CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>12世纪的文艺复兴 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )zhwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"zh", "wgMonthNames":["","1月","2月","3月","4月","5月","6月","7月","8月","9月","10月","11月","12月"],"wgRequestId":"2b697fea-d7bb-42f9-8fa0-4fb2e5962409","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"12世纪的文艺复兴","wgTitle":"12世纪的文艺复兴","wgCurRevisionId":83123964,"wgRevisionId":83123964,"wgArticleId":878569,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["使用ISBN魔术链接的页面","中古盛期","文艺复兴"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"12世纪的文艺复兴","wgRelevantArticleId":878569,"wgUserVariant":"zh","wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true, "wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"zh","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":["zh-hans","zh-hant","zh-cn","zh-tw","zh-hk","zh-sg","zh-mo","zh-my"]},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":10000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q755709","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.large-font":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready", "user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.edit0","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.gadget.UnihanTooltips","ext.gadget.Difflink","ext.gadget.pseudonamespace-UI","ext.gadget.SpecialWikitext","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.VariantAlly","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.hideConversionTab","ext.gadget.internalLinkHelper-altcolor","ext.gadget.noteTA", "ext.gadget.NavFrame","ext.gadget.collapsibleTables","ext.gadget.scrollUpButton","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.gadget.large-font&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Koelner_Dom_Innenraum.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1895"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Koelner_Dom_Innenraum.jpg/800px-Koelner_Dom_Innenraum.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1263"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Koelner_Dom_Innenraum.jpg/640px-Koelner_Dom_Innenraum.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1011"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="12世纪的文艺复兴 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="编辑本页" href="/w/index.php?title=12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (zh)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//zh.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-my/12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-mo/12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia的Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-12世纪的文艺复兴 rootpage-12世纪的文艺复兴 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">跳转到内容</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="主菜单" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">主菜单</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">主菜单</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 导航 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="访问首页[z]" accesskey="z"><span>首页</span></a></li><li id="n-indexpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95" title="以分类索引搜寻中文维基百科"><span>分类索引</span></a></li><li id="n-Featured_content" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9" title="查看中文维基百科的特色内容"><span>特色内容</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B" title="提供当前新闻事件的背景资料"><span>新闻动态</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9" title="列出维基百科中的最近修改[r]" accesskey="r"><span>最近更改</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="随机载入一个页面[x]" accesskey="x"><span>随机条目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-help" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-help" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 帮助 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="寻求帮助"><span>帮助</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%A4%BE%E7%BE%A4%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="关于本计划、你可以做什么、应该如何做"><span>维基社群</span></a></li><li id="n-policy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D%E8%88%87%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95" title="查看维基百科的方针和指引"><span>方针与指引</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%AE%A2%E6%A0%88" title="参与维基百科社群的讨论"><span>互助客栈</span></a></li><li id="n-Information_desk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E9%97%AE%E7%AD%94" title="解答任何与维基百科无关的问题的地方"><span>知识问答</span></a></li><li id="n-conversion" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%AD%97%E8%AF%8D%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2" title="提出字词转换请求"><span>字词转换</span></a></li><li id="n-IRC" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93"><span>IRC即时聊天</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%81%94%E7%BB%9C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC" title="如何联络维基百科"><span>联络我们</span></a></li><li id="n-about" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E" title="查看维基百科的简介"><span>关于维基百科</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="维基百科" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-zh.svg" style="width: 6.5625em; height: 1.375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="自由的百科全书" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-zh.svg" width="103" height="14" style="width: 6.4375em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>搜索</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="搜索维基百科" aria-label="搜索维基百科" autocapitalize="sentences" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:搜索"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">搜索</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="个人工具"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="更改页面字体大小、宽度和颜色的外观" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="外观" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">外观</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh" class=""><span>资助维基百科</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-史書記載" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#史書記載"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>史書記載</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-史書記載-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-12世紀的文藝復興" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#12世紀的文藝復興"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>12世紀的文藝復興</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-12世紀的文藝復興-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关12世紀的文藝復興子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-12世紀的文藝復興-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-貿易與商業" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#貿易與商業"