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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Aspect of Indian history</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/40px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/60px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ambox_rewrite.svg/80px-Ambox_rewrite.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">layout guidelines</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_maritime_history&action=edit">editing the article</a> to make improvements to the overall structure.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 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Proximity to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Khambhat" title="Gulf of Khambhat">Gulf of Khambhat</a> allowed direct access to sea routes. Lothal's topography and geology reflects its maritime past.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width: 18.0em; border: 1px solid #aabaaa;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Details_of_the_top_of_iron_pillar,_Qutub_Minar,_Delhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Iron Pillar of Delhi." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Details_of_the_top_of_iron_pillar%2C_Qutub_Minar%2C_Delhi.jpg/100px-Details_of_the_top_of_iron_pillar%2C_Qutub_Minar%2C_Delhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Details_of_the_top_of_iron_pillar%2C_Qutub_Minar%2C_Delhi.jpg/150px-Details_of_the_top_of_iron_pillar%2C_Qutub_Minar%2C_Delhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Details_of_the_top_of_iron_pillar%2C_Qutub_Minar%2C_Delhi.jpg/200px-Details_of_the_top_of_iron_pillar%2C_Qutub_Minar%2C_Delhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background: #cb4154;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in India"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">History of science and<br />technology in the <br />Indian subcontinent</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top: 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Indian inventions and discoveries">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_India" title="Science and technology in India">Science in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Bangladesh" title="Science and technology in Bangladesh">Science in Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Pakistan" title="Science and technology in Pakistan">Science in Pakistan</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #cb4154;;padding-top: 0; color: white;"> By subject</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top: 0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_national_calendar" title="Indian national calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_measurement_systems_in_India" title="History of measurement systems in India">Measurement systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_units_of_measurement" title="Indian units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartography_of_India" title="Cartography of India">Cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_geography" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_printing#In_India" title="History of printing">Printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_coinage" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent">Indian Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="History of agriculture in India">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of education in the Indian subcontinent">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_India" title="List of bridges in India">Bridges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_India" title="Transport in India">Transport</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maritime history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval history of India">Navigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_India" title="Military history of India">Military</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Science_and_technology_in_India" title="Template:Science and technology in India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Science_and_technology_in_India" title="Template talk:Science and technology in India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Science_and_technology_in_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Science and technology in India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Indian maritime history</b> begins during the 3rd millennium BCE when inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley">Indus Valley</a> initiated maritime trading contact with <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-g&s12_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g&s12-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India's long coastline, which occurred due to the protrusion of India's Deccan Plateau, helped it to make new trade relations with the Europeans, especially the Greeks, and the length of its coastline on the Indian Ocean is partly a reason why it's known as that. </p><p>As per <a href="/wiki/Vedic" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic">Vedic</a> records, Indian traders and merchants traded with the <a href="/wiki/Far_east" class="mw-redirect" title="Far east">far east</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a> (3rd century BCE), there was a definite "naval department" to supervise the ships and trade.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> At the end of 1st century BCE, Indian products reached the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, and the Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> mentions an increase in <a href="/wiki/Roman_trade_with_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman trade with India">Roman trade with India</a> following the Roman annexation of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As trade between India and the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a> increased, spices became the main import from India to the Western world,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bypassing silk and other commodities.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indians were present in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lach2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lach2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Christian and Jewish settlers from Rome continued to live in India long after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Curtin1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curtin1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which resulted in Rome's loss of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> ports,<sup id="cite_ref-Holl1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holl1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> previously used to secure trade with India by the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lindsay1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindsay1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indian commercial connection with <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> proved vital to the merchants of Arabia and <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> during the 7th–8th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Donkin1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donkin1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study published in 2013 found that some 11 percent of Australian Aboriginal DNA is of Indian origin and suggests these immigrants arrived about 4,000 years ago, possibly at the same time <a href="/wiki/Dingoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dingoes">dingoes</a> first arrived in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On orders of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I of Portugal</a>, four vessels under the command of navigator <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> rounded the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a>, continuing to the eastern coast of Africa to <a href="/wiki/Malindi" title="Malindi">Malindi</a> to sail across the Indian Ocean to <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Calicut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Columbia1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wealth of the <a href="/wiki/Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Indies">Indies</a> was now open for the Europeans to explore.<sup id="cite_ref-Columbia1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> was the first European empire to grow from spice trade.<sup id="cite_ref-Columbia1_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_Maritime_Day">National Maritime Day</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_maritime_history&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: National Maritime Day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>5 April is celebrated as National Maritime Day in India. On this day in 1919, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> navigation history was created when <a href="/wiki/RMS_Empress_of_India" title="RMS Empress of India">SS <i>Loyalty</i></a>, the first ship of the <a href="/wiki/Scindia_Steam_Navigation_Company_Ltd." title="Scindia Steam Navigation Company Ltd.">Scindia Steam Navigation Company Ltd.</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> journeyed to the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, a crucial step for India's shipping history when sea routes were controlled by the British.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_maritime_history&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indus%E2%80%93Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus–Mesopotamia relations">Indus–Mesopotamia relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meluhha#Trade_with_Sumer" title="Meluhha">Meluhha trade with Sumer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lothal" title="Lothal">Lothal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_relations" title="Indo-Roman trade relations">Indo-Roman trade relations</a></div> <p>The region around the Indus river began to show visible increase in both the length and the frequency of maritime voyages by 3000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Optimum conditions for viable long-distance voyages existed in this region by 2900 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mesopotamian inscriptions indicate that Indian traders from the Indus valley—carrying copper, hardwoods, ivory, pearls, carnelian, and gold—were active in Mesopotamia during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a> (c. 2300 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-g&s12_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g&s12-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gosch & Stearns write on the Indus Valley's pre-modern maritime travel:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence exists that Harappans were bulk-shipping timber and special woods to <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a> on ships and luxury items such as <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a>. The trade in lapis lazuli was carried out from northern Afghanistan over eastern Iran to Sumer but during the <a href="/wiki/Periodisation_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Datings_and_alternative_proposals" title="Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation">Mature Harappan</a> period an Indus colony was established at Shortugai in Central Asia near the <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan_Province" title="Badakhshan Province">Badakshan</a> mines and the lapis stones were brought overland to <a href="/wiki/Lothal" title="Lothal">Lothal</a> in Gujarat and shipped to Oman, Bahrain and Mesopotamia. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Disha_Kaka_Boat_with_Direction_Finding_Birds,_model_of_Mohenjo-Daro_seal,_3000_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Disha_Kaka_Boat_with_Direction_Finding_Birds%2C_model_of_Mohenjo-Daro_seal%2C_3000_BCE.jpg/220px-Disha_Kaka_Boat_with_Direction_Finding_Birds%2C_model_of_Mohenjo-Daro_seal%2C_3000_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Disha_Kaka_Boat_with_Direction_Finding_Birds%2C_model_of_Mohenjo-Daro_seal%2C_3000_BCE.jpg/330px-Disha_Kaka_Boat_with_Direction_Finding_Birds%2C_model_of_Mohenjo-Daro_seal%2C_3000_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Disha_Kaka_Boat_with_Direction_Finding_Birds%2C_model_of_Mohenjo-Daro_seal%2C_3000_BCE.jpg/440px-Disha_Kaka_Boat_with_Direction_Finding_Birds%2C_model_of_Mohenjo-Daro_seal%2C_3000_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3359" data-file-height="1788" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley Civilization">Indus valley seal</a>, Boat with direction-finding birds to find land.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Archaeological research at sites in Mesopotamia, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> has led to the recovery of artefacts traceable to the Indus Valley civilisation, confirming the information on the inscriptions. Among the most important of these objects are stamp seals carved in <a href="/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone">soapstone</a>, stone weights, and colourful <a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">carnelian beads</a>....Most of the trade between Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley was indirect. Shippers from both regions converged in <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> ports, especially on the island of <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> (known as Dilmun to the Sumerians). Numerous small Indus-style artefacts have been recovered at locations on Bahrain and further down the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> in Oman. Stamp seals produced in Bahrain have been found at sites in Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley, strengthening the likelihood that the island may have acted as a redistribution point for goods coming from Mesopotamia and the Indus area....There are hints from the digs at <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>, a major Sumerian city-state on the Euphrates, that some Indus Valley merchants and artisans (bead makers) may have established communities in Mesopotamia.</p></blockquote> <p>The world's first dock at <a href="/wiki/Lothal" title="Lothal">Lothal</a> (2400 BCE) was located away from the main current to avoid deposition of silt.<sup id="cite_ref-RaoQ_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RaoQ-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern oceanographers have observed that the Harappans must have possessed great knowledge relating to tides in order to build such a dock on the ever-shifting course of the <a href="/wiki/Sabarmati" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabarmati">Sabarmati</a>, as well as exemplary <a href="/wiki/Hydrography" title="Hydrography">hydrography</a> and maritime engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-RaoQ_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RaoQ-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the earliest known dock found in the world, equipped to berth and service ships.<sup id="cite_ref-RaoQ_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RaoQ-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is speculated that Lothal engineers studied tidal movements, and their effects on brick-built structures, since the walls are of kiln-burnt bricks.<sup id="cite_ref-Rao2819_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rao2819-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This knowledge also enabled them to select Lothal's location in the first place, as the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Khambhat" title="Gulf of Khambhat">Gulf of Khambhat</a> has the highest tidal amplitude and ships can be sluiced through flow tides in the river estuary.<sup id="cite_ref-Rao2819_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rao2819-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The engineers built a trapezoidal structure, with north–south arms of average 21.8 metres (71.5 ft), and east–west arms of 37 metres (121 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-Rao2819_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rao2819-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Excavations at <a href="/wiki/Golbai_Sasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Golbai Sasan">Golbai Sasan</a> in Odisha have shown a <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> culture <a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Odisha#Early_history" title="Maritime history of Odisha">dating to as early as ca. 2300 BC</a>, followed by a <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> (copper age) culture and then an <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> culture starting around 900 BC. Tools found at this site indicate boat building, perhaps for coastal trade.<sup id="cite_ref-OHRJPatra_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OHRJPatra-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fish bones, fishing hooks, barbed spears and harpoons show that fishing was an important part of the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-Tripati_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tripati-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some artefacts of the Chalcolithic period are similar to artefacts found in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, indicating possible contact with Indochina at a very early period.<sup id="cite_ref-OHRJPatra_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OHRJPatra-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berenike_Buddha_(drawing).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Berenike_Buddha_%28drawing%29.jpg/170px-Berenike_Buddha_%28drawing%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Berenike_Buddha_%28drawing%29.jpg/255px-Berenike_Buddha_%28drawing%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Berenike_Buddha_%28drawing%29.jpg/340px-Berenike_Buddha_%28drawing%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="839" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Berenike_Buddha" title="Berenike Buddha">Berenike Buddha</a></i>, discovered in Berenice Troglodytica in 2022.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Egypt–India relations">Indians had already been trading with Egypt</a> for a long time even before the conquest of Egypt by the Romans. At the end of 1st century BCE Indian products reached the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, and the Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> mentions an increase in <a href="/wiki/Roman_trade_with_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman trade with India">Roman trade with India</a> following the Roman annexation of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent excavations at <a href="/wiki/Berenice_Troglodytica#Recent_archaeology" title="Berenice Troglodytica">Berenike in Egypt</a> have confirmed, there was a small community of Indian Buddhists at Alexandria, the greatest of all Roman ports.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large number of significant finds have been made providing evidence of the cargo from the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> and the presence of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamil people</a> from South India and <a href="/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna">Jaffna</a> being at this last outpost of the Roman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_kingdoms">Early kingdoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_maritime_history&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early kingdoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_relations" title="Indo-Roman trade relations">Indo-Roman trade relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">Spice trade</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ajanta_Cave_2_three-mast_sailship.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ajanta_Cave_2_three-mast_sailship.jpg/220px-Ajanta_Cave_2_three-mast_sailship.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ajanta_Cave_2_three-mast_sailship.jpg/330px-Ajanta_Cave_2_three-mast_sailship.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ajanta_Cave_2_three-mast_sailship.jpg/440px-Ajanta_Cave_2_three-mast_sailship.jpg 2x" data-file-width="851" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Three-mast sailship, c. 5th century</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Indian_cartography" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian cartography">Indian cartography</a> locates the <a href="/wiki/Pole_star" title="Pole star">Pole star</a>, and other constellations of use in navigational charts.<sup id="cite_ref-Sircar3_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sircar3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These charts may have been in use by the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a> for purposes of navigation.<sup id="cite_ref-Sircar3_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sircar3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Detailed maps of considerable length describing the locations of settlements, sea shores, rivers, and mountains were also made.<sup id="cite_ref-Sircar1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sircar1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Periplus_Maris_Erythraei" class="mw-redirect" title="Periplus Maris Erythraei">Periplus Maris Erythraei</a></i> mentions a time when sea trade between India and Egypt did not involve direct sailings.