initiative"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Artist-run initiative</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="设计师协会" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="The Designers Republic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E5%B8%88%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="设计师协会(页面不存在)">设计师协会</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Designers_Republic" class="extiw" title="en:The Designers Republic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">The Designers Republic</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B9%E6%BC%AC%E6%90%96%E6%BB%BE" title="油漬搖滾">油漬搖滾</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">2000–<br />如今</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="更改藝術" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Altermodern"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="更改藝術(页面不存在)">更改藝術</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altermodern" class="extiw" title="en:Altermodern"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Altermodern</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BA%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E8%80%8C%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="为艺术而艺术">为艺术而艺术</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="艺术游戏" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Art game"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艺术游戏(页面不存在)">艺术游戏</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_game" class="extiw" title="en:Art game"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Art game</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="艺术介入品" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Art intervention"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E4%BB%8B%E5%85%A5%E5%93%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艺术介入品(页面不存在)">艺术介入品</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_intervention" class="extiw" title="en:Art intervention"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Art intervention</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="品牌破坏" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Brandalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%81%E7%89%8C%E7%A0%B4%E5%9D%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="品牌破坏(页面不存在)">品牌破坏</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandalism" class="extiw" title="en:Brandalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Brandalism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="古典现实主义">古典现实主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFT" title="NFT">密码艺术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%BD%E5%8D%9A%E6%A0%BC%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="賽博格藝術">賽博格藝術</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="誇張主義" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Excessivism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%87%E5%BC%B5%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="誇張主義(页面不存在)">誇張主義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excessivism" class="extiw" title="en:Excessivism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Excessivism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="虚构艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fictive art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%99%9A%E6%9E%84%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="虚构艺术(页面不存在)">虚构艺术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictive_art" class="extiw" title="en:Fictive art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fictive art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%81%E5%B9%B3%E5%8C%96%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1" title="扁平化设计">扁平化设计</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="企业孟菲斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Corporate Memphis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E5%AD%9F%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="企业孟菲斯(页面不存在)">企业孟菲斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Memphis" class="extiw" title="en:Corporate Memphis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Corporate Memphis</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="游击动物园" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Guerrilla Zoo"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%B8%E5%87%BB%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%9B%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="游击动物园(页面不存在)">游击动物园</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_Zoo" class="extiw" title="en:Guerrilla Zoo"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Guerrilla Zoo</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="人类数字乐团" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Human Digital Orchestra"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E4%B9%90%E5%9B%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人类数字乐团(页面不存在)">人类数字乐团</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Digital_Orchestra" class="extiw" title="en:Human Digital Orchestra"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Human Digital Orchestra</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="超现代主义 (艺术)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hypermodernism (art)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89_(%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超现代主义 (艺术)(页面不存在)">超现代主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypermodernism_(art)" class="extiw" title="en:Hypermodernism (art)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hypermodernism (art)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E7%BA%A7%E5%86%99%E5%AE%9E%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="超级写实主义">超级写实主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="理念艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Idea art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E5%BF%B5%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="理念艺术(页面不存在)">理念艺术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idea_art" class="extiw" title="en:Idea art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Idea art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="网络艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Internet art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="网络艺术(页面不存在)">网络艺术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_art" class="extiw" title="en:Internet art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Internet art</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="后网络艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Post-Internet"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8E%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="后网络艺术(页面不存在)">后网络艺术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Internet" class="extiw" title="en:Post-Internet"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Post-Internet</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="iPhone艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="iPhone art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=IPhone%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IPhone艺术(页面不存在)">iPhone艺术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/iPhone_art" class="extiw" title="en:iPhone art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">iPhone art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="媚俗运动" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kitsch movement"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AA%9A%E4%BF%97%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="媚俗运动(页面不存在)">媚俗运动</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsch_movement" class="extiw" title="en:Kitsch movement"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kitsch movement</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="光绘" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lightpainting"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%89%E7%BB%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="光绘(页面不存在)">光绘</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightpainting" class="extiw" title="en:Lightpainting"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lightpainting</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%97%E8%B6%85%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="大众超现实主义">大众超现实主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="现代欧洲水墨画" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Modern European ink painting"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E6%B0%B4%E5%A2%A8%E7%94%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="现代欧洲水墨画(页面不存在)">现代欧洲水墨画</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_European_ink_painting" class="extiw" title="en:Modern European ink painting"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Modern European ink