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>貿易與商業</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-貿易與商業-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-科學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#科學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>科學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-科學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-科技" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#科技"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>科技</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-科技-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-經院哲學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#經院哲學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>經院哲學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-經院哲學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-艺术" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#艺术"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>艺术</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-艺术-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註解" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註解"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>註解</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註解-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">12世纪的文艺复兴</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。29种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B6%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="النهضة في القرن الثاني عشر – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="النهضة في القرن الثاني عشر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81" title="দ্বাদশ শতাব্দীর রেনেসাঁ – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দ্বাদশ শতাব্দীর রেনেসাঁ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaixement_del_segle_XII" title="Renaixement del segle XII – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Renaixement del segle XII" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolvte_%C3%A5rhundredes_ren%C3%A6ssance" title="Tolvte århundredes renæssance – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tolvte århundredes renæssance" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochmittelalterliche_%E2%80%9ERenaissance%E2%80%9C" title="Hochmittelalterliche „Renaissance“ – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hochmittelalterliche „Renaissance“" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_of_the_12th_century" title="Renaissance of the 12th century – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Renaissance of the 12th century" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesanco_de_la_12-a_jarcento" title="Renesanco de la 12-a jarcento – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Renesanco de la 12-a jarcento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renacimiento_del_siglo_XII" title="Renacimiento del siglo XII – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Renacimiento del siglo XII" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII._mendeko_Pizkundea" title="XII. mendeko Pizkundea – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="XII. mendeko Pizkundea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%85" title="رنسانس سده دوازدهم – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رنسانس سده دوازدهم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1100-luvun_renessanssi" title="1100-luvun renessanssi – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1100-luvun renessanssi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_du_XIIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="Renaissance du XIIe siècle – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Renaissance du XIIe siècle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renacemento_do_s%C3%A9culo_XII" title="Renacemento do século XII – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Renacemento do século XII" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A1_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-12" title="הרנסאנס של המאה ה-12 – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרנסאנס של המאה ה-12" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._sz%C3%A1zadi_renesz%C3%A1nsz" title="12. századi reneszánsz – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="12. századi reneszánsz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renascentia_del_seculo_XII" title="Renascentia del seculo XII – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Renascentia del seculo XII" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinascimento_del_XII_secolo" title="Rinascimento del XII secolo – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rinascimento del XII secolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9" title="12世紀ルネサンス – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="12世紀ルネサンス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renascentia_litterarum_saeculi_12" title="Renascentia litterarum saeculi 12 – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Renascentia litterarum saeculi 12" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renase_de_la_sentenio_12" title="Renase de la sentenio 12 – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Renase de la sentenio 12" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_van_de_twaalfde_eeuw" title="Renaissance van de twaalfde eeuw – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Renaissance van de twaalfde eeuw" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%90_%D8%B2%DB%90%DA%96%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%90_%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%93%DB%8D_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="د دوولسمې زېږدیزې پېړۍ رسانس – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د دوولسمې زېږدیزې پېړۍ رسانس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renascimento_do_s%C3%A9culo_XII" title="Renascimento do século XII – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Renascimento do século XII" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_XII_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Возрождение XII века – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Возрождение XII века" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinascimentu_d%C3%BB_s%C3%A8culu_XII" title="Rinascimentu dû sèculu XII – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Rinascimentu dû sèculu XII" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesansa_12._vijeka" title="Renesansa 12. vijeka – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Renesansa 12. vijeka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesansa_12._stoletja" title="Renesansa 12. stoletja – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Renesansa 