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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_support_and_measures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Foreign support and measures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_support_and_measures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Soviet Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazi_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Nazi Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forced_labour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forced_labour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Forced labour </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forced_labour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conduct_of_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conduct_of_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Conduct of operations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conduct_of_operations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Conduct of operations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Conduct_of_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Operation_Barbarossa:_Summer_1941" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Barbarossa:_Summer_1941"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Operation Barbarossa: Summer 1941 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Barbarossa:_Summer_1941-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leningrad,_Moscow_and_Rostov:_Autumn_1941" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leningrad,_Moscow_and_Rostov:_Autumn_1941"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Leningrad, Moscow and Rostov: Autumn 1941 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leningrad,_Moscow_and_Rostov:_Autumn_1941-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_counter-offensive:_Winter_1941" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_counter-offensive:_Winter_1941"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Soviet counter-offensive: Winter 1941 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_counter-offensive:_Winter_1941-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Don,_Volga,_and_Caucasus:_Summer_1942" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Don,_Volga,_and_Caucasus:_Summer_1942"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Don, Volga, and Caucasus: Summer 1942 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Don,_Volga,_and_Caucasus:_Summer_1942-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stalingrad:_Winter_1942" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stalingrad:_Winter_1942"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Stalingrad: Winter 1942 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stalingrad:_Winter_1942-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kursk:_Summer_1943" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kursk:_Summer_1943"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Kursk: Summer 1943 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kursk:_Summer_1943-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autumn_and_winter_1943–44" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autumn_and_winter_1943–44"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Autumn and winter 1943–44 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autumn_and_winter_1943–44-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summer_1944" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summer_1944"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Summer 1944 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summer_1944-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autumn_1944" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autumn_1944"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Autumn 1944 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autumn_1944-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-January–March_1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–March_1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10 January–March 1945 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–March_1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_war:_April–May_1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_war:_April–May_1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11 End of the war: April–May 1945 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_war:_April–May_1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Far_East:_August_1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Far_East:_August_1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.12 Soviet Far East: August 1945 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Far_East:_August_1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Results </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Leadership </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Leadership subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adolf_Hitler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adolf_Hitler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Adolf Hitler </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adolf_Hitler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joseph_Stalin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joseph_Stalin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Joseph Stalin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joseph_Stalin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repression_and_genocide_in_occupied_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repression_and_genocide_in_occupied_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Repression and genocide in occupied territories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repression_and_genocide_in_occupied_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_output" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_output"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Industrial output </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_output-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Casualties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_and_regional_experiences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_and_regional_experiences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 National and regional experiences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_and_regional_experiences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Lists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Videos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Videos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Videos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Videos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Eastern Front (World War II)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" > 84 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%A2%D3%A7%D1%80%D3%A7%D0%BB_%D1%83%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%83_%D1%98%D1%83%D1%83" title="Ада-Тӧрӧл учун Улу јуу – Southern Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Ада-Тӧрӧл учун Улу јуу" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Southern Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target">Алтай тил</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="الجبهة الشرقية (الحرب العالمية الثانية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الجبهة الشرقية (الحرب العالمية الثانية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frent_Oriental_(Segunda_Guerra_Mundial)" title="Frent Oriental (Segunda Guerra Mundial) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Frent Oriental (Segunda Guerra Mundial)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B5_%D4%BD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Գերմանիոյ Խորհրդային Պատերազմ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գերմանիոյ Խորհրդային Պատերազմ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B1_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B1_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8A" title="КӀудияб ВатӀанияб рагъ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="КӀудияб ВатӀанияб рагъ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0kinci_D%C3%BCnya_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99sind%C9%99_%C5%9E%C9%99rq_c%C9%99bh%C9%99si" title="İkinci Dünya müharibəsində Şərq cəbhəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İkinci Dünya müharibəsində Şərq cəbhəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88_%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%87%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ایکینجی دونیا ساواشیندا دوغو جبهه‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایکینجی دونیا ساواشیندا دوغو جبهه‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A8_(%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7)" title="পূর্ব রণাঙ্গন (দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পূর্ব রণাঙ্গন (দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B9%D3%A9%D0%BA_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D2%BB%D1%83%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Бөйөк Ватан һуғышы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бөйөк Ватан һуғышы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вялікая Айчынная вайна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вялікая Айчынная вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Нямецка-савецкая вайна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нямецка-савецкая вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_(%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Източен фронт (Втора световна война) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Източен фронт (Втора световна война)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talbenn_ar_Reter_(Eil_Brezel-bed)" title="Talbenn ar Reter (Eil Brezel-bed) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Talbenn ar Reter (Eil Brezel-bed)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_Oriental_de_la_Segona_Guerra_Mundial" title="Front Oriental de la Segona Guerra Mundial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Front Oriental de la Segona Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%C4%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%C3%87%C4%95%D1%80%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%B2%C4%83%D0%BD_%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BB%C4%83_%D0%B2%C4%83%D1%80%C3%A7%D0%B8" title="Тăван Çĕршывăн Аслă вăрçи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тăван Çĕршывăн Аслă вăрçи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDchodn%C3%AD_fronta_(druh%C3%A1_sv%C4%9Btov%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka)" title="Východní fronta (druhá světová válka) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Východní fronta (druhá světová válka)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98stfronten_under_2._verdenskrig" title="Østfronten under 2. verdenskrig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Østfronten under 2. verdenskrig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsch-Sowjetischer_Krieg" title="Deutsch-Sowjetischer Krieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deutsch-Sowjetischer Krieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idarinne_(Teine_maailmas%C3%B5da)" title="Idarinne (Teine maailmasõda) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Idarinne (Teine maailmasõda)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%84%CF%89%CF%80%CE%BF_(%CE%92%CE%84_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82)" title="Ανατολικό μέτωπο (Β΄ Παγκόσμιος Πόλεμος) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανατολικό μέτωπο (Β΄ Παγκόσμιος Πόλεμος)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Ине Отечествань Торпинге – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ине Отечествань Торпинге" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frente_oriental_(Segunda_Guerra_Mundial)" title="Frente oriental (Segunda Guerra Mundial) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Frente oriental (Segunda Guerra Mundial)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orienta_Fronto_(Dua_mondmilito)" title="Orienta Fronto (Dua mondmilito) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Orienta Fronto (Dua mondmilito)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekialdeko_Frontea_Bigarren_Mundu_Gerran" title="Ekialdeko Frontea Bigarren Mundu Gerran – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ekialdeko Frontea Bigarren Mundu Gerran" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%87%D9%87_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_(%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85)" title="جبهه شرقی (جنگ جهانی دوم) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جبهه شرقی (جنگ جهانی دوم)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_de_l%27Est_(Seconde_Guerre_mondiale)" title="Front de l'Est (Seconde Guerre mondiale) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Front de l'Est (Seconde Guerre mondiale)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronte_Oriental_(segunda_guerra_mundial)" title="Fronte Oriental (segunda guerra mundial) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fronte Oriental (segunda guerra mundial)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8C-%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%82%D3%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Сийлахь-Боккха Даьхен тӀом – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Сийлахь-Боккха Даьхен тӀом" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%B6%80_%EC%A0%84%EC%84%A0_(%EC%A0%9C2%EC%B0%A8_%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84_%EB%8C%80%EC%A0%84)" title="동부 전선 (제2차 세계 대전) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동부 전선 (제2차 세계 대전)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%AE_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Հայրենական մեծ պատերազմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հայրենական մեծ պատերազմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_(%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7)" title="महान देशभक्तिपूर्ण युद्ध (द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="महान देशभक्तिपूर्ण युद्ध (द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isto%C4%8Dno_boji%C5%A1te_(Drugi_svjetski_rat)" title="Istočno bojište (Drugi svjetski rat) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Istočno bojište (Drugi svjetski rat)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_Timur_(Perang_Dunia_II)" title="Front Timur (Perang Dunia II) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Front Timur (Perang Dunia II)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B1%C3%A6%D1%81%D1%82%C3%A6%D0%B9%D1%8B_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80_%D1%85%C3%A6%D1%81%D1%82" title="Фыдыбæстæйы Стыр хæст – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Фыдыбæстæйы Стыр хæст" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronte_orientale_(1941-1945)" title="Fronte orientale (1941-1945) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fronte orientale (1941-1945)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%97%D7%96%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="החזית המזרחית במלחמת העולם השנייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="החזית המזרחית במלחמת העולם השנייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="დიდი სამამულო ომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დიდი სამამულო ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Ұлы Отан соғысы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ұлы Отан соғысы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%B2%D3%A7%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%AB%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%B4_%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Айму вӧсна Ыджыд тыш – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Айму вӧсна Ыджыд тыш" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%88" title="Улуу Ата-Мекендик согуш – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Улуу Ата-Мекендик согуш" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellum_Magnum_Patrium" title="Bellum Magnum Patrium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bellum Magnum Patrium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otr%C4%81_pasaules_kara_Austrumu_fronte" title="Otrā pasaules kara Austrumu fronte – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Otrā pasaules kara Austrumu fronte" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Ватандин чӀехи дяве – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Ватандин чӀехи дяве" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryt%C5%B3_kampanija_(Antrasis_pasaulinis_karas)" title="Rytų kampanija (Antrasis pasaulinis karas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rytų kampanija (Antrasis pasaulinis karas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medan_Timur_(Perang_Dunia_Kedua)" title="Medan Timur (Perang Dunia Kedua) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Medan Timur (Perang Dunia Kedua)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_(%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD)" title="Дорнод фронт (Дэлхийн хоёрдугаар дайн) – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дорнод фронт (Дэлхийн хоёрдугаар дайн)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oostfront_(Tweede_Wereldoorlog)" title="Oostfront (Tweede Wereldoorlog) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oostfront (Tweede Wereldoorlog)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7)" title="पूर्वी मोर्चा (द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध) – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पूर्वी मोर्चा (द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध)" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E3%82%BD%E6%88%A6" title="独ソ戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="独ソ戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8C-%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D3%80%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Сийлахь-Боккха Даймехкан тӀом – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Сийлахь-Боккха Даймехкан тӀом" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98stfronten_(andre_verdenskrig)" title="Østfronten (andre verdenskrig) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Østfronten (andre verdenskrig)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_de_l%27%C3%88st" title="Front de l'Èst – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Front de l'Èst" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83_%D0%90%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кугу Ачамланде сар – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кугу Ачамланде сар" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulug%CA%BB_Vatan_urushi" title="Ulugʻ Vatan urushi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ulugʻ Vatan urushi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B0_(%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B9%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85)" title="مشرقی محاذ (دوسری جنگ عظیم) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مشرقی محاذ (دوسری جنگ عظیم)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%81%D9%87_%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%87%D9%87_(%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%87_%D9%86%DA%93%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87)" title="ختیځه جبهه (دویمه نړیواله جګړه) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ختیځه جبهه (دویمه نړیواله جګړه)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_wschodni_(II_wojna_%C5%9Bwiatowa)" title="Front wschodni (II wojna światowa) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Front wschodni (II wojna światowa)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frente_Oriental_(Segunda_Guerra_Mundial)" title="Frente Oriental (Segunda Guerra Mundial) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Frente Oriental (Segunda Guerra Mundial)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulu_Vatan_cenki" title="Ulu Vatan cenki – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ulu Vatan cenki" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontul_de_R%C4%83s%C4%83rit_(Al_Doilea_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial)" title="Frontul de Răsărit (Al Doilea Război Mondial) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Frontul de Răsărit (Al Doilea Război Mondial)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Великая Отечественная война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Великая Отечественная война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%95%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83_%D1%81%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Аҕа дойду Улуу сэриитэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Аҕа дойду Улуу сэриитэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastren_Front_(Warld_War_II)" title="Eastren Front (Warld War II) – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Eastren Front (Warld War II)" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronti_Lindor_(Lufta_e_Dyt%C3%AB_Bot%C3%ABrore)" title="Fronti Lindor (Lufta e Dytë Botërore) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fronti Lindor (Lufta e Dytë Botërore)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Eastern Front (World War II)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDchodn%C3%BD_front_(druh%C3%A1_svetov%C3%A1_vojna)" title="Východný front (druhá svetová vojna) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Východný front (druhá svetová vojna)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vzhodna_fronta_(druga_svetovna_vojna)" title="Vzhodna fronta (druga svetovna vojna) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vzhodna fronta (druga svetovna vojna)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_(%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Источни фронт (Други светски рат) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Источни фронт (Други светски рат)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isto%C4%8Dni_front_(Drugi_svjetski_rat)" title="Istočni front (Drugi svjetski rat) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Istočni front (Drugi svjetski rat)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A4rintama_(toinen_maailmansota)" title="Itärintama (toinen maailmansota) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Itärintama (toinen maailmansota)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96stfronten_under_andra_v%C3%A4rldskriget" title="Östfronten under andra världskriget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Östfronten under andra världskriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silangang_Hanay_(Ikalawang_Digmaang_Pandaigdig)" title="Silangang Hanay (Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Silangang Hanay (Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88_(%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D)" title="கிழக்குப் போர்முனை (இரண்டாம் உலகப் போர்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிழக்குப் போர்முனை (இரண்டாம் உலகப் போர்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Бөек Ватан сугышы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бөек Ватан сугышы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81_(%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87)" title="แนวรบด้านตะวันออก (สงครามโลกครั้งที่สอง) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แนวรบด้านตะวันออก (สงครามโลกครั้งที่สอง)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Ҷанги Бузурги Ватанӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷанги Бузурги Ватанӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fu_Cephesi_(II._D%C3%BCnya_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1)" title="Doğu Cephesi (II. Dünya Savaşı) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Doğu Cephesi (II. Dünya Savaşı)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8B%D0%B4%D3%9F%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%90%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B6" title="Быдӟым Атыкай ож – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Быдӟым Атыкай ож" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Німецько-радянська війна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Німецько-радянська війна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B0_(%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B9%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85)" title="مشرقی محاذ (دوسری جنگ عظیم) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مشرقی محاذ (دوسری جنگ عظیم)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh_X%C3%B4%E2%80%93%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Chiến tranh Xô–Đức – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến tranh Xô–Đức" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%BE%B7%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="苏德战争 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" 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The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">footnoting</a>. (September 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Eastern Front</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">European theatre of World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:EasternFrontWWIIcolage.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/EasternFrontWWIIcolage.png/330px-EasternFrontWWIIcolage.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/EasternFrontWWIIcolage.png/500px-EasternFrontWWIIcolage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/EasternFrontWWIIcolage.png/600px-EasternFrontWWIIcolage.png 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="899" /></a> Clockwise from top left: Soviet <a href="/wiki/T-34" title="T-34">T-34</a> tanks storming <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>, 1945; German <a href="/wiki/Tiger_I" title="Tiger I">Tiger I</a> tanks during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a>, 1943; German <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87" title="Junkers Ju 87">Stuka</a> dive bombers on the Eastern Front, 1943; <a href="/wiki/Ivanhorod_Einsatzgruppen_photograph" title="Ivanhorod Einsatzgruppen photograph">German Einsatzgruppen death squad murdering Jews in Ukraine</a>, 1942; <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Keitel" title="Wilhelm Keitel">Wilhelm Keitel</a> signing the <a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">German Instrument of Surrender</a>, 1945; Soviet troops at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a>, 1943</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">22 June 1941 (1941-06-22)</a> – <a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">8 May 1945 (1945-05-08)</a> (3 years, 10 months, 2 weeks and 2 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Europe, east of Germany: <a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a>, in later stages: <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria_under_National_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Austria under National Socialism">Austria</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Soviet victory<a href="#cite_note-17">[m]</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li>Fall of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> (concurrently with the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a>)</li> <li>Beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and creation of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li>Beginning of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_anti-Communist_insurgencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern European anti-Communist insurgencies">anti-communist insurgencies</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial changes</th><td> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union#After_the_Soviet_Union_entered_the_war_on_the_Allied_side" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Allied_occupation_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied occupation of Germany">Allied occupation of Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Austria" title="Allied-occupied Austria">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1945%E2%80%931990)" title="History of Germany (1945–1990)">Partition of Germany</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland">Polish satellite state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Territorial_changes_of_Poland_immediately_after_World_War_II" title="Territorial changes of Poland immediately after World War II">change of borders</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Soviet occupation of Romania</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation of Hungary">Soviet occupation of Hungary</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">Bulgarian communist coup</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union#Bulgaria_(1944)" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupation</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states_under_Soviet_rule_(1944%E2%80%931991)" title="Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–1991)">Soviet re-occupation of the Baltics</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union#Czechoslovakia_(1944)" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Czechoslovakia cedes</a> <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia#Transition_to_Soviet_takeover_and_control_(1944-1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a> split between the Soviet Union (<a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Warmian-Masurian_Voivodeship" class="mw-redirect" title="Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship">Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship</a>) </li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/King_Michael%27s_Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="King Michael's Coup">until 1944</a>)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungary</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">until 1944</a>)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/60px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">until 1943</a>)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Croatia_%281941%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[b]</a></li></ul> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Support:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Spain_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Spain_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Spain_%281938%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Spain</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[c]</a> (until 1944) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces_in_the_East" title="Polish Armed Forces in the East">Poland</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[d]</a> (from 1943)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_government-in-exile" title="Czechoslovak government-in-exile">Czechoslovakia</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[e]</a> (from 1943)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281943%E2%80%931946%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281943%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281943%E2%80%931946%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281943%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Federal_Yugoslavia" title="Democratic Federal Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[f]</a> (from 1944)</li></ul> </div> Former Axis powers:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/King_Michael%27s_Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="King