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id="toc-Evolution_of_Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_of_Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Evolution of Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution_of_Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_Shramana_Religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_Shramana_Religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Rise of Shramana Religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_Shramana_Religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bhakti_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhakti_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Bhakti Movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhakti_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kabir_Sect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kabir_Sect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Kabir Sect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kabir_Sect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Sikhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Introduction_of_Abrahamic_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction_of_Abrahamic_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Introduction of Abrahamic religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction_of_Abrahamic_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.1</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.2</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.3</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Census_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Census_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Census statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Census_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikhism_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhism_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Sikhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhism_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Jainism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Other religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atheism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atheism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Atheism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atheism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aspects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aspects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aspects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rituals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rituals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Rituals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rituals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Diet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceremonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceremonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Ceremonies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceremonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pilgrimages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pilgrimages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Pilgrimages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pilgrimages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minority_beliefs_and_sects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minority_beliefs_and_sects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Minority beliefs and sects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minority_beliefs_and_sects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religiosity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religiosity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Religiosity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religiosity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Religion and politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religion_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religion and politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Communalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communal_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communal_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Communal conflicts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communal_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Religion in India</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="الدين في الهند – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الدين في الهند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindistanda_din" title="Hindistanda din – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hindistanda din" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="ভারতের ধর্মবিশ্বাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভারতের ধর্মবিশ্বাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1bo%C5%BEenstv%C3%AD_v_Indii" title="Náboženství v Indii – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Náboženství v Indii" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%99%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Θρησκεία στην Ινδία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θρησκεία στην Ινδία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religi%C3%B3n_en_la_India" title="Religión en la India – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Religión en la India" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="دین در هند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دین در هند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_en_Inde" title="Religion en Inde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Religion en Inde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="भारत में धर्म – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भारत में धर्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_di_India" title="Agama di India – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Agama di India" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religioni_in_India" title="Religioni in India – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Religioni in India" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE" title="ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿ ಧರ್ಮ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿ ಧರ್ಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="რელიგია ინდოეთში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რელიგია ინდოეთში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_vall%C3%A1s_Indi%C3%A1ban" title="A vallás Indiában – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A vallás Indiában" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fivavahana_ao_India" title="Fivavahana ao India – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fivavahana ao India" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="ഇന്ത്യയിലെ മതം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇന്ത്യയിലെ മതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="भारतामधील धर्म – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भारतामधील धर्म" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%81%AE%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="インドの宗教 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インドの宗教" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%88%DA%86_%D9%85%D8%B0%DB%81%D8%A8" title="بھارت وچ مذہب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بھارت وچ مذہب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religia_w_Indiach" title="Religia w Indiach – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Religia w Indiach" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religiile_Indiei" title="Religiile Indiei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Religiile Indiei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Религия в Индии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Религия в Индии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feja_n%C3%AB_Indi" title="Feja në Indi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Feja në Indi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Religion in India" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B8" title="Религија у Индији – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Религија у Индији" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uskonto_Intiassa" title="Uskonto Intiassa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Uskonto Intiassa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_i_Indien" title="Religion i Indien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Religion i Indien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இந்தியாவில் சமயம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்தியாவில் சமயம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82" title="భారతదేశంలో మతం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భారతదేశంలో మతం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ศาสนาในประเทศอินเดีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศาสนาในประเทศอินเดีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindistan%27da_din" title="Hindistan'da din – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hindistan'da din" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97" title="Релігія в Індії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Релігія в Індії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D9%85%D8%B0%DB%81%D8%A8" title="بھارت میں مذہب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بھارت میں مذہب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="印度宗教 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="印度宗教" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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For religions native to the Indian subcontinent, see <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a>. For the book, see <a href="/wiki/The_Religion_of_India" title="The Religion of India"><i>The Religion of India</i></a>. For the religions of indigenous peoples of North America, see <a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native American religions</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:deeppink; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 22736.273833856px; border-left-color:Honeydew"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 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style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 31.108242861384px; border-left-color:darkorange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:darkorange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:darkorange"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion in India (<a href="/wiki/2011_census_of_India" title="2011 census of India">2011 census</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Firstpost_Aug2016_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firstpost_Aug2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:darkorange; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_India" title="Hinduism in India">Hinduism</a> (79.8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">Islam</a> (14.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:dodgerblue; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_India" title="Christianity in India">Christianity</a> (2.38%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:goldenrod; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_India" title="Sikhism in India">Sikhism</a> (1.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Yellow; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in India">Buddhism</a> (0.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Aqua; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Animism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Animism in India">Animism/Adivasi</a> (0.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:darkorchid; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_India" title="Jainism in India">Jainism</a> (0.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Honeydew; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_India" title="Irreligion in India">No religion</a> (0.25%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:deeppink; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Other (incl. <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_India" title="Baháʼí Faith in India">Baháʼí Faith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_India" title="Zoroastrianism in India">Zoroastrianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in India">Judaism</a>) (0.15%)</div> </div> </div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Mariage_of_Shiva_and_Parvati_%28Meenakshi%29_witnessed_by_Vishnu%2C_Meenakshi_Temple%2C_Madurai_%282%29_%2836857653813%29.jpg/238px-Mariage_of_Shiva_and_Parvati_%28Meenakshi%29_witnessed_by_Vishnu%2C_Meenakshi_Temple%2C_Madurai_%282%29_%2836857653813%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Mariage_of_Shiva_and_Parvati_%28Meenakshi%29_witnessed_by_Vishnu%2C_Meenakshi_Temple%2C_Madurai_%282%29_%2836857653813%29.jpg/357px-Mariage_of_Shiva_and_Parvati_%28Meenakshi%29_witnessed_by_Vishnu%2C_Meenakshi_Temple%2C_Madurai_%282%29_%2836857653813%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Mariage_of_Shiva_and_Parvati_%28Meenakshi%29_witnessed_by_Vishnu%2C_Meenakshi_Temple%2C_Madurai_%282%29_%2836857653813%29.jpg/476px-Mariage_of_Shiva_and_Parvati_%28Meenakshi%29_witnessed_by_Vishnu%2C_Meenakshi_Temple%2C_Madurai_%282%29_%2836857653813%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4024" data-file-height="3012" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Goddess <a href="/wiki/Meenakshi" title="Meenakshi">Meenakshi</a> with consort <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> and brother <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> inside the <a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Temple" title="Meenakshi Temple">Meenakshi Hindu Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_-_Delhi_islamic_library_-_5067.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/India_-_Delhi_islamic_library_-_5067.jpg/238px-India_-_Delhi_islamic_library_-_5067.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/India_-_Delhi_islamic_library_-_5067.jpg/357px-India_-_Delhi_islamic_library_-_5067.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/India_-_Delhi_islamic_library_-_5067.jpg/476px-India_-_Delhi_islamic_library_-_5067.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Muslim men in an Islamic library in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:359px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Philomena%27s_Church,_Mysore_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/St._Philomena%27s_Church%2C_Mysore_03.jpg/238px-St._Philomena%27s_Church%2C_Mysore_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/St._Philomena%27s_Church%2C_Mysore_03.jpg/357px-St._Philomena%27s_Church%2C_Mysore_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/St._Philomena%27s_Church%2C_Mysore_03.jpg/476px-St._Philomena%27s_Church%2C_Mysore_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/St._Philomena%27s_Cathedral,_Mysore" title="St. Philomena's Cathedral, Mysore">St. Philomena's Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> is one of the tallest churches in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_pilgrim_at_the_Golden_Temple_(Harmandir_Sahib)_in_Amritsar,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sikh_pilgrim_at_the_Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/238px-Sikh_pilgrim_at_the_Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sikh_pilgrim_at_the_Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/357px-Sikh_pilgrim_at_the_Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sikh_pilgrim_at_the_Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/476px-Sikh_pilgrim_at_the_Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A Sikh pilgrim at the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Golden Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p><b>Religion in India</b> is characterised by a diversity of religious beliefs and practices. Throughout India's history, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> has been an important part of the country's culture and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> is the birthplace of four of the <a href="/wiki/Major_religious_groups" title="Major religious groups">world's major religions</a>, namely, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, which are collectively known as native <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a> or <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Dharmic religions</a> and represent approx. 83% of the total population of India. </p><p>India has the largest number of followers of Hinduism, Sikhism, Zoroastrianism, Jainism, and the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_India" title="Baháʼí Faith in India">Bahá'í Faith</a> in the world. It further hosts the third most followers of Islam, behind <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, and the ninth largest population of Buddhists.<sup id="cite_ref-Firstpost_Aug2016_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firstpost_Aug2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Preamble to the Constitution of India">Preamble to the Constitution of India</a> states that India is a <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular state</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a> has declared the right to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a> to be a <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamental Rights in India">fundamental right</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the 2011 census, 79.8% of the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">population of India</a> follows <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_India" title="Hinduism in India">Hinduism</a>, 14.2% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">Islam</a>, 2.3% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_India" title="Christianity in India">Christianity</a>, 1.7% <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_India" title="Sikhism in India">Sikhism</a>, 0.7% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in India">Buddhism</a> and 0.4% <a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_India" title="Jainism in India">Jainism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_India" title="Zoroastrianism in India">Zoroastrianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in India">Judaism</a> also have an ancient history in India, and each has several thousands of Indian adherents. India has the largest population of people adhering to both Zoroastrianism (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Parsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi">Parsis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irani_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irani (India)">Iranis</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_India" title="Baháʼí Faith in India">Bahá'í Faith</a> in the world;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200894_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200894-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these religions are otherwise largely exclusive to their native <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> where they originated from. Several tribal religions are also present in India, such as <a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niamtre" title="Niamtre">Niamtre</a>, and others. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secularism">Secularism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_India" title="Secularism in India">Secularism in India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_India" title="Freedom of religion in India">Freedom of religion in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constitution_of_india.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Constitution_of_india.jpg/220px-Constitution_of_india.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Constitution_of_india.jpg/330px-Constitution_of_india.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Constitution_of_india.jpg/440px-Constitution_of_india.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2067" data-file-height="3205" /></a><figcaption>Preamble of the Indian Constitution</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a>, declares India to be a <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular state</a> with no state religion.<sup id="cite_ref-legislative.gov.in_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legislative.gov.in-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Forty-second_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India">Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India</a> enacted in 1976 asserts the <a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Preamble to the Constitution of India">Preamble to the Constitution of India</a> as <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42amend_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42amend-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> in the 1994 case <i><a href="/wiki/S._R._Bommai_v._Union_of_India" title="S. R. Bommai v. Union of India">S. R. Bommai v. Union of India</a></i> established that India had been <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> since the formation of the Republic on 26 January 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secularism in India is understood to mean not a complete separation of religion from state, but a state that participates in a neutral manner in the affairs of all religious groups and as well as <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a> while maintaining equidistance from all.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>However, the original copy of the Indian constitution has an illustration of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Ram" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Ram">Rama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lakshman" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakshman">Lakshmana</a> in Part III on Fundamental Rights and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Rama" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Rama">Rama</a> has been considered as the true guardian of people's rights.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 48 of the Indian constitution prohibits the slaughter of <a href="/wiki/Cattle_in_religion_and_mythology" title="Cattle in religion and mythology">cows</a> or calves (a sacred animal in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>) and the same is a criminal offense in most states of India.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Secularism is defined as a <a href="/wiki/Basic_structure_doctrine" title="Basic structure doctrine">basic structure doctrine</a> of the constitution through the argument of <i><a href="/wiki/Kesavananda_Bharati_v._State_of_Kerala" title="Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala">Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala</a></i> case, that cannot be removed or amended by any means.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is no mention of the term “Basic Structure” anywhere in the Constitution of India. The idea that the Parliament cannot introduce laws that would amend the basic structure of the constitution have been evolved judicially over time and many cases.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The particular provisions regarding secularism and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_India" title="Freedom of religion in India">freedom of religion in India</a> in the constitution are: </p> <ul><li>Article 14: grants equality before the law and equal protection of the laws to all.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Article 15: enlarges the concept of secularism to the widest possible extent by prohibiting discrimination on grounds of religion, race, <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">caste</a>, sex or place of birth.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Article 25: Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of any religion.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Article 26: Freedom to manage religious affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Article 27: Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Article 28: Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Articles 29 and 30: provide cultural and educational rights to the minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Article 51A: i.e. Fundamental Duties obliges all the citizens to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood and to value and preserve the heritage of the country's composite diverse culture.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Religious_thinkers_of_India" title="Religious thinkers of India">Religious thinkers of India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistoric_religion">Prehistoric religion</h3></div> <p>Evidence attesting to <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">prehistoric religion</a> in the Indian "subcontinent" derives from scattered <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> rock paintings depicting dances and rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-Discovering_&_deciphering_rock_art_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discovering_&_deciphering_rock_art-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> pastoralists inhabiting the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley">Indus Valley</a> buried their dead in a manner suggestive of spiritual practices that incorporated notions of an afterlife.<sup id="cite_ref-Heehs_2002_39_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heehs_2002_39-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">South Asian Stone Age</a> sites, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bhimbetka_rock_shelters" title="Bhimbetka rock shelters">Bhimbetka rock shelters</a> in central <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kupgal_petroglyphs" title="Kupgal petroglyphs">Kupgal petroglyphs</a> of eastern Karnataka, contain rock art portraying religious rites and evidence of possible ritualised music.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiva_Pashupati.