<sup id="cite_ref-Young1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cargo under these situations was shipped to <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Young1_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg/250px-Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg/375px-Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg/500px-Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="903" /></a><figcaption>Roman trade with India according to the <i>Periplus Maris Erythraei</i> (1st century CE).</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Eudaimon Arabia was called fortunate, being once a city, when, because ships neither came from India to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> nor did those from Egypt dare to go further but only came as far as this place, it received the cargoes from both, just as <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> receives goods brought from outside and from Egypt.</p></blockquote> <p>Tamil <a href="/wiki/Pandya" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandya">Pandya</a> embassies were received by <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus Caesar">Augustus Caesar</a> and Roman historians mention a total of four embassies from the Tamil country. <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> famously mentions the expenditure of one million <a href="/wiki/Sestertii" class="mw-redirect" title="Sestertii">sestertii</a> every year on goods such as pepper, fine cloth and gems from the southern coasts of India. He also mentions 10,000 horses shipped to this region each year.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Tamil inscriptions have been found in Luxor in Egypt. In turn Tamil literature from the Classical period mentions foreign ships arriving for trade and paying in gold for products.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_ship_on_lead_coin_of_Vashishtiputra_Shri_Pulumavi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Indian_ship_on_lead_coin_of_Vashishtiputra_Shri_Pulumavi.jpg/150px-Indian_ship_on_lead_coin_of_Vashishtiputra_Shri_Pulumavi.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Indian_ship_on_lead_coin_of_Vashishtiputra_Shri_Pulumavi.jpg/225px-Indian_ship_on_lead_coin_of_Vashishtiputra_Shri_Pulumavi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Indian_ship_on_lead_coin_of_Vashishtiputra_Shri_Pulumavi.jpg/300px-Indian_ship_on_lead_coin_of_Vashishtiputra_Shri_Pulumavi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1506" data-file-height="1435" /></a><figcaption>Indian ship on lead coin of <a href="/wiki/Vasisthiputra_Sri_Pulamavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasisthiputra Sri Pulamavi">Vasisthiputra Sri Pulamavi</a>, testimony to the naval, seafaring and trading capabilities of the Satavahanas during the 1st–2nd century CE.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first clear mention of a navy occurs in the mythological epic <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chakravarti_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chakravarti-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, however, the first attested attempt to organise a navy in India, as described by <a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a> (c. 350—290 BCE), is attributed to <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a> (reign 322—298 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-Chakravarti_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chakravarti-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a> (322–185 BCE) navy continued till the times of emperor <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> (reign 273—232 BCE), who used it to send massive diplomatic missions to Greece, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chakravarti_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chakravarti-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following nomadic interference in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>—one of the sources for India's bullion—India diverted its attention to the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>, which became its new source for gold and was soon exposed to the world via a series of maritime <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade routes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-shaffer309_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shaffer309-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The period under the Mauryan empire also witnessed various other regions of the world engage increasingly in the Indian Ocean maritime voyages.<sup id="cite_ref-shaffer309_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shaffer309-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TabulaPeutingerianaMuziris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/TabulaPeutingerianaMuziris.jpg/250px-TabulaPeutingerianaMuziris.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/TabulaPeutingerianaMuziris.jpg/375px-TabulaPeutingerianaMuziris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/TabulaPeutingerianaMuziris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a>, as shown in the <a href="/wiki/Tabula_Peutingeriana" title="Tabula Peutingeriana">Tabula Peutingeriana</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the historian <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (II.5.12.) the <a href="/wiki/Roman_trade_with_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman trade with India">Roman trade with India</a> trade initiated by <a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cyzicus" title="Eudoxus of Cyzicus">Eudoxus of Cyzicus</a> in 130 BCE kept increasing.<sup id="cite_ref-Strabo1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strabo1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indian ships sailed to Egypt as the thriving maritime routes of Southern Asia were not under the control of a single power.<sup id="cite_ref-Lach13_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lach13-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In India, the ports of <a href="/wiki/Barbarikon" title="Barbarikon">Barbaricum</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bharuch" title="Bharuch">Barygaza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korkai" title="Korkai">Korkai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaveripattinam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaveripattinam">Kaveripattinam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arikamedu" title="Arikamedu">Arikamedu</a> on the southern tip of India were the main centres of this trade.<sup id="cite_ref-Periplus1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Periplus1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Periplus Maris Erythraei</i> describes Greco—Roman merchants selling in Barbaricum "thin clothing, figured linens, <a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">topaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">coral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Storax" class="mw-redirect" title="Storax">storax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a>, vessels of glass, silver and gold plate, and a little wine" in exchange for "<a href="/wiki/Costus" title="Costus">costus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bdellium" title="Bdellium">bdellium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boxthorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Boxthorn">lycium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spikenard" title="Spikenard">nard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">turquoise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a>, Seric skins, cotton cloth, silk yarn, and <a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">indigo</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Periplus1_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Periplus1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Barygaza, they would buy wheat, rice, sesame oil, cotton and cloth.<sup id="cite_ref-Periplus1_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Periplus1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopian</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Aksum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksum">Aksum</a> was involved in the Indian Ocean trade network and was influenced by Roman culture and <a href="/wiki/Indian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian architecture">Indian architecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Curtin1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curtin1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traces of Indian influences are visible in Roman works of silver and ivory, or in Egyptian cotton and silk fabrics used for sale in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Lach2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lach2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indian presence in Alexandria may have influenced the culture but little is known about the manner of this influence.<sup id="cite_ref-Lach2_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lach2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> mentions the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a> in his writings and other <a href="/wiki/Indian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian religion">Indian religions</a> find mentions in other texts of the period.<sup id="cite_ref-Lach2_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lach2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indians were present in Alexandria<sup id="cite_ref-Lach2_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lach2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Christian and Jewish settlers from Rome continued to live in India long after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Curtin1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curtin1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which resulted in Rome's loss of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> ports,<sup id="cite_ref-Holl1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holl1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> previously used to secure trade with India by the Greco—Roman world since the time of the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lindsay1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindsay1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Common_Era—High_Middle_Ages"><span id="Early_Common_Era.E2.80.94High_Middle_Ages"></span>Early Common Era—High Middle Ages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_maritime_history&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early Common Era—High Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_influence_on_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia">History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chola_invasion_of_Srivijaya" title="Chola invasion of Srivijaya">Chola invasion of Srivijaya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Odisha" title="Maritime history of Odisha">Maritime history of Odisha</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sanskritisation" title="Sanskritisation">Sanskritisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya dynasty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava dynasty</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_cultural_zone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Indian_cultural_zone.svg/300px-Indian_cultural_zone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Indian_cultural_zone.svg/450px-Indian_cultural_zone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Indian_cultural_zone.svg/600px-Indian_cultural_zone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption>Historic <a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a> cultural influence zone of <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a> for transmission of elements of Indian elements such as the <a href="/wiki/Indian_honorifics" title="Indian honorifics">honorific titles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_name#Global_Indian_influence_in_names" title="Indian name">naming of people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Place_names_in_India#Global_Indian_influence_in_place_name" title="Place names in India">naming of places</a>, mottos of organisations and educational institutes as well as adoption of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture#Southeast_Asia_as_part_of_Greater_India" title="Hindu temple architecture">Indian architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts#Influence" title="Indian martial arts">martial arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_India#Globalization_of_Indian_music" title="Music of India">Indian music and dance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_India" title="Clothing in India">traditional Indian clothing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine#Outside_India" title="Indian cuisine">Indian cuisine</a>, a process which has also been aided by the ongoing historic expansion of <a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Indian diaspora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-diasind1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diasind1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png/220px-Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png/330px-Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png/440px-Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png 2x" data-file-width="2895" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a> <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">proto-historic</a> and historic maritime trade network in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a><sup id="cite_ref-Manguin2016_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manguin2016-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>During this period, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Hinduism in Southeast Asia">Hindu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Buddhism in Southeast Asia">Buddhist</a> religious establishments of Southeast Asia came to be associated with <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">economic activity and commerce</a> as patrons entrusted large funds which would later be used to benefit local economy by estate management, craftsmanship and promotion of trading activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Donkin67_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donkin67-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, in particular, travelled alongside the maritime trade, promoting coinage, art and literacy.<sup id="cite_ref-Donkin69_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donkin69-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This route caused the intermixing of many artistic and cultural influences, <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Iranian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_art" title="Indian art">Indian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist art</a> represents one such vivid examples of this interaction.<sup id="cite_ref-XinruLiu_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XinruLiu-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buddha was first depicted as human in the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a> period with intermixing of Greek and Indian elements, and the influence of this Greco-Buddhist art can be found in later Buddhist art in China and throughout countries on the Silk Road.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ashoka and after him his successors of Kalinga, Pallava and Chola empires along with their vassals Pandya and Chera dynasties, as well as Vijayanagara empire all played a vital role in expanding Indianisation, extending Indian maritime trade and growth of Hinduism and Buddhism. Port of Kollam is an example of important trade port in Maritime Silk Route. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Route" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime Silk Route">Maritime Silk Route</a>, which flourished between the 2nd century BC and 15th century AD connected <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite its association with China in recent centuries, the Maritime Silk Route was primarily established and operated by <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a> sailors in Southeast Asia, <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamil</a> merchants in India and Southeast Asia, Greco-Roman merchants in <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a>, and by <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arab</a> traders in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> and beyond.<sup id="cite_ref-Guan_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guan-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the 10th century, the route was primarily used by Southeast Asian traders, although <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> traders also sailed them.<sup id="cite_ref-Guan_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guan-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For most of its history, Austronesian <a href="/wiki/Thalassocracies" class="mw-redirect" title="Thalassocracies">thalassocracies</a> controlled the flow of the Maritime Silk Road, especially the <a href="/wiki/Polities" class="mw-redirect" title="Polities">polities</a> around the <a href="/wiki/Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Straits">straits</a> of <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacca Strait">Malacca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangka_Strait" title="Bangka Strait">Bangka</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekong delta">Mekong delta</a>; although Chinese records misidentified these kingdoms as being "Indian" due to the <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Indianization</a> of these regions but its had influenced the kingdoms and its culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Guan_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guan-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The route was influential in the early spread of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> to the east.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Maritime Silk Road developed from the earlier <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a> <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a> networks of <a href="/wiki/Islander_Southeast_Asians" class="mw-redirect" title="Islander Southeast Asians">Islander Southeast Asians</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern India">Southern India</a> (established 1000 to 600 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-Bellina_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellina-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mahdi1999_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahdi1999-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical kingdom)">Kalinga</a> (in 3rd century BCE was annexed by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka) and <a href="/wiki/Vijaynagara" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijaynagara">Vijayanagara Empire</a> (1336-1646) also established footholds in Malaya, <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> and Western <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-indiannavy_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indiannavy-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Odisha" title="Maritime history of Odisha">Maritime history of Odisha</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical kingdom)">Kalinga</a> in ancient times, started before 350 BC according to early sources. The people of this region of eastern <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> along the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> sailed up and down the <a href="/wiki/Coastal_India" title="Coastal India">Indian coast</a>, and travelled to <a href="/wiki/Indo_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo China">Indo China</a> and throughout <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">introducing elements</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Hinduism in Southeast Asia">their culture</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">people with whom they traded</a>. The old traditions are still celebrated in the annual <a href="/wiki/Bali_Jatra" title="Bali Jatra">Bali Jatra</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Boita_Bandana" title="Boita Bandana">Boita Bandana</a> festival held for five days in October/November.<sup id="cite_ref-orissatourism_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orissatourism-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Textiles from India were in demand in Egypt, East Africa, and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> between the 1st and 2nd centuries CE, and these regions became overseas markets for <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India#Ancient_and_medieval_characteristics" title="Economic history of India">Indian exports</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-shaffer309_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shaffer309-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> and <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, the introduction of Indian culture created a demand for aromatics, and trading posts here later served Chinese and Arab markets.