Michael's Coup">from 1944</a>)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from 1944</a>)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from 1944</a>)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungary</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[g]</a> (1945)</li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Support:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[h]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[i]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[j]</a> (from 1943) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Mongolia_%281940%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Mongolia_%281940%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Mongolia_%281940%E2%80%931945%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Mongolia_%281940%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[k]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_the_Tuvan_People%27s_Republic_%281943-1944%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Tuvan_People%27s_Republic_%281943-1944%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_the_Tuvan_People%27s_Republic_%281943-1944%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Tuvan_People%27s_Republic_%281943-1944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_the_Tuvan_People%27s_Republic_%281943-1944%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Tuvan_People%27s_Republic_%281943-1944%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="390" /> <a href="/wiki/Tuvan_People%27s_Republic" title="Tuvan People's Republic">Tuva</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[l]</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Axis leaders:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Death of Adolf Hitler">†</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Keitel" title="Wilhelm Keitel">Wilhelm Keitel</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jodl" title="Alfred Jodl">Alfred Jodl</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Walther_von_Brauchitsch" title="Walther von Brauchitsch">Walther von Brauchitsch</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Franz_Halder" title="Franz Halder">Franz Halder</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Zeitzler" title="Kurt Zeitzler">Kurt Zeitzler</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Jeschonnek" title="Hans Jeschonnek">Hans Jeschonnek</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ritter_von_Leeb" title="Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb">Wilhelm von Leeb</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Fedor_von_Bock" title="Fedor von Bock">Fedor von Bock</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Gerd_von_Rundstedt" title="Gerd von Rundstedt">Gerd von Rundstedt</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_von_Kluge" title="Günther von Kluge">Günther von Kluge</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_K%C3%BCchler" title="Georg von Küchler">Georg von Küchler</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_List" title="Wilhelm List">Wilhelm List</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_von_Weichs" title="Maximilian von Weichs">Maximilian von Weichs</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ludwig_Ewald_von_Kleist" title="Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist">Ewald von Kleist</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Manstein" title="Erich von Manstein">Erich von Manstein</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Busch_(field_marshal)" title="Ernst Busch (field marshal)">Ernst Busch</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Model" title="Walter Model">Walter Model</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Friessner" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Friessner">Johannes Friessner</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georg_Lindemann" title="Georg Lindemann">Georg Lindemann</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Sch%C3%B6rner" title="Ferdinand Schörner">Ferdinand Schörner</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lothar_Rendulic" title="Lothar Rendulic">Lothar Rendulic</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Iosif_Iacobici" title="Iosif Iacobici">Iosif Iacobici</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Ilie_%C8%98teflea" title="Ilie Șteflea">Ilie Șteflea</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Petre_Dumitrescu" title="Petre Dumitrescu">Petre Dumitrescu</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Horia_Macellariu" title="Horia Macellariu">Horia Macellariu</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Miklós Horthy</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Ferenc Szálasi</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Szombathelyi" title="Ferenc Szombathelyi">Ferenc Szombathelyi</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Beregfy" title="Károly Beregfy">Károly Beregfy</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Risto_Ryti" title="Risto Ryti">Risto Ryti</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">C.G.E. Mannerheim</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Aksel_Airo" title="Aksel Airo">Aksel Airo</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/60px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/60px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italo_Gariboldi" title="Italo Gariboldi">Italo Gariboldi</a> </li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Allied leaders:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Shaposhnikov" title="Boris Shaposhnikov">Boris Shaposhnikov</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Vasilevsky" title="Aleksandr Vasilevsky">Aleksandr Vasilevsky</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Antonov" title="Aleksei Antonov">Aleksei Antonov</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Semyon_Timoshenko" title="Semyon Timoshenko">Semyon Timoshenko</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Semyon_Budyonny" title="Semyon Budyonny">Semyon Budyonny</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Kuznetsov_(admiral)" title="Nikolai Kuznetsov (admiral)">Nikolai Kuznetsov</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Isakov" title="Ivan Isakov">Ivan Isakov</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Zhigarev" title="Pavel Zhigarev">Pavel Zhigarev</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Novikov" title="Alexander Novikov">Alexander Novikov</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Khudyakov" title="Sergei Khudyakov">Sergei Khudyakov</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Markian_Popov" title="Markian Popov">Markian Popov</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Kuznetsov" title="Fyodor Kuznetsov">Fyodor Kuznetsov</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Pavlov_(general)" title="Dmitry Pavlov (general)">Dmitry Pavlov</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/20px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/40px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kirponos" title="Mikhail Kirponos">Mikhail Kirponos</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Tyulenev" title="Ivan Tyulenev">Ivan Tyulenev</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Yeremenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrey Yeremenko">Andrey Yeremenko</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Kurochkin" title="Pavel Kurochkin">Pavel Kurochkin</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Konev" title="Ivan Konev">Ivan Konev</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Yakov_Cherevichenko" title="Yakov Cherevichenko">Yakov Cherevichenko</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Rodion_Malinovsky" title="Rodion Malinovsky">Rodion Malinovsky</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kiril_Meretskov" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiril Meretskov">Kiril Meretskov</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Filipp_Golikov" title="Filipp Golikov">Filipp Golikov</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rokossovsky" title="Konstantin Rokossovsky">Konstantin Rokossovsky</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Govorov" title="Leonid Govorov">Leonid Govorov</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Vatutin" title="Nikolai Vatutin">Nikolai Vatutin</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Maksim_Purkayev" title="Maksim Purkayev">Maksim Purkayev</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Sokolovsky" title="Vasily Sokolovsky">Vasily Sokolovsky</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Tolbukhin" title="Fyodor Tolbukhin">Fyodor Tolbukhin</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Yefimovich_Petrov" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Yefimovich Petrov">Ivan Petrov</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Bagramyan" title="Ivan Bagramyan">Ivan Bagramyan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Chernyakhovsky" title="Ivan Chernyakhovsky">Ivan Chernyakhovsky</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bolesław Bierut</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Rola-%C5%BBymierski" title="Michał Rola-Żymierski">Michał Rola-Żymierski</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Berling" title="Zygmunt Berling">Zygmunt Berling</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Romania" title="Michael I of Romania">Michael I</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Constantin_S%C4%83n%C4%83tescu" title="Constantin Sănătescu">Constantin Sănătescu</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_R%C4%83descu" title="Nicolae Rădescu">Nicolae Rădescu</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kimon_Georgiev" title="Kimon Georgiev">Kimon Georgiev</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">C.G.E. Mannerheim</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>1941 3,767,000 troops</li> <li>1942 3,720,000 troops</li> <li>1943 3,933,000 troops</li> <li>1944 3,370,000 troops</li> <li>1945 1,960,000 troops</li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>1941 (Front) 2,680,000 troops</li> <li>1942 (Front) 5,313,000 troops</li> <li>1943 (Front) 6,724,000 troops</li> <li>1944 6,800,000 troops</li> <li>1945 6,410,000 troops</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Total: 5.1 million dead <div><ul><li>4.5 million killed or missing in action</li><li>600,000 died in captivity</li></ul></div> 4.5 million captured See <a href="#Casualties">below</a>.</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Total: 8.7–10 million dead <div><ul><li>6.5–6.7 million killed or missing in action</li><li>2.2–3.3 million died in captivity</li></ul></div> 4.1 million captured See <a href="#Casualties">below</a>.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> Civilian casualties: 18–24 million civilians dead See <a href="#Casualties">below</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_World_War_II" title="Template:Campaignbox World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_World_War_II" title="Template talk:Campaignbox World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Campaigns_of_World_War_II7050" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Karelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung">Denmark and Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)#1944–1945:_The_Second_Front" title="Western Front (World War II)">1944–1945</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_France" title="Italian invasion of France">Alps 1940</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Alps" title="Second Battle of the Alps">1944</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Balkans campaign (World War II)">Balkans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Serbian Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greek resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eastern Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940%E2%80%931944_insurgency_in_Chechnya" title="1940–1944 insurgency in Chechnya">Chechnya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Italian Resistence</a></li></ul></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Asia-Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South West Pacific</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Thai_War" title="Franco-Thai War">Franco-Thai War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma and India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_campaign" title="Japan campaign">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Manchuria and Northern Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">pre-war border conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Attacks on Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">Libya-Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Morocco-Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_campaign_of_World_War_II" title="Adriatic campaign of World War II">Adriatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)" title="Siege of Malta (World War II)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodecanese_campaign" title="Dodecanese campaign">Dodecanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Southern France</a></li></ul> Other campaigns <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica_during_World_War_II" title="Antarctica during World War II">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_naval_operations_of_World_War_II" title="Arctic naval operations of World War II">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air Warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">French West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li></ul></li></ul> Coups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_Nazi_coup_and_invasion_of_Uruguay" title="Planned Nazi coup and invasion of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Norwegian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1940 Norwegian coup d'état">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Yugoslav coup d'état">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Romania 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1941 Iraqi coup d'état">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Argentine_Revolution" title="1943 Argentine Revolution">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorkovi%C4%87%E2%80%93Voki%C4%87_plot" title="Lorković–Vokić plot">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">Romania 1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Panzerfaust" title="Operation Panzerfaust">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABj%C5%8D_incident" title="Kyūjō incident">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsue_incident" title="Matsue incident">Matsue</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Front8137" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Axis%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Axis–Soviet War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Axis%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Axis–Soviet War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Axis%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Axis–Soviet War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Front8137" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eastern Front</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Naval warfare</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea_campaigns_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Baltic Sea campaigns (1939–1945)">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_campaigns_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Black Sea campaigns (1941–1944)">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_naval_operations_of_World_War_II" title="Arctic naval operations of World War II">Arctic Ocean</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1941</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Barbarossa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Brest_Fortress" title="Defense of Brest Fortress">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bia%C5%82ystok%E2%80%93Minsk" title="Battle of Białystok–Minsk">Białystok–Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_operation" title="Baltic operation">1st Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brody_(1941)" title="Battle of Brody (1941)">Brody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Operation München">Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1941)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1941)">1st Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uman" title="Battle of Uman">Uman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Odessa" title="Siege of Odessa">Odessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">1st Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_evacuation_of_Tallinn" title="Soviet evacuation of Tallinn">Tallinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sea_of_Azov" title="Battle of the Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="First Battle of Kharkov">1st Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_campaign" title="Crimean campaign">1st Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rostov_(1941)" title="Battle of Rostov (1941)">Rostov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Moscow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Kerch_Peninsula" title="Battle of the Kerch Peninsula">Kerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940%E2%80%931944_insurgency_in_Chechnya" title="1940–1944 insurgency in Chechnya">Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare_during_Operation_Barbarossa" title="Aerial warfare during Operation Barbarossa">Air war 1941</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1942</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lyuban" title="Battle of Lyuban">Lyuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barvenkovo%E2%80%93Lozovaya_offensive" title="Barvenkovo–Lozovaya offensive">Barvenkovo–Lozovaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Rzhev" title="Battles of Rzhev">Rzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toropets%E2%80%93Kholm_offensive" title="Toropets–Kholm offensive">Toropets–Kholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demyansk_Pocket" title="Demyansk Pocket">Demyansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholm_Pocket" title="Kholm Pocket">Kholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bamberg" title="Operation Bamberg">Bamberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="Second Battle of Kharkov">2nd Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Case Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Caucasus" title="Battle of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev–Sychyovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinyavino_offensive_(1942)" title="Sinyavino offensive (1942)">Sinyavino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Velikiye_Luki" title="Battle of Velikiye Luki">Velikiye Luki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mars" title="Operation Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Little_Saturn" title="Operation Little Saturn">Little Saturn</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1943</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Iskra" title="Operation Iskra">Iskra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogozhsk%E2%80%93Rossosh_offensive" title="Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh offensive">Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voronezh%E2%80%93Kharkov_offensive" title="Voronezh–Kharkov offensive">Voronezh–Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Polar_Star" title="Operation Polar Star">Polar Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="Third Battle of Kharkov">3rd Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Gorky Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donbas_strategic_offensive_(July_1943)" title="Donbas strategic offensive (July 1943)">1st Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgorod%E2%80%93Kharkov_offensive_operation" title="Belgorod–Kharkov offensive operation">Belgorod-Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donbas_strategic_offensive_(August_1943)" title="Donbas strategic offensive (August 1943)">2nd Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">2nd Smolensk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lenino" title="Battle of Lenino">Lenino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nevel_(1943)" title="Battle of Nevel (1943)">Nevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">2nd Kiev</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1944</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Carpathian_offensive" title="Dnieper–Carpathian offensive">Dnieper–Carpathian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad%E2%80%93Novgorod_offensive" title="Leningrad–Novgorod offensive">Leningrad–Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_offensive" title="Crimean offensive">2nd Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="First Jassy–Kishinev offensive">1st Jassy–Kishinev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyborg%E2%80%93Petrozavodsk_offensive" title="Vyborg–Petrozavodsk offensive">Karelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov-Sandomierz_Offensive" title="Lvov-Sandomierz Offensive">Lvov–Sandomierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Doppelkopf" title="Operation Doppelkopf">Doppelkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">2nd Jassy–Kishinev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dukla_Pass" title="Battle of the Dukla Pass">Dukla Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_offensive" title="Baltic offensive">2nd Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Debrecen" title="Battle of Debrecen">Debrecen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petsamo%E2%80%93Kirkenes_offensive" title="Petsamo–Kirkenes offensive">Petsamo–Kirkenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courland_Pocket" title="Courland Pocket">Courland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumbinnen_Operation" title="Gumbinnen Operation">Gumbinnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Budapest</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1945</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Carpathian_offensive" title="Western Carpathian offensive">Western Carpathian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Prussian_offensive" title="East Prussian offensive">East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_offensives" title="Silesian offensives">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breslau" title="Siege of Breslau">Breslau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Solstice" title="Operation Solstice">Solstice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian_offensive" title="East Pomeranian offensive">East Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Awakening" title="Operation Spring Awakening">Lake Balaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravia%E2%80%93Ostrava_offensive" title="Moravia–Ostrava offensive">Moravia–Ostrava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prague_uprising" title="Prague uprising">Prague uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 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0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:History of the Soviet Union">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">History of the Soviet Union</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.35em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1956%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="State Emblem of the Soviet Union"><img alt="State Emblem of the Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/105px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="605" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Bolshevik split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Bolshevik Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Soviet_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union_(1917%E2%80%931927)" title="History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)">1917–1927</a>: Establishment</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_communism" title="War communism">War communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty on the Creation of the USSR">Treaty on the Creation of the USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">National delimitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Vladimir_Lenin" title="Death and state funeral of Vladimir Lenin">Death and funeral of Lenin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">1927–1953</a>: Stalinism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">Socialism in one country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1932%E2%80%9333" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet famine of 1932–33">Soviet famine of 1932–1933</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_famine_of_1932%E2%80%9333" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh famine of 1932–33">Kazakhstan famine of 1932–1933</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Industrialization in the Soviet Union">Industrialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Revolution in the Soviet Union">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_trials" title="Moscow trials">Moscow trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Patriotic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Soviet invasion of Manchuria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">Soviet deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1946%E2%80%9347" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet famine of 1946–47">Soviet famine of 1946–1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Joseph_Stalin" title="Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin">Death and funeral of Stalin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1953%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1953–1964)">1953–1964</a>: Khrushchev Thaw</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Lands_campaign" title="Virgin Lands campaign">Virgin Lands campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_transfer_of_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="1954 transfer of Crimea">1954 transfer of Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-Stalinization</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">"On the Cult of Personality</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Georgian_demonstrations" title="1956 Georgian demonstrations">1956 Georgian demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_reform_in_the_Soviet_Union,_1956%E2%80%931962" title="Wage reform in the Soviet Union, 1956–1962">Wage reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1964%E2%80%931982)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982)">1964–1982</a>: Era of Stagnation</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Era of Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Yerevan_demonstrations" title="1965 Yerevan demonstrations">50th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Menu" title="Operation Menu">Operation Menu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon" title="Fall of Saigon">Fall of Saigon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Africa" title="List of conflicts in Africa">Wars in Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics" title="1980 Summer Olympics">1980 Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_Games_boycotts" title="List of Olympic Games boycotts">Olympic boycotts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980 Olympic boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Olympic boycott</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Polish strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Death and state funeral of Leonid Brezhnev">Death and funeral of Brezhnev</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1982%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)">1982–1991</a>: Decline and collapse</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" title="Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan">Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Sovereignty_Declaration" title="Estonian Sovereignty Declaration">Estonian Sovereignty Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Way" title="Baltic Way">Baltic Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_the_Re-Establishment_of_the_State_of_Lithuania" title="Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania">Lithuanian independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_economic_blockade_of_Lithuania" title="Soviet economic blockade of Lithuania">Economic blockade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Restoration_of_Independence_of_the_Republic_of_Latvia" title="On the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia">Latvian independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_Picnic" title="Pan-European Picnic">Pan-European Picnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_communism_in_Hungary_(1989)" class="mw-redirect" title="End of communism in Hungary (1989)">End of communist rule in Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeltoqsan" title="Jeltoqsan">Jeltoqsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9_tragedy" title="April 9 tragedy">April 9 tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_January" title="Black January">Black January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osh_riots_(1990)" class="mw-redirect" title="Osh riots (1990)">Osh riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Laws" title="War of Laws">War of Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Dushanbe_riots" title="1990 Dushanbe riots">Dushanbe riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="January Events (Lithuania)">January Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">The Barricades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_Union_referendum" title="1991 Soviet Union referendum">Referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Union_Treaty" title="New Union Treaty">New Union Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt">August Coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989%E2%80%931991_Ukrainian_revolution" title="1989–1991 Ukrainian revolution">Ukrainian revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Ukraine" title="Declaration of Independence of Ukraine">independence declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Ukrainian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Ukrainian independence referendum">referendum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belovezha_Accords" title="Belovezha Accords">Belovezha Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alma-Ata_Protocol" title="Alma-Ata Protocol">Alma-Ata Protocol</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Soviet leadership</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Malenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Andropov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Chernenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Gorbachev</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_leaders#List_of_troikas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Soviet leaders">List of troikas</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Culture of the Soviet Union">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Education in the Soviet Union">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Geography of the Soviet Union">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politics of the Soviet Union">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Empire">Soviet Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Soviet republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet states</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.5em;border-bottom:1px solid #707070;"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/17px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/26px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/34px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet Union portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:History of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template talk:History of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Eastern Front, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War_(term)" title="Great Patriotic War (term)">Great Patriotic War</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[n]</a> in the Soviet Union and its successor states, and the German–Soviet War<a href="#cite_note-19">[o]</a> in modern Germany and Ukraine, was a <a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">theatre</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> fought between the European <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (USSR) and <a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces_in_the_East" title="Polish Armed Forces in the East">Poland</a>. It encompassed <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northeast Europe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltics</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>), and lasted from 22 June 1941 to 9 May 1945. Of the estimated <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">70–85 million deaths</a> attributed to World War II, around 30 million occurred on the Eastern Front, including 9 million children.