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Shiva_Pashupati.jpg/220px-Shiva_Pashupati.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Shiva_Pashupati.jpg/330px-Shiva_Pashupati.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Shiva_Pashupati.jpg/440px-Shiva_Pashupati.jpg 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="926" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pashupati_seal" title="Pashupati seal">Pashupati seal</a>, discovered at the Indus Valley Civilization city of <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indus_Valley_Civilization">Indus Valley Civilization</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappan</a> people of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a>, which lasted from 3300 to 1400 BCE and was centered on the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghaggar-Hakra_River" title="Ghaggar-Hakra River">Ghaggar-Hakra</a> river valleys, may have worshiped an important <a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">mother goddess</a> symbolising fertility.<sup id="cite_ref-hvn_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hvn-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excavations of Indus Valley Civilisation sites show seals with animals and "fire‑altars", indicating rituals associated with fire.<sup id="cite_ref-Harappan_surprise_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harappan_surprise-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i><a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">Shivlinga</a></i> of a type similar to that which is now worshiped by Hindus has also been found,<sup id="cite_ref-hvn_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hvn-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however this interpretation has been disputed by Srinivasan.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution_of_Hinduism">Evolution of Hinduism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History of Hinduism</a></div> <p>Hinduism is often regarded as the oldest surviving religion in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with roots tracing back to <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistoric times</a>, over 5,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hinduism spread through <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Hinduism in Southeast Asia">parts of Southeastern Asia</a>, China, and Afghanistan. Hindus worship a single divine entity (paramatma, lit."first-soul") with different forms.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rigveda_MS2097.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rigveda_MS2097.jpg/220px-Rigveda_MS2097.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rigveda_MS2097.jpg/330px-Rigveda_MS2097.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rigveda_MS2097.jpg/440px-Rigveda_MS2097.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption>An early 19th century manuscript of the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> written in <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Hinduism's origins include the cultural elements of the Indus Valley Civilisation along with other Indian civilisations.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest surviving text of Hinduism is the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>, produced during the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a> and dating to 1700–1100 BCE.<sup id="ref_γ" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_γ">[γ]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oberlies_1998_155_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oberlies_1998_155-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Epic and <a href="/wiki/Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Purana">Puranic</a> periods, the earliest versions of the epic poems, in their current form including <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> were written roughly from 500 to 100 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although these were orally transmitted through families for centuries prior to this period.<sup id="cite_ref-Rine28_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rine28-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 200 BCE, several schools of thought were formally codified in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purva-Mimamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Purva-Mimamsa">Purva-Mimamsa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Radhaxviii-xxi_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radhaxviii-xxi-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_Shramana_Religions">Rise of Shramana Religions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_India" title="Jainism in India">Jainism in India</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup_rewrite plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/40px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/60px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/80px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may need to be rewritten</b> to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_India&action=edit">You can help</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Talk:Religion_in_India" title="Talk:Religion in India">talk page</a> may contain suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahavira_Seattle_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mahavira_Seattle_01.JPG/200px-Mahavira_Seattle_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mahavira_Seattle_01.JPG/300px-Mahavira_Seattle_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mahavira_Seattle_01.JPG/400px-Mahavira_Seattle_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A statue of 24th and last Jain Tirthankar, <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Procession_of_King_Ashoka_on_his_charriot_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Southern_Gateway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Procession_of_King_Ashoka_on_his_charriot_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Southern_Gateway.jpg/200px-Procession_of_King_Ashoka_on_his_charriot_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Southern_Gateway.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Procession_of_King_Ashoka_on_his_charriot_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Southern_Gateway.jpg/300px-Procession_of_King_Ashoka_on_his_charriot_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Southern_Gateway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Procession_of_King_Ashoka_on_his_charriot_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Southern_Gateway.jpg/400px-Procession_of_King_Ashoka_on_his_charriot_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Southern_Gateway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4174" data-file-height="3112" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A carving of <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a>. Ashoka is credited with promoting the spread of Buddhism in India and throughout Asia</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a> tradition includes <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953182–183_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953182–183-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known endonymically as <i>Jain Dharm</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known endonymically as <i>Bauddh Dharm</i>, and others such as the <a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvikas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñanas</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lochtefeld3_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld3-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historical roots of Jainism in India have been traced to the 9th century BCE with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Parshvanatha">Parshvanatha</a>, the 23rd <a href="/wiki/Tirthankar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirthankar">Tirthankar</a>, and his <a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain philosophy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200230_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200230-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953182–183_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953182–183-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a> (599–527 BCE), the 24th Jain Tirthankara. Jainism traces its roots further back to the first Tirthankara, <a href="/wiki/Rishabhanatha" title="Rishabhanatha">Rishabhanatha</a>. Mahavira stressed on the five vows. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>, who founded Buddhism, was born to the <a href="/wiki/Shakya" title="Shakya">Shakya</a> clan just before <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a> (which lasted from 546 to 324 BCE) rose to power.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> His family was native to the plains of <a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a>, in what is now southern <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>. <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in India">Indian Buddhism</a> peaked during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ashoka_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashoka the Great">Ashoka the Great</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan Empire</a>, who patronised Buddhism following his conversion and unified the Indian subcontinent in the 3rd century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Ancient_History_Encyclopedia_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ancient_History_Encyclopedia-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sent missionaries abroad, allowing Buddhism to spread across Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Heehs_2002_106_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heehs_2002_106-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in India">Indian Buddhism</a> declined following the loss of royal patronage offered by the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> and such kingdoms as <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kosala" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosala">Kosala</a>. </p><p>The decline of Buddhism in India has been attributed to a variety of factors, which include the resurgence of Hinduism in the 10th and 11th centuries under <a href="/wiki/Sankaracharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sankaracharya">Sankaracharya</a>, the later Turkish invasion, the Buddhist focus on <a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">renunciation</a> as opposed to familial values and private property, Hinduism's own use and appropriation of Buddhist and Jain ideals of renunciation and <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahimsa</a>, and others. Although Buddhism virtually disappeared from mainstream India by the 11th century CE, its presence remained and manifested itself through other movements such as the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a> tradition, Vaishnavism, and the <a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Bauls</a> of Bengal, who are influenced by the Sahajjyana form of Buddhism that was popular in Bengal during the <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a> period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bhakti_Movement">Bhakti Movement</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Religion_in_India" title="Special:EditPage/Religion in India">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Religion+in+India%22">"Religion in India"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Religion+in+India%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Religion+in+India%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Religion+in+India%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Religion+in+India%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Religion+in+India%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statues_of_Vaishnavi,_Varahi,_Indrani_and_Camunda,_National_Museum,_New_Delhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Statues_of_Vaishnavi%2C_Varahi%2C_Indrani_and_Camunda%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg/220px-Statues_of_Vaishnavi%2C_Varahi%2C_Indrani_and_Camunda%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Statues_of_Vaishnavi%2C_Varahi%2C_Indrani_and_Camunda%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg/330px-Statues_of_Vaishnavi%2C_Varahi%2C_Indrani_and_Camunda%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Statues_of_Vaishnavi%2C_Varahi%2C_Indrani_and_Camunda%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg/440px-Statues_of_Vaishnavi%2C_Varahi%2C_Indrani_and_Camunda%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4504" data-file-height="3081" /></a><figcaption>A relief depicting <a href="/wiki/Hindu_goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu goddess">Hindu goddesses</a> (from left to right) <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavi_(Matrika_goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnavi (Matrika goddess)">Vaishnavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varahi" title="Varahi">Varahi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Indrani">Indrani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chamunda" title="Chamunda">Chamunda</a>; <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_India" title="National Museum of India">National Museum of India</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the 14th–17th centuries, when North India was under Muslim rule, the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement"><i>Bhakti</i> movement</a> swept through Central and Northern India. The Bhakti movement actually started in the eighth century in south India (present-day <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>), and gradually spread northwards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchomerMcLeod19871_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchomerMcLeod19871-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was initiated by a loosely associated group of teachers or saints. <a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Dnyaneshwar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vallabhacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallabhacharya">Vallabhacharya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meera_Bai" class="mw-redirect" title="Meera Bai">Meera Bai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namdeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Namdeo">Namdeo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Ramdas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a>, and other mystics were some of the saints in the North. They taught that people could cast aside the heavy burdens of ritual and caste and the subtle complexities of philosophy, and simply express their overwhelming love for God. This period was also characterized by an abundance of devotional literature in vernacular prose and poetry in the ethnic languages of the various Indian states or provinces. The Bhakti movement gave rise to several different movements throughout India </p><p>During the Bhakti movement, many Hindu groups regarded as outside the traditional Hindu caste system followed Bhakti traditions by worshipping/following saints belonging to their respective communities. For example, Guru Ravidas was a <a href="/wiki/Chamar" title="Chamar">Chamar</a> of Uttar Pradesh; Guru <a href="/wiki/Ramnami_Samaj" title="Ramnami Samaj">Parsuram Ramnami</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Chuhra" title="Chuhra">Chura</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (April 2020)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Religion_in_India#Dubious" title="Talk:Religion in India">discuss</a></i>]</sup> of Chhattisgarh, and Maharishi Ram Naval was a <a href="/wiki/Bhangi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhangi">Bhangi</a> of Rajasthan. In their lifetimes, several of these saints even went to the extent of fighting conversion from foreign missionaries, encouraging only Hinduism within their communities. In Assam for example, tribals were led by Gurudev Kalicharan Bramha of the Brahmo Samaj; in Nagaland by Kacha Naga; and in Central India by Birsa Munda, Hanuman Aaron, Jatra Bhagat, and Budhu Bhagat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kabir_Sect">Kabir Sect</h4></div> <p>The Kabir Panth is a religious movement based on the teachings of the Indian poet saint <a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a> (1398–1518).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kabir sermonized a monotheism that appealed clearly to the poor and convinced them of their access to god with no liaison. He denied both Hinduism and Islam, as well as meaningless religious rituals, and condemned double standards.<sup id="cite_ref-Kabir_in_His_Time,_And_Ours_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kabir_in_His_Time,_And_Ours-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This infuriated the orthodox aristocracy. No one could frighten Kabir who was bold enough to stand up for himself and his beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-Venkatesh_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venkatesh-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kabir Panth considers Kabir as its principal guru or even as a divinity—truth incarnate. Kabir's influence is testimony to his massive authority, even for those whose beliefs and practices he condemned so unsparingly. For Sikhs he is a forerunner and converser of Nanak, the originating Sikh Guru (spiritual guide). Muslims place him in Sufi (mystical) lineages, and for Hindus he becomes a Vaishnavite with universalist leanings.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_India" title="Sikhism in India">Sikhism in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darshani_Deori_27_September_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Darshani_Deori_27_September_2018.jpg/220px-Darshani_Deori_27_September_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Darshani_Deori_27_September_2018.jpg/330px-Darshani_Deori_27_September_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Darshani_Deori_27_September_2018.jpg/440px-Darshani_Deori_27_September_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5671" data-file-height="3781" /></a><figcaption>Sikh pilgrims at the causeway to the sanctum of the <a href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmandir Sahib">Harmandir Sahib</a>, the holiest Sikh <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Dev_Ji" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru Nanak Dev Ji">Guru Nanak Dev Ji</a> (1469–1539) was the founder of <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, known endonymically as <i>Sikh Dharm</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nirbhai_Singh_1990_1–3_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nirbhai_Singh_1990_1–3-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Opinderjit_Kaur_Takhar_2016_147_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opinderjit_Kaur_Takhar_2016_147-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> was first compiled by the fifth Sikh guru, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan_Dev" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru Arjan Dev">Guru Arjan Dev</a>, from the writings of the first five Sikh gurus and others saints who preached the concept of universal brotherhood, including those of the Hindu and Muslim faith. Before the death of <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> was declared the eternal guru.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> recognises all humans as equal before <a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regardless of colour, caste, or lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sikhism <a href="/wiki/Prohibitions_in_Sikhism" title="Prohibitions in Sikhism">strongly rejects</a> the beliefs of <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasting</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">vrata</a>), <a href="/wiki/List_of_superstitions_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of superstitions in India">superstitions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idol worship</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Star_2015_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Star_2015-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Service_2015_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Service_2015-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Google_Books_2015_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Google_Books_2015-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Glausiusz_2004_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glausiusz_2004-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sikhs believe in one eternal god and follow the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/10_gurus" class="mw-redirect" title="10 gurus">10 gurus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/5_K%27s_of_Sikhism" class="mw-redirect" title="5 K's of Sikhism">5 K's of Sikhism</a>, the hukums of <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Rehat_Maryada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Rehat Maryada">Sikh Rehat Maryada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nitnem" title="Nitnem">Nitnem</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introduction_of_Abrahamic_religions">Introduction of Abrahamic religions</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judaism">Judaism</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Codice_Casanatense_Jews_of_Malabar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Codice_Casanatense_Jews_of_Malabar.jpg/220px-Codice_Casanatense_Jews_of_Malabar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Codice_Casanatense_Jews_of_Malabar.jpg/330px-Codice_Casanatense_Jews_of_Malabar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Codice_Casanatense_Jews_of_Malabar.jpg/440px-Codice_Casanatense_Jews_of_Malabar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1913" data-file-height="1389" /></a><figcaption>Jewish family from <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar</a>, 1540</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">History of the Jews in India</a></div> <p>Jews first arrived as traders from <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a>, Kerala, in 562 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More Jews came as exiles from Jerusalem in the year 70 CE, after the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christianity">Christianity</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_India" title="Christianity in India">Christianity in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Procession_St._Sebastian%27s_Feast_at_St.Mary%27s_Church_Athirampuzha,_Kottayam,_Kerala_state,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Procession_St._Sebastian%27s_Feast_at_St.Mary%27s_Church_Athirampuzha%2C_Kottayam%2C_Kerala_state%2C_India.jpg/220px-Procession_St._Sebastian%27s_Feast_at_St.Mary%27s_Church_Athirampuzha%2C_Kottayam%2C_Kerala_state%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Procession_St._Sebastian%27s_Feast_at_St.Mary%27s_Church_Athirampuzha%2C_Kottayam%2C_Kerala_state%2C_India.jpg/330px-Procession_St._Sebastian%27s_Feast_at_St.Mary%27s_Church_Athirampuzha%2C_Kottayam%2C_Kerala_state%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Procession_St._Sebastian%27s_Feast_at_St.Mary%27s_Church_Athirampuzha%2C_Kottayam%2C_Kerala_state%2C_India.jpg/440px-Procession_St._Sebastian%27s_Feast_at_St.Mary%27s_Church_Athirampuzha%2C_Kottayam%2C_Kerala_state%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A procession during the Feast of St Sebastian at St Mary's Forane Church, <a href="/wiki/Athirampuzha" title="Athirampuzha">Athirampuzha</a>, Kerala</figcaption></figure> <p>Christianity was introduced to India by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas the Apostle</a> (a direct disciple of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who visited <a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a> in Kerala in 52 CE and <a href="/wiki/Proselytise" class="mw-redirect" title="Proselytise">proselytised</a> natives, who are known as <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a> (also known as Syrian Christians or <i>Nasrani</i>) today. India's oldest church, the world's oldest existing church structure and built by Thomas the Apostle in 57 CE, called <a href="/wiki/Thiruvithamcode_Arappally" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruvithamcode Arappally">Thiruvithamcode Arappally</a> or <i>Thomaiyar</i> or <i>Kovil</i> as named by the then <a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Chera</a> king Udayancheral, is located at <a href="/wiki/Thiruvithancode" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruvithancode">Thiruvithancode</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari_(Cape_Comorin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanyakumari (Cape Comorin)">Kanyakumari (Cape Comorin)</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, it was declared an international St Thomas Pilgrim Centre.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a general <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_consensus" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholarly consensus">scholarly consensus</a> that Christianity was rooted in India by the 6th century CE, including some communities who used <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> liturgically.