<sup id="cite_ref-Donkin1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donkin1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus Maris Erythraei</a></i> names several Indian ports from where large ships sailed in an easterly direction to <i><a href="/wiki/Chryse_(placename)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chryse (placename)">Chryse</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Products from the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a> that were shipped across the ports of Arabia to the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> passed through the ports of India and Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-Donkin4_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donkin4-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After reaching either the Indian or the Sri Lankan ports, products were sometimes shipped to <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>, where they were used for a variety of purposes including burial rites.<sup id="cite_ref-Donkin4_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donkin4-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indian spice exports find mention in the works of Ibn Khurdadhbeh (850), al-Ghafiqi (1150 CE), Ishak bin Imaran (907) and Al Kalkashandi (14th century).<sup id="cite_ref-Donkin4_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donkin4-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese traveler <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> mentions the town of <a href="/wiki/Puri" title="Puri">Puri</a> where "merchants depart for distant countries."<sup id="cite_ref-Donkin2_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donkin2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_caliphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid caliphate">Abbasid caliphate</a> (750–1258 CE) used Alexandria, <a href="/wiki/Damietta" title="Damietta">Damietta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siraf" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraf">Siraf</a> as entry ports to India and China.<sup id="cite_ref-Donkin3_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donkin3-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Merchants arriving from India in the port city of Aden paid tribute in form of <a href="/wiki/Musk" title="Musk">musk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">camphor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambergris" title="Ambergris">ambergris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandalwood" title="Sandalwood">sandalwood</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ziyadid_dynasty" title="Ziyadid dynasty">Ibn Ziyad</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Donkin3_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donkin3-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rajendra_map_new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Rajendra_map_new.svg/300px-Rajendra_map_new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Rajendra_map_new.svg/450px-Rajendra_map_new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Rajendra_map_new.svg/600px-Rajendra_map_new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>Chola territories during <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajendra Chola I">Rajendra Chola I</a>, c. 1030 CE.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola dynasty</a> (300BC—1279) reached the peak of its influence and power during the medieval period.<sup id="cite_ref-sastri5_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sastri5-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emperors <a href="/wiki/Rajaraja_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajaraja Chola I">Rajaraja Chola I</a> (reigned 985–1014) and <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajendra Chola I">Rajendra Chola I</a> (reigned 1012–1044) extended the Chola kingdom beyond the traditional limits.<sup id="cite_ref-kulke115_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kulke115-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At its peak, the <a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola Empire</a> stretched from the island of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> in the south to the <a href="/wiki/Godavari_River" title="Godavari River">Godavari</a> basin in the north.<sup id="cite_ref-sastric194_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sastric194-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kingdoms along the east coast of India up to the river Ganges acknowledged Chola suzerainty.<sup id="cite_ref-majumdar407_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-majumdar407-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chola navies <a href="/wiki/Chola_invasion_of_Srivijaya" title="Chola invasion of Srivijaya">invaded and conquered Srivijaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> was the largest empire in <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goods and ideas from India began to play a major role in the "<a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Indianization</a>" of the wider world from this period.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cholas excelled in foreign trade and maritime activity, extending their influence overseas to China and Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Towards the end of the 9th century, southern India had developed extensive maritime and commercial activity.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kulke118_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kulke118-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cholas, being in possession of parts of both the west and the east coasts of peninsular India, were at the forefront of these ventures.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618–907) of China, the <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> empire in Maritime Southeast Asia under the Sailendras, and the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a> at <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> were the main trading partners.<sup id="cite_ref-trade_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trade-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borobudur_ship.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Borobudur_ship.JPG/220px-Borobudur_ship.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Borobudur_ship.JPG/330px-Borobudur_ship.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Borobudur_ship.JPG/440px-Borobudur_ship.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption>One of the <a href="/wiki/Borobudur_ship" title="Borobudur ship">Borobudur ships</a> from the 8th century, they were depictions of large Javanese outrigger trading vessels. Shown with the characteristic <a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">tanja sail</a> of Southeast Asian <a href="/wiki/Austronesians" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesians">Austronesians</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Srivijaya empire">Srivijaya empire</a>, an Indianised Hindu-Buddhist empire founded at Palembang in 682 CE as indicated in <a href="/wiki/Tang_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Tang China">Tang</a> records, rose to dominate the trade in the region around the straits and the South China Sea <a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">emporium</a> by controlling the trade in luxury aromatics and Buddhist artifacts from West Asia to a thriving Tang market.<sup id="cite_ref-Guan_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guan-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 12">: 12 </span></sup> Chinese records also indicate that the early Chinese Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim">pilgrims</a> to South Asia booked passage with the Austronesian ships that traded in Chinese ports. Books written by Chinese monks like Wan Chen and Hui-Lin contain detailed accounts of the <a href="/wiki/K%27un-lun_po" title="K'un-lun po">large trading vessels</a> from Southeast Asia dating back to at least the 3rd century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-McGrail_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGrail-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the <a href="/wiki/Pandya" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandya">Pandya empire</a> (3rd century BCE to 14th century CE) ruler <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parantaka_Nedumjadaiyan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parantaka Nedumjadaiyan (page does not exist)">Parantaka Nedumjadaiyan</a> (765–790) and the <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera dynasty</a> (absorbed into the Pandya political system by 10th/11th century AD) were a close ally of the <a href="/wiki/Pallavas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallavas">Pallavas</a> (275 CE to 897 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-ahosi_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahosi-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pallavamalla Nadivarman defeated the Pandya Varaguna with the help of a Chera king.<sup id="cite_ref-ahosi_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahosi-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cultural contacts between the Pallava court and the Chera country were common.<sup id="cite_ref-ahosi_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahosi-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, Cheras dynasty were subsumed by Pandya dynasty, which in turn was subsumed by the Pallava dynasty. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerala_cities_at_time_of_Cabral_(1500).gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Kerala_cities_at_time_of_Cabral_%281500%29.gif/250px-Kerala_cities_at_time_of_Cabral_%281500%29.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Kerala_cities_at_time_of_Cabral_%281500%29.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Port" title="Kollam Port">Port of Kollam</a> (est. 825 CE) & <a href="/wiki/Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut">Calicut</a>, map C.1500.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kollam" title="History of Kollam">Kollam</a> (also called Quilon or Desinganadu's) in coastal <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> become operational in AD.825,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has a high commercial reputation since the days of the Phoenicians and Romans,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruler of Kollam (who were vassals of Pandya dynasty who in turn later became vassals of Chola dynasty) also used to exchange the embassies with Chinese rulers and there was flourishing Chinese settlement at Kollam.<sup id="cite_ref-kolla1_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kolla1-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indian commercial connection with <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> proved vital to the merchants of <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia</a> between the 7th and 8th centuries CE,<sup id="cite_ref-Donkin1_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donkin1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and merchant Sulaiman of Siraf in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia</a> (9th Century) found Kollam to be the only port in India, touched by the huge Chinese junks, on his way from Carton of Persian Gulf.<sup id="cite_ref-kolla1_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kolla1-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>, the great Venetian traveller, who was in Chinese service under Kublakhan in 1275, visited <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a> and other towns on the west coast, in his capacity as a Chinese mandarin.<sup id="cite_ref-kolla1_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kolla1-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fed by the Chinese trade, port of Kollam was also mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> in the 14th century as one of the five Indian ports he had seen in the course of his travels during twenty-four years.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Growth and development of agriculture in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> hinterlands brought about plentiful availability of surplus. The excess agricultural crops and grains were bartered for other necessities in angadis or trading centres, turning the ports to cities. Traders used coins especially in foreign trade to export <a href="/wiki/Spices" class="mw-redirect" title="Spices">spices</a>, muslin, <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearls" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearls">pearls</a> and precious stones to countries of the west and received the wine, olive oil, amphora and terracotta pots from there. Egyptian dinars and Venetian ducats (1284-1797) were in great demand in medieval Kerala's international trade. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> were important trade partners of medieval Kerala. Arab trade and navigation attained a new enthusiasm since the birth and spread of Islam. Four gold coins of <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> (665-750 CE) found in <a href="/wiki/Kothamangalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kothamangalam">Kothamangalam</a> testifies the visit of Arab traders to Kerala in that period. With the formation of Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258 CE) the Golden Age of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> began and trade flourished as the religion was favorably disposed towards trade. Ninth century on wards the Arab trade to <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar</a> was raised to new esteems and saw many outposts of Muslim merchants. This, later on, became a strong element of Kerala Maritime History. </p><p>The Trade with Malabar resulted in the drainage of Chinese gold in abundance that the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> (1127-1279) prohibited the use of gold, silver and bronze in foreign trade in 1219 and silk fabrics and porcelain was ordered to be bartered against foreign goods. Pepper, coconut, fish, betel nuts, etc. were exported from Malabar in exchange for gold, silver, colored satin, blue and white porcelain, musk, quicksilver and camphor from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Late_Middle_Ages">Late Middle Ages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_maritime_history&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Late Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WorldShips1460._Indian_ships..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/WorldShips1460._Indian_ships..jpg/300px-WorldShips1460._Indian_ships..jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/WorldShips1460._Indian_ships..jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="228" /></a><figcaption>Indian vessel as shown in the <a href="/wiki/Fra_Mauro_map" title="Fra Mauro map">Fra Mauro map</a> (1460).</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ma_Huan" title="Ma Huan">Ma Huan</a> (1413–51) reached <a href="/wiki/Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin">Cochin</a> and noted that <a href="/wiki/Indian_coinage" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian coinage">Indian coins</a>, known as <i>fanam</i>, were issued in Cochin and weighed a total of one <i>fen</i> and one <i>li</i> according to the Chinese standards.<sup id="cite_ref-Chaudhuri223_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaudhuri223-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were of fine quality and could be exchanged in China for 15 silver coins of four-<i>li</i> weight each.<sup id="cite_ref-Chaudhuri223_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaudhuri223-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (January 2016)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calicut_1572.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Calicut_1572.jpg/220px-Calicut_1572.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Calicut_1572.jpg/330px-Calicut_1572.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Calicut_1572.jpg/440px-Calicut_1572.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3839" data-file-height="1579" /></a><figcaption>Image of <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Calicut</a>, India from <a href="/wiki/Georg_Braun" title="Georg Braun">Georg Braun</a> and Frans Hogenberg's atlas <i><a href="/wiki/Civitates_orbis_terrarum" class="mw-redirect" title="Civitates orbis terrarum">Civitates orbis terrarum</a></i>, 1572.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png/220px-Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png/330px-Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png/440px-Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>This figure illustrates the path of <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a>'s course to India (black), the first to go around Africa. Voyages of <a href="/wiki/P%C3%AAro_da_Covilh%C3%A3" title="Pêro da Covilhã">Pêro da Covilhã</a> (orange) and <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Paiva" title="Afonso de Paiva">Afonso de Paiva</a> (blue) are also shown with common routes marked in green.</figcaption></figure> <p>On the orders of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I of Portugal</a>, four vessels under the command of navigator <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> rounded the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> in 1497, continuing to <a href="/wiki/Malindi" title="Malindi">Malindi</a> on the eastern coast of Africa, from there to sail across the Indian Ocean to <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Calicut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Columbia1_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian missionaries traveling with trade, such as <a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_Xavier" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Francis Xavier">Saint Francis Xavier</a>, were instrumental in the spread of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> in the East.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first Dutch expedition left from <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> (April 1595) for South East Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Donkin7_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donkin7-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another Dutch convoy sailed in 1598 and returned one year later with 600,000 pounds of spices and other Indian products.<sup id="cite_ref-Donkin7_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donkin7-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="United East India Company">United East India Company</a> forged alliances with the principal producers of cloves and nutmeg.<sup id="cite_ref-Donkin7_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donkin7-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Modern_Era">Early Modern Era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_maritime_history&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early Modern Era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Navy" title="Maratha Navy">Maratha Navy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Shivaji_Bhonsle" class="mw-redirect" title="Shivaji Bhonsle">Shivaji Bhonsle</a> (reign 1664–1680) maintained a navy under the charge of general <a href="/wiki/Kanhoji_Angre" title="Kanhoji Angre">Kanhoji Angre</a> (served 1698–1729).<sup id="cite_ref-sardesai53-56_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sardesai53-56-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial advances of the Portuguese were checked by this navy, which also effectively relieved the traffic and commerce in India's west coast of Portuguese threat.<sup id="cite_ref-sardesai53-56_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sardesai53-56-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Maratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha">Maratha</a> navy also checked the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">English East India Company</a>, until the navy itself underwent a decline due to the policies of general <a href="/wiki/Nanasaheb" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanasaheb">Nanasaheb</a> (reign 1740 – 1761).<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Baba_Makhan_Shah_Labana" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Makhan Shah Labana">Baba Makhan Shah Labana</a>, a noted <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> of the 17th century is known for trade in sea route to Gulf and <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> region. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, the province of <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a> had a large shipbuilding industry. Economic historian Indrajit Ray estimates shipbuilding output of Bengal during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries at 223,250 tons annually, compared with 23,061 tons produced in nineteen colonies in North America from 1769 to 1771.