12. stoletja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_XII_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F" title="Відродження XII століття – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Відродження XII століття" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E4%B8%AA%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="12世纪个文艺复兴 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="12世纪个文艺复兴" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q755709#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&oldid=83123964" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&id=83123964&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F12%25E4%25B8%2596%25E7%25BA%25AA%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%2596%2587%25E8%2589%25BA%25E5%25A4%258D%25E5%2585%25B4"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F12%25E4%25B8%2596%25E7%25BA%25AA%25E7%259A%2584%25E6%2596%2587%25E8%2589%25BA%25E5%25A4%258D%25E5%2585%25B4"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q755709" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koelner_Dom_Innenraum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Koelner_Dom_Innenraum.jpg/200px-Koelner_Dom_Innenraum.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Koelner_Dom_Innenraum.jpg/300px-Koelner_Dom_Innenraum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Koelner_Dom_Innenraum.jpg/400px-Koelner_Dom_Innenraum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>科技的進步使得建造<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E7%88%BE%E5%BC%8F%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哥德爾式建築（页面不存在）">哥德爾式建築</a>變得可能。</figcaption></figure> <p><b>12世紀的文藝復興</b>是<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲">歐洲</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="中世紀">中世紀</a>早期和中期的一段社會、政治、經濟發生劇變，哲學、數學和科學的源頭重新被找回的時期。雖然其受黑死病、肺炎和政治等其他因素影響迅速沒落，但為日後的科學、藝術、文化等領域埋下種子，成為<a href="/wiki/15%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="15世紀">15世紀</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="意大利">意大利</a>文學和藝術的變化以及<a href="/wiki/17%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="17世紀">17世紀</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="科學革命">科學革命</a>的墊腳石。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="史書記載"><span id=".E5.8F.B2.E6.9B.B8.E8.A8.98.E8.BC.89"></span>史書記載</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：史書記載"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E9%BB%98%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E6%96%AF%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF" title="查尔斯·霍默·哈斯金斯">查尔斯·霍默·哈斯金斯</a>是一位廣泛記錄<a href="/wiki/1070%E5%B9%B4" title="1070年">1070年</a>開始的文藝復興的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="歷史學家">歷史學家</a>。他在<a href="/wiki/1927%E5%B9%B4" title="1927年">1927年</a>寫道： </p> <table class="cquote pullquote" role="presentation" style="margin:auto; display:table; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; color: inherit;width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">“ </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">從許多方面看來，歐洲在<a href="/wiki/12%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="12世紀">12世紀</a>都處於充滿朝氣與活力的時代。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E8%BB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="十字軍">十字軍</a>東征、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="城市">城市</a>崛起、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" title="民族國家">民族國家</a>建立的背景下，羅馬藝術達到了最高峰，而哥德藝術也萌芽。<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%AF%9D%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="白话文学">白話文學</a>問世，拉丁古典學、拉丁詩、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬法">羅馬法</a>再興，希臘科學與哲學經過<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="阿拉伯人">阿拉伯人</a>的鑽研後於歐洲復活，而歐洲第一批<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="大學">大學</a>也建立起來。<a href="/wiki/12%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="12世紀">12世紀</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="高等教育">高等教育</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%99%A2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="經院哲學">經院哲學</a>、歐洲<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="法學">法學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" class="mw-redirect" title="建築">建築</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91" title="雕塑">雕塑</a>、禮拜式戲劇、拉丁詩、白話詩都留下了印痕。<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">” </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="12世紀的文藝復興"><span id="12.E4.B8.96.E7.B4.80.E7.9A.84.E6.96.87.E8.97.9D.E5.BE.A9.E8.88.88"></span>12世紀的文藝復興</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：12世紀的文藝復興"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="貿易與商業"><span id=".E8.B2.BF.E6.98.93.E8.88.87.E5.95.86.E6.A5.AD"></span>貿易與商業</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：貿易與商業"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/1158%E5%B9%B4" title="1158年">1158</a>至<a href="/wiki/1159%E5%B9%B4" title="1159年">1159年</a>間<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%95%E8%B4%9D%E5%85%8B" title="吕贝克">呂貝克</a>城建城以後，<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%96%A9%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="漢薩同盟">漢薩同盟</a>便於<a href="/wiki/12%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="12世紀">12世紀</a>以呂貝克為中心，在歐洲中北部成立。<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E8%81%96%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="神聖羅馬帝國">神聖羅馬帝國</a>之內的許多城市，如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%80%E5%88%87%E9%9D%92" title="什切青">什切青</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E4%BE%86%E6%A2%85" class="mw-redirect" title="不來梅">不來梅</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="羅斯托克">羅斯托克</a>，以及帝國以外的城市如<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%AD%AF%E6%97%A5" title="布魯日">布魯日</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%86%E6%BE%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="但澤">但澤</a>，都加入了同盟。同盟在<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81" title="挪威">挪威</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%91%E7%88%BE%E6%A0%B9" title="卑爾根">卑爾根</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="俄國">俄國</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E5%A4%AB%E5%93%A5%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="諾夫哥羅德">諾夫哥羅德</a>擁有工廠和仲介商。