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lbrown_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lbrown-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christianity in India consists of various denominations such as the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_India" title="Church of the East in India">Assyrian Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_India" title="Catholic Church in India">Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_India" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in India">Oriental Orthodoxy</a> and others. </p><p>Most Christians live in South India, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MIR_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MIR-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> & the average number of Christians is at 3.45% in areas such as <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay Metropolitan Area">Bombay (Mumbai)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also large Christian populations in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Christian">Catholic Christianity</a> was spread in the 16th century, particularly by the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Goa_and_Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese in Goa and Bombay">Portuguese in Goa and Bombay</a>. <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_India" title="Protestantism in India">Protestantism</a> was introduced by <a href="/wiki/List_of_Protestant_missionaries_in_India" title="List of Protestant missionaries in India">Protestant missionaries in the 18th century</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islam">Islam</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">Islam in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India_-_Delhi_girls_chasing_doves_-_6159.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/India_-_Delhi_girls_chasing_doves_-_6159.jpg/220px-India_-_Delhi_girls_chasing_doves_-_6159.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/India_-_Delhi_girls_chasing_doves_-_6159.jpg/330px-India_-_Delhi_girls_chasing_doves_-_6159.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/India_-_Delhi_girls_chasing_doves_-_6159.jpg/440px-India_-_Delhi_girls_chasing_doves_-_6159.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>Girls chase doves in front of the <a href="/wiki/Jama_Masjid,_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama Masjid, Delhi">Jama Masjid</a> in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>. The mosque is one of the largest in India.</figcaption></figure> <p>Islam came to India in the early 7th century through the Arab traders in <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar</a> coast. It started to become a major religion during the Muslim rule in the Indian subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-Islam_and_Muslims_in_India_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Islam_and_Muslims_in_India-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cheraman_Juma_Mosque" title="Cheraman Juma Mosque">Cheraman Juma Mosque</a> is the first mosque in India located in Methala, Kodungallur Taluk, Thrissur District in Kerala.<sup id="cite_ref-Cheraman_Juma_Masjid_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cheraman_Juma_Masjid-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A legend claims that it was built in 629 CE, which makes it the oldest mosque in the Indian subcontinent which is still in use.<sup id="cite_ref-Cheraman_Juma_Masjid_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cheraman_Juma_Masjid-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The growth of Islam in India mostly took place under the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> (1206–1526) and the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> (1526–1858), greatly aided by the mystic <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-Avari_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avari-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The growth of Islam was regionally uneven, and Islam had the greatest appeal to those who were not, or only superficially integrated into the Brahmanical fold, as in the case of Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-Avari_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avari-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently, Islam is the second largest religion in India, with 14.2% of the country's population or roughly 172 million people identifying as adherents of Islam (<a href="/wiki/2011_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Census of India">2011 census</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-censusIndia2011_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-censusIndia2011-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The estimated number of Muslims in India for 2024 is projected to be around 204,760,392.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It makes India the country with the largest Muslim population outside <a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Muslim-majority</a> countries.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Census_statistics">Census statistics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_India" title="Hinduism in India">Hinduism in India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">Islam in India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_India" title="Christianity in India">Christianity in India</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_India" title="Sikhism in India">Sikhism in India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_India" title="Jainism in India">Jainism in India</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">History of the Jews in India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parsis" title="Parsis">Parsis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_India" title="Baháʼí Faith in India">Baháʼí Faith in India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_India" title="Irreligion in India">Irreligion in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Religions_map_of_India.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Religions_map_of_India.png/220px-Religions_map_of_India.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Religions_map_of_India.png/330px-Religions_map_of_India.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Religions_map_of_India.png/440px-Religions_map_of_India.png 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="719" /></a><figcaption>Map of majority religious groups by region in India. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff6600; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Hindu</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Muslim</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DodgerBlue; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Christian</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fbb84e; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Sikh</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Yellow; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Buddhist</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Gray; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Other</div></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>India's Religious diversity as of the 2011 census<sup id="cite_ref-censusindia.gov.in_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-censusindia.gov.in-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Religion </th> <th>Population </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> </td> <td>966,257,353 </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238854847">.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar{position:relative;border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#fff;width:100px;max-width:100%;height:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar-fill{position:absolute;background-color:#dbdbdb;height:1.5em;width:50%}.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar-text{position:absolute;width:100%;height:1.5em;text-align:center;color:#000}</style><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 79%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">79.8%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> </td> <td>172,245,158 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 14%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">14.2%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> </td> <td>27,819,588 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 2%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">2.3%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a> </td> <td>20,833,116 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 1%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">1.72%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buddhists" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhists">Buddhists</a> </td> <td>8,442,972 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.7%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a> </td> <td>4,957,467 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.41%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jains" class="mw-redirect" title="Jains">Jains</a> </td> <td>4,451,753 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.37%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Koyapunem" class="mw-redirect" title="Koyapunem">Koyapunem</a> </td> <td>1,026,344 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.08%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other religions </td> <td>1,953,923 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.16%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Not stated </td> <td>2,867,303 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style=""><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.24%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> 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.col22left td:nth-child(22),.mw-parser-output .col23left td:nth-child(23),.mw-parser-output .col24left td:nth-child(24),.mw-parser-output .col25left td:nth-child(25),.mw-parser-output .col26left td:nth-child(26),.mw-parser-output .col27left td:nth-child(27),.mw-parser-output .col28left td:nth-child(28),.mw-parser-output .col29left td:nth-child(29){text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col1center td:nth-child(1),.mw-parser-output .col2center td:nth-child(2),.mw-parser-output .col3center td:nth-child(3),.mw-parser-output .col4center td:nth-child(4),.mw-parser-output .col5center td:nth-child(5),.mw-parser-output .col6center td:nth-child(6),.mw-parser-output .col7center td:nth-child(7),.mw-parser-output .col8center td:nth-child(8),.mw-parser-output .col9center td:nth-child(9),.mw-parser-output .col10center td:nth-child(10),.mw-parser-output .col11center td:nth-child(11),.mw-parser-output .col12center td:nth-child(12),.mw-parser-output .col13center td:nth-child(13),.mw-parser-output .col14center td:nth-child(14),.mw-parser-output .col15center td:nth-child(15),.mw-parser-output .col16center td:nth-child(16),.mw-parser-output .col17center td:nth-child(17),.mw-parser-output .col18center td:nth-child(18),.mw-parser-output .col19center td:nth-child(19),.mw-parser-output .col20center td:nth-child(20),.mw-parser-output .col21center td:nth-child(21),.mw-parser-output .col22center td:nth-child(22),.mw-parser-output .col23center td:nth-child(23),.mw-parser-output .col24center td:nth-child(24),.mw-parser-output .col25center td:nth-child(25),.mw-parser-output .col26center td:nth-child(26),.mw-parser-output .col27center td:nth-child(27),.mw-parser-output .col28center td:nth-child(28),.mw-parser-output .col29center td:nth-child(29){text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .col1right td:nth-child(1),.mw-parser-output .col2right td:nth-child(2),.mw-parser-output .col3right td:nth-child(3),.mw-parser-output .col4right td:nth-child(4),.mw-parser-output .col5right td:nth-child(5),.mw-parser-output .col6right td:nth-child(6),.mw-parser-output .col7right td:nth-child(7),.mw-parser-output .col8right td:nth-child(8),.mw-parser-output .col9right td:nth-child(9),.mw-parser-output .col10right td:nth-child(10),.mw-parser-output .col11right td:nth-child(11),.mw-parser-output .col12right td:nth-child(12),.mw-parser-output .col13right td:nth-child(13),.mw-parser-output .col14right td:nth-child(14),.mw-parser-output .col15right td:nth-child(15),.mw-parser-output .col16right td:nth-child(16),.mw-parser-output .col17right td:nth-child(17),.mw-parser-output .col18right td:nth-child(18),.mw-parser-output .col19right td:nth-child(19),.mw-parser-output .col20right td:nth-child(20),.mw-parser-output .col21right td:nth-child(21),.mw-parser-output .col22right td:nth-child(22),.mw-parser-output .col23right td:nth-child(23),.mw-parser-output .col24right td:nth-child(24),.mw-parser-output .col25right td:nth-child(25),.mw-parser-output .col26right td:nth-child(26),.mw-parser-output .col27right td:nth-child(27),.mw-parser-output .col28right td:nth-child(28),.mw-parser-output .col29right td:nth-child(29){text-align:right}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1232966811">.mw-parser-output .hover-highlight tr:hover,.mw-parser-output .mw-datatable tr:hover{background-color:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);color:var(--color-base,#333)}.mw-parser-output .mw-datatable{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#333)}</style> <table class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-text col1left sort-under-center col1Left hover-highlight" style="text-align:left;"> <caption>Population trends for major religious groups in India (1951–2011) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Religious group </th> <th colspan="7">Population % (of total population) as per census </th> <th rowspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="[(% in 2011)-(% in 1951)}/(% in 1951)]*100">Change in growth rate since 1951 </span> </th></tr> <tr> <th>1951 </th> <th>1961 </th> <th>1971 </th> <th>1981 </th> <th>1991 </th> <th>2001 </th> <th>2011 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFE0C0;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 84%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">84.1%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 83%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">83.45%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 82%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">82.73%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 82%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">82.30%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 81%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">81.53%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 80%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">80.46%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 79%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">79.80%</div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.12% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#E0FFC0;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 9%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">9.8%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 10%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">10.69%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 11%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">11.21%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 11%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">11.75%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 12%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">12.61%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 13%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">13.43%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 14%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">14.23%</div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 45.21% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#E0F0FF;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 2%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">2.3%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 2%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">2.44%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 2%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">2.60%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 2%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">2.44%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 2%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">2.32%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 2%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">2.34%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 2%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">2.37%</div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3.04% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#F0F0C0;"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 1%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">1.79%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 1%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">1.79%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 1%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">1.89%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 1%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">1.92%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 1%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">1.94%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 1%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">1.87%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 1%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">1.72%</div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3.91% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFFFC0;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.74%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.74%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.70%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.70%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.77%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.77%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.70%</div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5.41% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFE0E0;"><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.46%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.46%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.48%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.47%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.40%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.41%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.37%</div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 19.56% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:Wheat;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.13%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.09%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.09%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.09%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.08%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.06%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.05%</div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 61.53% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:Gray;"><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a> or other religion </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.8%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.8%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.41%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.42%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.44%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.8%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 60px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.9%</div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 12.51% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The following is a breakdown of India's religious communities: </p> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <caption>Characteristics of religious groups<sup id="cite_ref-census_2011_religion_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census_2011_religion-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Religious<br />group </th> <th rowspan="2">Population (2011)<br />% </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">Growth</a><br />(2001–2011)<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Sex_ratio" title="Sex ratio">Sex ratio</a> (2011) </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">Literacy</a> (2011)<br />(%)<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labour_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour force">Work participation</a> (2011)<br />(%)<sup id="cite_ref-dnaindia.com_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnaindia.com-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>total<sup id="cite_ref-dnaindia.com_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnaindia.com-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>rural </th> <th>urban </th> <th>child<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFE0C0;">Hinduism </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#A0F040; width: 79%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">79.80%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 16%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">16.8%</div></div> </td> <td>939</td> <td>946</td> <td>921</td> <td>913 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 73%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">73.3%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 41%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">41.0%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#E0FFC0;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 14%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">14.23%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#A0F040; width: 24%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">24.6%</div></div> </td> <td>951</td> <td>957</td> <td>941</td> <td>943 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF6040; width: 68%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">68.5%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF6040; width: 32%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">32.6%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#E0F0FF;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 2%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">2.30%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 15%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">15.5%</div></div> </td> <td style="background:#A0F040;">1023</td> <td style="background:#A0F040;">1008</td> <td style="background:#A0F040;">1046</td> <td>958 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 84%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">84.5%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 41%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">41.9%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#F0F0C0;"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 1%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">1.72%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 8%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">8.4%</div></div> </td> <td style="background:#FF6040;">903</td> <td style="background:#FF6040;">905</td> <td style="background:#FF6040;">898</td> <td style="background:#FF6040;">828 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 75%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">75.4%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 36%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">36.3%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFFFC0;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.70%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 6%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">6.1%</div></div> </td> <td>965</td> <td>960</td> <td>973</td> <td>933 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 81%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">81.3%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#A0F040; width: 43%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">43.1%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFE0E0;"><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF6040; width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.37%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#FF6040; width: 5%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">5.4%</div></div> </td> <td>954</td> <td>935</td> <td>959</td> <td>889 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="background-color:#A0F040; width: 94%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">94.9%</div></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 35%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">35.5%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#F0E0F0;">Others/Religion not specified </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 75px;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.90%</div></div> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">n/a </td> <td>959</td> <td>947</td> <td>975</td> <td style="background:#A0F040;">974 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">n/a </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">n/a </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Note: When compared with 2001, India's population rose by 17.7% in 2011 with an average sex ratio of 943 and a literacy rate of 74.4%. The average work participation stood at 39.79%. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religions">Religions</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_India" title="Hinduism in India">Hinduism in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranganathaswamy_temple_tiruchirappalli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ranganathaswamy_temple_tiruchirappalli.jpg/220px-Ranganathaswamy_temple_tiruchirappalli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ranganathaswamy_temple_tiruchirappalli.jpg/330px-Ranganathaswamy_temple_tiruchirappalli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ranganathaswamy_temple_tiruchirappalli.jpg/440px-Ranganathaswamy_temple_tiruchirappalli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4435" data-file-height="3325" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ranganathaswamy_Temple,_Srirangam" title="Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam">Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> is an ancient religion with the largest religious grouping in India, with around 966 million adherents as of 2011, composing 79.8% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-census_2011_religion_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census_2011_religion-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hinduism is diverse, with <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">henotheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">panentheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atheism_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheism in Hinduism">atheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnosticism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">gnosticism</a> being represented.