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2025)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2018[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2025]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2025)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-20">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-fn1-21">[p]</a> The Eastern Front was decisive in determining the outcome in the <a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">European theatre of operations in World War II</a>, eventually serving as the main reason for the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and the Axis nations.<a href="#cite_note-23">[q]</a> It is noted by historian <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Roberts" title="Geoffrey Roberts">Geoffrey Roberts</a> that "More than 80 percent of all combat during the Second World War took place on the Eastern Front".<a href="#cite_note-:1-24">[7]</a> The Axis forces, led by Nazi Germany, began their advance into the Soviet Union under the codename <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a> on 22 June 1941, the opening date of the Eastern Front. Initially, Soviet forces were unable to halt the Axis forces, which <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">came close to Moscow</a>. Despite their many attempts, the Axis failed to capture Moscow and soon focused on the oil fields in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>. German forces invaded the Caucasus under the <a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Fall Blau</a> ("Case Blue") plan on 28 June 1942. The Soviets successfully halted further Axis advance <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">at Stalingrad</a> — the bloodiest battle in the war — costing the Axis powers their morale and regarded as one of the key turning points of the front. Seeing the Axis setback from Stalingrad, the Soviet Union routed its forces and <a href="/wiki/Stalin%27s_ten_blows" title="Stalin's ten blows">regained territories</a> at its expense. The Axis defeat <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">at Kursk</a> terminated the German offensive strength and cleared the way for Soviet offensives. Its setbacks caused many countries friendly with Germany to defect and join the Allies, such as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>. The Eastern Front concluded with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">capture of Berlin</a>, followed by the signing of the <a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">German Instrument of Surrender</a> on 8 May, a day that marked the end of the Eastern Front and the War in Europe. The battles on the Eastern Front of World War II constituted the largest military confrontation in history.<a href="#cite_note-25">[8]</a> In pursuit of its "<a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a>" settler-colonial agenda, Nazi Germany waged a <a href="/wiki/War_of_annihilation" title="War of annihilation">war of annihilation</a> (Vernichtungskrieg) throughout Eastern Europe. Nazi military operations were characterised by vicious brutality, <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth_tactics" class="mw-redirect" title="Scorched earth tactics">scorched-earth tactics</a>, wanton destruction, mass deportations, forced starvations, wholesale terrorism, and massacres. These also included the genocidal campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hunger_Plan" title="Hunger Plan">Hunger Plan</a>, which aimed to the extermination and ethnic cleansing of more than a hundred million Eastern European natives. German historian <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Nolte" title="Ernst Nolte">Ernst Nolte</a> called the Eastern Front "the most atrocious war of conquest, enslavement, and annihilation known to modern history",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolte1966358-26">[9]</a> while British historian Robin Cross expressed that "In the Second World War no theatre was more gruelling and destructive than the Eastern Front, and nowhere was the fighting more bitter".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECross2002viii-27">[10]</a> The two principal belligerent powers in the Eastern Front were Germany and the Soviet Union, along with their respective allies. Though they never sent ground troops to the Eastern Front, the <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> both provided substantial material aid to the Soviet Union in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a> program, along with naval and air support. The joint <a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">German–Finnish operations</a> across the northernmost Finnish–Soviet border and in the <a href="/wiki/Murmansk_Oblast" title="Murmansk Oblast">Murmansk region</a> are considered part of the Eastern Front. In addition, the Soviet–Finnish <a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a> is generally also considered the northern flank of the Eastern Front. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> was defeated in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (1914–1918). The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a> belonged to the victorious bloc of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a>, but following the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> in Russia, the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> government signed the separate <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> (March 1918), therefore violating its agreement with the other two members of the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a> and breaking the alliance.<a href="#cite_note-Hankey2015-28">[11]</a> The Bolsheviks also issued the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_the_Peoples_of_Russia" title="Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia">Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia</a> which formally provided the peoples of the former Russian Empire the right to self-determination, including secession and creation of separate states;&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2025)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESocher2021[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2025]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2025)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-29">[12]</a> Russia had lost substantial territory in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> as a result of the treaty, where the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolsheviks</a> in Petrograd conceded to German demands and ceded control of Poland, Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia, Finland, and other areas, to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>. Subsequently, when Germany in its turn <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">surrendered</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a> (November 1918) and these territories became independent states under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference of 1919</a> at <a href="/wiki/Versailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles">Versailles</a>, Soviet Russia was in the midst of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">a civil war</a>, and the Allies did not recognise the Bolshevik government and supported <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White</a> governments of Russia, so no Soviet Russian representation attended.<a href="#cite_note-Hankey2015-28">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> had declared his intention to invade the Soviet Union on 11 August 1939 to <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jacob_Burckhardt" title="Carl Jacob Burckhardt">Carl Jacob Burckhardt</a>, <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> Commissioner, by saying: <blockquote> Everything I undertake is <a href="/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten">directed against the Russians</a>. If the West is too stupid and blind to grasp this, then I shall be compelled to come to an agreement with the Russians, beat the West and then after their defeat turn against the Soviet Union with all my forces. I need the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a> so that they can't starve us out, as happened in the last war.<a href="#cite_note-:0-30">[13]</a> </blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> signed in August 1939 was a <a href="/wiki/Non_aggression_pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Non aggression pact">non-aggression agreement</a> between Germany and the Soviet Union. It contained a secret <a href="/wiki/Protocol_(treaty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol (treaty)">protocol</a> aiming to return <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> to the pre–World War I <a href="/wiki/Status_quo_ante_bellum" title="Status quo ante bellum">status quo</a> by dividing it between Germany and the Soviet Union. Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania would return to the Soviet control, while Poland and Romania would be divided.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Eastern Front was also made possible by the <a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_Border_and_Commercial_Agreement" title="German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement">German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement</a> in which the Soviet Union gave Germany the resources necessary to launch military operations in Eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEricson199934–35-31">[14]</a> On 1 September 1939 <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Germany invaded Poland</a>, starting <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. On 17 September, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet Union invaded</a> <a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">Eastern Poland</a>, and, as a result, <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Partition_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Partition of Poland">Poland was partitioned</a> among Germany, the Soviet Union and Lithuania. Soon after that, the Soviet Union demanded significant territorial concessions from Finland, and after Finland rejected Soviet demands, the Soviet Union attacked Finland on 30 November 1939 in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> – a bitter conflict that resulted in a peace treaty on 13 March 1940, with Finland maintaining its independence but losing its eastern parts in <a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-malksoo-32">[15]</a> In June 1940 the Soviet Union <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">occupied and illegally annexed</a> the three <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a> (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania).<a href="#cite_note-malksoo-32">[15]</a> The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact ostensibly provided security to the Soviets in the occupation both of the Baltics and of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">the north and northeastern regions of Romania</a> (Northern <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a>, June–July 1940), although Hitler, in announcing the invasion of the Soviet Union, cited the Soviet annexations of Baltic and Romanian territory as having violated Germany's understanding of the pact. Moscow partitioned the annexed Romanian territory between the Ukrainian and <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republics</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideologies">Ideologies</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations,_1918%E2%80%931941" title="Germany–Soviet Union relations, 1918–1941">Germany–Soviet Union relations, 1918–1941</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_ideology">German ideology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Racial policy of Nazi Germany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazism and race">Nazism and race</a></div> Hitler had argued in his autobiography <a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a> (1925) for the necessity of <a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a> ("living space"): acquiring new territory for Germans in Eastern Europe, in particular Russia.<a href="#cite_note-33">[r]</a> He envisaged settling Germans there, as according to Nazi ideology the Germanic people constituted the "<a href="/wiki/Master_race" title="Master race">master race</a>", while exterminating or deporting most of the existing inhabitants to <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and using the remainder as <a href="/wiki/Slave_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave labour">slave labour</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately1996-34">[16]</a> Hitler as early as 1917 had referred to the Russians as inferior, believing that the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik Revolution">Bolshevik Revolution</a> had put the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> in power over the mass of <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>, who were, in Hitler's opinion, incapable of ruling themselves and had thus ended up being ruled by Jewish masters.<a href="#cite_note-Megargee2007-35">[17]</a> The Nazi <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">leadership</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>,<a href="#cite_note-36">[18]</a> saw the war against the Soviet Union as a struggle between the ideologies of <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a>, ensuring territorial expansion for the Germanic <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cbermensch" title="Übermensch">Übermenschen</a> (superhumans) - who according to Nazi ideology were the <a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan</a> <a href="/wiki/Herrenvolk" class="mw-redirect" title="Herrenvolk">Herrenvolk</a> ("master race") - at the expense of the Slavic <a href="/wiki/Untermenschen" class="mw-redirect" title="Untermenschen">Untermenschen</a> (subhumans).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnelly1999-37">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> officers told their troops to target people who were described as "Jewish Bolshevik subhumans", the "Mongol hordes", the "Asiatic flood" and the "red beast".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans198959–60-38">[20]</a> The vast majority of German soldiers viewed the war in Nazi terms, seeing the Soviet enemy as sub-human.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFörster2005127-39">[21]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>] Hitler referred to the war in radical terms, calling it a "<a href="/wiki/War_of_annihilation" title="War of annihilation">war of annihilation</a>" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Vernichtungskrieg) which was both an ideological and racial war. The Nazi vision for the future of Eastern Europe was codified most clearly in the <a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a>. The populations of occupied Central Europe and the Soviet Union were to be partially deported to West Siberia, enslaved and eventually exterminated; the conquered territories were to be colonised by German or "Germanized" settlers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995-40">[22]</a> In addition, the Nazis also sought to rid themselves of the large Jewish population of Central and Eastern Europe<a href="#cite_note-41">[23]</a> as part of their <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">program aiming to exterminate all European Jews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach1998-42">[24]</a> Psychologically, the German surge to the east in 1941 marked a high point in some Germans' feeling of Ostrausch - an intoxication with the idea of colonising the East.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELower200671-43">[25]</a> After Germany's initial success at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a> in 1941, Hitler saw the Soviet Union as militarily weak and ripe for immediate conquest. In a speech at the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Sportpalast" title="Berlin Sportpalast">Berlin Sportpalast</a> on 3 October, he announced, "We have only to kick in the door and the whole rotten structure will come crashing down."<a href="#cite_note-44">[26]</a> Thus the German authorities expected another short <a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a> and made no serious preparations for prolonged warfare. However, following the decisive Soviet victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a> in 1943 and the resulting dire German military situation, <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Nazi propaganda</a> began to portray the war as a German defence of Western civilisation against destruction by the vast "<a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevik</a> hordes" that were pouring into Europe. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_situation">Soviet situation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%96%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE,_1940_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/%D0%96%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%2C_1940_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg/170px-%D0%96%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%2C_1940_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/%D0%96%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%2C_1940_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg/255px-%D0%96%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%2C_1940_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/%D0%96%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%2C_1940_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg/340px-%D0%96%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%2C_1940_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Timoshenko" title="Semyon Timoshenko">Semyon Timoshenko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a> in 1940</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purge_of_the_Red_Army_in_1941" class="mw-redirect" title="Purge of the Red Army in 1941">Purge of the Red Army in 1941</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></div> Throughout the 1930s the Soviet Union underwent massive <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialisation</a> and economic growth under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>. Stalin's central tenet, "<a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_One_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism in One Country">Socialism in One Country</a>", manifested itself as a series of nationwide centralised <a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">five-year plans</a> from 1929 onwards. This represented an ideological shift in Soviet policy, away from its commitment to the international communist <a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">revolution</a>, and eventually leading to the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a> (Third International) organisation in 1943. The Soviet Union started a process of militarisation with the <a href="/wiki/First_five-year_plan_(Soviet_Union)" title="First five-year plan (Soviet Union)">first five-year plan</a> that officially began in 1928, although it was only towards the end of the second five-year plan in the mid-1930s that military power became the primary focus of Soviet industrialisation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill201634–44-45">[27]</a> In February 1936 the <a href="/wiki/1936_Spanish_general_election" title="1936 Spanish general election">Spanish general election</a> brought many communist leaders into the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(Spain)" title="Popular Front (Spain)">Popular Front</a> government in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a>, but in a matter of months <a href="/wiki/Spanish_coup_of_July_1936" title="Spanish coup of July 1936">a right-wing military coup</a> initiated the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> of 1936–1939. This conflict soon took on the characteristics of a <a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxy war</a> involving the Soviet Union and <a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">left wing volunteers</a> from different countries on the side of the predominantly socialist and communist-led<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolloten2015483-46">[28]</a> Second Spanish Republic;<a href="#cite_note-Jurado_2006,_page_5-47">[29]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy#Fascist_regime_(1922–1943)" title="Kingdom of Italy">Fascist Italy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Portugal's Estado Novo</a> took the side of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Nationalists">Spanish Nationalists</a>, the military rebel group led by General <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELind200259-48">[30]</a> It served as a useful testing ground for both the Wehrmacht and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> to experiment with equipment and tactics that they would later employ on a wider scale in the Second World War. Nazi Germany, which was an <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a> régime, formalised its ideological position on 25 November 1936 by signing the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a> with <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Imperial Japan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-weinberg-49">[31]</a> Fascist Italy joined the Pact a year later.<a href="#cite_note-Jurado_2006,_page_5-47">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpector2005257-50">[32]</a> The Soviet Union negotiated <a href="/wiki/Franco-Soviet_Treaty_of_Mutual_Assistance" title="Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance">treaties of mutual assistance with France</a> and with <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> with the aim of containing Germany's expansion.<a href="#cite_note-51">[33]</a> The German <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a> of Austria in 1938 and the <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of Czechoslovakia">dismemberment of Czechoslovakia</a> (1938–1939) demonstrated the impossibility of establishing a collective security system in Europe,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeloff1950-52">[34]</a> a policy advocated by the Soviet ministry of foreign affairs under <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Litvinov" title="Maxim Litvinov">Maxim Litvinov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEResis2000-53">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUldricks1977-54">[36]</a> This, as well as the reluctance of the British and French governments to sign a full-scale anti-German political and military alliance with the USSR,<a href="#cite_note-carley-55">[37]</a> led to the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between the Soviet Union and Germany in late August 1939.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson2000-56">[38]</a> The separate <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a> between what became the three prime <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis Powers</a> would not be signed until some four years after the Anti-Comintern Pact. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forces">Forces</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aufbau_Ost_(1940)" title="Aufbau Ost (1940)">Aufbau Ost (1940)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lossberg_study" title="Lossberg study">Lossberg study</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_before_Operation_Barbarossa,_1941_(in_German).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Europe_before_Operation_Barbarossa%2C_1941_%28in_German%29.png/250px-Europe_before_Operation_Barbarossa%2C_1941_%28in_German%29.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Europe_before_Operation_Barbarossa%2C_1941_%28in_German%29.png/500px-Europe_before_Operation_Barbarossa%2C_1941_%28in_German%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="958" data-file-height="998" /></a><figcaption>Situation in Europe by May/June 1941, immediately before <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a></figcaption></figure> The war was fought between Germany, its allies and <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, against the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and its allies. The conflict began on 22 June 1941 with the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a> offensive, when <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> forces crossed the borders described in the <a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_Nonaggression_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Soviet Nonaggression Pact">German–Soviet Nonaggression Pact</a>, thereby invading the Soviet Union. The war ended on 9 May 1945, when Germany's armed forces <a href="/wiki/Unconditional_surrender" title="Unconditional surrender">surrendered unconditionally</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a> (also known as the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Offensive">Berlin Offensive</a>), a strategic operation executed by the Red Army. The states that provided forces and other resources for the German war effort included the Axis Powers – primarily Romania, Hungary, Italy, pro-Nazi Slovakia, and Croatia. <a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Soviet">Anti-Soviet</a> Finland, which had fought the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> against the Soviet Union, also joined the offensive. The Wehrmacht forces were also assisted by <a href="/wiki/Anti-Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Communist">anti-Communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Partisan_(military)" title="Partisan (military)">partisans</a> in places like Western Ukraine, and the Baltic states. Among the most prominent volunteer army formations was the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Division" title="Blue Division">Spanish Blue Division</a>, sent by Spanish dictator Francisco Franco to keep his ties to the Axis intact.<a href="#cite_note-Payne2011-57">[39]</a> The Soviet Union offered support to the anti-Axis partisans in many Wehrmacht-occupied countries in Central Europe, notably those <a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">in Slovakia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a>. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces_in_the_East" title="Polish Armed Forces in the East">Polish Armed Forces in the East</a>, particularly the <a href="/wiki/First_Polish_Army_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="First Polish Army (1944–1945)">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish_Second_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Second Army">Second</a> Polish armies, were armed and trained, and would eventually fight alongside the Red Army. The <a href="/wiki/Free_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French">Free French</a> forces also contributed to the Red Army by the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Normandie-Niemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Normandie-Niemen">GC3</a> (Groupe de Chasse 3 or 3rd Fighter Group) unit to fulfil the commitment of <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>, leader of the Free French, who thought that it was important for French servicemen to serve on all fronts. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Comparative strengths of combat forces, Eastern Front, 1941–1945<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse2015301–303-58">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz1998107-59">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse199568-60">[42]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width: 10%;">Date </th> <th style="width: 45%;">Axis forces </th> <th style="width: 45%;">Soviet forces </th></tr> <tr> <td>22 June 1941</td> <td>3,050,000 Germans, 67,000 (northern Norway); 500,000 Finns, 150,000 Romanians Total: 3,767,000 in the east (80% of the German Army)</td> <td>2,680,000 active in Western Military Districts out of 5,500,000 (overall); 12,000,000 mobilizable reserves </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 June 1942</td> <td>2,600,000 Germans, 90,000 (northern Norway); 600,000 Romanians, Hungarians, and Italians Total: 3,720,000 in the east (80% of the German Army)</td> <td>5,313,000 (front); 383,000 (hospital) Total: 9,350,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 July 1943</td> <td>3,403,000 Germans, 80,000 (northern Norway); 400,000 Finns, 150,000 Romanians and Hungarians Total: 3,933,000 in the east (63% of the German Army)</td> <td>6,724,000 (front); 446,445 (hospital); Total: 10,300,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 May 1944</td> <td>2,460,000 Germans, 60,000 (northern Norway); 300,000 Finns, 550,000 Romanians and Hungarians Total: 3,370,000 in the east (62% of the German Army)</td> <td>6,425,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 January 1945</td> <td>2,230,000 Germans, 100,000 Hungarians Total: 2,330,000 in the east (60% of the German Army)</td> <td>6,532,000 (360,000 Poles, Romanians, Bulgarians, and Czechs) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 April 1945</td> <td>1,960,000 Germans Total: 1,960,000 (66% of the German Army)</td> <td>6,410,000 (450,000 Poles, Romanians, Bulgarians, and Czechs) </td></tr></tbody></table> The above figures includes all personnel in the German Army, i.e. active-duty <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (Wehrmacht)">Heer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waffen_SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Waffen SS">Waffen SS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> ground forces, personnel of the naval coastal artillery and security units.