<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="日爾曼人">日爾曼人</a>在這個時期開始往神聖羅馬帝國以外的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="東歐">東歐</a>地區（例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB" title="普魯士">普魯士</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E" title="西里西亞">西里西亞</a>）<a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91" title="殖民">殖民</a>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/13%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="13世紀">13世紀</a>晚期的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="威尼斯">威尼斯</a>商人<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%8F%AF%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="馬可波羅">馬可波羅</a>將他經<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B2%E8%B7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="絲路">絲路</a>到達<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中國</a>的遊歷寫成《<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%8F%AF%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E9%81%8A%E8%A8%98" class="mw-redirect" title="馬可·波羅遊記">馬可·波羅遊記</a>》，從此西方人對<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A0%E6%9D%B1" title="遠東">遠東</a>地區有了更多的了解與好奇，後來許多<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E6%95%99%E5%A3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="傳教士">傳教士</a>，例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%AF%E4%B8%8D%E9%AD%AF%E4%B9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="魯不魯乞">魯不魯乞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E9%83%8E%E5%98%89%E5%AE%BE" title="柏郎嘉宾">柏郎嘉賓</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="安德·龍如美" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="André de Longjumeau"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%BE%8D%E5%A6%82%E7%BE%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安德·龍如美（页面不存在）">安德·龍如美</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_de_Longjumeau" class="extiw" title="en:André de Longjumeau"><span lang="en" dir="auto">André de Longjumeau</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%84%82%E5%A4%9A%E7%AB%8B%E5%85%8B" title="鄂多立克">鄂多立克</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%BB%8E%E8%AF%BA%E9%87%8C" title="马黎诺里">馬黎諾里</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E9%AB%98%E7%BB%B4%E8%AF%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="孟高维诺">孟高維諾</a>，以及旅行家如<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%AF%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E9%81%94%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E6%9B%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="尼可羅·達·康替">尼可羅·達·康替</a>都受此鼓舞到了中國。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="科學"><span id=".E7.A7.91.E5.AD.B8"></span>科學</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：科學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85099211">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2#中世紀" class="mw-redirect" title="科學史">科學史 § 中世紀</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85099211"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%B0%8D%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E7%9A%84%E8%B2%A2%E7%8D%BB" title="伊斯蘭對中古歐洲的貢獻">伊斯蘭對中古歐洲的貢獻</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Medieval_Universities.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Map_of_Medieval_Universities.jpg/220px-Map_of_Medieval_Universities.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Map_of_Medieval_Universities.jpg/330px-Map_of_Medieval_Universities.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Map_of_Medieval_Universities.jpg/440px-Map_of_Medieval_Universities.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1127" data-file-height="986" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="中世紀大學">中世紀大學</a>地圖</figcaption></figure> <p>中世紀早期的哲學及科學教育使用的教材是<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="西羅馬帝國">西羅馬帝國</a>瓦解後殘存的抄本和註解，而大部分的歐洲人都與過去的知識斷了聯繫。這個情況在<a href="/wiki/12%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="12世紀">12世紀</a>文藝復興開始後改變。歐洲人在許多的機緣下，包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97" title="穆斯林">穆斯林</a>對<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="西西里島">西西里島</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="伊比利半島">伊比利半島</a>的統治、十字軍東征、<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B6%E5%BE%A9%E5%A4%B1%E5%9C%B0%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="收復失地運動">收復失地運動</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BB%B7%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="拜占廷帝國">拜占廷帝國</a>日益頻繁的接觸，掌握了翻譯古希臘和伊斯蘭哲學及科學著作的機會，特別是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="亞里斯多德">亞里斯多德</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E5%B9%BE%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="歐幾里得">歐幾里得</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%8B%92%E5%AF%86" class="mw-redirect" title="托勒密">托勒密</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E7%BD%97%E6%8F%90%E8%AF%BA" title="普罗提诺">普羅提諾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%88%E6%AF%94%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="賈比爾">賈比爾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E6%8B%89%E5%AD%90%E7%B1%B3" title="花拉子米">花拉子米</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E9%BD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="拉齐">拉齐</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B0%E8%B5%AB%E6%8B%89%E5%A8%81" title="宰赫拉威">宰赫拉威</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E4%BB%80%E6%9C%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="海什木">海什木</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%B6%AD%E6%A3%AE%E7%B4%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="阿維森納">阿維森納</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%93%B2" title="伊本·巴哲">伊本·巴哲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%B6%AD%E4%BE%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="亞維侯">亞維侯</a>的著作。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="中世紀大學">中世紀大學</a>的發展也提供了翻譯工作所需的物質援助，和對日後科學發展有利的下層組織。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:God_the_Geometer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/God_the_Geometer.jpg/150px-God_the_Geometer.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/God_the_Geometer.jpg/225px-God_the_Geometer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/God_the_Geometer.jpg/300px-God_the_Geometer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1244" data-file-height="1705" /></a><figcaption>《上帝是幾何學家》(God the Geometer)：上帝手持圓規創造地球，說明上帝造物充滿了科學的真理<sup id="cite_ref-Geometer_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geometer-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>到了<a href="/wiki/13%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="13世紀">13世紀</a>初，幾乎所有的重要古代著作都已經翻譯完成，從此知識迅速地從大學和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E9%81%93%E9%99%A2" title="修道院">修道院</a>流傳開來。