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EBpolytheism_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBpolytheism-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>Hindu</i>, originally a geographical description, derives from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <i>Sindhu</i>, (the historical appellation for the Indus River), and refers to a person from the <i>land of the river Sindhu</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hindus following the traditional religion call it Sanatana Dharma (or "Eternal Way").<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The adherents of Sanatana Dharma call themselves as "Sanatani", the original word for the adherents of Sanatana Dharma. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam_2">Islam</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">Islam in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jama_Masjid_-_In_the_Noon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Jama_Masjid_-_In_the_Noon.jpg/220px-Jama_Masjid_-_In_the_Noon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Jama_Masjid_-_In_the_Noon.jpg/330px-Jama_Masjid_-_In_the_Noon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Jama_Masjid_-_In_the_Noon.jpg/440px-Jama_Masjid_-_In_the_Noon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jama_Masjid,_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama Masjid, Delhi">Jama Masjid, Delhi</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a> religion centered on the belief in one God and following the example of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>; it is the largest minority religion in India. About 14.2% of the country's population or approx. 172.2 million people identify as adherents of Islam (2011 census).<sup id="cite_ref-censusindia.gov.in_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-censusindia.gov.in-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It makes India the country with the largest Muslim population outside <a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Muslim-majority</a> countries. Muslims are a majority in states <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-web123_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web123-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and live in high concentrations in <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-web123_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web123-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-COI_2001_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COI_2001-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There has been no particular census conducted in India with regards to sects, but sources suggest the largest denomination is <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-state.gov_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state.gov-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with substantial populations of <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya Muslims</a>. Indian sources like <a href="/wiki/Times_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Times of India">Times of India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daily_News_%26_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily News & Analysis">DNA</a> reported the Indian Shia Muslims population in mid-2005–2006 to be between 25% and 31% of entire Muslim population of India, which accounts them in numbers between 40 and 50 million.<sup id="cite_ref-timesofindia.indiatimes.com_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timesofindia.indiatimes.com-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-state.gov_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state.gov-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity_2">Christianity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_India" title="Christianity in India">Christianity in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Velankanni_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Velankanni_2.JPG/220px-Velankanni_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Velankanni_2.JPG/330px-Velankanni_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Velankanni_2.JPG/440px-Velankanni_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_Good_Health" title="Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health">Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health</a> of <a href="/wiki/Velankanni" title="Velankanni">Velankanni</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, is a very devoted <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Shrines_to_the_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrines to the Virgin Mary">Marian shrine</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a> religion centred on the life and teachings of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> as presented in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. It is the third largest religion of India, making up 2.3% of the population. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">St. Thomas</a> is credited with introduction of Christianity in India. He arrived on the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> in 52 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Erwin_Fahlbusch_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erwin_Fahlbusch-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Orpa_Slapak_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orpa_Slapak-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasrani_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasrani-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tradition of origin among <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a> relates to the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Saint Thomas</a>, one of the 12 disciples of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> at the ancient seaport <a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a> on the Kerala coast in 52 CE. The families Sankaramangalam, Pakalomattam, Kalli, and Kaliyankal were considered particularly preeminent, and historically the most aristocratic <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Christian">Syriac Christian</a> families tended to claim descent from these families. </p><p>It is also possible for <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> from <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> to make a trip to Kerala in the 1st century. The <a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochin Jews</a> are known to have existed in Kerala around that time. The earliest known source connecting the apostle to India is the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Thomas" title="Acts of Thomas">Acts of Thomas</a>, likely written in the early 3rd century, perhaps in <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Marth_Mariam_Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Forane_Church,_Arakuzha" class="mw-redirect" title="Marth Mariam Syro-Malabar Catholic Forane Church, Arakuzha">Marth Mariam Syro-Malabar Catholic Forane Church, Arakuzha</a> was founded in 999. </p><p>The text describes Thomas' adventures in bringing Christianity to India, a tradition later expanded upon in early Indian sources such as the "Thomma Parvam" ("Song of Thomas"). Generally he is described as arriving in or around <a href="/wiki/Maliankara" title="Maliankara">Maliankara</a> and founding Seven Churches and half churches, or Ezharapallikal: Kodungallur, Kollam, <a href="/wiki/Niranam" title="Niranam">Niranam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilackal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilackal">Nilackal</a> (Chayal), Kokkamangalam, <a href="/wiki/Kottakkavu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kottakkavu">Kottakkavu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palayoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Palayoor">Palayoor</a>, Thiruvithamcode Arappalli and <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Forane_Church,_Aruvithura" class="mw-redirect" title="St. George's Syro-Malabar Catholic Forane Church, Aruvithura">Aruvithura church</a> (half church). A number of 3rd- and 4th-century Roman writers also mention Thomas' trip to India, including <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrose of Milan">Ambrose of Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a> records that his teacher <a href="/wiki/Pantaenus" title="Pantaenus">Pantaenus</a> visited a Christian community in India in the 2nd century. There came into existence a Christian community who were mainly merchants. </p><p>Christianity expanded in the rest of India during the period of British colonial rule. Christians constitute the majority of natives of <a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a> as well as of <a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a> and have significant populations in <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> and Mumbai. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikhism_2">Sikhism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_India" title="Sikhism in India">Sikhism in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Temple_nighttime.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Golden_Temple_nighttime.jpg/220px-Golden_Temple_nighttime.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Golden_Temple_nighttime.jpg/330px-Golden_Temple_nighttime.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Golden_Temple_nighttime.jpg/440px-Golden_Temple_nighttime.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4377" data-file-height="2918" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Siri Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple)</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Monotheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotheistic">monotheistic</a> religion began in fifteenth-century <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> with the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Dev" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru Nanak Dev">Guru Nanak</a> and nine successive Sikh <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Gurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Gurus">gurus</a>. As of 2011, there were 20.8 million <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_India" title="Sikhism in India">Sikhs in India</a>. <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a> is the spiritual home of Sikhs, and is the only state in India where Sikhs form a majority. There are also significant populations of Sikhs in neighboring <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jammu_division" title="Jammu division">Jammu division</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>. These areas were historically a part of <a href="/wiki/East_Punjab" title="East Punjab">Greater Punjab</a>. However, there is no data for specific number of Nanak followers (<a href="/wiki/Nanakpanthi" title="Nanakpanthi">Nanakpanthis</a>) in India, but they are believed to be in crores somewhere around 14 crores.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karnail Singh Panjoli, member, Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee, says that there are several communities within the term ‘Nanakpanthis’ too. “There are groups like Sikhligarh, Vanjaarey, Nirmaley, Lubaney, Johri, Satnamiye, Udaasiyas etc. who call themselves <a href="/wiki/Nanakpanthi" title="Nanakpanthi">Nanakpanthis</a>. They follow guru Nanak and Sri Guru Granth Sahib.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahabodhitemple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mahabodhitemple.jpg/220px-Mahabodhitemple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mahabodhitemple.jpg/330px-Mahabodhitemple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Mahabodhitemple.jpg/440px-Mahabodhitemple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> is an Indian, <a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">transtheistic</a> religion and philosophy. Around 8.5 million Buddhists live in India, about 0.7% of the total population.<sup id="cite_ref-Religion_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Religion-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buddhism as a religion is practised mainly in the foothills of the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> and is a significant religion in <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, and the Lahaul and <a href="/wiki/Spiti" title="Spiti">Spiti</a> districts of <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>. Besides, a significant number of Buddhists reside in <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>. They are the Buddhists or <a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a> Buddhists who, under the influence of <a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a> embraced Buddhism in order to escape the casteist practices within Hinduism. Ambedkar is a crucial figure, along with <a href="/wiki/Anagarika_Dharmapala" title="Anagarika Dharmapala">Anagarika Dharmapala</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kripasaran" title="Kripasaran">Kripasaran</a> Mahasthavira of <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a> behind the revival of Buddhism in India in the 19th and 20th centuries. The escape of the 14th <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenzing_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenzing Gyatso">Tenzing Gyatso</a> to India fleeing Chinese occupation of <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> in 1959 and the setting up of the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Government_in_Exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan Government in Exile">Tibetan Government in Exile</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dharamshala" title="Dharamshala">Dharamshala</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mcleodganj" class="mw-redirect" title="Mcleodganj">Mcleodganj</a> in <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a> has also accelerated the resurgence of Buddhism in India. The effective religion in <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>, which joined the Indian Union in 1975 (making it India's 22nd state) remains <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vajrayana Buddhism">Vajrayana Buddhism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a> or Guru Ugyen is a revered presence there. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jainism">Jainism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_India" title="Jainism in India">Jainism in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Temple_Ranakpur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Jain_Temple_Ranakpur.jpg/220px-Jain_Temple_Ranakpur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Jain_Temple_Ranakpur.jpg/330px-Jain_Temple_Ranakpur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Jain_Temple_Ranakpur.jpg/440px-Jain_Temple_Ranakpur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4179" data-file-height="2030" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ranakpur_Jain_temple" title="Ranakpur Jain temple">Ranakpur Jain temple</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> is a non-theistic Indian religion and philosophical system originating in <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age India">Iron Age India</a>. Jains compose 0.4% (around 4.45 million) of India's population, and are concentrated in the states of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-web123_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web123-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism_2">Judaism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">History of the Jews in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kochi_Jewish_Synagogue_C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Kochi_Jewish_Synagogue_C.jpg/220px-Kochi_Jewish_Synagogue_C.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Kochi_Jewish_Synagogue_C.jpg/330px-Kochi_Jewish_Synagogue_C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Kochi_Jewish_Synagogue_C.jpg/440px-Kochi_Jewish_Synagogue_C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3002" data-file-height="1954" /></a><figcaption>The interior of the <a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Synagogue" title="Paradesi Synagogue">Paradesi Synagogue</a> in Cochin.</figcaption></figure> <p>Also present in India, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Monotheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotheistic">monotheistic</a> religion from the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>. There is today a very small community of Indian Jews. There were more Jews in India historically, including the <a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochin Jews</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi Jews</a> near <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>. Since Indian independence, two primarily proselyte Indian Jewish communities have developed in India: the <a href="/wiki/Bnei_Menashe" title="Bnei Menashe">Bnei Menashe</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bene_Ephraim" title="Bene Ephraim">Bene Ephraim</a>, also called <i>Telugu Jews</i>. Of the approximately 95,000 Jews of Indian extraction, fewer than 20,000 remain in India. Some parts of India are especially popular with Israelis, swelling local Jewish populations seasonally.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_religions">Other religions</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahai-house-of-worship-delhi2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bahai-house-of-worship-delhi2.jpg/220px-Bahai-house-of-worship-delhi2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bahai-house-of-worship-delhi2.jpg/330px-Bahai-house-of-worship-delhi2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Bahai-house-of-worship-delhi2.jpg/440px-Bahai-house-of-worship-delhi2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="347" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Temple" title="Lotus Temple">Lotus Temple</a> in Delhi, India</figcaption></figure> <p>As of the census of 2001, <a href="/wiki/Parsi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi people">Parsis</a> (followers of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> in India) represent approximately 0.006% of the total population of India,<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with relatively high concentrations in and around the city of <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>. Parsis number around 61,000 in India.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are several tribal religions in India, such as <a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a>. Santhal is also one of the many tribal religions followed by the <a href="/wiki/Santhal_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Santhal people">Santhal people</a> who number around 4 million but only around 23,645 follow the religion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It is difficult to establish the exact numbers of <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_India" title="Baháʼí Faith in India">Baháʼís in India</a>. The religion came to India from Iran in about 1850 and gained some converts from the Muslim population of India. The first Sikh and Hindu converts came by 1910, and in 1960 there were fewer than 1,000 Baháʼís in all of India. Beginning in 1961, large numbers from scheduled castes became Baháʼís, and by 1993 Baháʼís reported about 2.2 million members,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200894_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200894-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though later sources have claimed 2 million,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen2008154–5_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen2008154–5-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "more than 1 million".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartz200910_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartz200910-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atheism">Atheism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_India" title="Irreligion in India">Irreligion in India</a></div> <p>Around 2.9 million people in India did not state their religion in the 2011 census and were counted in the category, "religion not stated". They were 0.24% of India's population. Their number have significantly increased 4 times from 0.7 million in 2001 census at an average annual rate of 15%.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/K._Veeramani" title="K. Veeramani">K. Veeramani</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Dravidar_Kazhagam" title="Dravidar Kazhagam">Dravidar Kazhagam</a> leader, said that he believed that the number of atheists in India was actually higher as many people don't reveal their atheism out of fear.<sup id="cite_ref-FirstTimeCensus_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FirstTimeCensus-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the 2012 WIN-Gallup Global Index of Religion and Atheism report, 81% of Indians were religious, 13% were non-religious, 3% were convinced atheists, and 3% were unsure or did not respond.<sup id="cite_ref-gallup2012_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallup2012-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law">Law</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India" title="Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India">Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India</a>; <a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_India" title="Secularism in India">Secularism in India</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Indian_religion#Status_in_the_Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian religion">Indian religion § Status in the Republic of India</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jain_law" title="Jain law">Jain law</a></div> <p>The preamble to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a> proclaims India a "sovereign socialist secular democratic republic". The word <i>secular</i> was inserted into the Preamble by the <a href="/wiki/Forty-second_Amendment_Act_of_1976" class="mw-redirect" title="Forty-second Amendment Act of 1976">Forty-second Amendment Act of 1976</a>. It mandates equal treatment and tolerance of all religions. India does not have an official state religion; it enshrines the right to practice, preach, and propagate any religion. No religious instruction is imparted in government-supported schools. In <a href="/wiki/S._R._Bommai_v._Union_of_India" title="S. R. Bommai v. Union of India">S. R. Bommai v. Union of India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> held that secularism was an integral tenet of the Constitution and that there was separation of state and religion.<sup id="cite_ref-hinduswami_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hinduswami-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights_in_India#Right_to_freedom_of_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamental Rights in India">Freedom of religion</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamental right">fundamental right</a> according to the Indian Constitution. The Constitution also suggests a <a href="/wiki/Uniform_civil_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform civil code">uniform civil code</a> for its citizens as a <a href="/wiki/Directive_Principles_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Directive Principles in India">Directive Principle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has not been implemented until now as Directive Principles are Constitutionally unenforceable. The Supreme Court has further held that the enactment of a uniform civil code all at once may be counter-productive to the unity of the nation, and only a gradual progressive change should be brought about (<i>Pannalal Bansilal v State of Andhra Pradesh, 1996</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-hinduiyer_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hinduiyer-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Maharishi Avadesh v Union of India (1994)</i> the Supreme Court dismissed a petition seeking a writ of <a href="/wiki/Mandamus" title="Mandamus">mandamus</a> against the government to introduce a common civil code, and thus laid the responsibility of its introduction on the <a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislature of India">legislature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rediffarvind_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rediffarvind-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Major religious communities not based in India continue to be governed by their own personal laws. Whilst Muslims, Christians, Zoroastrians, and Jews have personal laws exclusive to themselves; Hindus, Jains, Buddhists, and Sikhs are governed by a single personal law known as <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hindu_law" title="Modern Hindu law">Hindu personal law</a>. Article 25 (2)(b) of the Constitution of India states that references to Hindus include "persons professing the Sikh, Jain, or Buddhist religion".<sup id="cite_ref-Bakshi1996_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bakshi1996-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Marriage_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Marriage Act">Hindu Marriage Act</a>, 1955 defines the legal status of Jains, Buddhists, and Sikhs as legal Hindus but not "Hindus by religion".<sup id="cite_ref-Diwan1981_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diwan1981-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supreme Court in 2005 gave verdict that Jains, Sikhs, and Buddhist are part of broader Hindu fold, as they are Indic religions and interconnected to each other, though they are distinct religions.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aspects">Aspects</h2></div> <p>Religion plays a major role in the Indian way of life.