<sup id="cite_ref-ray174_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ray174-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also assesses ship repairing as very advanced in Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-ray174_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ray174-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bengali shipbuilding was advanced compared to European shipbuilding at the time. An important innovation in shipbuilding was the introduction of a <a href="/wiki/Flush_deck" title="Flush deck">flushed deck</a> design in Bengal rice ships, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">hulls</a> that were stronger and less prone to leak than the structurally weak hulls of traditional European ships built with a stepped <a href="/wiki/Deck_(ship)" title="Deck (ship)">deck</a> design. The British <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> later duplicated the flushed deck and hull designs of Bengal rice ships in the 1760s, leading to significant improvements in <a href="/wiki/Seaworthiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaworthiness">seaworthiness</a> and navigation for European ships during the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_Raj_–_Modern_Period"><span id="British_Raj_.E2.80.93_Modern_Period"></span>British Raj – Modern Period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_maritime_history&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: British Raj – Modern Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> shipped substantial quantities of spices during the early 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Donkin7_70-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donkin7-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rajesh Kadian (2006) examines the history of the British navy in as the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> was established in India:<sup id="cite_ref-kadian06_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kadian06-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In 1830 ships of the British East India Company were designated as the Indian navy. However, in 1863, it was disbanded when Britain's <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> took control of the Indian Ocean. About thirty years later, the few small Indian naval units were called the Royal Indian Marine (RIM). In the wake of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Britain, exhausted in manpower and resources, opted for expansion of the RIM. Consequently, on 2 October 1934, the RIM was reincarnated as the Royal Indian Navy (RIN).</p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Signing_of_the_Treaty_of_Nanking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/The_Signing_of_the_Treaty_of_Nanking.jpg/300px-The_Signing_of_the_Treaty_of_Nanking.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/The_Signing_of_the_Treaty_of_Nanking.jpg/450px-The_Signing_of_the_Treaty_of_Nanking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/The_Signing_of_the_Treaty_of_Nanking.jpg/600px-The_Signing_of_the_Treaty_of_Nanking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9686" data-file-height="3633" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking" title="Treaty of Nanking">Treaty of Nanking</a> was signed in 1842 on board <a href="/wiki/HMS_Cornwallis_(1813)" title="HMS Cornwallis (1813)">HMS <i>Cornwallis</i></a>, made by shipbuilders at the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Dockyard" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay Dockyard">Bombay Dockyard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-indiannavy_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indiannavy-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Indian rulers weakened with the advent of the European powers.<sup id="cite_ref-indiannavy_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indiannavy-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shipbuilders, however, continued to build ships capable of carrying 800 to 1,000 tons.<sup id="cite_ref-indiannavy_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indiannavy-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shipbuilders at the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Dockyard" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay Dockyard">Bombay Dockyard</a> built ships like <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hindostan_(1795)" title="HMS Hindostan (1795)">HMS <i>Hindostan</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Bombay_(1805)" title="HMS Bombay (1805)">HMS <i>Ceylon</i></a>, inducted into the Royal Navy.<sup id="cite_ref-indiannavy_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indiannavy-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historical ships made by Indian shipbuilders included <a href="/wiki/HMS_Asia_(1824)" title="HMS Asia (1824)">HMS <i>Asia</i></a> (commanded by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Codrington" title="Edward Codrington">Edward Codrington</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Navarino" title="Battle of Navarino">Battle of Navarino</a> in 1827), the frigate <a href="/wiki/HMS_Cornwallis_(1813)" title="HMS Cornwallis (1813)">HMS <i>Cornwallis</i></a> (onboard which the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking" title="Treaty of Nanking">Treaty of Nanking</a> was signed in 1842), and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Minden_(1810)" title="HMS Minden (1810)">HMS <i>Minden</i></a> (on which "<a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">The Star-Spangled Banner</a>" was composed by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Scott_Key" title="Francis Scott Key">Francis Scott Key</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-indiannavy_43-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indiannavy-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Arnold examines the role of Indian shipbuilders during the British Raj:<sup id="cite_ref-Arnold101102_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnold101102-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Shipbuilding was a well-established craft at numerous points along the Indian coastline long before the arrival of the Europeans and was a significant factor in the high level of Indian maritime activity in the Indian Ocean region....As with cotton textiles, European trade was initially a stimulus to Indian shipbuilding: vessels built in ports like Masulipatam and Surat from Indian hardwoods by local craftsmen were cheaper and tougher than their European counterparts. </p><p>Between the seventeenth and early nineteenth centuries Indian shipyards produced a series of vessels incorporating these hybrid features. A large proportion of them were built in Bombay, where the Company had established a small shipyard. In 1736 Parsi carpenters were brought in from Surat to work there and, when their European supervisor died, one of the carpenters, Lowji Nuserwanji Wadia, was appointed Master Builder in his place. </p><p> Wadia oversaw the construction of thirty-five ships, twenty-one of them for the Company. Following his death in 1774, his sons took charge of the shipyard and between them built a further thirty ships over the next sixteen years. The Britannia, a ship of 749 tons launched in 1778, so impressed the Court of Directors when it reached Britain that several new ships were commissioned from Bombay, some of which later passed into the hands of the Royal Navy. In all, between 1736 and 1821, 159 ships of over 100 tons were built at Bombay, including 15 of over 1,000 tons. Ships constructed at Bombay in its heyday were said to be 'vastly superior to anything built anywhere else in the world'.</p></blockquote><p>The 1869 completion of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> created a more direct route between Britain and India, furthering the importance of coastal cities like <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_Era_(1947–present)"><span id="Contemporary_Era_.281947.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Contemporary Era (1947–present)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_maritime_history&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Contemporary Era (1947–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Indian Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_India" title="List of ports in India">List of ports in India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sagar_Mala_project" title="Sagar Mala project">Sagar Mala project</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_maritime_history&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1947, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of India">Republic of India</a>'s navy consisted of 33 ships, and 538 officers to secure a coastline of more than 4,660 miles (7,500 km) and 1,280 islands.<sup id="cite_ref-kadian06_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kadian06-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indian navy conducted annual Joint Exercises with other Commonwealth navies throughout the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-kadian06_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kadian06-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The navy saw action during various of the country's wars, including <a href="/wiki/Indian_integration_of_Junagadh" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian integration of Junagadh">Indian integration of Junagadh</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Goa">liberation of Goa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/1965_war" class="mw-redirect" title="1965 war">1965 war</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">1971 war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following difficulty in obtaining spare parts from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, India also embarked upon a massive indigenous naval designing and production programme aimed at manufacturing destroyers, frigates, corvettes, and submarines.<sup id="cite_ref-kadian06_75-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kadian06-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malabar_07-2_exercise.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Malabar_07-2_exercise.jpg/220px-Malabar_07-2_exercise.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Malabar_07-2_exercise.jpg/330px-Malabar_07-2_exercise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Malabar_07-2_exercise.jpg/440px-Malabar_07-2_exercise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Ships participating in the <i><a href="/wiki/Malabar_2007" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar 2007">Malabar 2007</a></i> naval exercise from the navies of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, United States, Japan, Australia and Singapore in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>India's Coast Guard Act was passed in August 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-kadian06_75-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kadian06-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indian Coast Guard participated in counter terrorism operations such as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cactus" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Cactus">Operation Cactus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kadian06_75-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kadian06-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During contemporary times the Indian navy was commissioned in several <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions" title="List of United Nations peacekeeping missions">United Nations peacekeeping missions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kadian06_75-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kadian06-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The navy also repatriated Indian nationals from <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">first Gulf War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kadian06_75-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kadian06-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rajesh Kadian (2006) holds that: "During the <a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a> (1999), the aggressive posture adopted by the navy played a role in convincing <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a> that a larger conflict loomed unless Pakistan withdrew from the heights.".<sup id="cite_ref-kadian06_75-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kadian06-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of the growing strategic ties with the western world the Indian navy has conducted joint exercises with its western counterparts, including the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>, and has obtained latest naval equipment from its western allies.<sup id="cite_ref-kadian06_75-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kadian06-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Better relations with the United States of America and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> have led to joint patrolling of the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Malacca" class="mw-redirect" title="Straits of Malacca">Straits of Malacca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kadian06_75-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kadian06-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil">Civil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_maritime_history&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Civil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Since the start of the new millennium international trade by and through India has grown manifold . The following table gives the detailed data about the major ports of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> for the financial year 2005–06 and percentage growth over 2004–05 <i>(Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090410022515/http://ipa.nic.in/oper.htm">Indian Ports Association)</a></i>: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th align="left">Name</th> <th>Cargo Handled (06-07) '000 tonnes</th> <th>% Increase (over 05–06)</th> <th>Vessel Traffic (05-06)</th> <th>% Increase (over 04–05)</th> <th>Container Traffic (05-06) '000 TEUs</th> <th>% Increase (over 04–05) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Port_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata Port Trust">Kolkata</a> <i>(Kolkata Dock System & Haldia Dock Complex)</i></td> <td align="right">55,050</td> <td align="right">3.59%</td> <td align="right">2,853</td> <td align="right">07.50%</td> <td align="right">313</td> <td align="right">09.06% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paradip" class="mw-redirect" title="Paradip">Paradip</a></td> <td align="right">38,517</td> <td align="right">16.33%</td> <td align="right">1,330</td> <td align="right">10.01%</td> <td align="right">3</td> <td align="right">50.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam" title="Visakhapatnam">Visakhapatnam</a></td> <td align="right">56,386</td> <td align="right">1.05%</td> <td align="right">2,109</td> <td align="right">14.43%</td> <td align="right">47</td> <td align="right">04.44% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Port" title="Chennai Port">Chennai</a></td> <td align="right">53,798</td> <td align="right">13.05%</td> <td align="right">1,857</td> <td align="right">11.26%</td> <td align="right">735</td> <td align="right">19.12% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thoothukudi" title="Thoothukudi">Tuticorin</a></td> <td align="right">18,001</td> <td align="right">05.03%</td> <td align="right">1,576</td> <td align="right">06.56%</td> <td align="right">321</td> <td align="right">04.56% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Port" title="Cochin Port">Cochin</a></td> <td align="right">15,314</td> <td align="right">10.28%</td> <td align="right">1,225</td> <td align="right">09.38%</td> <td align="right">203</td> <td align="right">09.73% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Mangalore_Port" title="New Mangalore Port">New Mangalore Port</a></td> <td align="right">32,042</td> <td align="right">-06.99%</td> <td align="right">1,087</td> <td align="right">01.87%</td> <td align="right">10</td> <td align="right">11.11% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mormugao" title="Mormugao">Mormugao</a></td> <td align="right">34,241</td> <td align="right">08.06%</td> <td align="right">642</td> <td align="right">-03.31%</td> <td align="right">9</td> <td align="right">-10.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Harbour" title="Mumbai Harbour">Mumbai</a></td> <td align="right">52,364</td> <td align="right">18.50%</td> <td align="right">2,153</td> <td align="right">14.34%</td> <td align="right">159</td> <td align="right">-27.40% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Port" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Port">J.N.P.T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navi_Mumbai" title="Navi Mumbai">Navi Mumbai</a></td> <td align="right">44,818</td> <td align="right">18.45%</td> <td align="right">2,395</td> <td align="right">03.06%</td> <td align="right">2,267</td> <td align="right">-04.39% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ennore</td> <td align="right">10,714</td> <td align="right">16.86%</td> <td align="right">173</td> <td align="right">01.17%</td> <td align="right"></td> <td align="right"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Kandla" title="Port of Kandla">Kandla</a></td> <td align="right">52,982</td> <td align="right">15.41%</td> <td align="right">2,124</td> <td align="right">09.48%</td> <td align="right">148</td> <td align="right">-18.23% </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>All Indian Ports</b></td> <td align="right"><b>463,843</b></td> <td align="right"><b>9.51%</b></td> <td align="right"><b>19,796</b></td> <td align="right"><b>08.64%</b></td> <td align="right"><b>4,744</b></td> <td align="right"><b>12.07%</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_maritime_history&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/48px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/64px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li>Spread of Indian influence through maritime routes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-resident_Indian_and_Overseas_Citizen_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-resident Indian and Overseas Citizen of India">Non-resident Indian and Overseas Citizen of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Buddhism in Southeast Asia">Buddhism in Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Hinduism in Southeast Asia">Hinduism in Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_influence_on_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia">History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianization_of_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianization of Southeast Asia">Indianization of Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_loanwords_in_Biblical_Hebrew" title="Tamil loanwords in Biblical Hebrew">Tamil loanwords in Biblical Hebrew</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Trading routes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">Indo-Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Middle_East%E2%80%93Europe_Economic_Corridor" title="India–Middle East–Europe Economic Corridor">India–Middle East–Europe Economic Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_relations" title="Indo-Roman trade relations">Indo-Roman trade relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_trade" title="Indian Ocean trade">Indian Ocean trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus%E2%80%93Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus–Mesopotamia relations">Indus–Mesopotamia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Odisha" title="Maritime history of Odisha">Maritime history of Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_maritime_history" title="Ancient maritime history">Ancient maritime history</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Economy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">Economic history of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_by_past_GDP_(PPP)#Indian" title="List of regions by past GDP (PPP)">Historic GDP of India (1-1947 CE)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Museum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Maritime_Heritage_Complex" title="National Maritime Heritage Complex">National Maritime Heritage Complex</a></li></ul></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_maritime_history&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-g&s12-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g&s12_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g&s12_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gosch & Stearns, 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ball, 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ball, 137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lach2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lach2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lach2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lach2_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lach2_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lach2_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lach, 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Curtin1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Curtin1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Curtin1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Curtin1_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Curtin, 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holl1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holl1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holl1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Holl, 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lindsay1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lindsay1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lindsay1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lindsay, 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donkin1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Donkin1_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donkin1_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donkin1_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Donkin, 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFYong2013" class="citation journal cs1">Yong, Ed (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/news/genomes-link-aboriginal-australians-to-indians-1.12219">"Aboriginal Australian genomes reveal Indian ancestry"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature.2013.12219">10.1038/nature.2013.12219</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:87793562">87793562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Aboriginal+Australian+genomes+reveal+Indian+ancestry&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature.2013.12219&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A87793562%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Yong&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnews%2Fgenomes-link-aboriginal-australians-to-indians-1.12219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+maritime+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F493274c">"Migration from India to Australia"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>493</b> (7432): 274. 