一些著名的經院哲學家，如<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="格羅斯特">格羅斯特</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E5%90%89%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%9F%B9%E6%A0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="羅吉爾·培根">羅吉爾·培根</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="大阿尔伯特">大阿爾伯特</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%84%A7%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8F%B8%E5%90%84%E8%84%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="鄧斯·司各脫">鄧斯·司各脫</a>，更將這些著作中的自然科學知識進一步精研、發展，其中格羅斯特和培根是現代科學方法的先驅，格羅斯特強調用<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="數學">數學</a>瞭解自然現象，而培根在他的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="大著作">大著作</a>》提倡實驗的經驗方法。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/14%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="14世紀">14世紀</a>前半有許多科學著作問世，其中大多是經院哲學家對亞里斯多德的著作做的註解。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8D%A1%E5%A7%86%E7%9A%84%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89" title="奥卡姆的威廉">奥卡姆的威廉</a>提出了<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8D%A1%E5%A7%86%E5%89%83%E5%88%80" title="奥卡姆剃刀">奥卡姆剃刀</a>法則：<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="自然哲学家">自然哲學家</a>不應該假設多餘<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%AB%94" title="實體">實體</a>的存在，所以<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="運動">運動</a>中的物體只是同一個物體而不是多個不同的物體<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而且物體的影像傳遞到肉眼也不需要中介物質的幫助<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E4%B8%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="布里丹">布里丹</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%A7%86" class="mw-redirect" title="尼克爾·奧里斯姆">奧雷姆</a>則詮釋<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="亞里斯多德物理學">亞里斯多德力學</a>的原理，布里丹認為衝量是拋體運動的原因，這就形成了後來<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%A3%E6%80%A7" title="慣性">慣性</a>的概念<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。同時，有一群號稱「<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="牛津計算者" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Oxford Calculators"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%9B%E6%B4%A5%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E8%80%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="牛津計算者（页面不存在）">牛津計算者</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Calculators" class="extiw" title="en:Oxford Calculators"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Oxford Calculators</span></a></span>）</span></span>」的人用數學分析物體運動而不去探討運動的原因，發展出了<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="運動學">運動學</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%AD%BB%E7%97%85" title="黑死病">黑死病</a>和其它一連串<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="中世紀晚期危機">中世紀晚期危機</a>的破壞下，大量的哲學和科學發展瞬間沉寂了下來，但兩個世紀以後，文藝復興累積的力道又促成了歐洲<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="科學革命">科學革命</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="科技"><span id=".E7.A7.91.E6.8A.80"></span>科技</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：科技"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Hugh_specs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Hugh_specs.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="186" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="162" data-file-height="186" /></a><figcaption>Hugh de Provence使用眼鏡閱讀，莫德納（Tommaso da Modena）繪於<a href="/wiki/1352%E5%B9%B4" title="1352年">1352年</a>。</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85099211"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%B7%A5%E8%97%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世紀工藝（页面不存在）">中世紀工藝</a></div> <p>12世紀的歐洲對於新發明、革新的評價產生了基本上的改變，不管是傳統的生產方式或是經濟上的成長。不到一個世紀，實用的新發明及發展的數量就勝過前1000年間的全球人類的發明加總。這個時期的主要<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="技術">科技</a>發展包括被普遍化或新發明的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7" title="印刷">印刷</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E8%97%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="火藥">火藥</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E9%8F%A1" title="眼鏡">眼鏡</a>、更精準的<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%90%98" title="時鐘">時鐘</a>或是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E6%9C%9B%E8%BF%9C%E9%95%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="天文望远镜">天文望遠鏡</a>，還有更先進的<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%B9" title="船">船</a>隻，後兩項發展促成了<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BC%E7%8F%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="地理大發現">地理大發現</a>的來臨。 </p><p>以下是史學家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="艾弗瑞·克羅斯比" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Alfred W. Crosby"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BE%E5%BC%97%E7%91%9E%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E6%AF%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艾弗瑞·克羅斯比（页面不存在）">艾弗瑞·克羅斯比</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_W._Crosby" class="extiw" title="en:Alfred W. Crosby"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Alfred W. Crosby</span></a></span>）</span></span>在《現實的計量：1250至1600年間西方社會的量化》（<i>The Measure of Reality : Quantification in Western Europe,1250-1600</i>）描述一些這個時期的科技革新，是其他主要的史學家都有注意到的部分。 </p> <ul><li>文獻記載最早的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%A8%E8%BB%8A_(%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="風車 (機械)（页面不存在）">風車</a>出現在<a href="/wiki/1185%E5%B9%B4" title="1185年">1185年</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="英格蘭">英格蘭</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E5%85%8B%E9%83%A1" title="約克郡">約克郡</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%99" class="mw-redirect" title="紙">紙</a>工廠在<a href="/wiki/1270%E5%B9%B4" title="1270年">1270年</a>左右於<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利">義大利</a>出現。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A1%E8%BB%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="紡車">紡車</a>大約在13世紀進入<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲">歐洲</a>，據猜測是由<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>傳入。</li> <li>大約在12世紀末歐洲人初次利用<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81" title="磁">磁力</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97%E9%87%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="指南針">指南針</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E9%8F%A1" title="眼鏡">眼鏡</a>於<a href="/wiki/1280%E5%B9%B4" title="1280年">1280年</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利">義大利</a>發明。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98" title="星盘">星盘</a>經由穆斯林控制的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="西班牙">西班牙</a>重新傳至歐洲。