<sup id="cite_ref-PRC_2002_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRC_2002-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rituals, worship, and other religious activities are very prominent in an individual's daily life; it is also a principal organizer of social life. The degree of religiosity varies amongst individuals; in recent decades, religious orthodoxy and observances have become less common in Indian society, particularly amongst young urban-dwellers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Your explanation here (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rituals">Rituals</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flood_puja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flood_puja.jpg/220px-Flood_puja.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flood_puja.jpg/330px-Flood_puja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flood_puja.jpg/440px-Flood_puja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>A <i><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">puja</a></i> performed on the banks of the overflowing <a href="/wiki/Shipra_River" title="Shipra River">Shipra River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ujjain" title="Ujjain">Ujjain</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_India#Monsoon" title="Climate of India">summer monsoon</a>.</figcaption></figure><p>The vast majority of Indians engage in religious rituals daily.<sup id="cite_ref-religiouslife_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-religiouslife-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Hindus observe religious rituals at home.<sup id="cite_ref-locceremonies_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-locceremonies-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Observation of rituals vary greatly amongst regions, villages, and individuals. Devout Hindus perform daily chores such as worshiping <a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">puja</a>, fire sacrifice called <a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="What % of Hindus perform this? (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> at the dawn after bathing (usually at a family shrine, and typically includes lighting a lamp and offering foods before the images of deities), recitation from religious scripts like <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> singing hymns in praise of gods.<sup id="cite_ref-locceremonies_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-locceremonies-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A notable feature in religious ritual is the division between purity and pollution. Religious acts presuppose some degree of impurity, or defilement for the practitioner, which must be overcome or neutralized, before or during ritual procedures. Purification, usually with water, is thus a typical feature of most religious action.<sup id="cite_ref-locceremonies_130-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-locceremonies-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other characteristics include a belief in the efficacy of sacrifice and concept of merit, gained through the performance of charity or good works, that will accumulate over time and reduce sufferings in the next world.<sup id="cite_ref-locceremonies_130-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-locceremonies-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muslims offer <a href="/wiki/Salat#The_five_daily_prayers" class="mw-redirect" title="Salat">five daily prayers</a> at specific times of the day, indicated by <i><a href="/wiki/Adhan" title="Adhan">adhan</a></i> (call to prayer) from the local mosques. Before offering prayers, they must ritually clean themselves by performing <i><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">wudu</a></i>, which involves washing parts of the body that are generally exposed to dirt or dust. A recent study by the <a href="/wiki/Sachar_Committee" title="Sachar Committee">Sachar Committee</a> found that 3–4% of Muslim children study in <i><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasas</a></i> (Islamic schools).<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rajasthanthali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rajasthanthali.jpg/220px-Rajasthanthali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rajasthanthali.jpg/330px-Rajasthanthali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rajasthanthali.jpg/440px-Rajasthanthali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1180" /></a><figcaption>A vegetarian <a href="/wiki/Thali" title="Thali">thali</a> from <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism and religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a></div> <p>Dietary habits in India are significantly influenced by religion. According to a survey, 31% of Indian population claims to be <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian">vegetarian</a>, and mainly practice <a href="/wiki/Lacto-vegetarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacto-vegetarianism">lacto-vegetarianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hindueatsurvey_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hindueatsurvey-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vegetarianism is less common among <a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Sikhs</a>, Muslims, Christians, <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Bahá'ís</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parsis" title="Parsis">Parsis</a>, and Jews.Despite the majority of population having no objection to meat consumption, globally India has the lowest meat consumption per capita.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-vegetarian Indians mostly prefer <a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">poultry</a>, fish, other <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a>, goat, and sheep as their sources of meat.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hinduism forbids beef whilst Islam forbids pork. The smaller populations of Christians, tribals, and some dalit communities have no objection to eating either beef or pork.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jainism requires followers, from all its sects and traditions, to be vegetarian. Furthermore, the religion also forbids <a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism"> Jains</a> from eating any vegetable that involves digging it from the ground. This rule, therefore, excludes all <a href="/wiki/Root_vegetable" title="Root vegetable">Root vegetables</a> such as potatoes, sweet potatoes, ginger, carrots, garlic, radishes, etc. from a Jain diet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceremonies">Ceremonies</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindu_marriage_ceremony_offering.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hindu_marriage_ceremony_offering.jpg/220px-Hindu_marriage_ceremony_offering.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hindu_marriage_ceremony_offering.jpg/330px-Hindu_marriage_ceremony_offering.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hindu_marriage_ceremony_offering.jpg/440px-Hindu_marriage_ceremony_offering.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A Hindu wedding ceremony.</figcaption></figure> <p>Occasions like birth, <a href="/wiki/Indian_wedding" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian wedding">marriage</a>, and death involve what are often elaborate sets of religious customs. In Hinduism, major life-cycle rituals include <i><a href="/wiki/Annaprashan" class="mw-redirect" title="Annaprashan">annaprashan</a></i> (a baby's first intake of solid food), <i><a href="/wiki/Upanayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanayanam">upanayanam</a></i> ("sacred thread ceremony" undergone by boys belonging to some upper-castes such as Brahmin and Kshatriya only), and <i><a href="/wiki/Shraadh" class="mw-redirect" title="Shraadh">shraadh</a></i> (paying homage to a deceased individual).<sup id="cite_ref-loclifecycle_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loclifecycle-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shraddha_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shraddha-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the findings of a 1995 national research paper, for most people in India, a <a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage">betrothal</a> of a young couple placing an expectation upon an exact date and time of a future wedding was a matter decided by the parents in consultation with <a href="/wiki/Astrologer" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrologer">astrologers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-loclifecycle_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loclifecycle-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A significant reduction in the proportion of arranged marriages has however taken place since 1995, reflecting an incremental change.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Muslims practice a series of life-cycle rituals that differ from those of Hindus, Jains, and Buddhists.<sup id="cite_ref-locislamtrad_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-locislamtrad-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several rituals mark the first days of life—including the whispering call to prayer, first bath, and shaving of the head. Religious instruction begins early. Male <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a> usually takes place after birth; in some families, it may be delayed until after the onset of puberty.<sup id="cite_ref-locislamtrad_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-locislamtrad-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marriage requires a payment by the husband to the wife, called Meher, and the solemnization of a marital contract in a social gathering.<sup id="cite_ref-locislamtrad_140-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-locislamtrad-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the burial of the dead, friends and relatives gather to console the bereaved, read and recite the Quran, and pray for the soul of the deceased.<sup id="cite_ref-locislamtrad_140-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-locislamtrad-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indian Islam is distinguished by the emphasis it places on shrines commemorating great Sufi saints.<sup id="cite_ref-locislamtrad_140-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-locislamtrad-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pilgrimages">Pilgrimages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Hindu pilgrimage sites in India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India">Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kumbh_Mela_2001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The largest religious gathering ever held on Earth, 2019 Prayag Kumbh Mela held in Allahabad (officially known as Prayagraj) attracted around 120 million people from around the world."><img alt="The largest religious gathering ever held on Earth, 2019 Prayag Kumbh Mela held in Allahabad (officially known as Prayagraj) attracted around 120 million people from around the world." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Kumbh_Mela_2001.jpg/200px-Kumbh_Mela_2001.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Kumbh_Mela_2001.jpg/300px-Kumbh_Mela_2001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Kumbh_Mela_2001.jpg/400px-Kumbh_Mela_2001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="405" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The largest religious gathering ever held on Earth, 2019 <a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag Kumbh Mela</a> held in <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a> (officially known as Prayagraj) attracted around 120 million people from around the world.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahamaham_Festival_in_Kumbakonam.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mahamagam Festival is a holy festival celebrated once in twelve years in Tamil Nadu. Mahamagam Festival, which is held at Kumbakonam. This festival is also called as Kumbamela of South.[141][142]"><img alt="Mahamagam Festival is a holy festival celebrated once in twelve years in Tamil Nadu. Mahamagam Festival, which is held at Kumbakonam. This festival is also called as Kumbamela of South.[141][142]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mahamaham_Festival_in_Kumbakonam.jpg/200px-Mahamaham_Festival_in_Kumbakonam.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mahamaham_Festival_in_Kumbakonam.jpg/300px-Mahamaham_Festival_in_Kumbakonam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Mahamaham_Festival_in_Kumbakonam.jpg/400px-Mahamaham_Festival_in_Kumbakonam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2124" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mahamagam Festival is a holy festival celebrated once in twelve years in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>. Mahamagam Festival, which is held at <a href="/wiki/Kumbakonam" title="Kumbakonam">Kumbakonam</a>. This festival is also called as Kumbamela of South.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maramonconvention.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maramon Convention, the largest annual Christian gathering in Asia, organised by the Mar Thoma Syrian Church."><img alt="Maramon Convention, the largest annual Christian gathering in Asia, organised by the Mar Thoma Syrian Church." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Maramonconvention.jpg/200px-Maramonconvention.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Maramonconvention.jpg/300px-Maramonconvention.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Maramonconvention.jpg 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="235" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Maramon_Convention" title="Maramon Convention">Maramon Convention</a>, the largest annual Christian gathering in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, organised by the <a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church" title="Mar Thoma Syrian Church">Mar Thoma Syrian Church</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tawang_Monastery_(Tibetan_Buddhist).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tawang Monastery in Arunachal Pradesh, was built in the 1600s, is the largest monastery in India and second-largest in the world after the Potala Palace in Lhasa, Tibet."><img alt="Tawang Monastery in Arunachal Pradesh, was built in the 1600s, is the largest monastery in India and second-largest in the world after the Potala Palace in Lhasa, Tibet." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Tawang_Monastery_%28Tibetan_Buddhist%29.jpg/200px-Tawang_Monastery_%28Tibetan_Buddhist%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Tawang_Monastery_%28Tibetan_Buddhist%29.jpg/300px-Tawang_Monastery_%28Tibetan_Buddhist%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Tawang_Monastery_%28Tibetan_Buddhist%29.jpg/400px-Tawang_Monastery_%28Tibetan_Buddhist%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5346" data-file-height="3564" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tawang_Monastery" title="Tawang Monastery">Tawang Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a>, was built in the 1600s, is the largest monastery in India and second-largest in the world after the <a href="/wiki/Potala_Palace" title="Potala Palace">Potala Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanchi_Stupa_from_Eastern_gate,_Madhya_Pradesh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Sanchi Stupa in Madhya Pradesh is the oldest stone structure in India. Built by Emperor Asoka in the 3rd century BCE, it houses the relics of Buddha Siddhartha Gautama."><img alt="The Sanchi Stupa in Madhya Pradesh is the oldest stone structure in India. Built by Emperor Asoka in the 3rd century BCE, it houses the relics of Buddha Siddhartha Gautama." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Sanchi_Stupa_from_Eastern_gate%2C_Madhya_Pradesh.jpg/200px-Sanchi_Stupa_from_Eastern_gate%2C_Madhya_Pradesh.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Sanchi_Stupa_from_Eastern_gate%2C_Madhya_Pradesh.jpg/300px-Sanchi_Stupa_from_Eastern_gate%2C_Madhya_Pradesh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Sanchi_Stupa_from_Eastern_gate%2C_Madhya_Pradesh.jpg/400px-Sanchi_Stupa_from_Eastern_gate%2C_Madhya_Pradesh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1179" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Sanchi_Stupa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanchi Stupa">Sanchi Stupa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> is the oldest stone structure in India. Built by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Asoka" class="mw-redirect" title="Asoka">Asoka</a> in the 3rd century BCE, it houses the relics of Buddha <a href="/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddhartha Gautama">Siddhartha Gautama</a>. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vikramjit-Kakati-Rumtek.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rumtek Monastery in Sikkim is one of the major tourist attractions of Northeast India."><img alt="Rumtek Monastery in Sikkim is one of the major tourist attractions of Northeast India." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vikramjit-Kakati-Rumtek.jpg/200px-Vikramjit-Kakati-Rumtek.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vikramjit-Kakati-Rumtek.jpg/300px-Vikramjit-Kakati-Rumtek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vikramjit-Kakati-Rumtek.jpg/400px-Vikramjit-Kakati-Rumtek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="377" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rumtek Monastery in <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> is one of the major tourist attractions of <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <p>Many Hindu families have their own family patron deity or the <i><a href="/wiki/Kuladevata" title="Kuladevata">kuladevata</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This deity is common to a lineage or a clan of several families who are connected to each other through a common ancestor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHassan1920110–111_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHassan1920110–111-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Khandoba" title="Khandoba">Khandoba</a> of Jejuri is an example of a Kuladevata of some Maharashtrian families; he is a common Kuladevata to several castes ranging from Brahmins to <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalits</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice of worshipping local or territorial deities as Kuladevata began in the period of the <a href="/wiki/Yadava_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Yadava dynasty">Yadava dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalunjkar2009285–287_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalunjkar2009285–287-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other family deities of the people of Maharashtra are <a href="/wiki/Bhavani" title="Bhavani">Bhavani</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tuljapur" title="Tuljapur">Tuljapur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahalakshmi_Temple,_Kolhapur" title="Mahalakshmi Temple, Kolhapur">Mahalaxmi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kolhapur" title="Kolhapur">Kolhapur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renuka" title="Renuka">Renuka</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mahur,_Maharashtra" title="Mahur, Maharashtra">Mahur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Venkateswara" title="Venkateswara">Balaji</a> of Tirupati. </p><p>India hosts numerous pilgrimage sites belonging to many religions. Hindus worldwide recognise several Indian holy cities, including <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a> (officially known as Prayagraj), <a href="/wiki/Haridwar" title="Haridwar">Haridwar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ujjain" title="Ujjain">Ujjain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rameshwaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Rameshwaram">Rameshwaram</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a>. Notable temple cities include <a href="/wiki/Puri" title="Puri">Puri</a>, which hosts a major <a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannath</a> temple and <a href="/wiki/Rath_Yatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Rath Yatra">Rath Yatra</a> celebration; <a href="/wiki/Tirumala_-_Tirupati" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirumala - Tirupati">Tirumala - Tirupati</a>, home to the <a href="/wiki/Tirumala_Venkateswara_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirumala Venkateswara Temple">Tirumala Venkateswara Temple</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Katra,_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Katra, Jammu and Kashmir">Katra</a>, home to the <a href="/wiki/Vaishno_Devi" title="Vaishno Devi">Vaishno Devi</a> temple. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Badrinath" title="Badrinath">Badrinath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puri" title="Puri">Puri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwarka" title="Dwarka">Dwarka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rameswaram" title="Rameswaram">Rameswaram</a> compose the main pilgrimage circuit of <i><a href="/wiki/Char_Dham" title="Char Dham">Char Dham</a></i> (<i>four abodes</i>) hosting the four holiest <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> temples: <a href="/wiki/Badrinath_Temple" title="Badrinath Temple">Badrinath Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Puri" title="Jagannath Temple, Puri">Jagannath Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwarkadheesh_temple,_Gujrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwarkadheesh temple, Gujrat">Dwarkadheesh Temple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramanathaswamy_Temple" title="Ramanathaswamy Temple">Ramanathaswamy Temple</a>, respectively. The <a href="/wiki/Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalaya">Himalayan</a> towns of <a href="/wiki/Badrinath" title="Badrinath">Badrinath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kedarnath" title="Kedarnath">Kedarnath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gangotri" title="Gangotri">Gangotri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yamunotri" title="Yamunotri">Yamunotri</a> compose the smaller <i><a href="/wiki/Chota_Char_Dham" title="Chota Char Dham">Chota Char Dham</a></i> (<i>mini four abodes</i>) pilgrimage circuit. The <a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> (the "pitcher festival") is one of the holiest of Hindu pilgrimages that is held every four years; the location is rotated amongst Allahabad (Prayagraj), Haridwar, <a href="/wiki/Nashik" title="Nashik">Nashik</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ujjain" title="Ujjain">Ujjain</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Swamithope_pathi" class="mw-redirect" title="Swamithope pathi">Thalaimaippathi</a> at <a href="/wiki/Swamithope" title="Swamithope">Swamithope</a> is the leading pilgrim center for the <a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhis</a>. </p><p>Seven of the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage#The_Eight_Great_Places" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist pilgrimage">Eight Great Places</a> of Buddhism are in India. <a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a> are the places where important events in the life of Gautama Buddha took place. <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a> hosts a Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a> erected by the emperor <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>. Many Buddhist monasteries dot the Himalayan foothills of India, where <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> remains a major presence. These include the <a href="/wiki/Rumtek_Monastery" title="Rumtek Monastery">Rumtek Monastery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enchey_Monastery" title="Enchey Monastery">Enchey Monastery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pemayangtse_Monastery" title="Pemayangtse Monastery">Pemayangtse Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tawang_Monastery" title="Tawang Monastery">Tawang Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kye_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Kye Monastery">Kye Monastery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tabo_Monastery" title="Tabo Monastery">Tabo Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spiti" title="Spiti">Spiti</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ghum_Monastery" title="Ghum Monastery">Ghum Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Durpin_Dara" class="mw-redirect" title="Durpin Dara">Durpin Dara</a> Monastery in Kalimpong, the <a href="/wiki/Thikse_Monastery" title="Thikse Monastery">Thikse Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leh" title="Leh">Leh</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Namgyal_Monastery" title="Namgyal Monastery">Namgyal Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dharamsala" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharamsala">Dharamshala</a>, among many others. </p><p>For Sunni Muslims, the <i>Dargah Shareef</i> of Khwaza <a href="/wiki/Moinuddin_Chishti" class="mw-redirect" title="Moinuddin Chishti">Moinuddin Chishti</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ajmer" title="Ajmer">Ajmer</a> is a major pilgrimage site.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Islamic pilgrimages include those to the Tomb of Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Salim_Chishti" title="Salim Chishti">Salim Chishti</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jama_Masjid,_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama Masjid, Delhi">Jama Masjid</a> in Delhi, and to <a href="/wiki/Haji_Ali_Dargah" title="Haji Ali Dargah">Haji Ali Dargah</a> in Mumbai. <a href="/wiki/Dilwara_Temples" title="Dilwara Temples">Dilwara Temples</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Abu" title="Mount Abu">Mount Abu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palitana" title="Palitana">Palitana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pawapuri" title="Pawapuri">Pavapuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girnar" title="Girnar">Girnar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shravanabelagola" title="Shravanabelagola">Shravanabelagola</a> are notable pilgrimage sites (<a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Jainism)" title="Tirtha (Jainism)">tirtha</a>) in Jainism. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmandir Sahib">Harmandir Sahib</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a> is the most sacred <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">gurdwara</a> of Sikhism.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relatively new pilgrimage sites include the <a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">samadhi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Meher_Baba" title="Meher Baba">Meher Baba</a> in <a href="/wiki/Meherabad" title="Meherabad">Meherabad</a>, which is visited by his followers from around the world<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Saibaba temple in <a href="/wiki/Shirdi" title="Shirdi">Shirdi</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minority_beliefs_and_sects">Minority beliefs and sects</h3></div> <p>Hinduism contains many different sub-cultures just like most other religions. The major aspects outlined above hold true for the majority of the Hindu population, but not all. Just as each state is home to an individual language, Hinduism harbors various sub-cultures whose traditions may or may not be shared by other Indians. A sect from Gujarat called the <i>Prajapatis</i> for example, holds water as the sacred ornament to every meal. Before and after a meal, an individual is expected to pour water in the palms of their right hand and sip the water three times.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is often seen as a purification gesture: food is regarded as being holy and every individual must purify themselves before touching their food. </p><p>Other minor sects in India carry no specific name, but they are uniquely identified by the last names of each family. This convention is used more frequently in South India than in North India. For example, a relatively prominent sect in southern India prohibits making important decisions, commencing new tasks, and doing other intellectually or spiritually engaged actions after sunset. Historians believe that this tradition was derived from the concept of <a href="/wiki/Rahukaalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahukaalam">Rahukaalam</a>, in which Hindus believe that a specific period of the day is inauspicious. Stringent family beliefs are thought to have led to the development of a more constrained religious hierarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, this belief was extended to discourage taking major actions and even staying awake for long periods after sunset. Examples of families which follow this tradition include <i>Gudivada</i>, <i>Padalapalli</i>, <i>Pantham</i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Kashyap" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashyap">Kashyap</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_152-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religiosity">Religiosity</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_India" title="Irreligion in India">Irreligion in India</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:blue; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 524.21835811132px; border-left-color:brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:brown"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 63.461929754415px; border-left-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 39.592800879772px; border-left-color:orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:orange"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religiosity among <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a> (2012 Survey)<sup id="cite_ref-gallup2012_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallup2012-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:orange; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious">Religious</a> (81%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:yellow; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Atheists" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheists">Atheists</a> (3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:brown; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">No religion</a> (13%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:blue; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Not stated (3%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>India has a population of 123 crore per a 2012 demographic survey by Indian government.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 2012 WIN-Gallup Global Index of Religion and Atheism report, 81% of Indians were religious, 13% were non-religious, 3% were convinced atheists, and 3% were unsure or did not respond.<sup id="cite_ref-gallup2012_120-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallup2012-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a> in 2004 demographic study, have found that there are 102.87 million <a href="/wiki/Atheists" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheists">atheists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agnostics" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnostics">agnostics</a> living in India, thus constituting 9.1% of the total population, out of total 1.1296 billion people respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion_and_politics">Religion and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Indian_Mujahideen" title="Indian Mujahideen">Indian Mujahideen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Hind" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Hind">Jamaat-e-Islami Hind</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_organisations_banned_by_the_Government_of_India" title="List of organisations banned by the Government of India">List of organisations banned by the Government of India</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_India" title="Freedom of religion in India">Freedom of religion in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Takht_Shri_Hazoor_Sahib_Gurudwara_Nanded.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Takht_Shri_Hazoor_Sahib_Gurudwara_Nanded.JPG/220px-Takht_Shri_Hazoor_Sahib_Gurudwara_Nanded.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Takht_Shri_Hazoor_Sahib_Gurudwara_Nanded.JPG/330px-Takht_Shri_Hazoor_Sahib_Gurudwara_Nanded.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Takht_Shri_Hazoor_Sahib_Gurudwara_Nanded.JPG/440px-Takht_Shri_Hazoor_Sahib_Gurudwara_Nanded.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2555" data-file-height="1876" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Hazur_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Takht Sri Hazur Sahib">Takht Sri Hazur Sahib</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nanded" title="Nanded">Nanded</a> was built over the place where Guru Gobind Singh Ji was cremated in 1708; the inner chamber is still called <i>Angitha Sahib</i>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3></div> <p>Religious politics, particularly that expressed by the <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a> movement, has strongly influenced <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Indian politics</a> in the last quarter of the 20th century. Many of the elements underlying India's <a href="/wiki/Casteism" class="mw-redirect" title="Casteism">casteism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communalism_(South_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (South Asia)">communalism</a> originated during the colonial era, when the colonial government frequently politicized religion in an attempt to stave off increasing <a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">nationalistic sentiments in India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Councils_Act_1909" title="Indian Councils Act 1909">Indian Councils Act 1909</a> (widely known as the Morley-Minto Reforms Act), which established separate Hindu and Muslim electorates for the Imperial Legislature and provincial councils, was particularly divisive, increasing tensions between the two communities.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the high degree of oppression faced by the lower castes, the Constitution of India included provisions for <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a> for certain sections of Indian society. Many states ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> (BJP) introduced laws that made conversion more difficult; they assert that such conversions are often forced or allured.<sup id="cite_ref-bjpdalit_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bjpdalit-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The BJP, a national political party, also gained widespread media attention after its leaders associated themselves with the <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_debate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayodhya debate">Ram Janmabhoomi movement</a> and other prominent religious issues.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A well-known accusation that Indian political parties make for their rivals is that they play vote bank politics, meaning give political support to issues for the sole purpose of gaining the votes of members of a particular community. Both the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress Party</a> and the BJP have been accused of exploiting the people by indulging in vote bank politics. The <a href="/wiki/Shah_Bano_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Bano case">Shah Bano case</a>, a divorce lawsuit, generated much controversy when the Congress was accused of appeasing the Muslim orthodoxy by bringing in a parliamentary amendment to negate the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court's</a> decision. After the <a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Gujarat violence">2002 Gujarat violence</a>, there were allegations of political parties indulging in vote bank politics.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All the political parties in India are known to grant money to the State <a href="/wiki/Central_Waqf_Council" title="Central Waqf Council">Waqf Boards</a> to appease a particular community.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Caste_politics_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Caste politics in India">Caste-based politics</a> is also important in India; caste-based discrimination and the <a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">reservation system</a> continue to be major issues that are hotly debated.<sup id="cite_ref-Chadha_2006_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chadha_2006-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Giridharadas_2006_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giridharadas_2006-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communalism">Communalism</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(South_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (South Asia)">Communalism</a> has played a key role in shaping the religious history of modern India. After <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian independence</a> in 1947, India was <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partitioned</a> along religious lines into two states—the Muslim-majority <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a> (comprising what is now the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Islamic Republic of Pakistan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">People's Republic of Bangladesh</a>) and the Hindu-majority <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Republic of India">Union of India</a> (later the <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Republic of India</a>). The partition led to rioting amongst Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs in Punjab, Bengal, Delhi, and other parts of India; 500,000 died as a result of the violence. The twelve million refugees that moved between the newly founded nations of India and Pakistan composed one of the largest mass migrations in modern history.<sup id="ref_Δ" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_Δ">[Δ]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Symonds_1950_74_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Symonds_1950_74-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since its independence, India has periodically witnessed large-scale violence sparked by underlying tensions between sections of its majority Hindu and minority Muslim communities. The Republic of India is secular; the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Indian government</a> recognizes no official religion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communal_conflicts">Communal conflicts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India" title="Religious violence in India">Religious violence in India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_India" title="Terrorism in India">Terrorism in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calcutta_1946_riot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Calcutta_1946_riot.jpg/220px-Calcutta_1946_riot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Calcutta_1946_riot.jpg/330px-Calcutta_1946_riot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Calcutta_1946_riot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="258" /></a><figcaption>Aftermath of Hindu-Muslim clashes in Calcutta, following the 1946 <a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a>, which was announced by the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Muslim_League" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Muslim League">All India Muslim League</a> to show the strength of Muslim feelings towards its demand for an "autonomous and sovereign" Muslim state called <i><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sengupta_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sengupta-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Communal conflicts have periodically plagued India since it became independent in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The roots of such strife lie largely in the underlying tensions between sections of its majority Hindu and minority Muslim communities, which emerged under the Raj and during the bloody <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a>. Such conflict also stems from the competing ideologies of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a>; both are prevalent in parts of the Hindu and Muslim populations. This issue has plagued India since before independence. The lack of education among the masses and the ease with which corrupt politicians can take advantage of the same has been attributed as the major reason for religious conflicts in India. Even though Freedom of religion is an integral part of the India constitution, the inability to hold a communal mob accountable for its collectove actions has limited the exercise of religious freedom in India. </p><p>Alongside other major Indian independence leaders, <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> and his <i>Shanti sainiks</i> ("peace soldiers") worked to quell early outbreaks of religious conflict in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, including riots in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Calcutta</a> (now in <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Noakhali_District" title="Noakhali District">Noakhali District</a> (in modern-day Bangladesh) that accompanied <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a>, which was launched on 16 August 1946. These conflicts, waged largely with rocks and knives and accompanied by widespread looting and arson, were crude affairs. Explosives and firearms, which are rarely found in India, were far less likely to be used.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Major post-independence communal conflicts include the <a href="/wiki/1984_Anti-Sikh_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1984 Anti-Sikh riots">1984 Anti-Sikh riots</a>, which followed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Operation Blue Star</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a>; heavy artillery, tanks, and helicopters were employed against the <a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Sikh partisans</a> inside the Harmandir Sahib, causing heavy damage to Sikhism's holiest <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a>. According to the Indian government estimates, the assault caused the deaths of up to 100 soldiers, 250 militants, and hundreds of civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-Nichols_2003_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nichols_2003-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This triggered <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>'s assassination by her outraged Sikh bodyguards on 31 October 1984, which set off a four-day period during which Sikhs were massacred; The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> reported 2,700 Sikh deaths however human rights organizations and newspapers report the death toll to be 10,000–17,000. In the aftermath of the riot, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> reported 20,000 had fled the city, however the <a href="/wiki/PUCL" class="mw-redirect" title="PUCL">PUCL</a> reported "at least" 50,000 displaced persons.<sup id="cite_ref-Mukhoty_1984_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mukhoty_1984-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most affected regions were neighbourhoods in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>. Human rights organisations and the newspapers believe the massacre was organised.<sup id="cite_ref-Watch/Asia(U.S.)1994_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watch/Asia(U.S.)1994-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The collusion of political officials in the massacres and the failure to prosecute any killers alienated normal <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a> and increased support for the <a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Khalistan movement</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a>, the governing religious body of <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, considers the killings to be a <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other incidents include the 1992 <a href="/wiki/Bombay_riots" title="Bombay riots">Bombay riots</a> that followed the demolition of the <a href="/wiki/Babri_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Babri Mosque">Babri Mosque</a> as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_debate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayodhya debate">Ayodhya debate</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Gujarat violence">2002 Gujarat violence</a> where 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus were killed and which was preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Godhra_Train_Burning" class="mw-redirect" title="Godhra Train Burning">Godhra Train Burning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HRW_2006_265_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW_2006_265-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lesser incidents plague many towns and villages; the representative was the killing of five people in <a href="/wiki/Mau,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Mau, Uttar Pradesh">Mau</a>, Uttar Pradesh during Hindu-Muslim rioting, which was triggered by the proposed celebration of a Hindu festival.<sup id="cite_ref-HRW_2006_265_175-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW_2006_265-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">List of Hindu festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kerala" title="Religion in Kerala">Religion in Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India" title="Religious violence in India">Religious violence in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Muslims_in_independent_India" title="Violence against Muslims in independent India">Violence against Muslims in independent India</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><span id="cnote_α"><b><a href="#ref_α">^</a></b></span> <b>α:</b> The data exclude the Mao-Maram, Paomata, and Purul subdivisions of <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Senapati_district" title="Senapati district">Senapati district</a>.<br /></li> <li><span id="cnote_β"><b><a href="#ref_β">^</a></b></span> <b>β:</b> The data are "unadjusted" (without excluding Assam and Jammu and Kashmir); the 1981 census was not conducted in Assam and the 1991 census was not conducted in Jammu and Kashmir.<br /></li> <li><span id="cnote_γ"><b><a href="#ref_γ">^</a></b></span> <b>γ:</b> Oberlies (1998, p. 155) gives an estimate of 1100 BCE for the youngest hymns in book ten. Estimates for a <i>terminus post quem</i> of the earliest hymns are far more uncertain. Oberlies (p. 158), based on "cumulative evidence", sets a wide range of 1700–1100 BCE. The <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">EIEC</a> (s.v. <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a>, p. 306) gives a range of 1500–1000 BCE. The hymns certainly post-date <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian">Indo-Iranian</a> separation of ca. 2000 BCE. It cannot be ruled out that archaic elements of the Rigveda go back to only a few generations after this time, but philological estimates tend to date the bulk of the text to the latter half of the second millennium.<br /></li> <li><span id="cnote_Δ"><b><a href="#ref_Δ">^</a></b></span> <b>Δ:</b> According to the most conservative estimates given by Symonds (1950, p. 74), half a million people perished and twelve million became homeless.<br /></li> <li><span id="cnote_ε"><b><a href="#ref_ε">^</a></b></span> <b>ε:</b> Statistic describes resident Indian nationals up to six years in age.<br /></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Firstpost_Aug2016-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Firstpost_Aug2016_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Firstpost_Aug2016_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200426050938/https://www.firstpost.com/india/india-has-79-8-percent-hindus-14-2-percent-muslims-2011-census-data-on-religion-2407708.html">"India has 79.8% Hindus, 14.2% Muslims, says 2011 census data on religion"</a>. <i>Firstpost</i>. 26 August 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://firstpost.com/india/india-has-79-8-percent-hindus-14-2-percent-muslims-2016-census-data-on-religion-2407708.html">the original</a> on 26 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Firstpost&rft.atitle=India+has+79.8%25+Hindus%2C+14.2%25+Muslims%2C+says+2011+census+data+on+religion&rft.date=2016-08-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffirstpost.com%2Findia%2Findia-has-79-8-percent-hindus-14-2-percent-muslims-2016-census-data-on-religion-2407708.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-750-preamble-to-the-indian-constitution.html">"Preamble To The Indian Constitution"</a>. <i>legalserviceindia.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=legalserviceindia.com&rft.atitle=Preamble+To+The+Indian+Constitution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegalserviceindia.com%2Flegal%2Farticle-750-preamble-to-the-indian-constitution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legalserviceindia.com/article/l324-S.-R.-Bommai-v.-Union-of-India.html">"S. R. Bommai v. Union of India"</a>. <i>www.legalserviceindia.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.legalserviceindia.com&rft.atitle=S.+R.+Bommai+v.+Union+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legalserviceindia.com%2Farticle%2Fl324-S.-R.-Bommai-v.-Union-of-India.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasu2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Durga_Das_Basu" title="Durga Das Basu">Basu, Durga Das</a> (2013). <i>Introduction to the Constitution of India</i> (21 ed.). LexisNexis. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-803-8918-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-803-8918-4"><bdi>978-81-803-8918-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Constitution+of+India&rft.pages=124&rft.edition=21&rft.pub=LexisNexis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-81-803-8918-4&rft.aulast=Basu&rft.aufirst=Durga+Das&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200894-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200894_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200894_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2008">Smith 2008</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-legislative.gov.in-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-legislative.gov.in_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislative.gov.in/constitution-of-india">"Constitution of India|Legislative Department | Ministry of Law and Justice | GoI"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+India%26%23124%3BLegislative+Department+%26%23124%3B+Ministry+of+Law+and+Justice+%26%23124%3B+GoI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegislative.gov.in%2Fconstitution-of-india&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42amend-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42amend_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150328040620/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend42.htm">"The Constitution (Forty-Second Amendment) Act, 1976"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140121/jsp/nation/story_17847192.jsp#.VGCbxPmUeSo">the original</a> on 10 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jains+become+sixth+minority+community+-+Latest+News+%26+Updates+at+Daily+News+%26+Analysis&rft.date=2014-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Findia%2Freport-jains-become-sixth-minority-community-1954568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census_2011_religion-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census_2011_religion_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_2011_religion_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS">"Population by religious community - 2011"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/2011_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Census of India">2011 Census of India</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2011+Census+of+India&rft.atitle=Population+by+religious+community+-+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2FC-01%2FDDW00C-01%2520MDDS.XLS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+India" class="Z3988"></span> Percentages are calculated from population figures for individual religions in this word document by dividing them from total population of India.