painting</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%9C%AA%E6%9D%A5%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="新未来主义">新未来主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="新現代主義建築">新現代主義</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="新象征主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Neosymbolism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E8%B1%A1%E5%BE%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新象征主义(页面不存在)">新象征主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neosymbolism" class="extiw" title="en:Neosymbolism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Neosymbolism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="激情主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Passionism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BF%80%E6%83%85%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="激情主义(页面不存在)">激情主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passionism" class="extiw" title="en:Passionism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Passionism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="后YBA" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Post-YBAs"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8EYBA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="后YBA(页面不存在)">后YBA</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-YBAs" class="extiw" title="en:Post-YBAs"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Post-YBAs</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%B8" title="關係美學">關係美學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%BF%E5%88%B6%E5%93%81" title="仿制品">拟物艺术</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="南佛罗里达超扁平" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="SoFlo Superflat"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E4%BD%9B%E7%BD%97%E9%87%8C%E8%BE%BE%E8%B6%85%E6%89%81%E5%B9%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南佛罗里达超扁平(页面不存在)">南佛罗里达超扁平</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoFlo_Superflat" class="extiw" title="en:SoFlo Superflat"><span lang="en" dir="auto">SoFlo Superflat</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="软件艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Software art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="软件艺术(页面不存在)">软件艺术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_art" class="extiw" title="en:Software art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Software art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E9%9F%B3%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="聲音藝術">聲音藝術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E8%A7%80%E5%BF%B5%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="反觀念主義">反觀念主義</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="超笔风格" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Superstroke"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E7%AC%94%E9%A3%8E%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超笔风格(页面不存在)">超笔风格</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstroke" class="extiw" title="en:Superstroke"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Superstroke</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%A9%E5%85%B7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="玩具主义">玩具主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="单一主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Unilalianism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%95%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="单一主义(页面不存在)">单一主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unilalianism" class="extiw" title="en:Unilalianism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Unilalianism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="行走艺术家网" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Walking Artists Network"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%8C%E8%B5%B0%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E5%AE%B6%E7%BD%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="行走艺术家网(页面不存在)">行走艺术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking_Artists_Network" class="extiw" title="en:Walking Artists Network"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Walking Artists Network</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%">非西方,<br />但于西方<br />艺术相关</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">传统/<br /> 前现代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="非洲艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="African art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非洲艺术(页面不存在)">非洲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_art" class="extiw" title="en:African art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">African art</span></a></span>)</span></span>与<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E8%A3%94" class="mw-redirect" title="非裔">非裔</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E8%A3%94%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="非裔美國人藝術">非裔美國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="古埃及艺术">古埃及</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="古埃及艺术">努比亚</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="加勒比艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Caribbean art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A0%E5%8B%92%E6%AF%94%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="加勒比艺术(页面不存在)">加勒比</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_art" class="extiw" title="en:Caribbean art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Caribbean art</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="海地艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Haitian art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海地艺术(页面不存在)">海地</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_art" class="extiw" title="en:Haitian art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Haitian art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="科普特艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Coptic art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科普特艺术(页面不存在)">科普特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_art" class="extiw" title="en:Coptic art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Coptic art</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="埃塞俄比亚艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ethiopian art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="埃塞俄比亚艺术(页面不存在)">埃塞俄比亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_art" class="extiw" title="en:Ethiopian art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ethiopian art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="利比里亚文化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Culture of Liberia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E6%AF%94%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="利比里亚文化(页面不存在)">利比里亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Liberia" class="extiw" title="en:Culture of Liberia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Culture of Liberia</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="塞拉利昂的艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Art in Sierra Leone"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%89%E5%88%A9%E6%98%82%E7%9A%84%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塞拉利昂的艺术(页面不存在)">塞拉利昂</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_in_Sierra_Leone" class="extiw" title="en:Art in Sierra Leone"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Art in Sierra Leone</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E6%B4%B2%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E5%8F%B2" title="亚洲艺术史">亚洲</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古代南阿拉伯艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ancient South Arabian art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%8D%97%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古代南阿拉伯艺术(页面不存在)">古代南阿拉伯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_art" class="extiw" title="en:Ancient South Arabian art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ancient South Arabian art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E8%B3%93%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="菲律賓藝術">菲律賓</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="字母和数字" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Letras y figuras"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E5%92%8C%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="字母和数字(页面不存在)">字母和数字</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letras_y_figuras" class="extiw" title="en:Letras y figuras"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Letras y figuras</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li>西方艺术对<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="印度艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Indian art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="印度藝術">印度</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_art" class="extiw" title="en:Indian art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Indian art</span></a></span>)</span></span>的影响 <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="公司画派" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Company style"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E7%94%BB%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="公司画派(页面不存在)">公司画派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_style" class="extiw" title="en:Company style"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Company