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%90%A8%E7%9A%84%E5%88%97%E5%A5%A5%E7%BA%B3%E5%A4%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="比萨的列奥纳多">比萨的列奥纳多</a>在<a href="/wiki/1202%E5%B9%B4" title="1202年">1202年</a>的著作《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="計算之書" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Liber Abaci"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E4%B9%8B%E6%9B%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="計算之書（页面不存在）">計算之書</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber_Abaci" class="extiw" title="en:Liber Abaci"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Liber Abaci</span></a></span>）</span></span>》中向歐洲人引介了<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉伯數字">阿拉伯數字</a>。</li> <li>在教堂中發現西方最早的船尾<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%B5" title="舵">舵</a>的雕刻，雕刻時間約在<a href="/wiki/1180%E5%B9%B4" title="1180年">1180年</a>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="經院哲學"><span id=".E7.B6.93.E9.99.A2.E5.93.B2.E5.AD.B8"></span>經院哲學</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：經院哲學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85099211"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%99%A2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="經院哲學">經院哲學</a></div> <p>經院哲學在12世紀末經由重新解讀亞里斯多德的學說而興起。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世紀猶太教（页面不存在）">中世紀猶太教</a>和早期<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97" title="穆斯林">穆斯林</a>哲學家都受到亞里斯多德影響，尤其是<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%81%E8%92%99%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7" title="邁蒙尼德">邁蒙尼德</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%B6%AD%E6%A3%AE%E7%B4%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="阿維森納">阿維森納</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%B6%AD%E4%BE%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="亞維侯">亞維侯</a>，接著許多<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="基督教">基督教</a>哲學家就受上述人士的影響，像是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="大阿尔伯特">大阿爾伯特</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E6%B3%A2%E6%8B%BF%E6%96%87%E9%83%BD%E6%8B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="聖波拿文都拉">聖波拿文都拉</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="彼得·阿伯拉">彼得·阿伯拉</a>。這些經院哲學家熟於學院的技巧而且支持<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬天主教會">羅馬天主教會</a>的學院教育包括方法、理論及邏輯，信仰<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%A9%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="經驗主義">經驗主義</a>而反對<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E7%A5%9E%E7%A7%98%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="基督教神秘主義">基督教神秘主義</a>，反對<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="柏拉圖">柏拉圖</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%81" class="mw-redirect" title="聖奧古斯丁">聖奧古斯丁</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%83%E4%B8%A6%E5%AD%98%E7%90%86%E5%BF%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="二元並存理念">二元並存理念</a>以及世界本身就是有罪的觀念。 </p><p>最有名的經院派創始者是<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%8E%E9%82%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="托馬斯·阿奎那">托馬斯·阿奎那</a>，他引領眾人離開<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="柏拉圖主義">柏拉圖主義</a>及聖奧古斯丁轉向<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="亞里斯多德學派">亞里斯多德學派</a>。透過經院哲學，阿奎那發展出<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="精神哲學">精神哲學</a>，在其著作中提倡人的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" title="心靈">心靈</a>從一出生就是一塊<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E6%9D%BF_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)" title="白板 (哲学)">白板</a>，擁有經由神學思考及辨證的能力的觀念。其他有名的經院哲學家還括有<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E8%89%B2%E6%9E%97" class="mw-redirect" title="洛色林">洛色林</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="彼得·阿伯拉">彼得·阿伯拉</a>。這時期主要的落在<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="宇宙">宇宙</a>相關的討論，同時期受到經院哲學影響的還有<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E7%91%9F%E5%80%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="安瑟倫">安瑟倫</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E5%A4%9A%E7%A5%BF%C2%B7%E9%81%94%E5%BD%8C%E7%9B%8E" title="伯多祿·達彌盎">伯多禄·达弥盎</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%BE%E7%B4%8D%E9%90%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="聖伯爾納鐸">聖伯爾納鐸</a>及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%AD%E5%85%8B%E5%A4%9A%E4%BF%AE%E9%81%93%E6%B4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="維克多修道派（页面不存在）">維克多修道派</a>。<span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" id="ref_經院哲學"><sup><a class="external autonumber" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4#endnote_經院哲學">[1]</a></sup></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="艺术"><span id=".E8.89.BA.E6.9C.AF"></span>艺术</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：艺术"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85099211"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古艺术（页面不存在）">古艺术</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%BC%8F%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="罗马式艺术">罗马式艺术</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E7%89%B9%E5%BC%8F%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="哥特式艺术">哥特式艺术</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E7%89%B9%E5%BC%8F%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91" title="哥特式建筑">哥特式建筑</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="12世纪拉丁语翻译">12世纪拉丁语翻译</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E5%BC%8F%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="哥德式藝術">哥德式藝術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E5%BC%8F%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" class="mw-redirect" title="哥德式建築">哥德式建築</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="中世紀科學">中世紀科學</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世紀科技（页面不存在）">中世紀科技</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="中世紀大學">中世紀大學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="中世紀晚期危機">中世紀晚期危機</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%89%98%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="奥托文艺复兴">奧托文藝復興</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="卡洛林文艺复兴">卡洛林文藝復興</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%A3%E7%BA%8C%E8%A7%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="連續觀（页面不存在）">連續觀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Le_Goff" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Le Goff">Jacques Le Goff</a>，French historian</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註解"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E8.A7.A3"></span>註解</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：註解"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">查爾斯·霍默·哈斯金斯《12世紀的文藝復興》（<i>The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century</i>） <a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%8D%E6%A9%8B" title="劍橋">劍橋</a>: <a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="哈佛大學">哈佛大學</a>發表，<a href="/wiki/1927%E5%B9%B4" title="1927年">1927年</a>。 (p. viii - introduction).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geometer-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Geometer_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%93%E8%A6%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="圓規">圓規</a>在這份13世紀的手稿中是一種天賜之物<br />* <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Woods" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Woods">Thomas Woods</a>，《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬天主教會">天主教教會</a>如何建立西方文明》 <i>How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization</i>,（華盛頓特區：Regenery, 2005）, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0895260387" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-89526-038-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Grant, <i>The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages: Their Religious, Institutional, and Intellectual Contexts,</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1996), pp. 127-31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Grant, <i>A Source Book in Medieval Science,</i> (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Pr., 1974), p. 232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David C. Lindberg, <i>Theories of Vision from al-Kindi to Kepler,</i> (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr., 1976), pp. 140-2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Grant, <i>The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages: Their Religious, Institutional, and Intellectual Contexts,</i>(Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1996), pp. 95-7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Grant, <i>The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages: Their Religious, Institutional, and Intellectual Contexts,</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1996), pp. 100-3.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Benson, Robert L., Giles Constable, and Carol D. Lanham, eds. <i>Renaissance and Renewal in the Twelfth Century</i>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982.</li> <li>Haskins, Charles Homer. <i>The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century</i>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1927.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040825000711/http://users.telerama.com/~jdehullu/islam/more_028.htm">A brief analysis of Haskins, <i>Renaissance of the Twelfth Century</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-orb.net/wales/h3h03/h3h03b17.htm">A bibliography of the twelfth-century renaissance</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130520070028/http://www.the-orb.net/wales/h3h03/h3h03b17.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li::after{content:" | ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li::after{content:" - ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li::after{content:"、";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:"（"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li::after{content:"，"}.mw-parser-output .sslist li::after{content:"；"}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child::after{content:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf;position:relative}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="文艺复兴" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E5%BA%95%E9%83%A8%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF" title="Template:文藝復興底部模板"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E5%BA%95%E9%83%A8%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF" title="Template talk:文藝復興底部模板"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E5%BA%95%E9%83%A8%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:文藝復興底部模板"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="文艺复兴" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="文艺复兴">文艺复兴</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="Category:文艺复兴">概況</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%B4%9B%E6%9E%97%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="卡洛林文艺复兴">卡洛林文艺复兴</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">12世纪的文艺复兴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="文艺复兴">文艺复兴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A8%E6%A0%BC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="風格主義">風格主義</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="北方风格主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Northern Mannerism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9%E9%A3%8E%E6%A0%BC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="北方风格主义（页面不存在）">北方风格主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Mannerism" class="extiw" title="en:Northern Mannerism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Northern Mannerism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E5%85%A8%E7%9B%9B%E6%9C%9F" title="文藝復興全盛期">文藝復興全盛期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2" title="近代史">近代史</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg/90px-%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg/135px-%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg/180px-%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3820" data-file-height="2964" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8D%E5%90%8C%E9%A0%98%E5%9F%9F%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="不同領域的文藝復興（页面不存在）">領域</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91" title="文艺复兴建筑">建築</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E8%88%9E%E8%B9%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文藝復興舞蹈（页面不存在）">舞蹈</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%81%AB%E8%97%A5%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="火藥戰爭（页面不存在）">火藥戰爭</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E6%96%87%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉丁文文藝復興（页面不存在）">拉丁文</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文藝復興文學（页面不存在）">文學</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E9%AD%94%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文藝復興魔法（页面不存在）">魔法</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文藝復興醫學（页面不存在）">醫學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90" title="文艺复兴音乐">音樂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="文藝復興藝術">美術</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文藝復興哲學（页面不存在）">哲學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="文藝復興科學史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of science in the