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAloke_Tikku2015" class="citation web cs1">Aloke Tikku (26 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/muslim-population-grows-marginally-faster-census-2011-data/story-yAhd2F6z57ezaFWiwwYU7H.html">"Muslim population grows marginally faster: Census 2011 data"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-06663-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-06663-9"><bdi>978-0-691-06663-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ramayana+of+Valmiki%3A+An+Epic+of+Ancient+India&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-691-06663-9&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=RP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartz2009" class="citation book cs1">Hartz, Paula (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bahai-library.com/hartz_bahai_faith"><i>World Religions: Baha'i Faith</i></a> (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Chelsea House Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60413-104-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60413-104-8"><bdi>978-1-60413-104-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Religions%3A+Baha%27i+Faith&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60413-104-8&rft.aulast=Hartz&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbahai-library.com%2Fhartz_bahai_faith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeehs2002" class="citation book cs1">Heehs, P (2002). <i>Indian Religions: A Historical Reader of Spiritual Expression and Experience</i>. New York: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-3650-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-3650-5"><bdi>0-8147-3650-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Religions%3A+A+Historical+Reader+of+Spiritual+Expression+and+Experience&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8147-3650-5&rft.aulast=Heehs&rft.aufirst=P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuman_Rights_Watch2006" class="citation book cs1">Human Rights Watch; Press, Seven Stories (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eXmogaDhd20C"><i>Human Rights Watch World Report 2006</i></a>. Seven Stories Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58322-715-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-58322-715-6"><bdi>1-58322-715-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+Watch+World+Report+2006&rft.pub=Seven+Stories+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-58322-715-6&rft.au=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.au=Press%2C+Seven+Stories&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeXmogaDhd20C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudden1996" class="citation book cs1">Ludden, David E (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jEUdPqYQjhoC"><i>Contesting the Nation: Religion, Community, and the Politics of Democracy in India</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1585-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-1585-0"><bdi>0-8122-1585-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contesting+the+Nation%3A+Religion%2C+Community%2C+and+the+Politics+of+Democracy+in+India&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8122-1585-0&rft.aulast=Ludden&rft.aufirst=David+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjEUdPqYQjhoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakkar1993" class="citation book cs1">Makkar, SPS (1993). <i>Law, Social Change and Communal Harmony</i>. ABS Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7072-047-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-7072-047-8"><bdi>81-7072-047-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law%2C+Social+Change+and+Communal+Harmony&rft.pub=ABS+Publications&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=81-7072-047-8&rft.aulast=Makkar&rft.aufirst=SPS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMomen2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moojan_Momen" title="Moojan Momen">Momen, Moojan</a> (2008). <i>The Baha'i Faith</i>. Beginner's Guide. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oneworld_Publications" title="Oneworld Publications">Oneworld Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-563-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-563-9"><bdi>978-1-85168-563-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baha%27i+Faith&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Beginner%27s+Guide&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-85168-563-9&rft.aulast=Momen&rft.aufirst=Moojan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOberlies1998" class="citation book cs1">Oberlies, T (1998). <i>Die Religion des Rgveda</i>. Wien.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Religion+des+Rgveda&rft.pub=Wien&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Oberlies&rft.aufirst=T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsonShadle1996" class="citation book cs1">Olson, James Stuart; Shadle, Robert (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-YwDfm1pFF8C"><i>Historical Dictionary of the British Empire</i></a>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-29367-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-29367-8"><bdi>0-313-29367-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+British+Empire&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-313-29367-8&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=James+Stuart&rft.au=Shadle%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-YwDfm1pFF8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadhakrishnanMoore1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan, S</a>; Moore, CA (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sourcebookinindi00radh"><i>A Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01958-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-01958-4"><bdi>0-691-01958-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sourcebook+in+Indian+Philosophy&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=0-691-01958-4&rft.aulast=Radhakrishnan&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Moore%2C+CA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsourcebookinindi00radh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRinehart2004" class="citation book cs1">Rinehart, R (2004). <i>Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice</i>. ABC-Clio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-905-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-905-8"><bdi>1-57607-905-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Hinduism%3A+Ritual%2C+Culture%2C+and+Practice&rft.pub=ABC-Clio&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-57607-905-8&rft.aulast=Rinehart&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchomerMcLeod1987" class="citation book cs1">Schomer, Karine; McLeod, William Hewat (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OkKhOivXrhgC"><i>The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India</i></a>. Berkeley Religious Studies Series. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0277-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0277-3"><bdi>978-81-208-0277-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/925707272">925707272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sants%3A+Studies+in+a+Devotional+Tradition+of+India&rft.series=Berkeley+Religious+Studies+Series&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F925707272&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0277-3&rft.aulast=Schomer&rft.aufirst=Karine&rft.au=McLeod%2C+William+Hewat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOkKhOivXrhgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepard1987" class="citation book cs1">Shepard, Mark (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DQyPbvLvK_sC"><i>Gandhi Today: A Report on Mahatma Gandhi's Successors</i></a>. Shepard Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-938497-04-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-938497-04-9"><bdi>0-938497-04-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi+Today%3A+A+Report+on+Mahatma+Gandhi%27s+Successors&rft.pub=Shepard+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-938497-04-9&rft.aulast=Shepard&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDQyPbvLvK_sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Smith_(historian)" title="Peter Smith (historian)">Smith, Peter</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z7zdDFTzNr0C"><i>An Introduction to the Baha'i Faith</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86251-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86251-6"><bdi>978-0-521-86251-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Baha%27i+Faith&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86251-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz7zdDFTzNr0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSymonds1950" class="citation book cs1">Symonds, R (1950). <i>The Making of Pakistan</i>. <a href="/wiki/Faber_and_Faber" class="mw-redirect" title="Faber and Faber">Faber and Faber</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Pakistan&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Symonds&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVadakkekara2007" class="citation book cs1">Vadakkekara, Benedict (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7f3YAAAAMAAJ"><i>Origin of Christianity in India: A Historiographical Critique</i></a>. Delhi: Media House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788174952585" title="Special:BookSources/9788174952585"><bdi>9788174952585</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origin+of+Christianity+in+India%3A+A+Historiographical+Critique&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Media+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9788174952585&rft.aulast=Vadakkekara&rft.aufirst=Benedict&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7f3YAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmer1953" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Zimmer" title="Heinrich Zimmer">Zimmer, Heinrich</a> (1953) [April 1952], <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Campbell" title="Joseph Campbell">Campbell, Joseph</a> (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Philosophy.of.India.by.Heinrich.Zimmer"><i>Philosophies Of India</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a> & Kegan Paul Ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0739-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0739-6"><bdi>978-81-208-0739-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophies+Of+India&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul+Ltd&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0739-6&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FPhilosophy.of.India.by.Heinrich.Zimmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3></div> <ul><li>Deshmukh, Jayanth. "Terrorizing Muslims: communal violence and emergence of Hindutva in India." <i>Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs</i> 41.2 (2021): 317-336. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jayanth-Deshmukh/publication/353038949_Terrorizing_Muslims_Communal_Violence_and_Emergence_of_Hindutva_in_India/links/61d5f709d4500608168f836c/Terrorizing-Muslims-Communal-Violence-and-Emergence-of-Hindutva-in-India.pdf">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElst2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Koenraad_Elst" title="Koenraad Elst">Elst, K</a> (2002). <i>Who is a Hindu?: Hindu revivalist views of Animism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and other offshoots of Hinduism</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+is+a+Hindu%3F%3A+Hindu+revivalist+views+of+Animism%2C+Buddhism%2C+Sikhism%2C+and+other+offshoots+of+Hinduism&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Elst&rft.aufirst=K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li>Embree, Ainslie T. <i>Utopias in conflict: Religion and nationalism in modern India</i> (Univ of California Press, 2024) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=SsYGEQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=religion+in+india&ots=9HpORDYUO1&sig=huK2Xf4fHQQWwUoUBdNKrfdtjo8">online</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Froerer, Peggy. <i>Religious division and social conflict: the emergence of Hindu nationalism in rural India</i> (Routledge, 2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315146959/religious-division-social-conflict-peggy-froerer">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoel2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sita_Ram_Goel" title="Sita Ram Goel">Goel, S.G.</a> (2016). <i>History of Hindu-Christian encounters, AD 304 to 1996</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Hindu-Christian+encounters%2C+AD+304+to+1996&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Goel&rft.aufirst=S.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hopkins, Edward Washburn. <i>The religions of India</i> (2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=SsvzDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA2&dq=religion+in+india&ots=161X6MdF-E&sig=URbJJWH_lgJWyM5dHk2GTujVAGI">online</a>.</li> <li>Iyer, Sriya. <i>The economics of religion in India</i> (Harvard University Press, 2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/58376687/The_Economics_of_Religion_in_India_-_book_review.pdf">online</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJain2010" class="citation book cs1">Jain, Sandhya (2010). <i>Evangelical intrusions: [Tripura, a case study]</i>. New Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Rupa_Publications" title="Rupa Publications">Rupa & Co.</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evangelical+intrusions%3A+%5BTripura%2C+a+case+study%5D&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Rupa+%26+Co.&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Sandhya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li>Kapur, Radhika. "Understanding the religions of India." <i>Indian Journal of Social Science and Literature</i> 2.1 (2023): 44-49. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ijssl.latticescipub.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/v2i1/B1096123223.pdf">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Lopez Jr, Donald S., ed. <i>Religions of India in practice</i> (Princeton University Press, 2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Zl3sDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=religion+in+india&ots=cKPtkqc3zH&sig=JASj_RJxxVSWAhwCuJmQiWee6dc">online</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalhotra2011" class="citation book cs1">Malhotra, Rajiv (2011). <i>Being Different: An Indian Challenge to Western Universalism</i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-350-29190-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-350-29190-0"><bdi>978-9-350-29190-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Being+Different%3A+An+Indian+Challenge+to+Western+Universalism&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9-350-29190-0&rft.aulast=Malhotra&rft.aufirst=Rajiv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+India" class="Z3988"></span>)</li> <li>Malhotra, Rajiv, (2014), Indra's Net: Defending Hinduism's Philosophical Unity (Publisher: HarperCollins India; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-351-36244-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-351-36244-9">978-9-351-36244-9</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li>Michelutti, Lucia. <i>The vernacularisation of democracy: Politics, caste and religion in India</i> (Routledge India, 2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780367817732/vernacularisation-democracy-lucia-michelutti">online</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanikkar1959" class="citation book cs1">Panikkar, K. M. (1959). <i>Asia and Western dominance</i>. London: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781597406017" title="Special:BookSources/9781597406017"><bdi>9781597406017</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia+and+Western+dominance&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=9781597406017&rft.aulast=Panikkar&rft.aufirst=K.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li>Shani, Giorgio. "Towards a Hindu Rashtra: Hindutva, religion, and nationalism in India." <i>Religion, State & Society</i> 49.3 (2021): 264-280. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/68662127/7_31_2021_Towards_a_.pdf">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShourie1979" class="citation book cs1">Shourie, Arun (1979). <i>Hinduism, essence, and consequence: A study of the Upanishads, the Gita, and the Brahma-Sutras. Sahibabad, Distt. Ghaziabad: Vikas</i>. Vikas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780706908343" title="Special:BookSources/9780706908343"><bdi>9780706908343</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%2C+essence%2C+and+consequence%3A+A+study+of+the+Upanishads%2C+the+Gita%2C+and+the+Brahma-Sutras.+Sahibabad%2C+Distt.+Ghaziabad%3A+Vikas&rft.pub=Vikas&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780706908343&rft.aulast=Shourie&rft.aufirst=Arun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShourie2006" class="citation book cs1">Shourie, Arun (2006). <i>Missionaries in India: Continuities, Changes, dilemmas</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rupa_Publications" title="Rupa Publications">Rupa Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788172232702" title="Special:BookSources/9788172232702"><bdi>9788172232702</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Missionaries+in+India%3A+Continuities%2C+Changes%2C+dilemmas&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Rupa+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9788172232702&rft.aulast=Shourie&rft.aufirst=Arun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li>Singh, Arshdeep. "Hindu-Muslim Conflict in India: Causes, Consequences & Resolution." <i>International Journal of Social Science Research & Review</i> 7.10 (2024): 62-79. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.science/hal-04733788v1/file/Hindu%20Muslim%20Conflict%20in%20India%20-%20Causes%2C%20Consequences%20%26%20Resolution.pdf">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwarup1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ram_Swarup" title="Ram Swarup">Swarup, Ram</a> (1984). <i>Buddhism vis-a-vis Hinduism</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+vis-a-vis+Hinduism&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Swarup&rft.aufirst=Ram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwarup1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ram_Swarup" title="Ram Swarup">Swarup, R</a> (1995). <i>Hindu view of Christianity and Islam</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+view+of+Christianity+and+Islam&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Swarup&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Religion_in_India" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Religion in India">Religion in India</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <p><b>Religions in India</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225050912/http://indohistory.com/religions.html%20">"History of Religions in India"</a>. <i>www.indohistory.com</i>. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.indohistory.com&rft.atitle=History+of+Religions+in+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indohistory.com%2Freligions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Statistics</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/C-Series/C-Series_link/c15_india.pdf">"Census of India 2001: Data on religion"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Government of India (Office of the Registrar General)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+India+%28Office+of+the+Registrar+General%29&rft.atitle=Census+of+India+2001%3A+Data+on+religion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2FTables_Published%2FC-Series%2FC-Series_link%2Fc15_india.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Reports</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71440.htm">"International Religious Freedom Report 2006: India"</a>. <i>United States Department of State</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=International+Religious+Freedom+Report+2006%3A+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2006%2F71440.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion_in_India_topics117" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" 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class="mw-selflink selflink">Religion in India</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_India" title="Hinduism in India">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Punjab">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_South_India" title="Hinduism in South India">South India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_India" title="Jainism in India">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_India" title="Sikhism in India">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Islam in India">Sunni Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in India">Shia Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism_in_India" title="Sufism in India">Sufism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_India" title="Christianity in India">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_India" title="Catholic Church in India">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_India" title="Protestantism in India">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_India" title="Baháʼí Faith in India">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmadiyya in India">Ahmadiyya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other paths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_India" title="Zoroastrianism in India">Zoroastrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_India" title="Irreligion in India">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li>Meena ethnic</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policy and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_India" title="Secularism in India">Secularism in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_India" title="Freedom of religion in India">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India" title="Religious violence in India">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_harmony_in_India" title="Religious harmony in India">Religious harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_thinkers_of_India" title="Religious thinkers of India">Religious thinkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Minority_Affairs" title="Ministry of Minority Affairs">Ministry of Minority Affairs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion_in_Asia412" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li 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href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Timor-Leste" title="Religion in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Abkhazia" title="Religion in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Religion in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Ossetia" title="Religion in South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="India_topics12" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:India_topics" title="Template:India topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:India_topics" title="Template talk:India topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:India_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:India topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="India_topics12" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">India topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History12" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history" title="Timeline of Indian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_India" title="List of years in India">Years</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of clothing in the Indian subcontinent">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in India">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_India" title="Linguistic history of India">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_India" title="Military history of India">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paper_currency_in_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of paper currency in Indian subcontinent">Paper currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_India" title="Postage stamps and postal history of India">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_on_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of science and technology on the Indian subcontinent">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Mauryas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavana_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavana Kingdom">Yavana Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley">Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid%E2%80%93Mauryan_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid–Mauryan war">Seleucid–Mauryan war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Marathas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">European trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_War" title="Bengal War">Bengal War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Late modern">Late modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princely state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">1857 rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India#History" title="Rail transport in India">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India_under_the_British_Raj" title="Economy of India under the British