style</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="印度-希腊艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Indo-Greek art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度-希腊艺术(页面不存在)">印度-希腊</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Greek_art" class="extiw" title="en:Indo-Greek art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Indo-Greek art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拉贾·拉维·华玛" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Raja Ravi Varma"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E8%B4%BE%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E7%BB%B4%C2%B7%E5%8D%8E%E7%8E%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉贾·拉维·华玛(页面不存在)">拉贾·拉维·华玛</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ravi_Varma" class="extiw" title="en:Raja Ravi Varma"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Raja Ravi Varma</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%85%80%E5%85%92%E7%B9%AA%E7%95%AB" title="蒙兀兒繪畫">蒙兀兒</a></li></ul></li> <li>西方艺术对<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="日本藝術">日本</a> 的影响 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8B%E7%94%B0%E8%98%AD%E7%95%AB" title="秋田蘭畫">秋田蘭畫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%AE%E7%B9%AA" title="浮繪">浮繪</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="洋画 (艺术)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Yōga"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%8B%E7%94%BB_(%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="洋画 (艺术)(页面不存在)">洋画 (艺术)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%8Dga" class="extiw" title="en:Yōga"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Yōga</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="伊斯蘭藝術">伊斯蘭</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E8%BE%BE%E5%8D%A2%E6%96%AF" title="安达卢斯">摩尔</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯兰对西方艺术的影响" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Islamic influences on Western art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%AF%B9%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E7%9A%84%E5%BD%B1%E5%93%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯兰对西方艺术的影响(页面不存在)">对西方艺术的影响</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_influences_on_Western_art" class="extiw" title="en:Islamic influences on Western art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Islamic influences on Western art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="摩尼教艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Manichaean art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%BC%E6%95%99%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="摩尼教艺术(页面不存在)">摩尼教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manichaean_art" class="extiw" title="en:Manichaean art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Manichaean art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美索不达米亚艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Art of Mesopotamia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E7%B4%A2%E4%B8%8D%E8%BE%BE%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9A%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美索不达米亚艺术(页面不存在)">美索不达米亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_Mesopotamia" class="extiw" title="en:Art of Mesopotamia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Art of Mesopotamia</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="波斯艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Persian art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波斯艺术(页面不存在)">波斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_art" class="extiw" title="en:Persian art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Persian art</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%91%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="阿契美尼德帝国">阿契美尼德</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="帕提亚艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Parthian art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%9A%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="帕提亚艺术(页面不存在)">帕提亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_art" class="extiw" title="en:Parthian art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Parthian art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="卡扎尔艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Qajar art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E6%89%8E%E5%B0%94%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡扎尔艺术(页面不存在)">卡扎尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qajar_art" class="extiw" title="en:Qajar art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Qajar art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E7%8F%8A%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="薩珊藝術">萨珊</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E5%B0%BC%E5%9F%BA" title="腓尼基">腓尼基</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拉丁美洲艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Latin American art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉丁美洲艺术(页面不存在)">拉丁美洲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_art" class="extiw" title="en:Latin American art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Latin American art</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94" title="卡斯塔">卡斯塔</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="印度基督教艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Indochristian art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度基督教艺术(页面不存在)">印度基督教艺术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indochristian_art" class="extiw" title="en:Indochristian art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Indochristian art</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="奇洛特宗教图像学校" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Chilote School of Religious Imagery"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%87%E6%B4%9B%E7%89%B9%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%9B%BE%E5%83%8F%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奇洛特宗教图像学校(页面不存在)">奇洛特学校</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilote_School_of_Religious_Imagery" class="extiw" title="en:Chilote School of Religious Imagery"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Chilote School of Religious Imagery</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="库斯科学派" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cusco School"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="库斯科学派(页面不存在)">库斯科学派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cusco_School" class="extiw" title="en:Cusco School"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cusco School</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="基多学派" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quito School"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%A4%9A%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基多学派(页面不存在)">基多学派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quito_School" class="extiw" title="en:Quito School"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quito School</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">现代与<br />当代<br />(非西方)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="非洲未来主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Africanfuturism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E6%9C%AA%E6%9D%A5%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非洲未来主义(页面不存在)">非洲未来主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africanfuturism" class="extiw" title="en:Africanfuturism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Africanfuturism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="非裔未来主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Afrofuturism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E8%A3%94%E6%9C%AA%E6%9D%A5%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非裔未来主义(页面不存在)">非裔未来主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrofuturism" class="extiw" title="en:Afrofuturism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Afrofuturism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亚马逊流行艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Amazonian pop art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9A%E9%A9%AC%E9%80%8A%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亚马逊流行艺术(页面不存在)">亚马逊流行艺术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonian_pop_art" class="extiw" title="en:Amazonian pop art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Amazonian pop art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="嗜人者宣言" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Manifesto Antropófago"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%97%9C%E4%BA%BA%E8%80%85%E5%AE%A3%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="嗜人者宣言(页面不存在)">嗜人者宣言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifesto_Antrop%C3%B3fago" class="extiw" title="en:Manifesto Antropófago"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Manifesto