2013. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F493274c">10.1038/493274c</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Migration+from+India+to+Australia&rft.volume=493&rft.issue=7432&rft.pages=274&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F493274c&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F493274c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+maritime+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Columbia1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia1_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia1_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia1_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia1_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Gama, Vasco da". <i>The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition</i>. Columbia University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gosch & Stearns, 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gosch & Stearns, 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gosch & Stearns, 12–13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenoyerHeuston2005" class="citation book cs1">Kenoyer, Jonathan M.; Heuston, Kimberley Burton (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7CjvF88iEE8C&pg=PA66"><i>The Ancient South Asian World</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-522243-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-522243-2"><bdi>978-0-19-522243-2</bdi></a>. <q>The molded terra-cotta tablet shows a flat-bottomed Indus boat with a central cabin. Branches tied to the roof may have been used for protection from bad luck, and travelers took a pet bird along to help them guide them to land.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+South+Asian+World&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-522243-2&rft.aulast=Kenoyer&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rft.au=Heuston%2C+Kimberley+Burton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7CjvF88iEE8C%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+maritime+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RaoQ-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RaoQ_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RaoQ_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RaoQ_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rao, 27–28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rao2819-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rao2819_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rao2819_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rao2819_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rao, 28–29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OHRJPatra-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OHRJPatra_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OHRJPatra_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSushanta_Ku._PatraBenudhar_Patra" class="citation web cs1">Sushanta Ku. Patra & Benudhar Patra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Journal/Journal2/pdf/ohrj-014.pdf">"ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE MARITIME HISTORY OF ANCIENT ORISSA"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>OHRJ, Vol. XLVII, No. 2</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OHRJ%2C+Vol.+XLVII%2C+No.+2&rft.atitle=ARCHAEOLOGY+AND+THE+MARITIME+HISTORY+OF+ANCIENT+ORISSA&rft.au=Sushanta+Ku.+Patra&rft.au=Benudhar+Patra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forissa.gov.in%2Fe-magazine%2FJournal%2FJournal2%2Fpdf%2Fohrj-014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+maritime+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tripati-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tripati_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSila_Tripati" class="citation web cs1">Sila Tripati. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/127/3/Man_Environ_27_117.pdf">"Early Maritime Activities of Orissa on the East Coast of India: Linkages in Trade and Cultural Developments"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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This Silk Road religion’s strength became its weakness</a>, The Print, 14 dec 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2708/stories/20100423270806400.htm">"South Indians in Roman Egypt?"</a>. <i>www.frontline.in</i>. 23 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.frontline.in&rft.atitle=South+Indians+in+Roman+Egypt%3F&rft.date=2010-04-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontline.in%2Fstatic%2Fhtml%2Ffl2708%2Fstories%2F20100423270806400.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+maritime+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sircar3-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sircar3_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sircar3_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sircar, 330</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sircar1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sircar1_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sircar, 327</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Young1-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Young1_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Young1_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chakravarti-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chakravarti_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chakravarti_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chakravarti_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chakravarti (1930)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shaffer309-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shaffer309_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shaffer309_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shaffer309_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaffer, 309</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strabo1-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Strabo1_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"At any rate, when <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Gallus" title="Cornelius Gallus">Gallus</a> was prefect of Egypt, I accompanied him and ascended the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> as far as <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Syene</a> and the frontiers of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>), and I learned that as many as one hundred and twenty vessels were sailing from <a href="/wiki/Myos_Hormos" title="Myos Hormos">Myos Hormos</a> to India, whereas formerly, under the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemies</a>, only a very few ventured to undertake the voyage and to carry on traffic in Indian merchandise." —<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/2E1*.html">"The Geography of Strabo published in Vol. I of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1917"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Geography+of+Strabo+published+in+Vol.+I+of+the+Loeb+Classical+Library+edition%2C+1917&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FStrabo%2F2E1%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+maritime+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lach13-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lach13_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lach, 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Periplus1-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Periplus1_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Periplus1_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Periplus1_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalsall" class="citation web cs1">Halsall, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/periplus.html">"Ancient History Sourcebook: The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century"</a>. Fordham University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+History+Sourcebook%3A+The+Periplus+of+the+Erythraean+Sea%3A+Travel+and+Trade+in+the+Indian+Ocean+by+a+Merchant+of+the+First+Century&rft.pub=Fordham+University&rft.aulast=Halsall&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fancient%2Fperiplus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+maritime+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-diasind1-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-diasind1_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulke2004" class="citation book cs1">Kulke, Hermann (2004). <i>A history of India</i>. Rothermund, Dietmar, 1933– (4th ed.). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.southeastasianarchaeology.com/tag/maritime-silk-route/">the original</a> on 5 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SEAArch&rft.atitle=Maritime+Silk+Road&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.southeastasianarchaeology.com%2Ftag%2Fmaritime-silk-route%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+maritime+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guan-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guan_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guan_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guan_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guan_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuan2016" class="citation journal cs1">Guan, Kwa Chong (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308032342/https://www.iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/nscwps23.pdf">"The Maritime Silk Road: History of an Idea"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>NSC Working Paper</i> (23): 1–30. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/nscwps23.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NSC+Working+Paper&rft.atitle=The+Maritime+Silk+Road%3A+History+of+an+Idea&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=1-30&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Guan&rft.aufirst=Kwa+Chong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iseas.edu.sg%2Fimages%2Fpdf%2Fnscwps23.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+maritime+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen2014" class="citation journal cs1">Sen, Tansen (3 February 2014). "Maritime Southeast Asia Between South Asia and China to the Sixteenth Century". <i>TRaNS: Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 31–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Ftrn.2013.15">10.1017/trn.2013.15</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140665305">140665305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TRaNS%3A+Trans-Regional+and+-National+Studies+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.atitle=Maritime+Southeast+Asia+Between+South+Asia+and+China+to+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-59&rft.date=2014-02-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Ftrn.2013.15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140665305%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Tansen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+maritime+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bellina-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bellina_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellina2014" class="citation book cs1">Bellina, Bérénice (2014). "Southeast Asia and the Early Maritime Silk Road". In Guy, John (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263007720"><i>Lost Kingdoms of Early Southeast Asia: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture 5th to 8th century</i></a>. Yale University Press. pp. 22–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781588395245" title="Special:BookSources/9781588395245"><bdi>9781588395245</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Southeast+Asia+and+the+Early+Maritime+Silk+Road&rft.btitle=Lost+Kingdoms+of+Early+Southeast+Asia%3A+Hindu-Buddhist+Sculpture+5th+to+8th+century&rft.pages=22-25&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781588395245&rft.aulast=Bellina&rft.aufirst=B%C3%A9r%C3%A9nice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F263007720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+maritime+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahdi1999-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mahdi1999_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahdi1999" class="citation book cs1">Mahdi, Waruno (1999). "The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean". In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.). <i>Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts</i>. One World Archaeology. Vol. 34. Routledge. pp. 144–179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415100540" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415100540"><bdi>978-0415100540</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Dispersal+of+Austronesian+boat+forms+in+the+Indian+Ocean&rft.btitle=Archaeology+and+Language+III%3A+Artefacts+languages%2C+and+texts&rft.series=One+World+Archaeology&rft.pages=144-179&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0415100540&rft.aulast=Mahdi&rft.aufirst=Waruno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+maritime+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-indiannavy-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-indiannavy_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-indiannavy_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-indiannavy_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-indiannavy_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-indiannavy_43-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-indiannavy_43-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiannavy.nic.in/"><i>Early History</i> (Indian Navy)</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Informatics_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="National Informatics Center">National Informatics Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-orissatourism-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-orissatourism_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180800/http://www.orissatourism.in/Bali-Yatra.html">"Bali Yatra"</a>. <i>Orissa Tourism</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orissatourism.in/Bali-Yatra.html">the original</a> on 21 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orissa+Tourism&rft.atitle=Bali+Yatra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orissatourism.in%2FBali-Yatra.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+maritime+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donkin, 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donkin4-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Donkin4_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donkin4_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donkin4_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Donkin, 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donkin2-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Donkin2_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donkin, 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donkin3-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Donkin3_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donkin3_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Donkin, 91–92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sastri5-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sastri5_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nilakanta Sastri, A History of South India, 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kulke115-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kulke115_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kulke & Rothermund, 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sastric194-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sastric194_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rajendra Chola I completed the conquest of the island of Sri Lanka and captured the Sinhala king Mahinda V. Nilakanta Sastri, <i>The CōĻas</i> pp 194–210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-majumdar407-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-majumdar407_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Majumdar, 407</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The kadaram campaign is first mentioned in Rajendra's inscriptions dating from his 14th year. The name of the Srivijaya king was Sangrama Vijayatungavarman—<b>Nilakanta Sastri, The CōĻas, 211–220</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaffer2001" class="citation book cs1">Shaffer, Lynda Noreen (2001). "Southernization". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Adas" title="Michael Adas">Adas, Michael</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qcSsoJ0IXawC"><i>Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History</i></a>. Critical perspectives on the past. American Historical Association. Temple University Press. p. 308. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781566398329" title="Special:BookSources/9781566398329"><bdi>9781566398329</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2013</span>. <q>The term 'southernization' [...] is used [...] to refer to a multifaceted process that began in Southern Asia and spread from there [...]. The process included [...] many interrelated strands of development[:] [...] the metallurgical, the medical, [...] the literary [...] the development of mathematics; the production and marketing of subtropical or tropical spices; the pioneering of new trade routes; the cultivation, processing, and marketing of southern crops such as sugar and cotton; and the development of various related technologies. [...] Southernization was well under way in Southern Asia by the fifth century C.E.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Southernization&rft.btitle=Agricultural+and+Pastoral+Societies+in+Ancient+and+Classical+History&rft.series=Critical+perspectives+on+the+past&rft.pages=308&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781566398329&rft.aulast=Shaffer&rft.aufirst=Lynda+Noreen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqcSsoJ0IXawC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+maritime+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kulke & Rothermund, 116–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kulke & Rothermund, 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kulke118-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kulke118_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kulke & Rothermund, 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kulke & Rothermund, 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tripathi, 465</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tripathi, 477</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trade-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-trade_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nilakanta Sastri, <i>The CōĻas</i>, 604</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGrail-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McGrail_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrail2001" class="citation book cs1">McGrail, Seán (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/39591350"><i>Boats of the World: From the Stone Age to the Medieval Times</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 289–293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199271863" title="Special:BookSources/9780199271863"><bdi>9780199271863</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boats+of+the+World%3A+From+the+Stone+Age+to+the+Medieval+Times&rft.pages=289-293&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780199271863&rft.aulast=McGrail&rft.aufirst=Se%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F39591350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+maritime+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ahosi-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ahosi_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ahosi_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ahosi_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i>A History of South India</i> – pp 146 – 147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRingWatsonSchellinger2012" class="citation book cs1">Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul (12 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=voerPYsAB5wC&q=Marco+polo+Quilon&pg=PA710"><i>Page No.710, International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136639791" title="Special:BookSources/9781136639791"><bdi>9781136639791</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Page+No.710%2C+International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places%3A+Asia+and+Oceania&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012-11-12&rft.isbn=9781136639791&rft.aulast=Ring&rft.aufirst=Trudy&rft.au=Watson%2C+Noelle&rft.au=Schellinger%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvoerPYsAB5wC%26q%3DMarco%2Bpolo%2BQuilon%26pg%3DPA710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+maritime+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSastri1958" class="citation book cs1">Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta (1958) [1935]. <i>History of South India</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+South+India&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Sastri&rft.aufirst=K.