Renaissance"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文藝復興科學史（页面不存在）">科学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_science_in_the_Renaissance" class="extiw" title="en:History of science in the Renaissance"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of science in the Renaissance</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="科学革命">科学革命</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文藝復興技術（页面不存在）">技術</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E6%88%B2%E5%8A%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文藝復興戲劇（页面不存在）">戲劇</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">地區</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="英國文藝復興（页面不存在）">英國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="法国文艺复兴">法國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="德国文艺复兴">德國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88" title="義大利文藝復興">義大利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88" title="北方文藝復興">北方</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波蘭文藝復興（页面不存在）">波蘭</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="荷蘭文藝復興（页面不存在）">荷蘭</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西班牙文藝復興（页面不存在）">西班牙</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4%E4%B8%89%E6%9D%B0" title="文艺复兴三杰">人物</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">文坛三杰</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%86%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%88%A9%E5%90%89%E8%80%B6%E9%87%8C" title="但丁·阿利吉耶里">但丁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E5%88%87%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%C2%B7%E5%BD%BC%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="弗朗切斯科·彼特拉克">彼特拉克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E4%B8%87%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E8%96%84%E4%BC%BD%E4%B8%98" title="乔万尼·薄伽丘">薄伽丘</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">画坛三杰</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%A5%A5%E7%BA%B3%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%C2%B7%E8%8A%AC%E5%A5%87" title="列奥纳多·达·芬奇">达芬奇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%BC%80%E6%9C%97%E5%9F%BA%E7%BD%97" title="米开朗基罗">米开朗基罗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%96%90%E5%B0%94" title="拉斐尔">拉斐尔</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他畫家</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E6%8F%90%E5%88%87%E5%88%A9" title="桑德罗·波提切利">桑德罗·波提切利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E9%AD%AF%E5%90%89%E8%AB%BE" title="彼得羅·佩魯吉諾">彼得羅·佩魯吉諾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E8%A5%BF%E8%8E%AB%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E5%A1%9E%E5%88%A9" title="科西莫·羅塞利">科西莫·羅塞利</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關列表</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文藝復興建築列表（页面不存在）">建築</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95%E5%AD%B8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文藝復興幾何學列表（页面不存在）">幾何</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E4%BD%9C%E6%9B%B2%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文藝復興作曲家（页面不存在）">作曲家</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div style="float:left;"> « <span style="font-size:smaller;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="中世纪">中世纪</a></span></div><div style="float:right;"><span style="font-size:smaller;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="巴洛克艺术">巴洛克时期</a></span> » </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=12世纪的文艺复兴&oldid=83123964">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=12世纪的文艺复兴&oldid=83123964</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E7%9B%9B%E6%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:中古盛期（页面不存在）">中古盛期</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="Category:文艺复兴">文艺复兴</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隐藏分类：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8ISBN%E9%AD%94%E6%9C%AF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:使用ISBN魔术链接的页面">使用ISBN魔术链接的页面</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 本页面最后修订于2024年6月21日 (星期五) 20:07。</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">本站的全部文字在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh">知识共享署名-相同方式共享 4.0协议</a>之条款下提供，附加条款亦可能应用。（请参阅<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">使用条款</a>）<br /> Wikipedia®和维基百科标志是<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/zh">维基媒体基金会</a>的注册商标；维基™是维基媒体基金会的商标。<br /> 维基媒体基金会是按美国国內稅收法501(c)(3)登记的<a class="external text" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tax_deductibility">非营利慈善机构</a>。<br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">隐私政策</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E">关于维基百科</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%8D%E8%B4%A3%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E">免责声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">行为准则</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">开发者</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh.wikipedia.org">统计</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">手机版视图</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-lgdvq","wgBackendResponseTime":172,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.269","walltime":"0.326","ppvisitednodes":{"value":812,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":29228,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1131,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":14630,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 201.573 1 -total"," 49.55% 99.870 1 Template:文藝復興底部模板"," 49.37% 99.517 2 Template:Navbox"," 17.87% 36.026 4 Template:Link-en"," 12.92% 26.051 3 Template:Main"," 5.31% 10.698 1 Template:Cquote"," 3.59% 7.244 2 Template:Tsl"," 3.21% 6.477 1 Template:Reflist"," 3.17% 6.380 1 Template:See"," 2.02% 4.074 1 Template:Seealso"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.115","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1603750,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-7cb57f8f57-bq7v5","timestamp":"20241125173829","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"12\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174","url":"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q755709","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q755709","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u9879\u76ee\u8d21\u732e\u8005"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2008-09-01T23:14:43Z","dateModified":"2024-06-21T20:07:03Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/71\/Koelner_Dom_Innenraum.jpg","headline":"\u8fd1\u4ee3\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u524d\u594f"}</script> </body> </html>