Antropófago</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="艺术激进主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Artivism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E6%BF%80%E8%BF%9B%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艺术激进主义(页面不存在)">艺术激进主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artivism" class="extiw" title="en:Artivism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Artivism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="黑人艺术运动" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Black Arts Movement"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E4%BA%BA%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黑人艺术运动(页面不存在)">黑人艺术运动</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Arts_Movement" class="extiw" title="en:Black Arts Movement"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Black Arts Movement</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="加勒比艺术家运动" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="The Caribbean Artists Movement"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A0%E5%8B%92%E6%AF%94%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E5%AE%B6%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="加勒比艺术家运动(页面不存在)">加勒比艺术家运动</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Caribbean_Artists_Movement" class="extiw" title="en:The Caribbean Artists Movement"><span lang="en" dir="auto">The Caribbean Artists Movement</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="奇卡诺艺术运动" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Chicano art movement"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%87%E5%8D%A1%E8%AF%BA%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奇卡诺艺术运动(页面不存在)">奇卡诺艺术运动</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicano_art_movement" class="extiw" title="en:Chicano art movement"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Chicano art movement</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="当代非洲艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Contemporary African art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%93%E4%BB%A3%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="当代非洲艺术(页面不存在)">当代非洲艺术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_African_art" class="extiw" title="en:Contemporary African art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Contemporary African art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="当代澳大利亚本土艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Contemporary Indigenous Australian art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%93%E4%BB%A3%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%9F%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="当代澳大利亚本土艺术(页面不存在)">当代澳大利亚本土艺术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Indigenous_Australian_art" class="extiw" title="en:Contemporary Indigenous Australian art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Contemporary Indigenous Australian art</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%BD%98%E4%BA%9E%E5%9C%96%E6%8B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="帕潘亞圖拉">帕潘亞圖拉</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="斗鸡社" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fighting Cock Society"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%97%E9%B8%A1%E7%A4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斗鸡社(页面不存在)">斗鸡社</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_Cock_Society" class="extiw" title="en:Fighting Cock Society"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fighting Cock Society</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拦路强盗(风景画家)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="The Highwaymen (landscape artists)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%A6%E8%B7%AF%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%97%EF%BC%88%E9%A3%8E%E6%99%AF%E7%94%BB%E5%AE%B6%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拦路强盗(风景画家)(页面不存在)">佛罗里达拦路强盗</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Highwaymen_(landscape_artists)" class="extiw" title="en:The Highwaymen (landscape artists)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">The Highwaymen (landscape artists)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="当代艺术会议" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%93%E4%BB%A3%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="当代艺术会议(页面不存在)">当代艺术会议</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendai_Bijutsu_Kondankai" class="extiw" title="en:Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="破裂产生" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Generación de la Ruptura"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A0%B4%E8%A3%82%E4%BA%A7%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="破裂产生(页面不存在)">破裂产生</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Ruptura" class="extiw" title="en:Generación de la Ruptura"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Generación de la Ruptura</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="具体艺术协会" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gutai Art Association"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B7%E4%BD%93%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="具体艺术协会(页面不存在)">具体艺术协会</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutai_Art_Association" class="extiw" title="en:Gutai Art Association"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gutai Art Association</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%8E%B1%E5%A7%86%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="哈莱姆文艺复兴">哈莱姆文艺复兴</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="实研工房" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jikken Kōbō"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%9E%E7%A0%94%E5%B7%A5%E6%88%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="实研工房(页面不存在)">实研工房</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jikken_K%C5%8Db%C5%8D" class="extiw" title="en:Jikken Kōbō"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jikken Kōbō</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>拉丁美洲 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E4%BF%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="风俗主义">服装主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拉丁美洲艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Latin American art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉丁美洲艺术(页面不存在)">建构主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_art" class="extiw" title="en:Latin American art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Latin American art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拉丁美洲艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Latin American art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉丁美洲艺术(页面不存在)">超现实主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_art" class="extiw" title="en:Latin American art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Latin American art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="梅特卡夫城堡" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Metcalf Chateau"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%85%E7%89%B9%E5%8D%A1%E5%A4%AB%E5%9F%8E%E5%A0%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="梅特卡夫城堡(页面不存在)">梅特卡夫城堡</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metcalf_Chateau" class="extiw" title="en:Metcalf Chateau"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Metcalf Chateau</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E5%A3%81%E7%95%AB%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="墨西哥壁畫運動">墨西哥壁畫運動</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="民芸" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mingei"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E8%8A%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="民芸(页面不存在)">民芸</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingei" class="extiw" title="en:Mingei"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mingei</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="物派 (日本画)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mono-ha"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E6%B4%BE_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%95%AB)" title="物派 (日本畫)">物派 (日本画)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mono-ha" class="extiw" title="en:Mono-ha"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mono-ha</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="南洋风格" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nanyang Style"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E6%B4%8B%E9%A3%8E%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南洋风格(页面不存在)">南洋风格</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanyang_Style" class="extiw" title="en:Nanyang Style"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nanyang Style</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="新达达组织者" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Neo-Dada Organizers"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E8%BE%BE%E8%BE%BE%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E8%80%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新达达组织者(页面不存在)">新达达组织者</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Dada_Organizers" class="extiw" title="en:Neo-Dada Organizers"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Neo-Dada Organizers</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="新的存在" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nueva