+A.+Nilakanta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+maritime+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kolla1-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kolla1_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kolla1_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kolla1_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110518045229/http://kollam.nic.in/history.html">"Short History of Kollam"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kollam.nic.in/history.html">the original</a> on 18 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Short+History+of+Kollam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkollam.nic.in%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+maritime+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mathrubhumi.com/travel/article/destination/kollam/1095/">Kollam - Mathrubhumi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141009210850/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/travel/article/destination/kollam/1095/">Archived</a> 9 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chaudhuri223-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chaudhuri223_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chaudhuri223_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chaudhuri, 223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corn 1999, pp 68-. "If the Portuguese had wrested the spice trade from the Arabs in those distant lands, then why shouldn't a people enslaved by a false doctrine be likewise freed? This rhetorical question became for Xavier his ultimate concern. It was Portugal's supremacy on the seas and in the spice trade that allowed it to flourish."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donkin7-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Donkin7_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donkin7_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donkin7_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donkin7_70-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Donkin, 169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sardesai53-56-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sardesai53-56_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sardesai53-56_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sardesai, 53–56, <i>Shivaji Bhonsle and Heirs</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sardesai, 293–296, <i>Peshwai and Pentarchy</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ray174-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ray174_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ray174_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay2011" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Indrajit (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA174"><i>Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757-1857)</i></a>. Routledge. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-82552-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-82552-1"><bdi>978-1-136-82552-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengal+Industries+and+the+British+Industrial+Revolution+%281757-1857%29&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-136-82552-1&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Indrajit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCHOrAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+maritime+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucd.ie/t4cms/WP17_11.pdf">"Technological Dynamism in a Stagnant Sector: Safety at Sea during the Early Industrial Revolution"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Technological+Dynamism+in+a+Stagnant+Sector%3A+Safety+at+Sea+during+the+Early+Industrial+Revolution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucd.ie%2Ft4cms%2FWP17_11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+maritime+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kadian06-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kadian06_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kadian06_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kadian06_75-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kadian06_75-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kadian06_75-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kadian06_75-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kadian06_75-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kadian06_75-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kadian06_75-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kadian06_75-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kadian06_75-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kadian (2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arnold101102-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arnold101102_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnold, 101–102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/m/marshall-east.html">"Passage East"</a>. <i>archive.nytimes.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.nytimes.com&rft.atitle=Passage+East&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2Ffirst%2Fm%2Fmarshall-east.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+maritime+history" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The navy was used in national integration by ferrying troops and securing the coast during the Junagadh state operations—Rajesh Kadian (2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">the Indian navy, among other actions, sank the Portuguese frigate <i>Afonso de Albuquerque</i>—Rajesh Kadian (2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The navy's fortunes were greatly restored in 1971. After East Pakistan (<a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>) seceded, leading to civil war between Pakistan's two wings, the Indian navy trained four task forces of riverine guerrillas. Those <a href="/wiki/MARCOS_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="MARCOS (India)">frogmen</a> sank or damaged over 100,000 tons of shipping in four months and disrupted ports and inland waterways, the lifeline of the country. In December, after the war formally started, an imaginative, daring raid by Osa missile boats on <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> harbor sank two warships, damaged others, and ignited oil storage facilities. The Indian armed forces conducted amphibious landings for the first time toward the end of the war—Rajesh Kadian (2006).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_maritime_history&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadhakumud_Mookerji1912" class="citation book cs1">Radhakumud Mookerji (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/indianshippinghi00mookrich#page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Indian Shipping - A history of the sea-borne trade and maritime activity of the Indians from the earliest times</i></a>. Longmans, Green and Co., Bombay.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Shipping+-+A+history+of+the+sea-borne+trade+and+maritime+activity+of+the+Indians+from+the+earliest+times&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+and+Co.%2C+Bombay&rft.date=1912&rft.au=Radhakumud+Mookerji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Findianshippinghi00mookrich%23page%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+maritime+history" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehta1940" class="citation book cs1">Mehta, Asoka (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/indianshipping032835mbp#page/n3/mode/2up"><i>Indian Shipping: A case study of the working of Imperialism</i></a>. N.T.Shroff, Bombay.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Shipping%3A+A+case+study+of+the+working+of+Imperialism&rft.pub=N.T.Shroff%2C+Bombay&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Mehta&rft.aufirst=Asoka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Findianshipping032835mbp%23page%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+maritime+history" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_maritime_history&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Indian_maritime_history" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Indian maritime history">Indian maritime history</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maritime_history_of_India" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Maritime history of India">Maritime history of India</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Arnold, David (2004), <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Cambridge_History_of_India" title="The New Cambridge History of India">The New Cambridge History of India</a>: Science, Technology and Medicine in Colonial India</i>, Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56319-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-56319-4">0-521-56319-4</a>.</li> <li>Ball, Warwick (2000), <i>Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire</i>, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-11376-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-11376-8">0-415-11376-8</a>.</li> <li>Chakravarti, P. C. (1930), "Naval Warfare in ancient India", <i>The Indian Historical Quarterly</i>, <b>4</b> (4): 645–664.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirti_N._Chaudhuri" title="Kirti N. Chaudhuri">Chaudhuri, K. N.</a> (1985), <i>Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean</i>, Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-28542-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-28542-9">0-521-28542-9</a>.</li> <li>Corn, Charles (1999) [First published 1998], <i>The Scents of Eden: A History of the Spice Trade</i>, Kodansha, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56836-249-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-56836-249-8">1-56836-249-8</a>.</li> <li>Curtin, Philip DeArmond etc. (1984), <i>Cross-Cultural Trade in World History</i>, Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-26931-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-26931-8">0-521-26931-8</a>.</li> <li>Donkin, Robin A. (2003), <i>Between East and West: The Moluccas and the Traffic in Spices Up to the Arrival of Europeans</i>, Diane Publishing Company, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87169-248-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87169-248-1">0-87169-248-1</a>.</li> <li>Gosch, Stephen S. & Stearns, Peter N. (2007), <i>Premodern Travel in World History</i>, Taylor & Francis, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-92695-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-92695-1">0-203-92695-1</a>.</li> <li>Hermann & Rothermund [2000] (2001), <i>A History of India</i>, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-32920-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-32920-5">0-415-32920-5</a>.</li> <li>Holl, Augustin F. C. (2003), <i>Ethnoarchaeology of Shuwa-Arab Settlements</i>, Lexington Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7391-0407-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7391-0407-1">0-7391-0407-1</a>.</li> <li>Kadian, Rajesh (2006), "Armed Forces", <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_India" title="Encyclopedia of India">Encyclopedia of India</a> (vol. 1)</i> edited by Stanley Wolpet, pp. 47–55.</li> <li>Kulke & Rothermund [2000] (2001), <i>A History of India</i>, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-32920-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-32920-5">0-415-32920-5</a>.</li> <li>Lach, Donald Frederick (1994), <i>Asia in the Making of Europe: The Century of Discovery</i>, University of Chicago Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-46731-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-46731-7">0-226-46731-7</a>.</li> <li>Lindsay, W.S. (2006), <i>History of Merchant Shipping and Ancient Commerce</i>, Adamant Media Corporation, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-543-94253-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-543-94253-8">0-543-94253-8</a>.</li> <li>Majumdar, R.C. (1987), <i>Ancient India</i>, Motilal Banarsidass Publications, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0436-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0436-8">81-208-0436-8</a>.</li> <li>Nilakanta Sastri, K.A [1935] (1984), <i>The CōĻas</i>, University of Madras.</li> <li>Nilakanta Sastri, K.A [1955] (2002), <i>A History of South India</i>, Oxford University Press.</li> <li>K.M. Panikkar, 1945: India and the Indian Ocean: an essay on the influence of sea power on Indian history</li> <li>Rao, S. R. (1985), <i>Lothal</i>, <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India" title="Archaeological Survey of India">Archaeological Survey of India</a>.</li> <li>Rao, S. R. The Lost City of Dvaraka, National Institute of Oceanography, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-86471-48-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-86471-48-0">81-86471-48-0</a> (1999)</li> <li>Rao, S. R. Marine Archaeology in India, Delhi: Publications Division, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-230-0785-X" title="Special:BookSources/81-230-0785-X">81-230-0785-X</a> (2001)</li> <li>Sardesai, D.R. (2006), "Peshwai and Pentarchy", <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_India" title="Encyclopedia of India">Encyclopedia of India</a> (vol. 3)</i> edited by Stanley Wolpet, pp. 293–296.</li> <li>Sardesai, D.R. (2006), "Shivaji Bhonsle and Heirs", <i>Encyclopedia of India (vol. 4)</i> edited by Stanley Wolpet, pp. 53–56.</li> <li>Shaffer, Lynda N. (2001), "Southernization", <i>Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History</i> edited by Michael Adas, Temple University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56639-832-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-56639-832-0">1-56639-832-0</a>.</li> <li>Sircar, D.C. (1990), <i>Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India</i>, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0690-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0690-5">81-208-0690-5</a>.</li> <li>Tripathi, Rama Sankar (1967), <i>History of Ancient India</i>, Motilal Banarsidass Publications, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0018-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0018-4">81-208-0018-4</a>.</li> <li>Young, Gary Keith (2001), <i>Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy, 31 BC-AD 305</i>, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-24219-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-24219-3">0-415-24219-3</a>.</li> <li>Medieval Kerala's Maritime trade history with <i>Arabs and Chinese</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.tyndisheritage.com/the-amazing-stories-of-kerala-maritime-history">https://www.tyndisheritage.com/the-amazing-stories-of-kerala-maritime-history</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="India_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:India_topics" title="Template:India topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:India_topics" title="Template talk:India topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:India_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:India topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="India_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">India topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history" title="Timeline of Indian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_India" title="List of years in India">Years</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of clothing in the Indian subcontinent">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in India">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_India" title="Linguistic history of India">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_India" title="Military history of India">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paper_currency_in_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of paper currency in Indian subcontinent">Paper currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_India" title="Postage stamps and postal history of India">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_on_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of science and technology on the Indian subcontinent">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Mauryas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavana_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavana Kingdom">Yavana Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley">Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid%E2%80%93Mauryan_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid–Mauryan war">Seleucid–Mauryan war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Marathas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">European trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_War" title="Bengal War">Bengal War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Late modern">Late modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princely state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">1857 rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India#History" title="Rail transport in India">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India_under_the_British_Raj" title="Economy of India under the British Raj">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Commander-in-Chief, India">Commander-in-Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamindar#British_era" title="Zamindar">Zamindari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Councils_Act_1909" title="Indian Councils Act 1909">Political reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">1943 famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="India and the Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_India" title="Five-Year Plans of India">Five-Year Plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Flood">White Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalite">Naxal Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smiling_Buddha" title="Smiling Buddha">Smiling Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Space programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force" title="Indian Peace Keeping Force">Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">History of India (1947–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Economic liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokhran-II" title="Pokhran-II">Pokhran-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_India" title="Category:Geology of India">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_Parks_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil Parks of India">Fossil Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Plate">Indian Plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heritage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Geological_Monuments_of_India" title="National Geological Monuments of India">National Geological Monuments of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_groves_of_India" title="Sacred groves of India">Sacred groves of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains#India" title="Sacred mountains">Sacred mountains of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River#Sacred" title="River">Sacred rivers of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stones_of_India" title="Stones of India">Stones of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_India" title="Environment of India">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_classification_of_India" title="Biogeographic classification of India">Biogeographic classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_India" title="Biosphere reserves of India">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_India" title="Climate of India">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_India" title="Climate change in India">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_India" title="List of earthquakes in India">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_India" title="List of ecoregions in India">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_India" title="Environmental issues in India">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_India" title="Fauna of India">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forests_in_India" title="List of forests in India">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_India" title="Flora of India">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_India" title="Protected areas of India">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_India" title="Wildlife of India">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildlife_sanctuaries_of_India" title="List of wildlife sanctuaries of India">sanctuaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_India" title="List of beaches in India">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_India" title="List of canals in India">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_India" title="Coastal India">Coasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_India" title="Exclusive economic zone of