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz2001-61">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[s]</a> In the spring of 1940, Germany had mobilised 5,500,000 men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser199543-63">[44]</a> By the time of the invasion of the Soviet Union, the Wehrmacht consisted of c. 3,800,000 men of the Heer, 1,680,000 of the Luftwaffe, 404,000 of the <a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a>, 150,000 of the Waffen-SS, and 1,200,000 of the Replacement Army (contained 450,400 active reservists, 550,000 new recruits and 204,000 in administrative services, vigiles and or in convalescence). The Wehrmacht had a total strength of 7,234,000 men by 1941. For Operation Barbarossa, Germany mobilised 3,300,000 troops of the Heer, 150,000 of the Waffen-SS<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller-Hillebrand1956102-64">[45]</a> and approximately 250,000 personnel of the Luftwaffe were actively earmarked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPost2001249-65">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_169-0368,_Russland,_Panzer_III_in_Steppe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Bundesarchiv_Bild_169-0368%2C_Russland%2C_Panzer_III_in_Steppe.jpg/250px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_169-0368%2C_Russland%2C_Panzer_III_in_Steppe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Bundesarchiv_Bild_169-0368%2C_Russland%2C_Panzer_III_in_Steppe.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_169-0368%2C_Russland%2C_Panzer_III_in_Steppe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Bundesarchiv_Bild_169-0368%2C_Russland%2C_Panzer_III_in_Steppe.jpg/500px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_169-0368%2C_Russland%2C_Panzer_III_in_Steppe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>German soldiers in a Panzer III tank; Kalmyk steppe north of Stalingrad, September 1942</figcaption></figure> By July 1943, the Wehrmacht numbered 6,815,000 troops. Of these, 3,900,000 were deployed in eastern Europe, 180,000 in Finland, 315,000 in Norway, 110,000 in Denmark, 1,370,000 in western Europe, 330,000 in Italy, and 610,000 in the Balkans.<a href="#cite_note-66">[47]</a> According to a presentation by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jodl" title="Alfred Jodl">Alfred Jodl</a>, the Wehrmacht was up to 7,849,000 personnel in April 1944. 3,878,000 were deployed in eastern Europe, 311,000 in Norway/Denmark, 1,873,000 in western Europe, 961,000 in Italy, and 826,000 in the Balkans.<a href="#cite_note-67">[48]</a> About 15–20% of total German strength were foreign troops (from allied countries or conquered territories). The German high water mark was just before the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a>, in early July 1943: 3,403,000 German troops and 650,000 Finnish, Hungarian, Romanian and other countries' troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz1998107-59">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantzHouse199568-60">[42]</a> For nearly two years the border was quiet while Germany conquered Denmark, Norway, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">France, the Low Countries</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Balkans_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkans Campaign (World War II)">Balkans</a>. Hitler had always intended to renege on his pact with the Soviet Union, eventually making the decision to invade in the spring of 1941.<a href="#cite_note-:0-30">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg2013199-68">[49]</a> Some historians say Stalin was fearful of war with Germany, or just did not expect Germany to start a <a href="/wiki/Two-front_war" title="Two-front war">two-front war</a>, and was reluctant to do anything to provoke Hitler. Another viewpoint is that Stalin expected war in 1942 (the time when all his preparations would be complete) and stubbornly refused to believe it would come early.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardesty198216-69">[50]</a> British historians Alan S. Milward and M. Medlicott show that Nazi Germany—unlike Imperial Germany—was prepared for only a short-term war (Blitzkrieg).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilward1964-70">[51]</a> According to Edward Ericson, although Germany's own resources were sufficient for the victories in the West in 1940, massive Soviet shipments obtained <a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_Commercial_Agreement_(1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Soviet Commercial Agreement (1939)">during a short period of Nazi–Soviet economic collaboration</a> were critical for Germany to launch Operation Barbarossa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEricson1998-71">[52]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-219-0595-05,_Russland-Mitte-S%C3%BCd,_Infanteristen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-219-0595-05%2C_Russland-Mitte-S%C3%BCd%2C_Infanteristen.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-219-0595-05%2C_Russland-Mitte-S%C3%BCd%2C_Infanteristen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-219-0595-05%2C_Russland-Mitte-S%C3%BCd%2C_Infanteristen.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-219-0595-05%2C_Russland-Mitte-S%C3%BCd%2C_Infanteristen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-219-0595-05%2C_Russland-Mitte-S%C3%BCd%2C_Infanteristen.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-219-0595-05%2C_Russland-Mitte-S%C3%BCd%2C_Infanteristen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption>German infantry in Russia, June 1943</figcaption></figure> Germany had been assembling very large numbers of troops in eastern Poland and making repeated <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a> flights over the border; the Soviet Union responded by assembling its divisions on its western border, although the Soviet mobilisation was slower than Germany's due to the country's less dense road network. As in the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_conflict_(1929)" title="Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)">Sino-Soviet conflict</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Eastern_Railway" title="Chinese Eastern Railway">Chinese Eastern Railway</a> or <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Border_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet–Japanese Border Wars">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a>, Soviet troops on the western border received a directive, signed by <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Marshal of the Soviet Union">Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Semyon_Timoshenko" title="Semyon Timoshenko">Semyon Timoshenko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Army_General_(Soviet_rank)" title="Army General (Soviet rank)">General of the Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a>, that ordered (as demanded by Stalin): "do not answer to any provocations" and "do not undertake any (offensive) actions without specific orders"[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] – which meant that Soviet troops could open fire only on their soil and forbade counter-attack on German soil.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The German invasion therefore caught the Soviet military and civilian leadership largely by surprise. The extent of warnings received by Stalin about a German invasion is controversial, and the claim that there was a warning that "Germany will attack on 22 June without declaration of war" has been dismissed as a "popular myth". However, some sources quoted in the articles on Soviet spies <a href="/wiki/Richard_Sorge" title="Richard Sorge">Richard Sorge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Willi_Lehmann" title="Willi Lehmann">Willi Lehmann</a>, say they had sent warnings of an attack on 20 or 22 June, which were treated as "disinformation". The <a href="/wiki/Lucy_spy_ring" title="Lucy spy ring">Lucy spy ring</a> in Switzerland also sent warnings, possibly deriving from Ultra codebreaking in Britain. Sweden had access to internal German communications through breaking the crypto used in the <a href="/wiki/Siemens_and_Halske_T52" title="Siemens and Halske T52">Siemens and Halske T52</a> crypto machine also known as the Geheimschreiber and informed Stalin about the forthcoming invasion well ahead of June 22, but did not reveal its sources. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Soviet intelligence was fooled by German disinformation, so sent false alarms to Moscow about a German invasion in April, May and the beginning of June. Soviet intelligence reported that Germany would rather invade the USSR after the fall of the British Empire<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReshin1998a508-72">[53]</a> or after an unacceptable ultimatum demanding German occupation of Ukraine during the German invasion of Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReshin1998b152-73">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_support_and_measures">Foreign support and measures</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Defence_of_the_Reich" title="Defence of the Reich">A strategic air offensive</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Army Air Force">United States Army Air Force</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> played a significant part in damaging German industry and tying up German air force and air defence resources, with some bombings, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Dresden in World War II">bombing of the eastern German city of Dresden</a>, being done to facilitate specific Soviet operational goals. In addition to Germany, hundreds of thousands of tons of bombs were dropped on their eastern allies of <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Romania in World War II">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II#Allied_bombing_statistics_1939–1945" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Hungary</a>, primarily in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tidal_Wave" title="Operation Tidal Wave">an attempt to cripple Romanian oil production</a>. British and Commonwealth forces also contributed directly to the fighting on the Eastern Front through their service in the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_convoys_of_World_War_II" title="Arctic convoys of World War II">Arctic convoys</a> and <a href="/wiki/No._151_Wing_RAF" title="No. 151 Wing RAF">training Red Air Force pilots</a>, as well as in the provision of early material and intelligence support. <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:right;"> <caption>Allied shipments to the Soviet Union<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen1961568-74">[55]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr class="hintergrundfarbe6"> <th>Year </th> <th>Amount (tons) </th> <th colspan="2">% </th></tr> <tr class="hintergrundfarbe2"> <td>1941 </td> <td>360,778 </td> <td style="; text-align:right; border-right: none; padding-right: 0;">2 </td> <td style="; text-align:left; border-left: none; padding-left: 0;">.1 </td></tr> <tr class="hintergrundfarbe2"> <td>1942 </td> <td>2,453,097 </td> <td style="; text-align:right; border-right: none; padding-right: 0;">14 </td> <td style="; text-align:left; border-left: none; padding-left: 0;"> </td></tr> <tr class="hintergrundfarbe2"> <td>1943 </td> <td>4,794,545 </td> <td style="; text-align:right; border-right: none; padding-right: 0;">27 </td> <td style="; text-align:left; border-left: none; padding-left: 0;">.4 </td></tr> <tr class="hintergrundfarbe2"> <td>1944 </td> <td>6,217,622 </td> <td style="; text-align:right; border-right: none; padding-right: 0;">35 </td> <td style="; text-align:left; border-left: none; padding-left: 0;">.5 </td></tr> <tr class="hintergrundfarbe2"> <td>1945 </td> <td>3,673,819 </td> <td style="; text-align:right; border-right: none; padding-right: 0;">21 </td> <td style="; text-align:left; border-left: none; padding-left: 0;"> </td></tr> <tr class="hintergrundfarbe2"> <td>Total </td> <td>17,499,861 </td> <td style="; text-align:right; border-right: none; padding-right: 0;">100 </td> <td style="; text-align:left; border-left: none; padding-left: 0;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h4></div> Among other goods, Lend-Lease supplied:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks20048–9-75">[56]</a> <ul><li>58% of the USSR's high octane aviation fuel</li> <li>33% of their motor vehicles</li> <li>53% of USSR domestic production of expended ordnance (artillery shells, mines, assorted explosives)</li> <li>30% of fighters and bombers</li> <li>93% of railway equipment (locomotives, freight cars, wide gauge rails, etc.)</li> <li>50–80% of rolled steel, cable, lead, and aluminium</li> <li>43% of garage facilities (building materials and blueprints)</li> <li>12% of tanks and SPGs</li> <li>50% of TNT (1942–1944) and 33% of ammunition powder (in 1944)<a href="#cite_note-76">[t]</a></li> <li>16% of all explosives (From 1941 to 1945, the USSR produced 505,000 tons of explosives and received 105,000 tons of Lend-Lease imports.)<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-77">[57]</a></li></ul> Lend-Lease aid of military hardware, components and goods to the Soviet Union constituted to 20% percent of the assistance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks2004122-78">[58]</a> The rest were foodstuff, nonferrous metals (e.g., copper, magnesium, nickel, zinc, lead, tin, aluminium), chemical substances, petroleum (high octane aviation gasoline) and factory machinery. The aid of production-line equipment and machinery were crucial and helped to maintain adequate levels of Soviet armament production during the entire war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks2004122-78">[58]</a> In addition, the USSR received wartime innovations including penicillin, radar, rocket, precision-bombing technology, the long-range navigation system <a href="/wiki/LORAN" title="LORAN">Loran</a>, and many other innovations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks2004123-79">[59]</a> Of the 800,000 tons of nonferrous metals shipped,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks2004124-80">[60]</a> about 350,000 tons were aluminium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks2004135-81">[61]</a> The shipment of aluminium not only represented double the amount of metal that Germany possessed, but also composed the bulk of aluminium that was used in manufacture of Soviet aircraft, that had fallen in critically short supply.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks2004135-81">[61]</a> Soviet statistics show, that without these shipments of aluminium, aircraft production would have been less than one-half (or about 45,000 less) of the total 137,000 produced aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks2004135-81">[61]</a> Stalin noted in 1944, that two-thirds of Soviet heavy industry had been built with the help of the United States, and the remaining one-third, with the help from other Western nations such as Great Britain and Canada.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks2004129-82">[62]</a> The massive transfer of equipment and skilled personnel from occupied territories helped further to boost the economic base.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks2004129-82">[62]</a> Without Lend-Lease aid, Soviet Union's diminished post invasion economic base would not have produced adequate supplies of weaponry, other than focus on machine tool, foodstuff and consumer goods.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks2004129-82">[62]</a> In the last year of war, Lend-Lease data show that about 5.1 million tons of foodstuff left the United States for the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks2004123-79">[59]</a> It is estimated that all the food supplies sent to Russia could feed a 12,000,000-man strong army a half pound of concentrated food per day, for the entire duration of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks2004122–123-83">[63]</a> The total Lend-Lease aid provided during the Second World War had been estimated between $42–50 billion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks2004128-84">[64]</a> The Soviet Union received shipments in war materials, military equipment and other supplies worth of $12.5 billion, about a quarter of the American Lend-Lease aid provided to other Allied countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks2004123-79">[59]</a> However, post-war negotiations to settle all the debt were never concluded,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks2004133-85">[65]</a> and as of date, the debt issues is still on in future American-Russian summits and talks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks2004133–134-86">[66]</a> Prof. Dr. Albert L. Weeks concluded, "As to attempts to sum up the importance of those four-year-long shipments of Lend-Lease for the Russian victory on the Eastern Front in World War II, the jury is still out – that is, in any definitive sense of establishing exactly how crucial this aid was."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks2004123-79">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nazi_Germany">Nazi Germany</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_War_II_in_Europe,_1942.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/World_War_II_in_Europe%2C_1942.svg/330px-World_War_II_in_Europe%2C_1942.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/World_War_II_in_Europe%2C_1942.svg/500px-World_War_II_in_Europe%2C_1942.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/World_War_II_in_Europe%2C_1942.svg/600px-World_War_II_in_Europe%2C_1942.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> at the height of German military expansion, 1942</figcaption></figure> Germany's economic, scientific, research and industrial capabilities were among the most technically advanced in the world at the time. However, access to (and control of) the <a href="/wiki/Resource" title="Resource">resources</a>, raw materials and production capacity required to entertain long-term goals (such as European control, German territorial expansion and the destruction of the USSR) were limited. Political demands necessitated the expansion of Germany's control of natural and human resources, industrial capacity and farmland beyond its borders (conquered territories). Germany's military production was tied to resources outside its area of control, a dynamic not found amongst the Allies. During the war, as Germany acquired new territories (either by direct annexation or by installing puppet governments in defeated countries), these new territories were forced to sell raw materials and agricultural products to German buyers at extremely low prices. Overall, <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">France</a> made the largest contribution to the German war effort. Two-thirds of all French trains in 1941 were used to carry goods to Germany. In 1943–44, French payments to Germany may have risen to as much as 55% of French GDP.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToozeMartin201527–55-87">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> lost 20% of its national income in 1940 and 40% in 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraun1990121-88">[68]</a> Axis allies such as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a>, Finland, <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> benefited from Germany's net imports. Overall, Germany imported 20% of its food and 33% of its raw materials from conquered territories and Axis allies.<a href="#cite_note-89">[69]</a> On 27 May 1940, Germany signed the "Oil Pact" with Romania, by which Germany would trade arms for oil. Romania's oil production amounted to approximately 6,000,000 tons annually. This production represents 35% of the total fuel production of the Axis, including synthetic products and substitutes, and 70% of the total production of crude oil.<a href="#cite_note-90">[70]</a> In 1941, Germany only had 18% of the oil it had in peacetime. Romania supplied Germany and its allies with roughly 13 million barrels of oil (about 4 million per year) between 1941 and 1943. Germany's peak oil production in 1944 amounted to about 12 million barrels of oil per year.<a href="#cite_note-91">[71]</a> Rolf Karlbom estimated that <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> share of Germany's total consumption of <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> may have amounted to 43% during the period of 1933–43. It may also be likely that "Swedish ore formed the raw material of four out of every ten German guns" during the Hitler era'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlbom1968-92">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forced_labour">Forced labour</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Forced labour under German rule during World War II</a></div> The use of foreign <a href="/wiki/Unfree_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labour">forced labour</a> and slavery in Germany and throughout <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German-occupied Europe</a> during World War II took place on an unprecedented scale.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2025)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerbert1997[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2025]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2025)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-93">[73]</a> It was a vital part of the <a href="/wiki/Economics_of_fascism#Political_economy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Economics of fascism">German economic exploitation</a> of conquered territories. It also contributed to the mass extermination of populations in German-occupied Europe. The Germans abducted approximately 12 million foreign people from almost twenty European countries; about two-thirds came from Central and Eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-BeyerSchneider-94">[74]</a> Counting deaths and turnover, about 15 million men and women were forced labourers at one point during the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanayi2005-95">[75]</a> For example, 1.5 million French soldiers were kept in POW camps in Germany as hostages and forced workers and, in 1943, 600,000 French civilians were forced to move to Germany to work in war plants.<a href="#cite_note-96">[76]</a> The defeat of Germany in 1945 freed approximately 11 million foreigners (categorised as "displaced persons"), most of whom were forced labourers and POWs. In wartime, the German forces had brought into the Reich 6.5 million civilians in addition to Soviet POWs for unfree labour in factories.<a href="#cite_note-BeyerSchneider-94">[74]</a> In all, 5.2 million foreign workers and POWs were repatriated to the Soviet Union, 1.6 million to Poland, 1.5 million to France, and 900,000 to Italy, along with 300,000 to 400,000 each to Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, the Netherlands, Hungary, and Belgium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchcock2008250–256-97">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conduct_of_operations">Conduct of operations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Strategic_operations_of_the_Red_Army_in_World_War_II" title="Strategic operations of the Red Army in World War II">Strategic operations of the Red Army in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:22jun1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/22jun1941.jpg/250px-22jun1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/22jun1941.jpg/330px-22jun1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/22jun1941.jpg/500px-22jun1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3344" data-file-height="2010" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Front_(Soviet_Union)" title="Southwestern Front (Soviet Union)">South Western Front (Ukrainian)</a> on 22 June 1941</figcaption></figure> While German historians do not apply any specific periodisation to the conduct of operations on the Eastern Front, all Soviet and Russian historians divide the war against Germany and its allies into three periods, which are further subdivided into eight major <a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">campaigns</a> of the Theatre of war:<a href="#cite_note-98">[78]</a> <ul><li>First period (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Первый период Великой Отечественной войны) (22 June 1941 – 18 November 1942)</li></ul> <ol><li>Summer–Autumn Campaign of 1941 (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Летне-осенняя кампания 1941 г.) (22 June – 4 December 1941)</li> <li>Winter Campaign of 1941–42 (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Зимняя кампания 1941/42 г.) (5 December 1941 – 30 April 1942)</li> <li>Summer–Autumn Campaign of 1942 (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Летне-осенняя кампания 1942 г.) (1 May – 18 November 1942)</li></ol> <ul><li>Second period (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Второй период Великой Отечественной войны) (19 November 1942 – 31 December 1943)</li></ul> <ol><li>Winter Campaign of 1942–43 (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Зимняя кампания 1942–1943 гг.) (19 November 1942 – 3 March 1943)</li> <li>Summer–Autumn Campaign of 1943 (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Летне-осенняя кампания 1943 г.) (1 July – 31 December 1943)</li></ol> <ul><li>Third period (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Третий период Великой Отечественной войны) (1 January 1944 – 9 May 1945)</li></ul> <ol><li>Winter–Spring Campaign (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Зимне-весенняя кампания 1944 г.) (1 January – 31 May 1944)</li> <li>Summer–Autumn Campaign of 1944 (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Летне-осенняя кампания 1944 г.) (1 June – 31 December 1944)</li> <li>Campaign in Europe during 1945 (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Кампания в Европе 1945 г.) (1 January – 8 May 1945)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Barbarossa:_Summer_1941">Operation Barbarossa: Summer 1941</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Axis_invasion_of_Soviet_Union,_June-December_1941_with_surrounded_Soviet_Armies.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Axis_invasion_of_Soviet_Union%2C_June-December_1941_with_surrounded_Soviet_Armies.svg/220px-Axis_invasion_of_Soviet_Union%2C_June-December_1941_with_surrounded_Soviet_Armies.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Axis_invasion_of_Soviet_Union%2C_June-December_1941_with_surrounded_Soviet_Armies.svg/330px-Axis_invasion_of_Soviet_Union%2C_June-December_1941_with_surrounded_Soviet_Armies.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Axis_invasion_of_Soviet_Union%2C_June-December_1941_with_surrounded_Soviet_Armies.svg/440px-Axis_invasion_of_Soviet_Union%2C_June-December_1941_with_surrounded_Soviet_Armies.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3591" data-file-height="2751" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>: the German invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, 21 June 1941 to 5 December 1941: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  to 9 July 1941</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  to 1 September 1941</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  to 9 September 1941</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  to 5 December 1941</div></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B._%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B._%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_25-%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B._%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B._%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_25-%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B._%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B._%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_25-%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B._%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B._%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_25-%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="4814" /></a><figcaption>Moscovites gather by a loudspeaker to listen to <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a>'s announcement of the German invasion, 22 June 1941</figcaption></figure> Operation Barbarossa began just before dawn on 22 June 1941. The Germans cut the wire network in all Soviet western military districts to undermine the Red Army's communications.<a href="#cite_note-ZHU-99">[79]</a> Panicky transmissions from the Soviet front-line units to their command headquarters were picked up like this: "We are being fired upon. What shall we do?" The answer was just as confusing: "You must be insane. And why is your signal not in code?"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegan1992210-100">[80]</a> At 03:15 on 22 June 1941, 99 of 190 German divisions, including fourteen <a href="/wiki/Panzer_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Panzer division">panzer divisions</a> and ten motorised, were deployed against the Soviet Union from the Baltic to the Black Sea. They were accompanied by ten Romanian divisions, three Italian divisions, two Slovakian divisions and nine Romanian and four Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigades</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[81]</a> On the same day, the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Military_District" title="Baltic Military District">Baltic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(Soviet_Union)" title="Western Front (Soviet Union)">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Front_(Soviet_Union)" title="Southwestern Front (Soviet Union)">Kiev Special military districts</a> were renamed the <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Front" title="Northwestern Front">Northwestern</a>, Western and Southwestern Fronts respectively.<a href="#cite_note-ZHU-99">[79]</a> To establish air supremacy, the Luftwaffe began immediate attacks on Soviet airfields, destroying much of the forward-deployed Soviet Air Force airfield fleets consisting of largely obsolescent types before their pilots had a chance to leave the ground.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960852-102">[82]</a> For a month the offensive conducted on three axes was completely unstoppable as the <a href="/wiki/Panzer" class="mw-redirect" title="Panzer">panzer</a> forces <a href="/wiki/Encirclement" title="Encirclement">encircled</a> hundreds of thousands of Soviet troops in huge pockets that were then reduced by slower-moving <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> armies while the panzers continued the offensive. Luftwaffe also dropped hundreds of Russian-speaking parachutists behind the offensive lines to bring back information of Soviet troops reserves' disposition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFry201981-103">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_North" title="Army Group North">Army Group North</a>'s objective was <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Leningrad</a> via the Baltic states. Comprising the <a href="/wiki/16th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="16th Army (Wehrmacht)">16th</a> and <a href="/wiki/18th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="18th Army (Wehrmacht)">18th Armies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/4th_Panzer_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Panzer Group">4th Panzer Group</a>, this formation advanced through the Baltic states, and the Russian <a href="/wiki/Pskov_Oblast" title="Pskov Oblast">Pskov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Oblast" title="Novgorod Oblast">Novgorod</a> regions. <a href="/wiki/Forest_brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest brothers">Local insurgents</a> seized the moment and controlled most of Lithuania, northern Latvia and <a href="/wiki/Estonia_in_World_War_II#Summer_War" title="Estonia in World War II">southern Estonia</a> prior to the arrival of the German forces.