Presencia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E7%9A%84%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新的存在(页面不存在)">新的存在</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Presencia" class="extiw" title="en:Nueva Presencia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nueva Presencia</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="另一种形象" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Otra Figuración"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A6%E4%B8%80%E7%A7%8D%E5%BD%A2%E8%B1%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="另一种形象(页面不存在)">另一种形象</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otra_Figuraci%C3%B3n" class="extiw" title="en:Otra Figuración"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Otra Figuración</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="海地艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Haitian art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海地艺术(页面不存在)">圣索莱伊学校</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_art" class="extiw" title="en:Haitian art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Haitian art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊朗现当代艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Iranian modern and contemporary art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E7%8E%B0%E5%BD%93%E4%BB%A3%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊朗现当代艺术(页面不存在)">萨卡哈内运动</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art" class="extiw" title="en:Iranian modern and contemporary art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Iranian modern and contemporary art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="星星艺术团" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="The Stars Art Group"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E6%98%9F%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E5%9B%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="星星艺术团(页面不存在)">星星艺术团</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stars_Art_Group" class="extiw" title="en:The Stars Art Group"><span lang="en" dir="auto">The Stars Art Group</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="超扁平" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Superflat"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E6%89%81%E5%B9%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超扁平(页面不存在)">超扁平</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superflat" class="extiw" title="en:Superflat"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Superflat</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="米舞画派" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Taring Padi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B1%B3%E8%88%9E%E7%94%BB%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="米舞画派(页面不存在)">米舞画派</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taring_Padi" class="extiw" title="en:Taring Padi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Taring Padi</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="熱帶主義運動">熱帶主義運動</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="突尼斯合作绘画" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tunisian collaborative painting"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AA%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%BB%98%E7%94%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="突尼斯合作绘画(页面不存在)">突尼斯合作绘画</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_collaborative_painting" class="extiw" title="en:Tunisian collaborative painting"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tunisian collaborative painting</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="普遍建构主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Universal Constructivism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E9%81%8D%E5%BB%BA%E6%9E%84%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普遍建构主义(页面不存在)">普遍建构主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Constructivism" class="extiw" title="en:Universal Constructivism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Universal Constructivism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="夜社会 (日本)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Yoru no Kai"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9C%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="夜社会 (日本)(页面不存在)">夜社会 (日本)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoru_no_Kai" class="extiw" title="en:Yoru no Kai"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Yoru no Kai</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%">相关话题</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="藝術歷史">藝術歷史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="抽象藝術">抽象藝術</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="无语义写作" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Asemic writing"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E8%AF%AD%E4%B9%89%E5%86%99%E4%BD%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="无语义写作(页面不存在)">无语义写作</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asemic_writing" class="extiw" title="en:Asemic writing"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Asemic writing</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="动物画家" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Animal painter"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E7%94%BB%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="动物画家(页面不存在)">动物画家</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_painter" class="extiw" title="en:Animal painter"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Animal painter</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="反艺术">反艺术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E8%A1%9B" title="前衛">前衛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E8%8A%AD%E8%95%BE%E8%88%9E%E5%9B%A2" title="俄罗斯芭蕾舞团">俄罗斯芭蕾舞团</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%AF%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="凯尔特艺术">凯尔特艺术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="基督教藝術">基督教藝術</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="新教改革与反宗教改革的艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E6%95%99%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%B8%8E%E5%8F%8D%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E7%9A%84%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新教改革与反宗教改革的艺术(页面不存在)">新教改革与反宗教改革的艺术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" class="extiw" title="en:Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="天主教艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Catholic art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="天主教艺术(页面不存在)">天主教艺术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_art" class="extiw" title="en:Catholic art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Catholic art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%83%8F%E7%95%AB" title="聖像畫">聖像畫</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="路德艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lutheran art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="路德艺术(页面不存在)">路德艺术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran_art" class="extiw" title="en:Lutheran art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lutheran art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="数字艺术">数字艺术</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="奇妙艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fantastic art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%87%E5%A6%99%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奇妙艺术(页面不存在)">奇妙艺术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic_art" class="extiw" title="en:Fantastic art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fantastic art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="女权主义艺术运动" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Feminist art movement"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B3%E6%9D%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="女权主义艺术运动(页面不存在)">女权主义艺术运动</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" class="extiw" title="en:Feminist art movement"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Feminist art movement</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国女权主义艺术运动" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Feminist art movement in the United States"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%A5%B3%E6%9D%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国女权主义艺术运动(页面不存在)">在美国</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_art_movement_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Feminist art movement in the United States"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Feminist art movement in the United States</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E9%96%93%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="民間藝術">民間藝術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E4%BF%97%E7%94%BB" title="风俗画">风俗画</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="流派的层次" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hierarchy of genres"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%81%E6%B4%BE%E7%9A%84%E5%B1%82%E6%AC%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="流派的层次(页面不存在)">流派的层次</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_of_genres" class="extiw" title="en:Hierarchy