India">ECZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_India" title="List of extreme points of India">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of glaciers of India">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_highest_point" title="List of Indian states and union territories by highest point">Highest point by states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_India" title="List of islands of India">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_India" title="List of lakes of India">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_India" title="List of mountains in India">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes_of_India" title="List of mountain passes of India">Mountain passes</a></li> <li>Plains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Coastal_Plains" title="Eastern Coastal Plains">Eastern coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Coastal_Plains" title="Western Coastal Plains">Western coastal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_India" title="List of rivers of India">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_in_India" title="List of valleys in India">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_India" title="List of volcanoes in India">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waterfalls of India">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_India" title="Northwest India">Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest India">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast India">Southeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_India" title="Western India">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">Autonomous administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_India" title="Template:Borders of India">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_India_by_population" title="List of towns in India by population">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_governance_in_India" title="Municipal governance in India">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and union territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_National_Importance_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Monuments of National Importance of India">National monuments of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature worship</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian-origin religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites in India">World Heritage Sites in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agencies_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of agencies of the government of India">Agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_India" title="Energy policy of India">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Foreign relations of India">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_India" title="Vice President of India">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers" title="Union Council of Ministers">Union Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Services_of_India" title="Civil Services of India">Civil Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_(India)" title="Cabinet Secretary (India)">Cabinet Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_India" title="State governments of India">State governments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_India" title="State legislative assemblies of India">State legislative assemblies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_councils_of_India" title="State legislative councils of India">State legislative councils</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(India)" title="Governor (India)">Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_(India)" title="Chief minister (India)">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_secretary_(India)" title="Chief secretary (India)">Chief Secretaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_India" title="Law of India">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Penal_Code" title="Indian Penal Code">Penal Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India" title="Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India">Fundamental rights, principles and duties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_India" title="Human rights in India">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in India">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India" title="Chief Justice of India">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">High Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_courts_of_India" title="District courts of India">District Courts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_India" title="Law enforcement in India">Enforcement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Federal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">Border Security Force (BSF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Industrial_Security_Force" title="Central Industrial Security Force">Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Police_Force" title="Central Reserve Police Force">Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Tibetan_Border_Police" title="Indo-Tibetan Border Police">Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Guard" title="National Security Guard">National Security Guard (NSG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Protection_Force" title="Railway Protection Force">Railway Protection Force (RPF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sashastra_Seema_Bal" title="Sashastra Seema Bal">Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Protection_Group" title="Special Protection Group">Special Protection Group (SPG)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_intelligence_agencies" title="List of Indian intelligence agencies">Intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Police_Research_and_Development" title="Bureau of Police Research and Development">Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Investigation">Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Revenue_Intelligence" title="Directorate of Revenue Intelligence">Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate (ED)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(India)" title="Intelligence Bureau (India)">Intelligence Bureau (IB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(India)" title="National Security Council (India)">Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotics_Control_Bureau" title="Narcotics Control Bureau">Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Investigation_Agency" title="National Investigation Agency">National Investigation Agency (NIA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_India" title="Censorship in India">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationality_law" title="Indian nationality law">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_India" title="Elections in India">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_India" title="Democracy in India">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_India" title="List of political parties in India">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">Reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scandals_in_India" title="List of scandals in India">Scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_India" title="Secularism in India">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_political_participation_in_India" title="Women's political participation in India">Women in politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_India" title="List of companies of India">Companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BSE_SENSEX" title="BSE SENSEX">BSE SENSEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIFTY_50" title="NIFTY 50">NIFTY 50</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(India)" title="Ministry of Finance (India)">Ministry of Finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(India)" title="Minister of Finance (India)">Finance ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)">Ministry of Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance_Commission" title="Finance Commission">Finance Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Advisory_Council" title="Economic Advisory Council">Economic Advisory Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_(India)" title="Central Statistics Office (India)">Central Statistical Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Board_of_India" title="Securities and Exchange Board of India">Securities and Exchange Board of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_debt_of_India" title="External debt of India">External debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_India" title="Foreign trade of India">Foreign trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_India" title="Foreign direct investment in India">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign-exchange_reserves_of_India" title="Foreign-exchange reserves of India">Foreign exchange reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remittances_to_India" title="Remittances to India">Remittances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_India" title="Taxation in India">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidies_in_India" title="Subsidies in India">Subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_licensing_in_India" title="Industrial licensing in India">Industrial licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voluntary_Guidelines_on_Social,_Environmental_and_Economic_Responsibilities_of_Business" title="National Voluntary Guidelines on Social, Environmental and Economic Responsibilities of Business">Voluntary guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NITI_Aayog" title="NITI Aayog">NITI Aayog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_in_India" title="Make in India">Make in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmanirbhar_Bharat" title="Atmanirbhar Bharat">Atmanirbhar Bharat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee_sign" title="Indian rupee sign">Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_rupee" title="History of the rupee">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate_history_of_the_Indian_rupee" title="Exchange rate history of the Indian rupee">Historical Forex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rupee" title="Digital rupee">Digital rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_paisa" title="Indian paisa">Paisa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="List of governors of the Reserve Bank of India">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Government_Mint" title="India Government Mint">Mint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation_in_India" title="Inflation in India">Inflation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_India" title="Banking in India">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_India" title="Insurance in India">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi_Commodity_Exchange" title="Multi Commodity Exchange">Multi Commodity Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gold_(Control)_Act,_1968" title="The Gold (Control) Act, 1968">Bullion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_black_money" title="Indian black money">Black money</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange" title="Bombay Stock Exchange">Bombay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Stock_Exchange_of_India" title="National Stock Exchange of India">National</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development_in_India" title="Economic development in India">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licence_Raj" title="Licence Raj">Licence Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schemes_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of schemes of the government of India">Government initiatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_numbering_system" title="Indian numbering system">Numbering system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indians_by_net_worth" title="List of Indians by net worth">By net worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_India" title="Income in India">Income</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_labour_law" title="Indian labour law">Labour law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_India" title="Pensions in India">Pensions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Employees%27_Provident_Fund_Organisation" title="Employees' Provident Fund Organisation">EPFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pension_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="National Pension Scheme">NPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Provident_Fund_(India)" title="Public Provident Fund (India)">PPF</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Economy of Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Assam" title="Economy of Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bihar" title="Economy of Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Delhi" title="Economy of Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gujarat" title="Economy of Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haryana" title="Economy of Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Economy of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jharkhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Karnataka" title="Economy of Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kerala" title="Economy of Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ladakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Economy of Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Maharashtra" title="Economy of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mizoram" title="Economy of Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Odisha" title="Economy of Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Punjab,_India" title="Economy of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rajasthan" title="Economy of Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Economy of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Telangana" title="Economy of Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttarakhand" title="Economy of Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Economy of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_India" title="Agriculture in India">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_India" title="Animal husbandry in India">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_India" title="Fishing in India">Fishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_India" title="Automotive industry in India">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry_in_India" title="Chemical industry in India">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_India" title="Construction industry of India">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_industry_of_India" title="Defence industry of India">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_India" title="Energy in India">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_India" title="Electricity sector in India">Electricity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_India" title="Nuclear power in India">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_India" title="Oil and gas industry in India">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_India" title="Solar power in India">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_India" title="Wind power in India">Wind</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_and_semiconductor_manufacturing_industry_in_India" title="Electronics and semiconductor manufacturing industry in India">Electronics and semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_industry_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Entertainment industry in India">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_India" title="Forestry in India">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_India" title="Gambling in India">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_India" title="Healthcare in India">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_India" title="List of hospitals in India">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_in_India" title="Information technology in India">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of India">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting_in_India" title="FM broadcasting in India">FM Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_industry_in_India" title="Printing industry in India">Printing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_India" title="Mining in India">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_India" title="Coal in India">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_and_steel_industry_in_India" title="Iron and steel industry in India">Iron and Steel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_India" title="Pharmaceutical industry in India">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_India" title="Pulp and paper industry in India">Pulp and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retailing_in_India" title="Retailing in India">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_India" title="Science and technology in India">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_in_India" title="Biotechnology in India">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_India" title="Space industry of India">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_India" title="Telecommunications in India">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_India" title="Textile industry in India">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_India" title="Transport in India">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_India" title="Aviation in India">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_India" title="Civil aviation in India">Civil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_India" title="List of ports in India">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India" title="Rail transport in India">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_India" title="Roads in India">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electricity_organisations_in_India" title="List of electricity organisations in India">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_sector_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Power sector in India">Power</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulator</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Regulatory_and_Development_Authority" title="Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority">IRDAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">RBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEBI" class="mw-redirect" title="SEBI">SEBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Board_of_India" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India">IBBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_Fund_Regulatory_and_Development_Authority" title="Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority">PFRDA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Tribunal">NCLT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Appellate_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Appellate Tribunal">NCLAT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_for_Industrial_and_Financial_Reconstruction" title="Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction">BIFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Board_of_India" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India">IBBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Code,_2016" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016">IBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securitisation_and_Reconstruction_of_Financial_Assets_and_Enforcement_of_Security_Interest_Act,_2002" title="Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002">SARFESI Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income-tax_Act,_1961" class="mw-redirect" title="Income-tax Act, 1961">Income Tax Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companies_Act,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Companies Act, 2013">Companies Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_Regulation_Act,_1949" title="Banking Regulation Act, 1949">Banking Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Act,_1938" title="Insurance Act, 1938">Insurance Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Exchange_Management_Act" title="Foreign Exchange Management Act">FEMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Consensus" title="Mumbai Consensus">Mumbai Consensus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Society and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">Caste system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_India" title="Corruption in India">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_India" title="Crime in India">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_India" title="List of universities in India">Universities in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_colleges_in_India" title="List of medical colleges in India">Medical colleges in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_India" title="List of law schools in India">Law colleges in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_education_in_India" title="Engineering education in India">Engineering colleges in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_relations_in_India" title="Ethnic relations in India">Ethnic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_India" title="Health