Raj">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Commander-in-Chief, India">Commander-in-Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamindar#British_era" title="Zamindar">Zamindari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Councils_Act_1909" title="Indian Councils Act 1909">Political reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">1943 famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="India and the Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_India" title="Five-Year Plans of India">Five-Year Plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Flood">White Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalite">Naxal Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smiling_Buddha" title="Smiling Buddha">Smiling Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Space programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force" title="Indian Peace Keeping Force">Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">History of India (1947–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Economic liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokhran-II" title="Pokhran-II">Pokhran-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography12" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_India" title="Category:Geology of India">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_Parks_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil Parks of India">Fossil Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Plate">Indian Plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heritage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Geological_Monuments_of_India" title="National Geological Monuments of India">National Geological Monuments of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_groves_of_India" title="Sacred groves of India">Sacred groves of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains#India" title="Sacred mountains">Sacred mountains of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River#Sacred" title="River">Sacred rivers of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stones_of_India" title="Stones of India">Stones of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_India" title="Environment of India">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_classification_of_India" title="Biogeographic classification of India">Biogeographic classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_India" title="Biosphere reserves of India">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_India" title="Climate of India">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_India" title="Climate change in India">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_India" title="List of earthquakes in India">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_India" title="List of ecoregions in India">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_India" title="Environmental issues in India">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_India" title="Fauna of India">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forests_in_India" title="List of forests in India">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_India" title="Flora of India">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_India" title="Protected areas of India">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_India" title="Wildlife of India">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildlife_sanctuaries_of_India" title="List of wildlife sanctuaries of India">sanctuaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_India" title="List of beaches in India">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_India" title="List of canals in India">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_India" title="Coastal India">Coasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_India" title="Exclusive economic zone of India">ECZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_India" title="List of extreme points of India">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of glaciers of India">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_highest_point" title="List of Indian states and union territories by highest point">Highest point by states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_India" title="List of islands of India">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_India" title="List of lakes of India">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_India" title="List of mountains in India">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes_of_India" title="List of mountain passes of India">Mountain passes</a></li> <li>Plains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Coastal_Plains" title="Eastern Coastal Plains">Eastern coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Coastal_Plains" title="Western Coastal Plains">Western coastal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_India" title="List of rivers of India">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_in_India" title="List of valleys in India">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_India" title="List of volcanoes in India">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waterfalls of India">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_India" title="Northwest India">Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest India">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast India">Southeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_India" title="Western India">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">Autonomous administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_India" title="Template:Borders of India">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_India_by_population" title="List of towns in India by population">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_governance_in_India" title="Municipal governance in India">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and union territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_National_Importance_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Monuments of National Importance of India">National monuments of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National parks of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature worship</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian-origin religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites in India">World Heritage Sites in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics12" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agencies_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of agencies of the government of India">Agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_India" title="Energy policy of India">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Foreign relations of India">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_India" title="Vice President of India">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Council_of_Ministers" title="Union Council of Ministers">Union Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Services_of_India" title="Civil Services of India">Civil Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_(India)" title="Cabinet Secretary (India)">Cabinet Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_India" title="State governments of India">State governments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_India" title="State legislative assemblies of India">State legislative assemblies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_legislative_councils_of_India" title="State legislative councils of India">State legislative councils</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(India)" title="Governor (India)">Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_(India)" title="Chief minister (India)">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_secretary_(India)" title="Chief secretary (India)">Chief Secretaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_India" title="Law of India">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Penal_Code" title="Indian Penal Code">Penal Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights,_Directive_Principles_and_Fundamental_Duties_of_India" title="Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India">Fundamental rights, principles and duties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_India" title="Human rights in India">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in India">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India" title="Chief Justice of India">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">High Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_courts_of_India" title="District courts of India">District Courts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_India" title="Law enforcement in India">Enforcement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Federal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">Border Security Force (BSF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Industrial_Security_Force" title="Central Industrial Security Force">Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Police_Force" title="Central Reserve Police Force">Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Tibetan_Border_Police" title="Indo-Tibetan Border Police">Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Guard" title="National Security Guard">National Security Guard (NSG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Protection_Force" title="Railway Protection Force">Railway Protection Force (RPF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sashastra_Seema_Bal" title="Sashastra Seema Bal">Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Protection_Group" title="Special Protection Group">Special Protection Group (SPG)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_intelligence_agencies" title="List of Indian intelligence agencies">Intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Police_Research_and_Development" title="Bureau of Police Research and Development">Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Investigation">Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Revenue_Intelligence" title="Directorate of Revenue Intelligence">Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate (ED)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(India)" title="Intelligence Bureau (India)">Intelligence Bureau (IB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(India)" title="National Security Council (India)">Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotics_Control_Bureau" title="Narcotics Control Bureau">Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Investigation_Agency" title="National Investigation Agency">National Investigation Agency (NIA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_India" title="Politics of India">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_India" title="Censorship in India">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationality_law" title="Indian nationality law">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_India" title="Elections in India">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_India" title="Democracy in India">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_India" title="List of political parties in India">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">Reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scandals_in_India" title="List of scandals in India">Scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_India" title="Secularism in India">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_political_participation_in_India" title="Women's political participation in India">Women in politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy12" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_India" title="List of companies of India">Companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BSE_SENSEX" title="BSE SENSEX">BSE SENSEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIFTY_50" title="NIFTY 50">NIFTY 50</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(India)" title="Ministry of Finance (India)">Ministry of Finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(India)" title="Minister of Finance (India)">Finance ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)">Ministry of Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance_Commission" title="Finance Commission">Finance Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Advisory_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Advisory Council">Economic Advisory Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_(India)" title="Central Statistics Office (India)">Central Statistical Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Board_of_India" title="Securities and Exchange Board of India">Securities and Exchange Board of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_debt_of_India" title="External debt of India">External debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_India" title="Foreign trade of India">Foreign trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_India" title="Foreign direct investment in India">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign-exchange_reserves_of_India" title="Foreign-exchange reserves of India">Foreign exchange reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remittances_to_India" title="Remittances to India">Remittances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_India" title="Taxation in India">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidies_in_India" title="Subsidies in India">Subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_licensing_in_India" title="Industrial licensing in India">Industrial licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voluntary_Guidelines_on_Social,_Environmental_and_Economic_Responsibilities_of_Business" title="National Voluntary Guidelines on Social, Environmental and Economic Responsibilities of Business">Voluntary guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NITI_Aayog" title="NITI Aayog">NITI Aayog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_in_India" title="Make in India">Make in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmanirbhar_Bharat" title="Atmanirbhar Bharat">Atmanirbhar Bharat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee_sign" title="Indian rupee sign">Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_rupee" title="History of the rupee">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate_history_of_the_Indian_rupee" title="Exchange rate history of the Indian rupee">Historical Forex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rupee" title="Digital rupee">Digital rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_paisa" title="Indian paisa">Paisa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="List of governors of the Reserve Bank of India">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Government_Mint" title="India Government Mint">Mint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation_in_India" title="Inflation in India">Inflation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_India" title="Banking in India">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_India" title="Insurance in India">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi_Commodity_Exchange" title="Multi Commodity Exchange">Multi Commodity Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gold_(Control)_Act,_1968" title="The Gold (Control) Act, 1968">Bullion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_black_money" title="Indian black money">Black money</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange" title="Bombay Stock Exchange">Bombay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Stock_Exchange_of_India" title="National Stock Exchange of India">National</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development_in_India" title="Economic development in India">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licence_Raj" title="Licence Raj">Licence Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schemes_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of schemes of the government of India">Government initiatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_numbering_system" title="Indian numbering system">Numbering system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indians_by_net_worth" title="List of Indians by net worth">By net worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_India" title="Income in India">Income</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_labour_law" title="Indian labour law">Labour law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_India" title="Pensions in India">Pensions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Employees%27_Provident_Fund_Organisation" title="Employees' Provident Fund Organisation">EPFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pension_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="National Pension Scheme">NPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Provident_Fund_(India)" title="Public Provident Fund (India)">PPF</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Economy of Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Assam" title="Economy of Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bihar" title="Economy of Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Delhi" title="Economy of Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gujarat" title="Economy of Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haryana" title="Economy of Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Economy of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jharkhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Karnataka" title="Economy of Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kerala" title="Economy of Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ladakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Economy of Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Maharashtra" title="Economy of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mizoram" title="Economy of Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Odisha" title="Economy of Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Punjab,_India" title="Economy of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rajasthan" title="Economy of Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Economy of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Telangana" title="Economy of Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttarakhand" title="Economy of Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Economy of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_India" title="Agriculture in India">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_India" title="Animal husbandry in India">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_India" title="Fishing in India">Fishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_India" title="Automotive industry in India">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry_in_India" title="Chemical industry in India">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_India" title="Construction industry of India">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_industry_of_India" title="Defence industry of India">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_India" title="Energy in India">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_India" title="Electricity sector in India">Electricity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_India" title="Nuclear power in India">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_India" title="Oil and gas industry in India">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_India" title="Solar power in India">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_India" title="Wind power in India">Wind</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_and_semiconductor_manufacturing_industry_in_India" title="Electronics and semiconductor manufacturing industry in India">Electronics and semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_industry_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Entertainment industry in India">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_India" title="Forestry in India">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_India" title="Gambling in India">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_India" title="Healthcare in India">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_India" title="List of hospitals in India">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_in_India" title="Information technology in India">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of India">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting_in_India" title="FM broadcasting in India">FM Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_industry_in_India" title="Printing industry in India">Printing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_India" title="Mining in India">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_India" title="Coal in India">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_and_steel_industry_in_India" title="Iron and steel industry in India">Iron and Steel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_India" title="Pharmaceutical industry in India">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_India" title="Pulp and paper industry in India">Pulp and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retailing_in_India" title="Retailing in India">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_India" title="Science and technology in India">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_in_India" title="Biotechnology in India">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_India" title="Space industry of India">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_India" title="Telecommunications in India">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_India" title="Textile industry in India">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_India" title="Transport in India">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_India" title="Aviation in India">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_India" title="Civil aviation in India">Civil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_India" title="List of ports in India">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India" title="Rail transport in India">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_India" title="Roads in India">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electricity_organisations_in_India" title="List of electricity organisations in India">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_sector_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Power sector in India">Power</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulator</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Regulatory_and_Development_Authority" title="Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority">IRDAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">RBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEBI" class="mw-redirect" title="SEBI">SEBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Board_of_India" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India">IBBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_Fund_Regulatory_and_Development_Authority" title="Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority">PFRDA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Tribunal">NCLT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Appellate_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Appellate Tribunal">NCLAT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_for_Industrial_and_Financial_Reconstruction" title="Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction">BIFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Board_of_India" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India">IBBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Code,_2016" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016">IBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securitisation_and_Reconstruction_of_Financial_Assets_and_Enforcement_of_Security_Interest_Act,_2002" title="Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002">SARFESI Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income-tax_Act,_1961" class="mw-redirect" title="Income-tax Act, 1961">Income Tax Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companies_Act,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Companies Act, 2013">Companies Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_Regulation_Act,_1949" title="Banking Regulation Act, 1949">Banking Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Act,_1938" title="Insurance Act, 1938">Insurance Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Exchange_Management_Act" title="Foreign Exchange Management Act">FEMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Consensus" title="Mumbai Consensus">Mumbai Consensus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list 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409.548 1 Template:Navboxes"," 14.88% 377.342 9 Template:Navbox"," 10.93% 277.007 81 Template:Cite_web"," 9.37% 237.637 1 Template:Religion_in_India_topics"," 8.44% 213.989 92 Template:Percentage_bar"," 8.39% 212.608 48 Template:Cite_book"," 5.77% 146.280 25 Template:Cite_news"," 5.34% 135.489 1 Template:Sort_under"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.194","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10333074,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"Anna_he_Apoorna_Brahma’\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAloke_Tikku2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAvari2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakshi1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBanerjee2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBasu2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBose2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChadha_M2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChakravarti1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharlton2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChatterjeeDatta1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChishtiJacob2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaniyal\"] = 1,\n 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