of genres"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hierarchy of genres</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E7%95%AB" title="歷史畫">歷史畫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E9%87%91%E8%A3%9D%E9%A3%BE%E6%89%8B%E6%8A%84%E6%9C%AC" title="泥金裝飾手抄本">泥金裝飾手抄本</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%92%E7%95%AB" title="插畫">插畫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="犹太文化">犹太文化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AA%9A%E4%BF%97" title="媚俗">媚俗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A8%E6%99%AF%E7%95%AB" title="風景畫">風景畫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="現代主義">現代主義</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="现代主义雕塑" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Modern sculpture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="现代主义雕塑(页面不存在)">现代主义雕塑</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_sculpture" class="extiw" title="en:Modern sculpture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Modern sculpture</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="晚期現代主義">晚期現代主義</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A0%E4%BA%BA%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="素人藝術">素人藝術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E4%B8%BB%E6%B5%81%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="非主流藝術">非主流藝術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%96%E5%83%8F" title="肖像">肖像</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="原始藝術">原始欧洲艺术</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="酷儿艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Queer art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%85%B7%E5%84%BF%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="酷儿艺术(页面不存在)">酷儿艺术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queer_art" class="extiw" title="en:Queer art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Queer art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="现实主义">现实主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="震撼艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Shock art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%87%E6%92%BC%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="震撼艺术(页面不存在)">震撼艺术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_art" class="extiw" title="en:Shock art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Shock art</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%86%E8%A7%89%E9%99%B7%E9%98%B1" title="视觉陷阱">视觉陷阱</a></i></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西方绘画" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Western painting"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E7%BB%98%E7%94%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西方绘画(页面不存在)">西方绘画</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_painting" class="extiw" title="en:Western painting"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Western painting</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Template:%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E5%BA%95%E9%83%A8%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF" title="Template:文藝復興底部模板"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E5%BA%95%E9%83%A8%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF" title="Template talk:文藝復興底部模板"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E5%BA%95%E9%83%A8%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:文藝復興底部模板"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="文艺复兴" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">文艺复兴</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="Category:文艺复兴">概況</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="卡洛林文艺复兴">卡洛林文艺复兴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="12世纪的文艺复兴">12世纪的文艺复兴</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">文艺复兴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A8%E6%A0%BC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="風格主義">風格主義</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="北方风格主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Northern Mannerism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9%E9%A3%8E%E6%A0%BC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="北方风格主义(页面不存在)">北方风格主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Mannerism" class="extiw" title="en:Northern Mannerism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Northern Mannerism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> 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title="火藥戰爭(页面不存在)">火藥戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E6%96%87%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉丁文文藝復興(页面不存在)">拉丁文</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文藝復興文學(页面不存在)">文學</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E9%AD%94%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文藝復興魔法(页面不存在)">魔法</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文藝復興醫學(页面不存在)">醫學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90" title="文艺复兴音乐">音樂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="文藝復興藝術">美術</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文藝復興哲學(页面不存在)">哲學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="文藝復興科學史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of science in the Renaissance"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文藝復興科學史(页面不存在)">科学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_science_in_the_Renaissance" class="extiw" title="en:History of science in the Renaissance"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of science in the Renaissance</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="科学革命">科学革命</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文藝復興技術(页面不存在)">技術</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E6%88%B2%E5%8A%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文藝復興戲劇(页面不存在)">戲劇</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">地區</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="英國文藝復興(页面不存在)">英國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="法国文艺复兴">法國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="德国文艺复兴">德國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88" title="義大利文藝復興">義大利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88" title="北方文藝復興">北方</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波蘭文藝復興(页面不存在)">波蘭</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="荷蘭文藝復興(页面不存在)">荷蘭</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西班牙文藝復興(页面不存在)">西班牙</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4%E4%B8%89%E6%9D%B0" title="文艺复兴三杰">人物</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">文坛三杰</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" 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aria-labelledby="西方世界与西方文化" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_culture" title="Template:Western culture"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_culture" title="Template talk:Western culture"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Western_culture" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Western culture"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="西方世界与西方文化" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="西方世界">西方世界</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化">西方文化</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">基礎</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E6%91%87%E7%AF%AE" title="文明摇篮">文明搖籃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8A%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="舊大陸">舊大陸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E2%80%94%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="希臘—羅馬世界">希臘-羅馬世界</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="古希腊">古希腊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="希腊帝国">希臘帝國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%8C%96%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="希臘化時代">希臘化時代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC" title="古罗马">古罗马</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="羅馬帝國">羅馬帝國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="西羅馬帝國">西羅馬帝國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="拜占庭帝國">拜占庭帝國</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅馬帝國的遺產" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Legacy of the Roman Empire"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%81%BA%E7%94%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬帝國的遺產(页面不存在)">羅馬帝國的遺產</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="extiw" title="en:Legacy of the Roman Empire"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Legacy of the Roman Empire</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%8C%96_(%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96)" title="羅馬化 (文化)">羅馬化</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅馬-日耳曼文化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Romano-Germanic culture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC-%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="羅馬-日耳曼文化(页面不存在)">羅馬-日耳曼文化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" class="extiw" title="en:Romano-Germanic