<a href="#cite_note-104">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-kaasik-105">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Centre" title="Army Group Centre">Army Group Centre</a>'s two panzer groups (the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Panzer_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Panzer Group">2nd</a> and <a href="/wiki/3rd_Panzer_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Panzer Group">3rd</a>), advanced to the north and south of <a href="/wiki/Brest-Litovsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Brest-Litovsk">Brest-Litovsk</a> and converged east of <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="2nd Army (Wehrmacht)">2nd</a>, <a href="/wiki/4th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="4th Army (Wehrmacht)">4th</a>, and <a href="/wiki/9th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="9th Army (Wehrmacht)">9th Armies</a>. The combined panzer force reached the <a href="/wiki/Berezina_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Berezina river">Beresina River</a> in just six days, 650 km (400 mi) from their start lines. The next objective was to cross the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnieper river">Dnieper river</a>, which was accomplished by 11 July. Their next target was <a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a>, which fell on 16 July, but the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1941)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1941)">fierce Soviet resistance in the Smolensk area</a> and slowing of the Wehrmacht advance by the North and South Army Groups forced Hitler to halt a central thrust at Moscow and to divert the 3rd Panzer Group north. Critically, <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Guderian" title="Heinz Guderian">Guderian</a>'s 2nd Panzer Group was ordered to move south in a giant pincer manoeuvre with Army Group South which was advancing into Ukraine. Army Group Centre's infantry divisions were left relatively unsupported by armour to continue their slow advance to Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-wilt-106">[86]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_137811_Children_during_air_raid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/RIAN_archive_137811_Children_during_air_raid.jpg/250px-RIAN_archive_137811_Children_during_air_raid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/RIAN_archive_137811_Children_during_air_raid.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_137811_Children_during_air_raid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/RIAN_archive_137811_Children_during_air_raid.jpg/500px-RIAN_archive_137811_Children_during_air_raid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>Soviet children during a German air raid in the first days of the war, June 1941, by <a href="/wiki/RIA_Novosti" title="RIA Novosti">RIA Novosti</a> archive</figcaption></figure> This decision caused a severe leadership crisis. The German field commanders argued for an immediate offensive towards Moscow, but Hitler <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6tzen_decision" class="mw-redirect" title="Lötzen decision">over-ruled them</a>, citing the importance of Ukrainian agricultural, mining and industrial resources, as well as the massing of Soviet reserves in the <a href="/wiki/Gomel" title="Gomel">Gomel</a> area between Army Group Centre's southern flank and the bogged-down Army Group South's northern flank. This decision, Hitler's "summer pause",<a href="#cite_note-wilt-106">[86]</a> is believed to have had a severe impact on the outcome of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a> later in the year, by slowing down the advance on Moscow in favour of encircling large numbers of Soviet troops around Kiev.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStolfi1982-107">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_South" title="Army Group South">Army Group South</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/1st_Panzer_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Panzer Group">1st Panzer Group</a>, the <a href="/wiki/6th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="6th Army (Wehrmacht)">6th</a>, <a href="/wiki/11th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="11th Army (Wehrmacht)">11th</a> and <a href="/wiki/17th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="17th Army (Wehrmacht)">17th Armies</a>, was tasked with advancing through <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Central_Europe)#Second_World_War_and_Distrikt_Galizien" class="mw-redirect" title="Galicia (Central Europe)">Galicia</a> and into Ukraine. Their progress, however, was rather slow, and they took heavy casualties in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brody_(1941)" title="Battle of Brody (1941)">Battle of Brody</a>. At the beginning of July, the <a href="/wiki/Third_Army_(Romania)" title="Third Army (Romania)">Third</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Army_(Romania)" title="Fourth Army (Romania)">Fourth</a> Romanian Armies, aided by elements of the German 11th Army, fought their way through Bessarabia towards <a href="/wiki/Odessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odessa</a>. The 1st Panzer Group turned away from Kiev for the moment, advancing into the Dnieper bend (western <a href="/wiki/Dnipropetrovsk_Oblast" title="Dnipropetrovsk Oblast">Dnipropetrovsk Oblast</a>). When it joined up with the southern elements of Army Group South at <a href="/wiki/Uman,_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Uman, Ukraine">Uman</a>, the Group <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uman" title="Battle of Uman">captured about 100,000 Soviet prisoners</a> in a huge encirclement. Advancing armoured divisions of Army Group South met with Guderian's 2nd Panzer Group near <a href="/wiki/Lokhvytsia" title="Lokhvytsia">Lokhvytsa</a> in 16 September, cutting off large numbers of Red Army troops in the pocket east of Kiev.<a href="#cite_note-wilt-106">[86]</a> 400,000 Soviet prisoners were captured as Kiev was surrendered on 19 September.<a href="#cite_note-wilt-106">[86]</a> On 26 September, the Soviet forces east of Kiev surrendered and the Battle of Kiev ended. As the Red Army withdrew behind the Dnieper and <a href="/wiki/Daugava_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Daugava River">Dvina</a> rivers, the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Stavka" title="Stavka">Stavka</a> (high command) turned its attention to evacuating as much of the western regions' industry as it could. Factories were dismantled and transported on flatcars away from the <a href="/wiki/Front_line" title="Front line">front line</a> for re-establishment in more remote areas of the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and south-eastern Siberia. Most civilians were left to make their own way east, with only industry-related workers evacuated with the equipment; much of the population was left behind to the mercy of the invading forces. Stalin ordered the retreating Red Army to initiate a <a href="/wiki/Scorched-earth_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Scorched-earth policy">scorched-earth policy</a> to deny the Germans and their allies basic supplies as they advanced eastward. To carry out that order, <a href="/wiki/Destruction_battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction battalions">destruction battalions</a> were formed in front-line areas, having the authority to summarily execute any suspicious person. The destruction battalions burned down villages, schools, and public buildings.<a href="#cite_note-paavle-108">[88]</a> As a part of this policy, the <a href="/wiki/NKVD_prisoner_massacres" title="NKVD prisoner massacres">NKVD massacred thousands of anti-Soviet prisoners</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Social_Catastrophe-109">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leningrad,_Moscow_and_Rostov:_Autumn_1941">Leningrad, Moscow and Rostov: Autumn 1941</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1981-149-34A,_Russland,_Herausziehen_eines_Autos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1981-149-34A%2C_Russland%2C_Herausziehen_eines_Autos.jpg/250px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1981-149-34A%2C_Russland%2C_Herausziehen_eines_Autos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1981-149-34A%2C_Russland%2C_Herausziehen_eines_Autos.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1981-149-34A%2C_Russland%2C_Herausziehen_eines_Autos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1981-149-34A%2C_Russland%2C_Herausziehen_eines_Autos.jpg/500px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1981-149-34A%2C_Russland%2C_Herausziehen_eines_Autos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> soldiers pulling a car from the mud during the <a href="/wiki/Rasputitsa" title="Rasputitsa">rasputitsa</a> period, November 1941</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rostov_(1941)" title="Battle of Rostov (1941)">Battle of Rostov (1941)</a></div> Hitler then decided to resume the advance on Moscow, re-designating the panzer groups as panzer armies for the occasion. Operation Typhoon, which was set in motion on 30 September, saw the 2nd Panzer Army rush along the paved road from <a href="/wiki/Oryol" title="Oryol">Oryol</a> (captured 5 October) to the <a href="/wiki/Oka_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Oka River">Oka River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Plavsk" title="Plavsk">Plavsk</a>, while the 4th Panzer Army (transferred from Army Group North to Centre) and 3rd Panzer armies surrounded the Soviet forces in two huge pockets at <a href="/wiki/Vyazma" title="Vyazma">Vyazma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bryansk" title="Bryansk">Bryansk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1989[httpsarchiveorgdetailssecondworldwar00gilb_0page242_242–3]-110">[90]</a> Army Group North positioned itself in front of Leningrad and attempted to cut the rail link at <a href="/wiki/Mga" title="Mga">Mga</a> to the east.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvocoressiWint1972179-111">[91]</a> This began the 900-day <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a>. North of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a>, a German–Finnish force <a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">set out for Murmansk</a> but could get no further than the <a href="/wiki/Zapadnaya_Litsa_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapadnaya Litsa River">Zapadnaya Litsa River</a>, where they settled down.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMannJörgensen200281–86-112">[92]</a> Army Group South pushed down from the Dnieper to the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a> coast, also advancing through <a href="/wiki/Kharkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharkov">Kharkov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kursk" title="Kursk">Kursk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stalino" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalino">Stalino</a>. The combined German and Romanian forces moved into the <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> and took control of all of the <a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">peninsula</a> by autumn (except <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">held out</a> until 3 July 1942). On 21 November, the Wehrmacht <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rostov_(1941)" title="Battle of Rostov (1941)">took Rostov</a>, the gateway to the Caucasus. However, the German lines were over-extended and the Soviet defenders counterattacked the 1st Panzer Army's spearhead from the north, forcing them to pull out of the city and behind the <a href="/wiki/Mius_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mius River">Mius River</a>; the first significant German <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">withdrawal</a> of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayward1998[httpsarchiveorgdetailsstoppedatstaling00haywpagen16_10]–11-113">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiddell_Hart1970176-114">[94]</a> The onset of the winter freeze saw one last German lunge that opened on 15 November, when the Wehrmacht attempted to encircle Moscow. On 27 November, the 4th Panzer Army got to within 30 km (19 mi) of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Kremlin">Kremlin</a> when it reached the last tramstop of the Moscow line at <a href="/wiki/Khimki" title="Khimki">Khimki</a>. Meanwhile, the 2nd Panzer Army failed to take <a href="/wiki/Tula,_Russia" title="Tula, Russia">Tula</a>, the last Soviet city that stood in its way to the capital. After a meeting held in <a href="/wiki/Orsha" title="Orsha">Orsha</a> between the head of the OKH (<a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_des_Heeres" title="Oberkommando des Heeres">Army General Staff</a>), General <a href="/wiki/Franz_Halder" title="Franz Halder">Franz Halder</a> and the heads of three <a href="/wiki/Army_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Group">Army</a> groups and armies, decided to push forward to <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> since it was better, as argued by the head of <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Group Center">Army Group Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Fedor_von_Bock" title="Fedor von Bock">Fedor von Bock</a>, for them to try their luck on the battlefield rather than just sit and wait while their opponent gathered more strength.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark1965172–180-115">[95]</a> However, by 6 December it became clear that the Wehrmacht did not have the strength to capture Moscow, and the attack was suspended. <a href="/wiki/Boris_Shaposhnikov" title="Boris Shaposhnikov">Marshal Shaposhnikov</a> thus began his <a href="/wiki/Counter-attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-attack">counter-attack</a>, employing freshly mobilised <a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">reserves</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERotundo198621–28-116">[96]</a> as well as some well-trained Far-Eastern divisions transferred from the east following <a href="/wiki/Richard_Sorge#Wartime_intelligence" title="Richard Sorge">intelligence that Japan would remain neutral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeighton1993479-117">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_counter-offensive:_Winter_1941">Soviet counter-offensive: Winter 1941</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_Front_1941-12_to_1942-05.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Eastern_Front_1941-12_to_1942-05.png/250px-Eastern_Front_1941-12_to_1942-05.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Eastern_Front_1941-12_to_1942-05.png/330px-Eastern_Front_1941-12_to_1942-05.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Eastern_Front_1941-12_to_1942-05.png/500px-Eastern_Front_1941-12_to_1942-05.png 2x" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="921" /></a><figcaption>The Soviet winter counter-offensive, 5 December 1941 to 7 May 1942:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  Soviet gains</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  German gains</div></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="Second Battle of Kharkov">Second Battle of Kharkov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winter_Campaign_of_1941%E2%80%9342" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter Campaign of 1941–42">Winter Campaign of 1941–42</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky in World War II</a></div> The Soviet counter-offensive during the Battle of Moscow had removed the immediate German threat to the city. According to <a href="/wiki/Zhukov" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhukov">Zhukov</a>, "the success of the December counter-offensive in the central strategic direction was considerable. Having suffered a major defeat the German striking forces of Army Group Centre were retreating." <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a>'s objective in January 1942 was "to deny the Germans any breathing space, to drive them westward without let-up, to make them use up their reserves before spring comes..."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhukov197452–53-118">[98]</a> The main blow was to be delivered by a <a href="/wiki/Pincer_movement" title="Pincer movement">double envelopment</a> orchestrated by the Northwestern Front, the <a href="/wiki/Kalinin_Front" title="Kalinin Front">Kalinin Front</a> and the Western Front. The overall objective according to Zhukov was the "subsequent encirclement and destruction of the enemy's main forces in the area of <a href="/wiki/Rzhev" title="Rzhev">Rzhev</a>, Vyazma and Smolensk. The <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Front" title="Leningrad Front">Leningrad Front</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Volkhov_Front" title="Volkhov Front">Volkhov Front</a> and the right wing forces of the Northwestern Front were to rout the Army Group North." The Southwestern Front and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Front_(Soviet_Union)" title="Southern Front (Soviet Union)">Southern Front</a> were to defeat Army Group South. The <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Front_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian Front (Soviet Union)">Caucasian Front</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet" title="Black Sea Fleet">Black Sea Fleet</a> were to take back the Crimea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhukov197453-119">[99]</a> The 20th Army, part of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Shock_Army" title="1st Shock Army">Soviet 1st Shock Army</a>, the 22nd Tank Brigade and five ski battalions launched their attack on 10 January 1942. By 17 January, the Soviets had captured Lotoshino and Shakhovskaya. By 20 January, the <a href="/wiki/5th_Combined_Arms_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="5th Combined Arms Army">5th</a> and <a href="/wiki/33rd_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="33rd Army (Soviet Union)">33rd</a> Armies had captured Ruza, Dorokhovo, Mozhaisk and Vereya, while the <a href="/wiki/43rd_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="43rd Army (Soviet Union)">43rd</a> and <a href="/wiki/49th_Combined_Arms_Army#Red_Army" title="49th Combined Arms Army">49th</a> Armies were at Domanovo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhukov197458–59-120">[100]</a> The Wehrmacht rallied, retaining a <a href="/wiki/Salients,_re-entrants_and_pockets" class="mw-redirect" title="Salients, re-entrants and pockets">salient</a> at Rzhev. A Soviet <a href="/wiki/Paratrooper" title="Paratrooper">parachute drop</a> by two battalions of the 201st Airborne Brigade and the 250th Airborne Regiment on 18 and 22 January was designed to "cut off enemy communications with the rear." Lt.-Gen. <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Grigoryevich_Yefremov" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikhail Grigoryevich Yefremov">Mikhail Grigoryevich Yefremov</a>'s 33rd Army aided by Gen. Belov's 1st Cavalry Corps and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet partisans</a> attempted to seize Vyazma. This force was joined by additional paratroopers of the 8th Airborne Brigade at the end of January. However, in early February, the Germans managed to cut off this force, separating the Soviets from their main force in the rear of the Germans. They were supplied by air until April when they were given permission to regain the Soviet main lines. Only part of Belov's Cavalry Corps made it to safety however, while Yefremov's men fought "a losing battle."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhukov197459–62-121">[101]</a> By April 1942, the Soviet Supreme Command agreed to assume the defensive so as to "consolidate the captured ground." According to Zhukov, "During the winter offensive, the forces of the Western Front had advanced from 70 to 100 km, which somewhat improved the overall operational and strategic situation on the Western sector."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhukov197464-122">[102]</a> To the north, the Red Army surrounded a German <a href="/wiki/Garrison" title="Garrison">garrison</a> in <a href="/wiki/Demyansk" title="Demyansk">Demyansk</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Demyansk_Pocket" title="Demyansk Pocket">held out with air supply for four months</a>, and established themselves in front of <a href="/wiki/Kholm,_Kholmsky_District,_Novgorod_Oblast" title="Kholm, Kholmsky District, Novgorod Oblast">Kholm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Velizh" title="Velizh">Velizh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Velikie_Luki" class="mw-redirect" title="Velikie Luki">Velikie Luki</a>. Further north still, the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Shock_Army" title="2nd Shock Army">Soviet 2nd Shock Army</a> was unleashed on the <a href="/wiki/Volkhov_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkhov River">Volkhov River</a>. Initially this made some progress; however, it was unsupported, and by June a German counterattack cut off and destroyed the army. The Soviet commander, Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Vlasov" title="Andrey Vlasov">Andrey Vlasov</a>, later defected to Germany and formed the ROA or <a href="/wiki/Russian_Liberation_Army" title="Russian Liberation Army">Russian Liberation Army</a>. In the south the Red Army lunged over the <a href="/wiki/Donets_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Donets River">Donets River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Izyum" class="mw-redirect" title="Izyum">Izyum</a> and drove a 100 km (62 mi) deep salient. The intent was to pin Army Group South against the Sea of Azov, but as the winter eased the Wehrmacht counter-attacked and cut off the over-extended Soviet troops in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="Second Battle of Kharkov">Second Battle of Kharkov</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Don,_Volga,_and_Caucasus:_Summer_1942">Don, Volga, and Caucasus: Summer 1942</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_Front_1942-05_to_1942-11.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Eastern_Front_1942-05_to_1942-11.png/250px-Eastern_Front_1942-05_to_1942-11.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Eastern_Front_1942-05_to_1942-11.png/330px-Eastern_Front_1942-05_to_1942-11.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Eastern_Front_1942-05_to_1942-11.png/500px-Eastern_Front_1942-05_to_1942-11.png 2x" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="921" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Blue">Operation Blue</a>: German advances from 7 May 1942 to 18 November 1942: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  to 7 July 1942</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  to 22 July 1942</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  to 1 August 1942</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  to 18 November 1942</div></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Case Blue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Voronezh_(1942)" title="Battle of Voronezh (1942)">Battle of Voronezh (1942)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Caucasus">Battle of Caucasus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></div> Although plans were made to attack Moscow again, on 28 June 1942, the offensive re-opened in a different direction. Army Group South took the initiative, anchoring the front with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Voronezh_(1942)" title="Battle of Voronezh (1942)">Battle of Voronezh</a> and then following the <a href="/wiki/Don_River,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Don River, Russia">Don river</a> southeastwards. The grand plan was to secure the Don and <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a> first and then drive into the Caucasus towards <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Azerbaijan" title="Petroleum industry in Azerbaijan">the oil fields</a>, but operational considerations and Hitler's vanity made him order both objectives to be attempted simultaneously. Rostov was recaptured on 24 July when the 1st Panzer Army joined in, and then that group drove south towards <a href="/wiki/Maykop" title="Maykop">Maikop</a>. As part of this, Operation Shamil was executed, a plan whereby a group of <a href="/wiki/Brandenburger_commando" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburger commando">Brandenburger commandos</a> dressed up as Soviet <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> troops to destabilise Maikop's defences and allow the 1st Panzer Army to enter the oil town with little opposition. Meanwhile, the 6th Army was driving towards <a href="/wiki/Stalingrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a>, for a long period unsupported by 4th Panzer Army, which had been diverted to help 1st Panzer Army cross the Don. By the time the 4th Panzer Army had rejoined the Stalingrad offensive Soviet resistance (comprising the 62nd Army under <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Chuikov" title="Vasily Chuikov">Vasily Chuikov</a>) had stiffened. A leap across the Don brought German troops to the Volga on 23 August but for the next three months the Wehrmacht would be fighting the Battle of Stalingrad street-by-street. Towards the south, the 1st Panzer Army had reached the Caucasian foothills and the <a href="/wiki/Malka_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Malka River">Malka River</a>. At the end of August Romanian mountain troops joined the Caucasian spearhead, while the Romanian 3rd and 4th armies were redeployed from their successful task of clearing the Azov <a href="/wiki/Littoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Littoral">littoral</a>. They took up position on either side of Stalingrad to free German troops for the main offensive. Mindful of the continuing antagonism between Axis allies Romania and Hungary over <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>, the Romanian army in the Don bend was separated from the Hungarian 2nd army by the Italian 8th Army. Thus, all of Hitler's allies were involved – including a <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovakian</a> contingent with the 1st Panzer Army and a <a href="/wiki/369th_Croatian_Reinforced_Infantry_Regiment_(Wehrmacht)" title="369th Croatian Reinforced Infantry Regiment (Wehrmacht)">Croatian Wehrmacht regiment</a> attached to 6th Army. The advance into the Caucasus bogged down, with the Germans unable to fight their way past <a href="/wiki/Malgobek" title="Malgobek">Malgobek</a> and to the main prize of <a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a>. Instead, they switched the direction of their advance to approach it from the south, crossing the Malka at the end of October and entering <a href="/wiki/North_Ossetia%E2%80%93Alania" title="North Ossetia–Alania">North Ossetia</a> and entered the suburbs of Ordzhonikidze on 2 November. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stalingrad:_Winter_1942">Stalingrad: Winter 1942</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Little_Saturn" title="Operation Little Saturn">Operation Little Saturn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Mars" title="Operation Mars">Operation Mars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="Third Battle of Kharkov">Third Battle of Kharkov</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Velikiye_Luki_(1943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle for Velikiye Luki (1943)">Battle for Velikiye Luki (1943)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_Front_1942-11_to_1943-03.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Eastern_Front_1942-11_to_1943-03.png/220px-Eastern_Front_1942-11_to_1943-03.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Eastern_Front_1942-11_to_1943-03.png/330px-Eastern_Front_1942-11_to_1943-03.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Eastern_Front_1942-11_to_1943-03.png/440px-Eastern_Front_1942-11_to_1943-03.png 2x" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="921" /></a><figcaption>Soviet advances on the Eastern Front, 18 November 1942 to March 1943: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  to 12 December 1942</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  to 18 February 1943</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  to March 1943 (Soviet gains only)</div></figcaption></figure> While the German 6th and 4th Panzer Armies had been fighting their way into Stalingrad, Soviet armies had congregated on either side of the city, specifically into the Don <a href="/wiki/Bridgehead" title="Bridgehead">bridgeheads</a>, and it was from these that they struck in November 1942. <a href="/wiki/Operation_Uranus" title="Operation Uranus">Operation Uranus</a> started on 19 November. Two Soviet fronts punched through the Romanian lines and converged at <a href="/wiki/Kalach-na-Donu" title="Kalach-na-Donu">Kalach</a> on 23 November, trapping 300,000 Axis troops behind them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960925–926-123">[103]</a> A simultaneous offensive on the Rzhev sector known as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Mars" title="Operation Mars">Operation Mars</a> was supposed to advance to Smolensk, but was a costly failure, with German tactical defences preventing any breakthrough. The Germans rushed to transfer troops to the Soviet Union in a desperate attempt to relieve Stalingrad, but the offensive could not get going until 12 December, by which time the 6th Army in Stalingrad was starving and too weak to break out towards it. <a href="/wiki/Operation_Wintergewitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Wintergewitter">Operation Winter Storm</a>, with three transferred panzer divisions, got going briskly from <a href="/wiki/Kotelnikovo" title="Kotelnikovo">Kotelnikovo</a> towards the Aksai river but became bogged down 65 km (40 mi) short of its goal. To divert the rescue attempt, the Red Army decided to smash the Italians and come down behind the relief attempt if they could; that operation starting on 16 December. What it did accomplish was to destroy many of the aircraft that had been transporting relief supplies to Stalingrad. The fairly limited scope of the Soviet offensive, although still eventually targeted on Rostov, also allowed Hitler time to see sense and pull Army Group A out of the Caucasus and back over the Don.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1960927–928-124">[104]</a> On 31 January 1943, the 90,000 survivors of the 300,000-man 6th Army surrendered. By that time the Hungarian 2nd Army had also been wiped out. The Red Army advanced from the Don 500 km (310 mi) to the west of Stalingrad, marching through Kursk (retaken on 8 February 1943) and Kharkov (retaken 16 February 1943). To save the position in the south, the Germans decided to abandon the Rzhev salient in February, freeing enough troops to make a successful <a href="/wiki/Riposte" title="Riposte">riposte</a> in eastern Ukraine. <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Manstein" title="Erich von Manstein">Manstein</a>'s counteroffensive, strengthened by a specially trained <a href="/wiki/II_SS_Panzer_Corps" title="II SS Panzer Corps">SS Panzer Corps</a> equipped with <a href="/wiki/Tiger_I" title="Tiger I">Tiger tanks</a>, opened on 20 February 1943 and fought its way from <a href="/wiki/Poltava" title="Poltava">Poltava</a> <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="Third Battle of Kharkov">back into Kharkov</a> in the third week of March, when the spring thaw intervened. This left a glaring Soviet bulge in the front centered on Kursk. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kursk:_Summer_1943">Kursk: Summer 1943</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_Front_1943-02_to_1943-08.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Eastern_Front_1943-02_to_1943-08.png/250px-Eastern_Front_1943-02_to_1943-08.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Eastern_Front_1943-02_to_1943-08.png/330px-Eastern_Front_1943-02_to_1943-08.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Eastern_Front_1943-02_to_1943-08.png/500px-Eastern_Front_1943-02_to_1943-08.png 2x" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="921" /></a><figcaption>German advances at <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="Third Battle of Kharkov">Kharkov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Kursk</a>, 19 February 1943 to 1 August 1943: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  to 18 March 1943</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  to 1 August 1943</div></figcaption></figure> After the failure of the attempt to capture Stalingrad, Hitler had delegated planning authority for the upcoming campaign season to the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_High_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army High Command">German Army High Command</a> and reinstated Heinz Guderian to a prominent role, this time as Inspector of Panzer Troops. Debate among the General Staff was polarised, with even Hitler nervous about any attempt to pinch off the Kursk salient. He knew that in the intervening six months the Soviet position at Kursk had been reinforced heavily with <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-tank">anti-tank</a> guns, <a href="/wiki/Tank_trap" class="mw-redirect" title="Tank trap">tank traps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">landmines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbed_wire" title="Barbed wire">barbed wire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trenches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bunker#Pillbox" title="Bunker">pillboxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mastny_1365–1388-125">[105]</a> However, if one last great blitzkrieg offensive could be mounted, then attention could then be turned to the Allied threat to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a>. Certainly, the peace negotiations in April had gone nowhere.<a href="#cite_note-Mastny_1365–1388-125">[105]</a> The advance would be executed from the Orel salient to the north of Kursk and from <a href="/wiki/Belgorod" title="Belgorod">Belgorod</a> to the south. Both wings would converge on the area east of Kursk, and by that means restore the lines of Army Group South to the exact points that it held over the winter of 1941–1942. In the north, the entire German 9th Army had been redeployed from the Rzhev salient into the Orel salient and was to advance from Maloarkhangelsk to Kursk. But its forces could not even get past the first objective at <a href="/wiki/Olkhovatka" title="Olkhovatka">Olkhovatka</a>, just 8 km (5.0 mi) into the advance. The 9th Army blunted its spearhead against the Soviet minefields, frustratingly so considering that the high ground there was the only natural barrier between them and flat tank country all the way to Kursk. The direction of advance was then switched to <a href="/wiki/Ponyri" title="Ponyri">Ponyri</a>, to the west of Olkhovatka, but the 9th Army could not break through here either and went over to the defensive. The Red Army then launched a counter-offensive, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Kutuzov" title="Operation Kutuzov">Operation Kutuzov</a>. On 12 July, the Red Army battled through the demarcation line between the 211th and 293rd divisions on the <a href="/wiki/Zhizdra_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhizdra River">Zhizdra River</a> and steamed towards <a href="/wiki/Karachev" title="Karachev">Karachev</a>, right behind them and behind Orel. The southern offensive, spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/German_4th_Panzer_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="German 4th Panzer Army">4th Panzer Army</a>, led by Gen. Col. <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hoth" title="Hermann Hoth">Hoth</a>, with three Tank Corps made more headway. Advancing on either side of the upper Donets on a narrow corridor, the II SS Panzer Corps and the <a href="/wiki/Grossdeutschland_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Grossdeutschland Division">Großdeutschland Panzergrenadier divisions</a> battled their way through minefields and over comparatively high ground towards <a href="/wiki/Oboyan" title="Oboyan">Oboyan</a>. Stiff resistance caused a change of direction from east to west of the front, but the tanks got 25 km (16 mi) before encountering the reserves of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_5th_Guards_Tank_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet 5th Guards Tank Army">Soviet 5th Guards Tank Army</a> outside <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prokhorovka" title="Battle of Prokhorovka">Prokhorovka</a>. Battle was joined on 12 July, with about one thousand tanks being engaged. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101III-Merz-014-12A,_Russland,_Beginn_Unternehmen_Zitadelle,_Panzer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101III-Merz-014-12A%2C_Russland%2C_Beginn_Unternehmen_Zitadelle%2C_Panzer.jpg/250px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101III-Merz-014-12A%2C_Russland%2C_Beginn_Unternehmen_Zitadelle%2C_Panzer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101III-Merz-014-12A%2C_Russland%2C_Beginn_Unternehmen_Zitadelle%2C_Panzer.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101III-Merz-014-12A%2C_Russland%2C_Beginn_Unternehmen_Zitadelle%2C_Panzer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101III-Merz-014-12A%2C_Russland%2C_Beginn_Unternehmen_Zitadelle%2C_Panzer.jpg/500px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101III-Merz-014-12A%2C_Russland%2C_Beginn_Unternehmen_Zitadelle%2C_Panzer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prokhorovka" title="Battle of Prokhorovka">Battle of Prokhorovka</a> was one of the largest tank battles ever fought. It was part of the wider <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a>.</figcaption></figure> After the war, the battle near Prochorovka was idealised by Soviet <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historians</a> as the largest tank battle of all time. The <a href="/wiki/Meeting_engagement" title="Meeting engagement">meeting engagement</a> at Prochorovka was a Soviet defensive success, albeit at heavy cost. The Soviet 5th Guards Tank Army, with about 800 light and medium tanks, attacked elements of the II SS Panzer Corps. Tank losses on both sides have been the source of controversy ever since. Although the 5th Guards Tank Army did not attain its objectives, the German advance had been halted. At the end of the day both sides had fought each other to a standstill, but regardless of the German failure in the north Manstein proposed he continue the attack with the 4th Panzer Army. The Red Army started the strong offensive operation in the northern Orel salient and achieved a breakthrough on the flank of the German 9th Army. Also worried by the Allies' <a href="/wiki/Operation_Husky" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Husky">landing in Sicily</a> on 10 July, Hitler made the decision to halt the offensive even as the German 9th Army was rapidly giving ground in the north. The Germans' final strategic offensive in the Soviet Union ended with their defence against a major Soviet counteroffensive that lasted into August. The Kursk offensive was the last on the scale of 1940 and 1941 that the Wehrmacht was able to launch; subsequent offensives would represent only a shadow of previous German offensive might. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autumn_and_winter_1943–44">Autumn and winter 1943–44</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy_Pocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Korsun–Cherkassy Pocket">Battle of the Korsun–Cherkassy Pocket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Smolensk (1943)">Battle of Smolensk (1943)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Dnieper_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Dnieper Offensive">Lower Dnieper Offensive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dnieper-Carpathian_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnieper-Carpathian Offensive">Dnieper-Carpathian Offensive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leningrad%E2%80%93Novgorod_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad–Novgorod Offensive">Leningrad–Novgorod Offensive</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Battle of Narva (1944)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BM_13_TBiU_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/BM_13_TBiU_7.jpg/250px-BM_13_TBiU_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/BM_13_TBiU_7.jpg/330px-BM_13_TBiU_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/BM_13_TBiU_7.jpg/500px-BM_13_TBiU_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1274" /></a><figcaption>Loading a Soviet "<a href="/wiki/Katyusha_rocket_launcher" title="Katyusha rocket launcher">Katyusha</a>" rocket launcher</figcaption></figure> The Soviet multi-stage summer offensive started with the advance into the Orel salient. The diversion of the well-equipped Großdeutschland Division from Belgorod to Karachev could not counteract it, and the Wehrmacht began a withdrawal from Orel (retaken by the Red Army on 5 August 1943), falling back to the Hagen line in front of Bryansk. To the south, the Red Army broke through Army Group South's Belgorod positions and headed for Kharkov once again. Although intense battles of movement throughout late July and into August 1943 saw the Tigers blunting Soviet tank attacks on one axis, they were soon outflanked on another line to the west as the Soviet forces advanced down the <a href="/wiki/Olshanka" title="Olshanka">Psel</a>, and Kharkov was abandoned for the final time on 22 August. The German forces on the <a href="/wiki/Mius" title="Mius">Mius</a>, now comprising the 1st Panzer Army and a reconstituted 6th Army, were by August too weak to repulse a Soviet attack on their own front, and when the Red Army hit them they retreated all the way through the <a href="/wiki/Donbas" title="Donbas">Donbas</a> industrial region to the Dnieper, losing half the farmland that Germany had invaded the Soviet Union to exploit. At this time Hitler agreed to a general withdrawal to the Dnieper line, along which was meant to be the Ostwall, a line of defence similar to the <a href="/wiki/Westwall#Reactivation_of_the_Siegfried_Line,_1944" class="mw-redirect" title="Westwall">Westwall</a> (Siegfried Line) of fortifications along the German frontier in the west. The main problem for the Wehrmacht was that these defences had not yet been built; by the time Army Group South had evacuated eastern Ukraine and begun withdrawing across the Dnieper during September, the Soviet forces were hard behind them. Tenaciously, small units paddled their way across the 3 km (1.9 mi) wide river and established bridgeheads. A second attempt by the Red Army to gain land using parachutists, mounted at <a href="/wiki/Kaniv" title="Kaniv">Kaniv</a> on 24 September, proved as disappointing as at Dorogobuzh eighteen months previously. The paratroopers were soon repelled – but not until still more Red Army troops had used the cover they provided to get themselves over the Dnieper and securely dug in. As September ended and October started, the Germans found the Dnieper line impossible to hold as the Soviet bridgeheads grew. Important Dnieper towns started to fall, with <a href="/wiki/Zaporozhye" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaporozhye">Zaporozhye</a> the first to go, followed by <a href="/wiki/Dnepropetrovsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnepropetrovsk">Dnepropetrovsk</a>. Finally, early in November the Red Army broke out of its bridgeheads on either side of Kiev and captured the Ukrainian capital, at that time the third largest city in the Soviet Union. 130 kilometres (80 mi) west of Kiev, the 4th Panzer Army, still convinced that the Red Army was a spent force, was able to mount a successful riposte at <a href="/wiki/Zhytomyr" title="Zhytomyr">Zhytomyr</a> during the middle of November, weakening the Soviet bridgehead by a daring outflanking strike mounted by the SS Panzer Corps along the river Teterev. This battle also enabled Army Group South to recapture Korosten and gain some time to rest. However, on <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a> the retreat began anew when the First Ukrainian Front (renamed from the Voronezh Front) struck them in the same place. The Soviet advance continued along the railway line until the 1939 Polish–Soviet border was reached on 3 January 1944. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_Front_1943-08_to_1944-12.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Eastern_Front_1943-08_to_1944-12.png/250px-Eastern_Front_1943-08_to_1944-12.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Eastern_Front_1943-08_to_1944-12.png/330px-Eastern_Front_1943-08_to_1944-12.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Eastern_Front_1943-08_to_1944-12.png/500px-Eastern_Front_1943-08_to_1944-12.png 2x" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="921" /></a><figcaption>Soviet advances from 1 August 1943 to 31 December 1944: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  to 1 December 1943</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  to 30 April 1944</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  to 19 August 1944</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  to 31 December 1944</div></figcaption></figure> To the south, the Second Ukrainian Front (ex <a href="/wiki/Steppe_Front" title="Steppe Front">Steppe Front</a>) had crossed the Dnieper at <a href="/wiki/Kremenchug" class="mw-redirect" title="Kremenchug">Kremenchug</a> and continued westwards. In the second week of January 1944 they swung north, meeting Vatutin's tank forces which had swung south from their penetration into Poland and surrounding ten German divisions at Korsun–Shevchenkovsky, west of <a href="/wiki/Korsun%E2%80%93Shevchenkovsky_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Korsun–Shevchenkovsky Offensive">Cherkassy</a>. Hitler's insistence on holding the Dnieper line, even when facing the prospect of catastrophic defeat, was compounded by his conviction that the Cherkassy pocket could break out and even advance to Kiev, but Manstein was more concerned about being able to advance to the edge of the pocket and then implore the surrounded forces to break out. By 16 February the first stage was complete, with panzers separated from the contracting Cherkassy pocket only by the swollen Gniloy Tikich river. Under shellfire and pursued by Soviet tanks, the surrounded German troops, among whom were the <a href="/wiki/SS_Division_(motorised)_Wiking" class="mw-redirect" title="SS Division (motorised) Wiking">5th SS Panzer Division Wiking</a>, fought their way across the river to safety, although at the cost of half their number and all their equipment. They assumed the Red Army would not attack again, with the spring approaching, but on 3 March the Soviet Ukrainian Front went over to the offensive. Having already isolated the Crimea by severing the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Perekop" title="Isthmus of Perekop">Perekop isthmus</a>, Malinovsky's forces advanced across the mud to the Romanian border, not stopping on the river <a href="/wiki/Prut" title="Prut">Prut</a>. One final move in the south completed the 1943–44 campaigning season, which had wrapped up a Soviet advance of over 800 kilometres (500 mi). In March, 20 German divisions of <a href="/wiki/Generaloberst" title="Generaloberst">Generaloberst</a> <a href="/wiki/Hans-Valentin_Hube" title="Hans-Valentin Hube">Hans-Valentin Hube</a>'s <a href="/wiki/1st_Panzer_Army" title="1st Panzer Army">1st Panzer Army</a> were encircled in what was to be known as <a href="/wiki/Kamenets-Podolsky_pocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamenets-Podolsky pocket">Hube's Pocket</a> near Kamenets-Podolskiy. After two weeks' of heavy fighting, the 1st Panzer managed to escape the pocket, at the cost of losing almost the entire heavy equipment. At this point, Hitler sacked several prominent generals, Manstein included. In April, the Red Army took back Odessa, followed by 4th Ukrainian Front's campaign to restore control over the Crimea, which culminated in the capture of Sevastopol on 10 May. Along Army Group Centre's front, August 1943 saw this force pushed back from the Hagen line slowly, ceding comparatively little territory, but the loss of Bryansk, and more importantly Smolensk, on 25 September cost the Wehrmacht the keystone of the entire German defensive system. The 4th and 9th armies and 3rd Panzer Army still held their own east of the upper Dnieper, stifling Soviet attempts to reach Vitebsk. On Army Group North's front, there was barely any fighting at all until January 1944, when out of nowhere Volkhov and Second Baltic Fronts struck.<a href="#cite_note-glantz-126">[106]</a> In a lightning campaign, the Germans were pushed back from Leningrad and <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a> was captured by Soviet forces. After a 120-kilometre (75 mi) advance in January and February, the Leningrad Front had reached the borders of Estonia. To Stalin, the Baltic Sea seemed the quickest way to take the battles to the German territory in <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a> and seize control of Finland.<a href="#cite_note-glantz-126">[106]</a> The Leningrad Front's <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">offensives towards Tallinn</a>, a main <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a> port, were stopped in February 1944. The German army group "Narwa" included <a href="/wiki/20_SS" class="mw-redirect" title="20 SS">Estonian conscripts</a>, defending the <a href="/wiki/National_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Estonia" title="National Committee of the Republic of Estonia">re-establishment of Estonian independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-vm-128">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Summer_1944">Summer 1944</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Offensive_(1944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Offensive (1944)">Crimean Offensive (1944)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Operation Bagration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive">Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Battle of Tannenberg Line</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovak National Uprising</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Romania_(1944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Romania (1944)">Battle of Romania (1944)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Debrecen" title="Battle of Debrecen">Battle of Debrecen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vyborg%E2%80%93Petrozavodsk_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive">Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19440712_soviet_and_ak_soldiers_vilnius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/19440712_soviet_and_ak_soldiers_vilnius.jpg/220px-19440712_soviet_and_ak_soldiers_vilnius.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/19440712_soviet_and_ak_soldiers_vilnius.jpg/330px-19440712_soviet_and_ak_soldiers_vilnius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/19440712_soviet_and_ak_soldiers_vilnius.jpg/440px-19440712_soviet_and_ak_soldiers_vilnius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3472" data-file-height="2305" /></a><figcaption>Soviet and Polish <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Armia Krajowa</a> soldiers <a href="/wiki/Vilnius_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilnius Offensive">in Vilnius</a>, July 1944</figcaption></figure> Wehrmacht planners were convinced that the Red Army would attack again in the south, where the front was 80 kilometres (50 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a> and offered the most direct route to <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>. Accordingly, they stripped troops from Army Group Centre, whose front still protruded deep into the Soviet Union. The Germans had transferred some units to France to counter the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Normandy">invasion of Normandy</a> two weeks before. The Belorussian Offensive (codenamed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Operation Bagration</a>), which was agreed upon by Allies at the <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a> in December 1943 and launched on 22 June 1944, was a massive Soviet attack, consisting of four Soviet army groups totalling over 120 divisions that smashed into a thinly held German line. They focused their massive attacks on Army Group Centre, not Army Group North Ukraine as the Germans had originally expected. More than 2.3 million Soviet troops went into action against German Army Group Centre, which had a strength of fewer than 800,000 men. At the points of attack, the numerical and quality advantages of the Soviet forces were overwhelming. The Red Army achieved a ratio of ten to one in tanks and seven to one in aircraft over their enemy. The Germans crumbled. The capital of <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, Minsk, was taken on 3 July, trapping some 100,000 Germans. Ten days later the Red Army reached the prewar Polish border. Bagration was, by any measure, one of the largest single operations of the war. By the end of August 1944, it had cost the Germans ~400,000 dead, wounded, missing and sick, from whom 160,000 were captured, as well as 2,000 tanks and 57,000 other vehicles. In the operation, the Red Army lost ~180,000 dead and missing (765,815 in total, including wounded and sick plus 5,073 Poles),<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-129">[109]</a> as well as 2,957 tanks and assault guns. The offensive at Estonia claimed another 480,000 Soviet soldiers, 100,000 of them classed as dead.<a href="#cite_note-laar-130">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-baxter-131">[111]</a> The neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive">Lvov–Sandomierz operation</a> was launched on 17 July 1944, with the Red Army routing the German forces in Western Ukraine and retaking Lviv. The Soviet advance in the south continued into <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Romania_(1944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Romania (1944)">Romania</a> and, following a coup against the Axis-allied government of Romania on 23 August, the Red Army occupied <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> on 31 August. Romania and the Soviet Union signed an <a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">armistice</a> on 12 September.<a href="#cite_note-132">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[113]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19440816_soviet_soldiers_attack_jelgava.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/19440816_soviet_soldiers_attack_jelgava.jpg/220px-19440816_soviet_soldiers_attack_jelgava.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/19440816_soviet_soldiers_attack_jelgava.jpg/330px-19440816_soviet_soldiers_attack_jelgava.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/19440816_soviet_soldiers_attack_jelgava.jpg/440px-19440816_soviet_soldiers_attack_jelgava.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1540" data-file-height="1118" /></a><figcaption>Soviet soldiers advance through the streets of <a href="/wiki/Jelgava" title="Jelgava">Jelgava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, mid-1944.</figcaption></figure> The rapid progress of Operation Bagration threatened to cut off and isolate the German units of Army Group North bitterly resisting the Soviet advance towards <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>. Despite a ferocious <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">attack at the Sinimäed Hills</a>, Estonia, the Soviet Leningrad Front failed to break through the defence of the smaller, well-fortified <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)#Formation_of_Army_Detachment_"Narwa"" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">army detachment "Narwa"</a> in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)#Terrain" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">terrain not suitable for large-scale operations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-white-134">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-hiio-135">[115]</a> On the <a href="/wiki/Karelian_Isthmus" title="Karelian Isthmus">Karelian Isthmus</a>, the Red Army launched a <a href="/wiki/Vyborg%E2%80%93Petrozavodsk_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive">Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive</a> against the Finnish lines on 9 June 1944 (coordinated with the Western Allied Invasion of Normandy). Three armies were pitted there against the Finns, among them several experienced guards rifle formations. The attack breached the Finnish front line of defence in Valkeasaari on 10 June and the Finnish forces retreated to their secondary defence line, the <a href="/wiki/VT-line" title="VT-line">VT-line</a>. The Soviet attack was supported by a heavy artillery barrage, air bombardments and armoured forces. The VT-line was breached on 14 June and after a failed counterattack in Kuuterselkä by the Finnish armoured division, the Finnish defence had to be pulled back to the <a href="/wiki/VKT-line" title="VKT-line">VKT-line</a>. After heavy fighting in the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tali-Ihantala" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tali-Ihantala">Tali-Ihantala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ilomantsi_(1944)" title="Battle of Ilomantsi (1944)">Ilomantsi</a>, Finnish troops finally managed to halt the Soviet attack.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In Poland, as the Red Army approached, the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Home_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Home Army">Polish Home Army</a> (AK) launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Operation Tempest</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a>, the Red Army were ordered to halt at the <a href="/wiki/Vistula_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Vistula River">Vistula River</a>. Whether Stalin was unable or unwilling to come to the aid of the Polish resistance is disputed.<a href="#cite_note-Nowak-136">[116]</a> In Slovakia, the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovak National Uprising</a> started as an armed struggle between German Wehrmacht forces and rebel Slovak troops between August and October 1944. It was centered at <a href="/wiki/Bansk%C3%A1_Bystrica" title="Banská Bystrica">Banská Bystrica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autumn_1944">Autumn 1944</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Offensive_(1944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic Offensive (1944)">Baltic Offensive (1944)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgrade_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgrade Offensive">Belgrade Offensive</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Budapest_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Budapest Offensive">Budapest Offensive</a></div> In the Autumn of 1944, the Soviets paused their offensive towards Berlin to first gain control over the Balkans. On 8 September 1944 the Red Army began an attack on the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dukla_Pass" title="Battle of the Dukla Pass">Dukla Pass</a> on the Slovak–Polish border. Two months later, the Soviet forces won the battle and entered Slovakia. The toll was high: 20,000 Red Army soldiers died, plus several thousand Germans, Slovaks and Czechs. Under the pressure of the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Offensive_(1944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic Offensive (1944)">Baltic Offensive</a>, the German Army Group North <a href="/wiki/Tallinn_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Tallinn Offensive">were withdrawn</a> to fight in the sieges of <a href="/wiki/Moonzund_Landing_Operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Moonzund Landing Operation">Saaremaa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Courland_Pocket" title="Courland Pocket">Courland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Memel" title="Battle of Memel">Memel</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="January–March_1945">January–March 1945</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Vistula–Oder Offensive">Vistula–Oder Offensive</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="East Pomeranian Offensive">East Pomeranian Offensive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Offensives" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesian Offensives">Silesian Offensives</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Prussian_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="East Prussian Offensive">East Prussian Offensive</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna Offensive">Vienna Offensive</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_Front_1945-01_to_1945-05.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Eastern_Front_1945-01_to_1945-05.png/220px-Eastern_Front_1945-01_to_1945-05.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Eastern_Front_1945-01_to_1945-05.png/330px-Eastern_Front_1945-01_to_1945-05.