in India">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_by_life_expectancy_at_birth" title="List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_India" title="Literacy in India">Literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_India" title="Prisons in India">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issue#India" title="Social issue">Socio-economic issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_India" title="Standard of living in India">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_India" title="Women in India">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_India" title="Sexuality in India">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_India" title="Youth in India">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_entertainment_in_India" title="Arts and entertainment in India">Arts and entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_blogosphere" title="Indian blogosphere">Blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_comics" title="Indian comics">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Webcomics_in_India" title="Webcomics in India">Webcomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_wine" title="Indian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_India" title="Clothing in India">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_India" title="Folklore of India">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_India" title="List of festivals in India">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_India" title="Mass media in India">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_painting" title="Indian painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_physical_culture" title="Indian physical culture">Physical culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_India" title="Public holidays in India">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Sculpture in the Indian subcontinent">Sculpture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_tallest_statues_in_India" title="List of the tallest statues in India">tallest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_India" title="Sport in India">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_India" title="Traditional games of India">Traditional</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x20px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Indian_Navy" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_Navy" title="Template:Indian Navy"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_Navy" title="Template talk:Indian Navy"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_Navy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian Navy"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x20px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Indian_Navy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Indian Navy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(India)" title="Minister of Defence (India)">Minister of Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Naval_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of the Naval Staff (India)">Chief of the Naval Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chief_of_the_Naval_Staff_(India)" title="Vice Chief of the Naval Staff (India)">Vice Chief of the Naval Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_serving_admirals_of_the_Indian_Navy#Naval_Commanders_(Commander-in-Chief_grade)" title="List of serving admirals of the Indian Navy">FOCs-in-C (Naval Commanders)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Chief_of_the_Naval_Staff_(India)" title="Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff (India)">DCNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Personnel_(Indian_Navy)" title="Chief of Personnel (Indian Navy)">COP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Materiel_(Indian_Navy)" title="Chief of Materiel (Indian Navy)">COM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_General_Project_Seabird" title="Director General Project Seabird">DG Seabird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Officer_Commanding_Western_Fleet" title="Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet">FOCWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Officer_Commanding_Eastern_Fleet" title="Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet">FOCEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Officer_Commanding_Maharashtra_Naval_Area" title="Flag Officer Commanding Maharashtra Naval Area">FOMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Officer_Commanding_Gujarat_Naval_Area" title="Flag Officer Commanding Gujarat Naval Area">FOGNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Officer_Commanding_Karnataka_Naval_Area" title="Flag Officer Commanding Karnataka Naval Area">FOK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Officer_Commanding_Tamil_Nadu_%26_Puducherry_Naval_Area" title="Flag Officer Commanding Tamil Nadu & Puducherry Naval Area">FOTNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Officer_Defence_Advisory_Group" title="Flag Officer Defence Advisory Group">FODAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Officer_Submarines_(India)" title="Flag Officer Submarines (India)">FOSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Officer_Sea_Training_(India)" title="Flag Officer Sea Training (India)">FOST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_Chief_of_the_Naval_Staff_(India)" title="Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (India)">ACNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_serving_admirals_of_the_Indian_Navy" title="List of serving admirals of the Indian Navy">Serving admirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy_Master_Chief_Petty_Officer" title="Navy Master Chief Petty Officer">Navy MCPO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Components <br />and <br />Commands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Naval_Commands" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Naval Commands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Operational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Naval_Command" title="Western Naval Command">Western Naval Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Naval_Command" title="Eastern Naval Command">Eastern Naval Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Naval_Command" title="Southern Naval Command">Southern Naval Command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Joint</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Command" title="Andaman and Nicobar Command">Andaman and Nicobar Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Forces_Command" title="Strategic Forces Command">Strategic Forces Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Cyber_Agency" title="Defence Cyber Agency">Defence Cyber Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Space_Agency" title="Defence Space Agency">Defence Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Special_Operations_Division" title="Armed Forces Special Operations Division">Armed Forces Special Operations Division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Fleets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Fleet_(India)" title="Western Fleet (India)">Western Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Fleet_(India)" title="Eastern Fleet (India)">Eastern Fleet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_Navy_bases" title="List of Indian Navy bases">Bases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">New Delhi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/INS_India" title="INS India">INS India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Naval_Command" title="Western Naval Command">Western Naval Command</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/INS_Dwarka" title="INS Dwarka">INS Dwarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INS_Sardar_Patel" title="INS Sardar Patel">INS Sardar Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INS_Kadamba" title="INS Kadamba">INS Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INS_Vajrakosh" title="INS Vajrakosh">INS Vajrakosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INHS_Patanjali" title="INHS Patanjali">INHS Patanjali</a></li> <li>INS Gomantak</li> <li><a href="/wiki/INS_Hansa" title="INS Hansa">INS Hansa</a></li> <li>INHS Jeevanti</li> <li><a href="/wiki/INS_Angre" title="INS Angre">INS Angre</a></li> <li>INS Abhimanyu</li> <li>INS Agnibahu</li> <li>INHS Asvini</li> <li>INS Kunjali</li> <li><a href="/wiki/INS_Shikra" title="INS Shikra">INS Shikra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INS_Tanaji" title="INS Tanaji">INS Tanaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INS_Trata" title="INS Trata">INS Trata</a></li> <li>INS Tunir</li> <li><a href="/wiki/INS_Vajrabahu" title="INS Vajrabahu">INS Vajrabahu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Naval_Command" title="Southern Naval Command">Southern Naval Command</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/INS_Dweeprakshak" title="INS Dweeprakshak">INS Dweeprakshak</a></li> <li>INS Minicoy</li> <li>INS Androth</li> <li>INS Bitra</li> <li><a href="/wiki/INS_Garuda" title="INS Garuda">INS Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INHS_Sanjivani" title="INHS Sanjivani">INHS Sanjivani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INS_Venduruthy" title="INS Venduruthy">INS Venduruthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INS_Dronacharya" title="INS Dronacharya">INS Dronacharya</a></li> <li>INS Chilka</li> <li>INHS Nivrani</li> <li>INS Mandovi</li> <li>INS Hamla</li> <li><a href="/wiki/INS_Shivaji" title="INS Shivaji">INS Shivaji</a></li> <li>INHS Kasturi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/INS_Valsura" title="INS Valsura">INS Valsura</a></li> <li>INS Agrani</li> <li>INS Zamorin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/INS_Satavahana" title="INS Satavahana">INS Satavahana</a></li> <li>INS Vishwakarma</li> <li><a href="/wiki/INS_Jatayu" title="INS Jatayu">INS Jatayu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Naval_Command" title="Eastern Naval Command">Eastern Naval Command</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>INS Circars</li> <li><a href="/wiki/INS_Dega" title="INS Dega">INS Dega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INS_Virbahu" title="INS Virbahu">INS Virbahu</a></li> <li>INHS Kalyani</li> <li><a href="/wiki/INS_Kalinga" title="INS Kalinga">INS Kalinga</a></li> <li>INS Eksila</li> <li>INS Karna</li> <li>INS Adyar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/INS_Rajali" title="INS Rajali">INS Rajali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INS_Parundu" title="INS Parundu">INS Parundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INS_Kattabomman" title="INS Kattabomman">INS Kattabomman</a></li> <li>INS Tuticorin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/INS_Netaji_Subhas" title="INS Netaji Subhas">INS Netaji Subhash</a></li> <li>INS Paradip</li> <li>INS Bhubaneswar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/INS_Varsha" title="INS Varsha">INS Varsha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Command" title="Andaman and Nicobar Command">Andaman and Nicobar Command</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/INS_Kardip" title="INS Kardip">INS Kardip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INS_Jarawa" title="INS Jarawa">INS Jarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INS_Utkrosh" title="INS Utkrosh">INS Utkrosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INS_Baaz" title="INS Baaz">INS Baaz</a></li> <li>INHS Dhanvantari</li> <li>INS Campbell Bay</li> <li><a href="/wiki/INS_Kohassa" title="INS Kohassa">INS Kohassa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Indian_Navy_ships" title="List of active Indian Navy ships">Active Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_Indian_Navy" title="List of ships of the Indian Navy">List of Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_submarines_of_the_Indian_Navy" title="List of submarines of the Indian Navy">Submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapon_systems_of_the_Indian_Navy" title="Weapon systems of the Indian Navy">Weapon systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_naval_air_squadrons" title="List of Indian naval air squadrons">Aircraft Squadrons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Fighter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/INAS_300" title="INAS 300">300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INAS_303" title="INAS 303">303</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Airborne Early Warning (AEW)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/INAS_339" title="INAS 339">339</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Anti-submarine (ASW)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/INAS_330" title="INAS 330">330</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INAS_333" title="INAS 333">333</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INAS_336" title="INAS 336">336</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Reconnaissance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/INAS_342" title="INAS 342">342</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INAS_343" title="INAS 343">343</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INAS_344" title="INAS 344">344</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Maritime patrol</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/INAS_312" title="INAS 312">312</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INAS_315" title="INAS 315">315</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INAS_318" title="INAS 318">318</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INAS_550" title="INAS 550">550</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INAS_313" title="INAS 313">313</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Electronic Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/INAS_310" title="INAS 310">310</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INAS_311" title="INAS 311">311</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Multirole helicopter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/INAS_322" title="INAS 322">322</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INAS_323" title="INAS 323">323</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INAS_334" title="INAS 334">334</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INAS_350" title="INAS 350">350</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Search & Rescue</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/INAS_321" title="INAS 321">321</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/INAS_551" title="INAS 551">551</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INAS_552" title="INAS 552">552</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INAS_561" title="INAS 561">561</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Military_academies_in_India" title="Military academies in India">Military Academies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Education & Training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sainik_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Sainik School">Sainik School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Medical_College_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces Medical College (India)">Armed Forces Medical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajmer_Military_School" title="Ajmer Military School">Ajmer Military School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_Military_School" title="Bangalore Military School">Bangalore Military School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgaum_Military_School" title="Belgaum Military School">Belgaum Military School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chail_Military_School" title="Chail Military School">Chail Military School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dholpur_Military_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Dholpur Military School">Dholpur Military School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Indian_Military_College" title="Rashtriya Indian Military College">Rashtriya Indian Military College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Schools & Colleges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Naval_Academy" title="Indian Naval Academy">Indian Naval Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_War_College,_Goa" title="Naval War College, Goa">Naval War College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Tri-Service Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Services_Staff_College" title="Defence Services Staff College">Defence Services Staff College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Academy_(India)" title="National Defence Academy (India)">National Defence Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defence_College_(India)" title="National Defence College (India)">National Defence College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Defence_Management" title="College of Defence Management">College of Defence Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Institute_of_Technology" title="Military Institute of Technology">Military Institute of Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Insignia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_ranks_and_insignia_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval ranks and insignia of India">Ranks and insignia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Naval_ranks_and_insignia_of_India#Officer_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval ranks and insignia of India">Officers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naval_ranks_and_insignia_of_India#Other_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval ranks and insignia of India">JCOs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naval_ranks_and_insignia_of_India#Other_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval ranks and insignia of India">Sailors</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy#Documents" title="Indian Navy">Indian Maritime Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensuring_Secure_Seas:_Indian_Maritime_Security_Strategy" title="Ensuring Secure Seas: Indian Maritime Security Strategy">Indian Maritime Security Strategy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">History & Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_Navy" title="History of the Indian Navy">History of the Indian Navy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indian maritime history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy" title="Royal Indian Navy">Royal Indian Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy_Day_(India)" title="Navy Day (India)">Navy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_fleet_review" title="President's fleet review">President's fleet review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Naval_Ensign" title="Indian Naval Ensign">Indian Naval Ensign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_Naval_deployments" title="List of Indian Naval deployments">List of Indian Naval deployments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagar_Pawan" title="Sagar Pawan">Sagar Pawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_the_Indian_Navy" title="Future of the Indian Navy">Future of the Indian Navy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Science_in_India" title="Template:Science in India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Science_in_India" title="Template talk:Science in India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Science_in_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Science in India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Science_and_technology_in_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_India" title="Science and technology in India">Science and technology in India</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartography_of_India" title="Cartography of India">Cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_coinage" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_logic" title="Indian logic">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_national_calendar" title="Indian national calendar">National calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_in_India" title="Engineering in India">Engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Indian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maritime history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_India" title="Military history of India">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_measurement_systems_in_India" title="History of measurement systems in India">Measurement systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent">Metallurgy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_India" title="Higher education in India">Higher education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Research_institutes_in_India" title="Category:Research institutes in India">Research institutes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supercomputing_in_India" title="Supercomputing in India">Supercomputing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_museums_in_India" title="Category:Science museums in India">Science museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_India" title="Automotive industry in India">Auto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_in_India" title="Biotechnology in India">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry_in_India" title="Chemical industry in India">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_India" title="High-speed rail in India">High-speed rail</a></li> <li><a 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