culture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Romano-Germanic culture</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="基督教世界">基督教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%88%87%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="西方拉丁世界與東方希臘世界">「西方」與「東方」</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西方文明歷史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of Western civilization"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西方文明歷史(页面不存在)">歷史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" class="extiw" title="en:History of Western civilization"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of Western civilization</span></a></span>)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="銅時代的歐洲" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bronze Age Europe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%8A%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E7%9A%84%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="銅時代的歐洲(页面不存在)">銅時代的歐洲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" class="extiw" title="en:Bronze Age Europe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bronze Age Europe</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="古典时代">古典时代</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F" title="古典时代晚期">古典时代晚期</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="中世纪">中世纪</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%89%8D%E6%9C%9F" title="中世纪前期">中世紀前期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E7%9B%9B%E6%9C%9F" title="中世紀盛期">中世紀盛期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%BE%8C%E6%9C%9F" title="中世紀後期">中世紀後期</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">文艺复兴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3" title="早期现代">近代早期</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="宗教改革">宗教改革</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0" title="地理大发现">地理大发现</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%9F%E8%92%99%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="啟蒙時代">啟蒙時代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="科学革命">科学革命</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2" title="近代史">近代晚期</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="革命時代" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Age of Revolution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="革命时代">革命時代</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Revolution" class="extiw" title="en:Age of Revolution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Age of Revolution</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%AA%E6%BC%AB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="浪漫主義">浪漫主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A2%E5%A5%B4%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="廢奴主義">廢奴主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE" title="解放">解放</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A2%E5%A5%B4%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="廢奴主義">廢奴主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="第一次工业革命">工业革命</a> (<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%86%E6%B5%81" title="大分流">大分流</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="資本主義">資本主義</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2" title="現代史">现代</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="現代主義">現代主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="第一次世界大戰">第一次世界大戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E9%97%B4%E6%9C%9F" title="战间期">战间期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" class="mw-redirect" title="普通選舉">普通選舉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="第二次世界大戰">第二次世界大戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E6%88%98" title="冷战">冷战</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E5%86%B7%E6%88%B0%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="後冷戰時代">後冷戰</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="資訊時代">數位革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%81%90%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="反恐战争">反恐戰爭</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="西方文化">文化</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E9%9F%B3%E7%B4%A0%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="全音素文字">字母</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘字母">希臘字母</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="拉丁字母">拉丁字母</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E7%88%BE%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="西里爾字母">西里爾字母</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="建築學">建築學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="歐洲藝術" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Art of Europe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="歐洲藝術(页面不存在)">藝術</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_Europe" class="extiw" title="en:Art of Europe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Art of Europe</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西方藝術史上的各個時期" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Periods in Western art history"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E5%90%84%E5%80%8B%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西方藝術史上的各個時期(页面不存在)">各個時期</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" class="extiw" title="en:Periods in Western art history"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Periods in Western art history</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%9B%86" class="mw-redirect" title="公曆">公曆</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="歐洲美食" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="European cuisine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E7%BE%8E%E9%A3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="歐洲美食(页面不存在)">美食</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_cuisine" class="extiw" title="en:European cuisine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">European cuisine</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西式飲食" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Western pattern diet"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E5%BC%8F%E9%A3%B2%E9%A3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西式飲食(页面不存在)">飲食</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_pattern_diet" class="extiw" title="en:Western pattern diet"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Western pattern diet</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%82%B3%E7%B5%B1" title="古典傳統">古典傳統</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="古典學">古典學</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西式著裝要求" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Western dress codes"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E5%BC%8F%E8%91%97%E8%A3%9D%E8%A6%81%E6%B1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西式著裝要求(页面不存在)">服裝</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_dress_codes" class="extiw" title="en:Western dress codes"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Western dress codes</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西方時尚史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of Western fashion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E6%99%82%E5%B0%9A%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西方時尚史(页面不存在)">歷史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion" class="extiw" title="en:History of Western fashion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of Western fashion</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%9E%E8%B9%88" title="舞蹈">舞蹈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E7%A7%98%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="西方秘契主義">秘契主義</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%8D%A0%E6%98%9F%E8%A1%93" title="西洋占星術">占星術</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="歐洲民間傳說" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="European folklore"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E6%B0%91%E9%96%93%E5%82%B3%E8%AA%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="歐洲民間傳說(页面不存在)">民間傳說</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_folklore" class="extiw" title="en:European folklore"><span lang="en" dir="auto">European folklore</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="移民到西方世界" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Immigration to the Western world"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%BB%E6%B0%91%E5%88%B0%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="移民到西方世界(页面不存在)">移民</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Western_world" class="extiw" title="en:Immigration to the Western world"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Immigration to the Western world</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西方法律" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Western law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西方法律(页面不存在)">法律</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_law" class="extiw" title="en:Western law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Western