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Eastern_Front_1945-01_to_1945-05.png/440px-Eastern_Front_1945-01_to_1945-05.png 2x" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="921" /></a><figcaption>Soviet advances from 1 January 1945 to 11 May 1945: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  to 30 March 1945</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  to 11 May 1945</div></figcaption></figure> The Soviet Union finally entered <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> on 17 January 1945, after the city was destroyed and abandoned by the Germans. Over three days, on a broad front incorporating four army <a href="/wiki/Front_(Soviet_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Front (Soviet Army)">fronts</a>, the Red Army launched the <a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Vistula–Oder Offensive">Vistula–Oder Offensive</a> across the Narew River and from Warsaw. The Soviets outnumbered the Germans on average by 5–6:1 in troops, 6:1 in artillery, 6:1 in tanks and 4:1 in <a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_artillery" title="Self-propelled artillery">self-propelled artillery</a>. After four days the Red Army broke out and started moving thirty to forty kilometres a day, taking the Baltic states, <a href="/wiki/Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Danzig">Danzig</a>, East Prussia, <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>, and drawing up on a line sixty kilometres east of Berlin along the River <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a>. During the full course of the Vistula–Oder operation (23 days), the Red Army forces sustained 194,191 total casualties (killed, wounded and missing) and lost 1,267 tanks and assault guns. On 25 January 1945, Hitler renamed three army groups. Army Group North became <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Courland" title="Army Group Courland">Army Group Courland</a>; Army Group Centre became Army Group North and <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_A" title="Army Group A">Army Group A</a> became Army Group Centre. Army Group North (old Army Group Centre) was driven into an ever-smaller pocket around <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> in East Prussia. A limited counter-attack (codenamed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Solstice" title="Operation Solstice">Operation Solstice</a>) by the newly created <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Vistula" title="Army Group Vistula">Army Group Vistula</a>, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS">Reichsführer-SS</a> Heinrich Himmler, had failed by 24 February, and the Red Army drove on to <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a> and cleared the right bank of the Oder River. In the south, the German attempts, in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Konrad" title="Operation Konrad">Operation Konrad</a>, to relieve the encircled garrison at <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> failed and the city fell on 13 February. On 6 March, the Germans launched what would be their final major offensive of the war, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Awakening" title="Operation Spring Awakening">Operation Spring Awakening</a>, which failed by 16 March. On 30 March the Red Army entered <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> and captured <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> on 13 April. The OKW - Oberkommando der Wehrmacht or High Command of the German Army - claimed German losses of 77,000 killed, 334,000 wounded and 192,000 missing, with a total of 603,000 men, on the Eastern Front during January and February 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings2005260-138">[118]</a> On 9 April 1945, Königsberg in East Prussia finally fell to the Red Army, although the shattered remnants of Army Group Centre continued to resist on the <a href="/wiki/Vistula_Spit" title="Vistula Spit">Vistula Spit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hel_Peninsula" title="Hel Peninsula">Hel Peninsula</a> until the end of the war in Europe. The <a href="/wiki/East_Prussian_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="East Prussian Offensive">East Prussian operation</a>, though often overshadowed by the Vistula–Oder operation and the later battle for Berlin, was in fact one of the largest and costliest operations fought by the Red Army throughout the war. During the period it lasted (13 January – 25 April), it cost the Red Army 584,788 casualties, and 3,525 tanks and assault guns. The fall of Königsberg allowed Stavka to free up General <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rokossovsky" title="Konstantin Rokossovsky">Konstantin Rokossovsky</a>'s <a href="/wiki/2nd_Belorussian_Front" title="2nd Belorussian Front">2nd Belorussian Front</a> (2BF) to move west to the east bank of the Oder. During the first two weeks of April, the Red Army performed their fastest front redeployment of the war. General Georgy Zhukov concentrated his <a href="/wiki/1st_Belorussian_Front" title="1st Belorussian Front">1st Belorussian Front</a> (1BF), which had been deployed along the Oder river from <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_an_der_Oder" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt an der Oder">Frankfurt</a> in the south to the Baltic, into an area in front of the <a href="/wiki/Seelow_Heights" title="Seelow Heights">Seelow Heights</a>. The 2BF moved into the positions being vacated by the 1BF north of the Seelow Heights. While this redeployment was in progress, gaps were left in the lines and the remnants of the German 2nd Army, which had been bottled up in a pocket near Danzig, managed to escape across the Oder. To the south General <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Konev" title="Ivan Konev">Ivan Konev</a> shifted the main weight of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Ukrainian_Front" title="1st Ukrainian Front">1st Ukrainian Front</a> (1UF) out of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia" title="Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a> north-west to the <a href="/wiki/Neisse" class="mw-redirect" title="Neisse">Neisse</a> River.<a href="#cite_note-Ziemke71-139">[119]</a> The three Soviet fronts had altogether some 2.5 million men (including 78,556 soldiers of the 1st Polish Army); 6,250 tanks; 7,500 aircraft; 41,600 artillery pieces and mortars; 3,255 <a href="/wiki/Truck" title="Truck">truck</a>-mounted <a href="/wiki/Katyusha_rocket_launcher" title="Katyusha rocket launcher">Katyusha</a> <a href="/wiki/Rocket_launcher" title="Rocket launcher">rocket launchers</a>, (nicknamed "Stalin Organs"); and 95,383 motor vehicles, many of which were manufactured in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Ziemke71-139">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_war:_April–May_1945">End of the war: April–May 1945</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Halbe" title="Battle of Halbe">Battle of Halbe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prague_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Prague Offensive">Prague Offensive</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Za_pobedu_nad_germaniej.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Za_pobedu_nad_germaniej.jpg/110px-Za_pobedu_nad_germaniej.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Za_pobedu_nad_germaniej.jpg/165px-Za_pobedu_nad_germaniej.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Za_pobedu_nad_germaniej.jpg 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>14,933,000 Soviet and Soviet-allied personnel were awarded the <a href="/wiki/Medal_For_the_Victory_Over_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Medal For the Victory Over Germany">Medal for Victory over Germany</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_Znamya_Pobedy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Soviet_Znamya_Pobedy.svg/170px-Soviet_Znamya_Pobedy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Soviet_Znamya_Pobedy.svg/255px-Soviet_Znamya_Pobedy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Soviet_Znamya_Pobedy.svg/340px-Soviet_Znamya_Pobedy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>A flag of the <a href="/wiki/150th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="150th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">Soviet 150th Rifle Division</a> raised over the Reichstag (the <a href="/wiki/Victory_Banner" title="Victory Banner">Victory Banner</a>)</figcaption></figure> The Soviet offensive had two objectives. Because of Stalin's suspicions about the intentions of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Western Allies</a> to hand over territory occupied by them in the post-war Soviet <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a>, the offensive was to be on a broad front and was to move as rapidly as possible to the west, to meet the Western Allies as far west as possible. But the over-riding objective was to capture Berlin. The two were complementary because possession of the zone could not be won quickly unless Berlin was taken. Another consideration was that Berlin itself held strategic assets, including Adolf Hitler and part of the <a href="/wiki/German_nuclear_energy_project" class="mw-redirect" title="German nuclear energy project">German atomic bomb</a> program.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2002138-140">[120]</a> The offensive to capture central Germany and Berlin started on 16 April with an assault on the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Oder%E2%80%93Neisse" title="Battle of the Oder–Neisse">German front lines on the Oder and Neisse rivers</a>. After several days of heavy fighting the Soviet 1BF and 1UF punched holes through the German front line and were fanning out across central Germany. By 24 April, elements of the 1BF and 1UF had completed the encirclement of the German capital and the Battle of Berlin entered its final stages. On 25 April the 2BF broke through the German 3rd Panzer Army's line south of <a href="/wiki/Stettin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stettin">Stettin</a>. They were now free to move west towards the <a href="/wiki/British_21st_Army_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="British 21st Army Group">British 21st Army Group</a> and north towards the Baltic port of <a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a>. The <a href="/wiki/58th_Guards_Rifle_Division" title="58th Guards Rifle Division">58th Guards Rifle Division</a> of the <a href="/wiki/5th_Guards_Army" title="5th Guards Army">5th Guards Army</a> made contact with the <a href="/wiki/US_69th_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="US 69th Infantry Division">US 69th Infantry Division</a> of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._First_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. First Army">First Army</a> near <a href="/wiki/Torgau" title="Torgau">Torgau</a>, Germany at the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> river.<a href="#cite_note-Beevor217-233-141">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ziemke81-142">[122]</a> On 29 and 30 April, as the Soviet forces fought their way into the centre of Berlin, Adolf Hitler married <a href="/wiki/Eva_Braun" title="Eva Braun">Eva Braun</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler's death">committed suicide by taking cyanide and shooting himself</a>. In his will, Hitler appointed Grand Admiral <a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a> as new <a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany_(1919%E2%80%931945)" title="President of Germany (1919–1945)">President of the Reich</a> and Propaganda Minister <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> as new <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of the Reich">Chancellor of the Reich</a>; however, Goebbels also committed suicide, along with his wife <a href="/wiki/Magda_Goebbels" title="Magda Goebbels">Magda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goebbels_children" title="Goebbels children">their children</a>, on 1 May 1945. <a href="/wiki/Helmuth_Weidling" title="Helmuth Weidling">Helmuth Weidling</a>, defence commandant of Berlin, surrendered the city to the Soviet forces on 2 May.<a href="#cite_note-Beevor-259-143">[123]</a> Altogether, the Berlin operation (16 April – 2 May) cost the Red Army 361,367 casualties (dead, wounded, missing and sick) and 1,997 tanks and assault guns. German losses in this period of the war remain impossible to determine with any reliability.<a href="#cite_note-Khrivosheev-219-220-144">[124]</a> Upon learning of Hitler and Goebbels's death, Dönitz (now President of the Reich) appointed <a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">Johann Ludwig Schwerin von Krosigk</a> as new "Leading Minister" of the German Reich.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2025)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2015[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2025]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2025)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-145">[125]</a> Rapidly advancing Allied forces limited the jurisdiction of the new German government to an area around <a href="/wiki/Flensburg" title="Flensburg">Flensburg</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Danish</a> border, where Dönitz's headquarters were located, along with <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCrwik" title="Mürwik">Mürwik</a>. Accordingly, this administration was referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Flensburg_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Flensburg government">Flensburg government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[126]</a> Dönitz and Schwerin von Krosigk attempted to negotiate an armistice with the Western Allies while continuing to resist the Soviet Army, but were eventually forced to accept an unconditional surrender on all fronts.<a href="#cite_note-147">[127]</a> At 2:41 am on 7 May 1945, at <a href="/wiki/SHAEF" class="mw-redirect" title="SHAEF">SHAEF</a> headquarters, German Chief-of-Staff General Alfred Jodl signed the <a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">unconditional surrender</a> documents for all German forces to the Allies at <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a> in France. It included the phrase All forces under German control to cease active operations at 2301 hours Central European time on 8 May 1945. The next day shortly before midnight, Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Keitel" title="Wilhelm Keitel">Wilhelm Keitel</a> repeated the signing in Berlin at Zhukov's headquarters, now known as the <a href="/wiki/German-Russian_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="German-Russian Museum">German-Russian Museum</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_end_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="The end of World War II in Europe">The war in Europe was over</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiemke1975258-148">[128]</a> In the Soviet Union the end of the war is considered to be 9 May, when the surrender took effect Moscow time. This date is celebrated as a <a href="/wiki/Public_holiday" title="Public holiday">national holiday</a> – <a href="/wiki/Victory_Day_(Eastern_Europe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victory Day (Eastern Europe)">Victory Day</a> – in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (as part of a two-day 8–9 May holiday) and some other post-Soviet countries. The <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Victory_Parade_of_1945" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Victory Parade of 1945">ceremonial Victory parade</a> was held in Moscow on 24 June. The German Army Group Centre initially refused to surrender and continued to <a href="/wiki/Prague_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Prague Offensive">fight in Czechoslovakia</a> until about 11 May.<a href="#cite_note-Ziemke-134-149">[129]</a> A small German garrison on the Danish island of Bornholm refused to surrender until they were bombed and invaded by the Soviets. The island was returned to the Danish government four months later. The final battle of the Second World War on the Eastern Front, the Battle of Slivice, broke out on 11 May and ended in a Soviet victory on the 12th. On 13 May 1945, all Soviet offensives ceased and the fighting on the Eastern Front of World War II came to an end. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Far_East:_August_1945">Soviet Far East: August 1945</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></div> After the German defeat, Stalin promised his allies Truman and Churchill that he would attack the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a> within 90 days of the German surrender. The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Soviet invasion of Manchuria</a> began on 8 August 1945, with an assault on the Japanese puppet states of <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> and neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a>; the greater offensive would eventually include northern <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sakhalin" class="mw-redirect" title="South Sakhalin">southern Sakhalin</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands" title="Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a>. Apart from the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a>, it marked the only military action of the Soviet Union against Imperial Japan; at the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a>, it had agreed to Allied pleas to terminate the neutrality pact with Japan and enter the Second World War's Pacific theatre within three months after the end of the war in Europe. While not a part of the Eastern Front operations, it is included here because the commanders and much of the forces used by the Red Army came from the European Theatre of operations and benefited from the experience gained there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarthoff1969-150">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Results">Results</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E0406-0022-018,_Berlin,_Siegesfeier_der_Roten_Armee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E0406-0022-018%2C_Berlin%2C_Siegesfeier_der_Roten_Armee.jpg/250px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E0406-0022-018%2C_Berlin%2C_Siegesfeier_der_Roten_Armee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E0406-0022-018%2C_Berlin%2C_Siegesfeier_der_Roten_Armee.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E0406-0022-018%2C_Berlin%2C_Siegesfeier_der_Roten_Armee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E0406-0022-018%2C_Berlin%2C_Siegesfeier_der_Roten_Armee.jpg/500px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E0406-0022-018%2C_Berlin%2C_Siegesfeier_der_Roten_Armee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption>Soviet soldiers celebrating the surrender of the German forces in Berlin, 2 May 1945</figcaption></figure> The Eastern Front was the largest and bloodiest <a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">theatre</a> of World War II. It is generally accepted as being the deadliest conflict in human history, with over 30 million killed as a result.<a href="#cite_note-fn1-21">[p]</a> The German armed forces suffered 80% of its military deaths in the Eastern Front.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuiker2015138-151">[131]</a> It involved more land combat than all other World War II theatres combined.<a href="#cite_note-:1-24">[7]</a> The largest military operation in history, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, the bloodiest battle in history, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a>, the most lethal siege in history, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Leningrad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:12-152">[132]</a> and the single largest battle in the history, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Kursk</a>, all occurred on the Eastern Front.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser201783,_200-153">[133]</a> The distinctly brutal nature of warfare on the Eastern Front was exemplified by an often willful disregard for human life by both sides. It was also reflected in the ideological premise for the war, which saw a momentous clash between two directly opposed ideologies. Aside from the ideological conflict, the mindframe of the leaders of Germany and the Soviet Union, Hitler and Stalin, respectively, contributed to the escalation of terror and murder on an unprecedented scale. Stalin and Hitler both disregarded human life in order to achieve their goal of victory. This included the terrorisation of their own people, as well as <a href="/wiki/Mass_deportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass deportation">mass deportations</a> of entire populations. All these factors resulted in tremendous brutality both to combatants and civilians that found no parallel on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time magazine</a>: "By measure of manpower, duration, territorial reach and casualties, the Eastern Front was as much as four times the scale of the conflict on the Western Front that opened with the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy invasion</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonfante2008-154">[134]</a> Conversely, <a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Marshall" class="mw-redirect" title="George Marshall">George Marshall</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">U.S. Army Chief of Staff</a>, calculated that without the Eastern Front, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> would have had to double the number of its soldiers on the Western Front.<a href="#cite_note-gunther1950-155">[135]</a> Memorandum for the President's Special Assistant <a href="/wiki/Harry_Hopkins" title="Harry Hopkins">Harry Hopkins</a>, Washington, D.C., 10 August 1943: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">In World War II, Russia occupies a dominant position and is the decisive factor looking toward the defeat of the Axis in Europe. While in Sicily the forces of Great Britain and the United States are being opposed by 2 German divisions, the Russian front is receiving attention of approximately 200 German divisions. Whenever the Allies open a second front on the Continent, it will be decidedly a secondary front to that of Russia; theirs will continue to be the main effort. Without Russia in the war, the Axis cannot be defeated in Europe, and the position of the United Nations becomes precarious. Similarly, Russia's post-war position in Europe will be a dominant one. With Germany crushed, there is no power in Europe to oppose her tremendous military forces.<a href="#cite_note-156">[136]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_2153_After_bombing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/RIAN_archive_2153_After_bombing.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_2153_After_bombing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/RIAN_archive_2153_After_bombing.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_2153_After_bombing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/RIAN_archive_2153_After_bombing.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_2153_After_bombing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="1823" /></a><figcaption>Citizens of Leningrad during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">872-day siege</a>, in which about one million civilians died</figcaption></figure> The war inflicted huge losses and suffering upon the civilian populations of the affected countries. Behind the front lines, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/atrocity" class="extiw" title="wikt:atrocity">atrocities</a> against civilians in German-occupied areas were routine, including those carried out as part of the Holocaust. German and German-allied forces treated civilian populations with exceptional brutality, massacring whole village populations and routinely killing civilian hostages (see <a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a>). Both sides practised widespread <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> tactics, but the loss of civilian lives in the case of Germany was incomparably smaller than that of the Soviet Union, in which at least 20 million were killed. According to British historian <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hosking" title="Geoffrey Hosking">Geoffrey Hosking</a>, "The full demographic loss to the Soviet peoples was even greater: since a high proportion of those killed were young men of child-begetting age, the postwar Soviet population was 45 to 50 million smaller than post-1939 projections would have led one to expect."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHosking2006242-157">[137]</a> When the Red Army invaded Germany in 1944, many German civilians suffered from reprisals by Red Army soldiers (see <a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a>). After the war, following the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Yalta conference">Yalta conference</a> agreements between the Allies, the <a href="/wiki/German_people" class="mw-redirect" title="German people">German populations</a> of East Prussia and <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> were <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">displaced to the west</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Oder–Neisse line</a>, in what became one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Forced_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced migration">forced migrations</a> of people in world history. The Soviet Union came out of World War II militarily victorious but economically and structurally devastated. Much of the combat took place in or close to populated areas, and the actions of both sides contributed to massive loss of civilian life and tremendous material damage. According to a summary, presented by Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rudenko" title="Roman Rudenko">Roman Rudenko</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Trials">International Military Tribunal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>, the property damage in the Soviet Union inflicted by the Axis invasion was estimated to a value of 679 billion rubles. The largest number of civilian deaths in a single city was 1.2 million citizens dead during the Siege of Leningrad.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-158">[138]</a> The combined damage consisted of complete or partial destruction of 1,710 cities and towns, 70,000 villages/hamlets, 2,508 church buildings, 31,850 industrial establishments, 64,000 kilometres (40,000 mi) of railroad, 4,100 railroad stations, 40,000 hospitals, 84,000 schools, and 43,000 public libraries; leaving 25 million homeless. Seven million horses, 17 million cattle, 20 million pigs, 27 million sheep were also slaughtered or driven off.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-158">[138]</a> Wild fauna were also affected. Wolves and foxes fleeing westward from the killing zone, as the Soviet army advanced between 1943 and 1945, were responsible for a <a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">rabies</a> epidemic that spread slowly westwards, reaching the coast of the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> by 1968.<a href="#cite_note-159">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leadership">Leadership</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Special:EditPage/Eastern Front (World War II)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Soviet Union and Nazi Germany were both ideologically driven states (by <a href="/wiki/Soviet_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet communism">Soviet communism</a> and by Nazism, respectively), in which the foremost political <a href="/wiki/Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader">leaders</a> had <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">near-absolute power</a>. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The character of the war was thus determined by the political leaders and their <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> to a much greater extent than in any other theatre of World War II.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adolf_Hitler">Adolf Hitler</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adolf_Hitler_cropped_restored.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Adolf_Hitler_cropped_restored.jpg/170px-Adolf_Hitler_cropped_restored.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Adolf_Hitler_cropped_restored.jpg/255px-Adolf_Hitler_cropped_restored.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Adolf_Hitler_cropped_restored.jpg/340px-Adolf_Hitler_cropped_restored.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2079" data-file-height="2739" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> led Germany during World War II.</figcaption></figure> Hitler exercised tight control over the German war-effort, spending much of his time in his command bunkers (most notably at <a href="/wiki/Rastenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastenburg">Rastenburg</a> in East Prussia, at <a href="/wiki/Vinnitsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinnitsa">Vinnitsa</a> in Ukraine, and under the garden of the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Chancellery" title="Reich Chancellery">Reich Chancellery</a> in Berlin). At crucial periods in the war he held daily situation-conferences at which he used his remarkable talent for public speaking to overwhelm opposition from his generals and from the OKW staff with rhetoric. In part because of the unexpected degree of German success in the Battle of France (despite the warnings of the professional military) Hitler believed himself a military genius, with a grasp of the total war-effort that eluded his generals. In August 1941, when <a href="/wiki/Walther_von_Brauchitsch" title="Walther von Brauchitsch">Walther von Brauchitsch</a> (commander-in-chief of the Wehrmacht) and Fedor von Bock appealed for an attack on Moscow, Hitler instead ordered the encirclement and capture of Ukraine, in order to acquire the farmland, industry, and natural resources of that country. Some historians like Bevin Alexander in How Hitler Could Have Won regard this decision as a missed opportunity to win the war.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] In the winter of 1941–1942 Hitler believed that his obstinate refusal to allow the German armies to retreat had saved Army Group Centre from collapse. He later told <a href="/wiki/Erhard_Milch" title="Erhard Milch">Erhard Milch</a>: <blockquote> I had to act ruthlessly. I had to send even my closest generals packing, two army generals, for example ... I could only tell these gentlemen, "Get yourself back to Germany as rapidly as you can – but leave the army in my charge. And the army is staying at the front." </blockquote> The success of this <a href="/wiki/Hedgehog_defence" title="Hedgehog defence">hedgehog defence</a> outside Moscow led Hitler to insist on the holding of territory when it made no military sense, and to sack generals who retreated without orders. Officers with initiative were replaced with yes-men or with fanatical Nazis. The disastrous encirclements later in the war – at Stalingrad, <a href="/wiki/Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy_Pocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Korsun–Cherkassy Pocket">Korsun</a> and many other places – resulted directly from Hitler's orders. This idea of holding territory led to another failed plan, dubbed[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] "Heaven-bound Missions", which involved fortifying even the most unimportant or insignificant of cities and the holding of these "fortresses" at all costs. Many divisions became cut off in "fortress" cities, or wasted uselessly in secondary theatres, because Hitler would not sanction retreat or voluntarily abandon any of his conquests. Frustration at Hitler's <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">leadership</a> in the war was one of the factors in the attempted <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27etat" class="mw-redirect" title="Coup d'etat">coup d'etat</a> of 1944, but after the failure of the <a href="/wiki/20_July_Plot" class="mw-redirect" title="20 July Plot">20 July Plot</a> Hitler considered the army and its officer corps suspect and came to rely on the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a> (SS) and Nazi party members to prosecute the war. Hitler's direction of the war ultimately proved disastrous for the German Army, though the skill, loyalty, professionalism and endurance of officers and soldiers enabled him to keep Germany fighting to the end. <a href="/wiki/F._W._Winterbotham" title="F. W. Winterbotham">F. W. Winterbotham</a> wrote[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] of Hitler's signal to <a href="/wiki/Gerd_von_Rundstedt" title="Gerd von Rundstedt">Gerd von Rundstedt</a> to continue the attack to the west during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Battle of the Bulge</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">From experience we had learned that when Hitler started refusing to do what the generals recommended, things started to go wrong, and this was to be no exception.