law</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="欧洲语言">語言</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E" title="標準歐語">標準歐語</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="西方文學理論">文學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E6%AD%A3%E5%85%B8" title="西方正典">經典</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94" title="西方媒體">媒體</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E9%9A%9B%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="網際網路">網際網路</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="音樂">音樂</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="詠唱" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Chant"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A9%A0%E5%94%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="詠唱(页面不存在)">詠唱</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chant" class="extiw" title="en:Chant"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Chant</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="古典音樂">古典音樂</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="歐洲民間音樂傳統清單" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of European folk music traditions"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E6%B0%91%E9%96%93%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82%E5%82%B3%E7%B5%B1%E6%B8%85%E5%96%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="歐洲民間音樂傳統清單(页面不存在)">民間音樂</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_European_folk_music_traditions" class="extiw" title="en:List of European folk music traditions"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of European folk music traditions</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="神话列表">神話</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西方繪畫" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Western painting"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E7%B9%AA%E7%95%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西方繪畫(页面不存在)">西洋畫</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_painting" class="extiw" title="en:Western painting"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Western painting</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="20世紀西方繪畫" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="20th-century Western painting"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=20%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E7%B9%AA%E7%95%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="20世紀西方繪畫(页面不存在)">當代</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th-century_Western_painting" class="extiw" title="en:20th-century Western painting"><span lang="en" dir="auto">20th-century Western painting</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="西方哲學">哲學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="科學哲學">科學哲學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="價值觀(西方哲學)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Values (Western philosophy)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC%E8%A7%80%EF%BC%88%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="價值觀(西方哲學)(页面不存在)">價值觀</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Values_(Western_philosophy)" class="extiw" title="en:Values (Western philosophy)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Values (Western philosophy)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西方宗教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Western religions"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西方宗教(页面不存在)">宗教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_religions" class="extiw" title="en:Western religions"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Western religions</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E8%A5%BF%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="東西教會大分裂">東西教會大分裂</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="西方基督教">西方基督教</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="基督教在西方世界的衰落" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Decline of Christianity in the Western world"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E5%9C%A8%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E8%A1%B0%E8%90%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基督教在西方世界的衰落(页面不存在)">基督教衰落</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_of_Christianity_in_the_Western_world" class="extiw" title="en:Decline of Christianity in the Western world"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Decline of Christianity in the Western world</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="世俗主義">世俗主義</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西方體育" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Western sports"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E9%AB%94%E8%82%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西方體育(页面不存在)">體育</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_sports" class="extiw" title="en:Western sports"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Western sports</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="西方哲學">哲學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="古希腊哲学">古希臘哲學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%8C%96%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="希臘化哲學">希臘化哲學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古羅馬哲學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ancient Roman philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古羅馬哲學(页面不存在)">古羅馬哲學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Roman_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Ancient Roman philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ancient Roman philosophy</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99-%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86" title="犹太教-基督教伦理">猶太教-基督教倫理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="基督教哲学">基督教哲學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%99%A2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="經院哲學">經院哲學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="理性主義">理性主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%A9%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="經驗主義">經驗主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="存在主義">存在主義</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="存在主義神學">存在主義神學</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="人文主義">人文主義</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="基督教人文主义">基督教人文主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="世俗人文主义">世俗人文主義</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="自由主義">自由主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="保守主義">保守主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="社會主義">社會主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E9%99%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="歐陸哲學">歐陸哲學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="分析哲學">分析哲學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="後結構主義">後結構主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%AC%E5%AE%B9" title="寬容">寬容</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%BD%E5%AE%B9%E7%9A%84%E6%82%96%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="宽容的悖论">悖論</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="相對主義">相對主義</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="圍線" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Peritrope"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8D%E7%B7%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="圍線(页面不存在)">圍線</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritrope" class="extiw" title="en:Peritrope"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Peritrope</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="大西洋主義">大西洋主義</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="主權主義" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sovereigntism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%9D%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="主权主义">主權主義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereigntism" class="extiw" title="en:Sovereigntism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sovereigntism</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="歐洲價值觀" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="European values"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC%E8%A7%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="歐洲價值觀(页面不存在)">歐洲價值觀</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_values" class="extiw" title="en:European values"><span lang="en" dir="auto">European values</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4692#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4692#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4692#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531641605171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85112806">美国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000050408&P_CON_LNG=ENG">拉脱维亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569811">日本</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="renesance"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph125119&CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" 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