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Joseph_Stalin">Joseph Stalin</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CroppedStalin1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/CroppedStalin1943.jpg/250px-CroppedStalin1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/CroppedStalin1943.jpg/330px-CroppedStalin1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/CroppedStalin1943.jpg/500px-CroppedStalin1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1511" data-file-height="1984" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> led the Soviet Union during World War II.</figcaption></figure> Stalin bore the greatest responsibility for some of the disasters at the beginning of the war (for example, the Battle of Kiev in 1941), but equally deserves praise for the subsequent success of the Soviet Red Army, which depended on the unprecedentedly <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">rapid industrialisation of the Soviet Union</a>, which Stalin's internal policy had made the first priority throughout the 1930s. Stalin's <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> of the Red Army in the late 1930s involved the legal prosecution of many of the senior command, many of whom the courts convicted and sentenced to death or to imprisonment. The executed included <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tukhachevsky" title="Mikhail Tukhachevsky">Mikhail Tukhachevsky</a>, a proponent of armoured blitzkrieg. Stalin promoted some <a href="/wiki/Obscurantist" class="mw-redirect" title="Obscurantist">obscurantists</a> like <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Kulik" title="Grigory Kulik">Grigory Kulik</a> who opposed the mechanisation of the army and the production of tanks, but on the other hand purged the older commanders who had held their positions since the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922, and who had experience, but were deemed "politically unreliable". This opened up their places to the promotion of many younger officers that Stalin and the NKVD regarded as in line with <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinist</a> politics. Many[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">quantify</a>] of these newly promoted commanders proved terribly inexperienced, but some later became very successful. Soviet tank-output remained the largest in the world. From the foundation of the Red Army in 1918, political distrust of the military had led to a system of "dual command", with every commander paired with a <a href="/wiki/Political_commissar" title="Political commissar">political commissar</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a>. Larger units had military councils consisting of the commander, commissar and chief of staff – commissars ensured the loyalty of the commanding officers and implemented Party orders. Following the <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_Poland_annexed_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupation of eastern Poland</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_and_annexation_of_the_Baltic_states_by_the_Soviet_Union_(1940)" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation and annexation of the Baltic states by the Soviet Union (1940)">Baltic states</a> and of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina in 1939–1940, Stalin insisted on the occupation of every fold of the newly Sovietized territories; this move westward positioned troops far from their depots, in salients that left them vulnerable to encirclement. As tension heightened in spring, 1941, Stalin desperately tried not to give Hitler any provocation that Berlin could use as an excuse for a German attack; Stalin refused to allow the military to go on the alert – even as German troops gathered on the borders and German reconnaissance planes overflew installations. This refusal to take necessary action was instrumental in the destruction of major portions of the Red Air Force, lined up on its airfields, in the first days of the German–Soviet war. At the crisis of the war, in the autumn of 1942, Stalin made many concessions to the army: the government restored unitary command by removing the Commissars from the <a href="/wiki/Chain_of_command" class="mw-redirect" title="Chain of command">chain of command</a>. Order 25 of 15 January 1943 introduced <a href="/wiki/Shoulder_mark" title="Shoulder mark">shoulderboards</a> for all ranks; this represented a significant symbolic step, since after the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution of 1917">Russian Revolution of 1917</a> shoulderboards had connotations as a symbol of the old Tsarist régime. Beginning in autumn 1941, units that had proved themselves by superior performance in combat were given the traditional "Guards" title.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz2005181-160">[140]</a> These concessions were combined with ruthless discipline: <a href="/wiki/Order_No._227" title="Order No. 227">Order No. 227</a>, issued on 28 July 1942, threatened commanders who retreated without orders with punishment by <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martial</a>. Infractions by military and <a href="/wiki/Politruk" class="mw-redirect" title="Politruk">politruks</a> were punished with transferal to <a href="/wiki/Penal_battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal battalion">penal battalions</a> and to penal <a href="/wiki/Company_(military_unit)" title="Company (military unit)">companies</a> which carried out especially hazardous duties, such as serving as tramplers to clear Nazi minefields.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToppe199828-161">[141]</a> The order stipulated to capture or shoot "cowards" and fleeing panicked troops at the rear where blocking detachments were ordered to be set up. In the first three months after Order No. 227 was promulgated 1,000 retreating troops were shot and 24,993 were sent to penal battalions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2006132-162">[142]</a> By October 1942 the idea of regular blocking detachments was quietly dropped, By 29 October 1944 the units were officially disbanded.<a href="#cite_note-163">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerridale2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsivanswarlifedeat00merr_0page158_158]-164">[144]</a> As it became clear that the Soviet Union would win the war, Stalin ensured that propaganda always mentioned his leadership of the war; he sidelined the victorious generals and never allowed them to develop into political rivals. After the war the Soviets once again purged the Red Army (though not as brutally as in the 1930s) and demoted many successful officers (including Zhukov, <a href="/wiki/Rodion_Malinovsky" title="Rodion Malinovsky">Rodion Malinovsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Koniev" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Koniev">Ivan Koniev</a>) to unimportant positions.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Repression_and_genocide_in_occupied_territories">Repression and genocide in occupied territories</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_German_war_crimes_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="World War II German war crimes in the Soviet Union">World War II German war crimes in the Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commissar_Order" title="Commissar Order">Commissar Order</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hunger_Plan" title="Hunger Plan">Hunger Plan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">... Hitler's first defeats on the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">frontline outside Moscow</a> drove him to endorse plans for the total extermination of the Jews, and almost simultaneously to openly intensify the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Slavic">anti-Slavic</a> slogans of anti-Bolshevist and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitic">anti-Semitic</a> propaganda. Then in 1943 came the call for total war. <a href="/wiki/Total_war#Nazi_Germany" title="Total war">Total war</a> meant further suffering and murders inflicted on millions. Millions of people perished heirless and nameless.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorejsza2017176-165">[145]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Polish historian <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_Wojciech_Borejsza" class="extiw" title="pl:Jerzy Wojciech Borejsza">Jerzy W. Borejsze</a></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_last_Jew_in_Vinnitsa,_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/The_last_Jew_in_Vinnitsa%2C_1941.jpg/250px-The_last_Jew_in_Vinnitsa%2C_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/The_last_Jew_in_Vinnitsa%2C_1941.jpg/330px-The_last_Jew_in_Vinnitsa%2C_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/The_last_Jew_in_Vinnitsa%2C_1941.jpg/500px-The_last_Jew_in_Vinnitsa%2C_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Jew_in_Vinnitsa" title="The Last Jew in Vinnitsa">The Last Jew in Vinnitsa</a>. A member of <a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Einsatzgruppe">Einsatzgruppe</a> D murders a Jew who is kneeling before a filled mass grave in <a href="/wiki/Vinnitsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinnitsa">Vinnitsa</a>, in 1942.</figcaption></figure> The enormous territorial gains of 1941 presented Germany with vast areas to pacify and administer. For the majority of people of the Soviet Union, the Nazi invasion was viewed as a brutal act of unprovoked aggression. While it is important to note that not all parts of Soviet society viewed the German advance in this way, the majority of the Soviet population viewed German forces as occupiers. In areas such as <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> (which had been annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940) the Wehrmacht was tolerated by a relatively more significant part of the native population. This was particularly true for the territories of Western Ukraine, recently rejoined to the Soviet Union, where the anti-Polish and anti-Soviet <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists">Ukrainian nationalist underground</a> hoped in vain to establish the "independent state", relying on German armed force. However, Soviet society as a whole was hostile to the invading Nazis from the very start. The nascent national liberation movements among Ukrainians and <a href="/wiki/Cossack" class="mw-redirect" title="Cossack">Cossacks</a>, and others were viewed by Hitler with suspicion; some, especially those from the Baltic States, were co-opted into the Axis armies and others brutally suppressed. None of the conquered territories gained any measure of self-rule. Instead, the Nazi ideologues saw the future of the East as one of settlement by German colonists, with the natives killed, expelled, or reduced to slave labour. The cruel and brutally inhumane treatment of Soviet civilians, women, children and elderly, the daily bombings of civilian cities and towns, Nazi pillaging of Soviet villages and hamlets and unprecedented harsh punishment and treatment of civilians in general were some of the primary reasons for Soviet resistance to Nazi Germany's invasion. Indeed, the Soviets viewed Germany's invasion as an act of aggression and an attempt to conquer and enslave the local population. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ivanhorod_Einsatzgruppen_photograph,_1942" title="Ivanhorod Einsatzgruppen photograph, 1942"><img resource="/wiki/File:Einsatzgruppen_murder_Jews_in_Ivanhorod,_Ukraine,_1942.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Einsatzgruppen_murder_Jews_in_Ivanhorod%2C_Ukraine%2C_1942.jpg/220px-Einsatzgruppen_murder_Jews_in_Ivanhorod%2C_Ukraine%2C_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Einsatzgruppen_murder_Jews_in_Ivanhorod%2C_Ukraine%2C_1942.jpg/330px-Einsatzgruppen_murder_Jews_in_Ivanhorod%2C_Ukraine%2C_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Einsatzgruppen_murder_Jews_in_Ivanhorod%2C_Ukraine%2C_1942.jpg/440px-Einsatzgruppen_murder_Jews_in_Ivanhorod%2C_Ukraine%2C_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2528" data-file-height="1744" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ivanhorod_Einsatzgruppen_photograph" title="Ivanhorod Einsatzgruppen photograph">Einsatzgruppen murdering Jews</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ivanhorod" title="Ivanhorod">Ivanhorod</a>, Ukraine, 1942</figcaption></figure> Regions closer to the front were managed by military powers of the region, in other areas such as the Baltic states annexed by the USSR in 1940, Reichscommissariats were established. As a rule, the maximum in loot was extracted. In September 1941, <a href="/wiki/Erich_Koch" title="Erich Koch">Erich Koch</a> was appointed to the Ukrainian Commissariat. His opening speech was clear about German policy: "I am known as a brutal dog ... Our job is to suck from Ukraine all the goods we can get hold of ... I am expecting from you the utmost severity towards the native population." Atrocities against the Jewish population in the conquered areas began almost immediately, with the dispatch of <a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a> (task groups) to round up Jews and shoot them.<a href="#cite_note-166">[146]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8F_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8F_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD.jpg/250px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8F_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8F_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD.jpg/330px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8F_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8F_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD.jpg/500px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8F_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption>Viktor Cherevihkin, a Soviet teenager killed by German troops <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rostov_(1941)" title="Battle of Rostov (1941)">occupying</a> Rostov for keeping pigeons</figcaption></figure> The massacres of Jews and other <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minority" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic minority">ethnic minorities</a> were only a part of the deaths from the Nazi occupation. Many hundreds of thousands of Soviet civilians were executed, and millions more died from <a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">starvation</a> as the Germans requisitioned food for their armies and fodder for their draft horses. As they retreated from Ukraine and Belarus in 1943–44, the German occupiers systematically applied a scorched earth policy, burning towns and cities, destroying infrastructure, and leaving civilians to starve or die of exposure.<a href="#cite_note-168">[u]</a> In many towns, the battles were fought within towns and cities with trapped civilians caught in the middle. Estimates of total civilian dead in the Soviet Union in the war range from seven million (<a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] to seventeen million (Richard Overy).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zoya_Kosmodemyanskaya_by_Sergey_Strunnikov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Zoya_Kosmodemyanskaya_by_Sergey_Strunnikov.jpg/220px-Zoya_Kosmodemyanskaya_by_Sergey_Strunnikov.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Zoya_Kosmodemyanskaya_by_Sergey_Strunnikov.jpg/330px-Zoya_Kosmodemyanskaya_by_Sergey_Strunnikov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Zoya_Kosmodemyanskaya_by_Sergey_Strunnikov.jpg/440px-Zoya_Kosmodemyanskaya_by_Sergey_Strunnikov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3743" data-file-height="2514" /></a><figcaption>Soviet partisan <a href="/wiki/Zoya_Kosmodemyanskaya" title="Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya">Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya</a>, hanged by German forces in November 1941</figcaption></figure> The Nazi ideology and the maltreatment of the local population and Soviet POWs encouraged partisans fighting behind the front; it motivated even anti-communists or non-Russian nationalists to ally with the Soviets and greatly delayed the formation of German-allied divisions consisting of Soviet POWs (see <a href="/wiki/Ostlegionen" title="Ostlegionen">Ostlegionen</a>). These results and missed opportunities contributed to the defeat of the Wehrmacht. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A,_Russland,_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A%2C_Russland%2C_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A%2C_Russland%2C_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A%2C_Russland%2C_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A%2C_Russland%2C_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A%2C_Russland%2C_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A%2C_Russland%2C_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet partisans</a> hanged by German forces in January 1943</figcaption></figure> Vadim Erlikman has detailed Soviet losses totalling 26.5 million war related deaths. Military losses of 10.6 million include six million killed or missing in action and 3.6 million POW dead, plus 400,000 paramilitary and Soviet partisan losses. Civilian deaths totalled 15.9 million, which included 1.5 million from military actions; 7.1 million victims of Nazi <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> and reprisals; 1.8 million deported to Germany for <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">forced labour</a>; and 5.5 million <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a> deaths. Additional famine deaths, which totalled one million during 1946–47, are not included here. These losses are for the entire territory of the USSR including territories annexed in 1939–40.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Belarus lost a quarter of its pre-war population, including practically all its intellectual elite. Following bloody encirclement battles, all of the present-day Belarus territory was occupied by the Germans by the end of August 1941. The Nazis imposed a brutal regime, deporting some 380,000 young people for slave labour, and killing hundreds of thousands (civilians) more.<a href="#cite_note-169">[148]</a> More than 600 villages like <a href="/wiki/Khatyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Khatyn">Khatyn</a> were burned with their entire population.<a href="#cite_note-170">[149]</a> More than 209 cities and towns (out of 270 total) and 9,000 villages were destroyed. Himmler pronounced a plan according to which <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>3⁄4 of the Belarusian population was designated for "eradication" and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />1⁄4 of the racially 'cleaner' population (blue eyes, light hair) would be allowed to serve Germans as slaves. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg/250px-%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg/330px-%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg/500px-%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>German officers of the <a href="/wiki/16th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="16th Army (Wehrmacht)">16th Army</a> executing Soviet civilians, 1943</figcaption></figure> Some recent reports raise the number of Belarusians who perished in the war to "3 million 650 thousand people, unlike the former 2.2 million. That is to say not every fourth inhabitant but almost 40% of the pre-war Belarusian population perished (considering the present-day borders of Belarus)."<a href="#cite_note-171">[150]</a> Sixty percent of Soviet POWs died during the war. By its end, large numbers of Soviet POWs, forced labourers and Nazi collaborators (including those who were <a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">forcefully repatriated</a> by the Western Allies) went to special NKVD "filtration" camps. By 1946, 80 percent of civilians and 20 percent of POWs were freed, others were re-drafted, or sent to labour battalions. Two percent of civilians and 14 percent of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_repressions_against_former_prisoners_of_war" title="Soviet repressions against former prisoners of war">POWs</a> were sent to the <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[152]</a> The official Polish government report of war losses prepared in 1947 reported 6,028,000 victims out of a population of 27,007,000 ethnic Poles and Jews; this report excluded ethnic Ukrainian and Belarusian losses. Although the Soviet Union had not signed the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Convention_on_Prisoners_of_War_(1929)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War (1929)">Geneva Convention (1929)</a>, it is generally accepted that it considered itself bound by the provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_(1899_and_1907)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907)">Hague convention</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1945-174">[153]</a> A month after the German invasion in 1941, an offer was made for a reciprocal adherence to Hague convention. This 'note' was left unanswered by Third Reich officials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor199860-175">[154]</a> Soviet repressions also contributed into the Eastern Front's death toll. Mass repression occurred in the occupied portions of Poland as well as in the Baltic states and Bessarabia. Immediately after the start of the German invasion, the NKVD massacred large numbers of inmates in most of their prisons in <a href="/wiki/Western_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Belarus">Western Belarus</a> and Western Ukraine, while the remainder was to be evacuated in death marches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately2007391-176">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industrial_output">Industrial output</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_1274_Tanks_going_to_the_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/RIAN_archive_1274_Tanks_going_to_the_front.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_1274_Tanks_going_to_the_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/RIAN_archive_1274_Tanks_going_to_the_front.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_1274_Tanks_going_to_the_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/RIAN_archive_1274_Tanks_going_to_the_front.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_1274_Tanks_going_to_the_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1981" /></a><figcaption>Soviet <a href="/wiki/T-34" title="T-34">T-34</a> tanks being transported from the factory to the front</figcaption></figure> The Soviet victory owed a great deal to the ability of its war industry to outperform the German economy, despite the enormous loss of population and land. Stalin's five-year plans of the 1930s had resulted in the industrialisation of the Urals and central Asia. In 1941, thousands of trains evacuated critical factories and workers from Belarus and Ukraine to safe areas far from the front lines. Once these facilities were reassembled east of the Urals, production could be resumed without fear of German bombing. The increases in production of <a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">materiel</a> were achieved at the expense of civilian living standards – the most thorough application of the principle of <a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">total war</a> – and with the help of <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a> supplies from the United Kingdom and the United States. The Germans, on the other hand, could rely on a large slave workforce from the conquered countries and Soviet POWs. American exports and technical expertise also enabled the Soviets to produce goods that they wouldn't have been able to on their own. For example, while the USSR was able to produce fuel of octane numbers from 70 to 74, Soviet industry only met 4% of demand for fuel of octane numbers from 90+; all aircraft produced after 1939 required fuel of the latter category. To fulfill demands, the USSR depended on American assistance, both in finished products and TEL.<a href="#cite_note-177">[156]</a> Germany had far greater resources than did the USSR, and dwarfed its production in every matrix except for oil, having over five times the USSR's coal production, over three times its iron production, three times its steel production, twice its electricity production, and about 2/3 of its oil production.<a href="#cite_note-178">[157]</a> German production of explosives from 1940 to 1944 was 1.595 million tons, along with 829,970 tons of powder. Consumption on all fronts during the same period was 1.493 million tons of explosives and 626,887 tons of powder.<a href="#cite_note-179">[158]</a> From 1941 to 1945, the USSR produced only 505,000 tons of explosives and received 105,000 tons of Lend-Lease imports.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-77">[57]</a> Germany outproduced the Soviet Union 3.16 to 1 in explosives tonnage. Soviet armoured fighting vehicle production was greater than the Germans (in 1943, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_armored_fighting_vehicle_production_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet armored fighting vehicle production during World War II">Soviet Union manufactured 24,089 tanks and self-propelled guns</a> to <a href="/wiki/German_armored_fighting_vehicle_production_during_World_War_II" title="German armored fighting vehicle production during World War II">Germany's 19,800</a>). The Soviets incrementally upgraded existing designs, and simplified and refined manufacturing processes to increase production, and were helped by a mass infusion of harder to produce goods such as aviation fuel, machine tools, trucks, and high-explosives from Lend-Lease, allowing them to concentrate on a few key industries. Meanwhile, Germany had been cut off from foreign trade for years by the time it invaded the USSR, was in the middle of two extended and costly theatres at air and sea that further limited production (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a> and Defence of the Reich), and was forced to devote a large segment of its expenditures to goods the Soviets could cut back on (such as trucks) or which would never even be used against the Soviets (such as ships). Naval vessels alone constituted 10–15% of Germany's war expenditures from 1940 to 1944 depending on the year, while armoured vehicles by comparison were only 5–8%.<a href="#cite_note-180">[159]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Summary of German and Soviet raw material production during the war<a href="#cite_note-Russia's_War-181">[160]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Year </th> <th colspan="2">Coal (million tonnes, Germany includes lignite and bituminous types) </th> <th colspan="2">Steel (million tonnes) </th> <th colspan="2">Aluminium (thousand tonnes) </th> <th colspan="6">Oil (million tonnes) </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#fff;">German </th> <th style="background:#fff;">Soviet </th> <th style="background:#fff;">German </th> <th style="background:#fff;">Soviet </th> <th style="background:#fff;">German </th> <th style="background:#fff;">Soviet </th> <th style="background:#fff;">German </th> <th style="background:#fff;">Soviet </th> <th style="background:#fff;">Italian </th> <th style="background:#fff;">Hungarian </th> <th style="background:#fff;">Romanian </th> <th style="background:#fff;">Japanese </th></tr> <tr> <th>1941 </th> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">483.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">151.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">31.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">17.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">233.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">– </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">5.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">33.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">0.12 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">0.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">5.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">– </td></tr> <tr> <th>1942 </th> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">513.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">75.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">32.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">8.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">264.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">51.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">6.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">22.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">0.01 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">0.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">5.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">1.8 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1943 </th> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">521.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">93.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">34.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">8.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">250.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">62.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">7.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">18.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">0.01 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">0.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">5.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">2.3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1944 </th> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">509.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">121.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">28.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">10.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">245.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">82.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">5.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">18.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">– </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">3.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1945<a href="#cite_note-Soviet_numbers-182">[v]</a> </th> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">– </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">149.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">– </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">12.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">– </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">86.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">1.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">19.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">– </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">– </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">– </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">0.1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Summary of Axis and Soviet tank and self- propelled gun production during the war<a href="#cite_note-Russia's_War-181">[160]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Year </th> <th colspan="6">Tanks and self- propelled guns </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#fff;">Soviet </th> <th style="background:#fff;">German </th> <th style="background:#fff;">Italian </th> <th style="background:#fff;">Hungarian </th> <th style="background:#fff;">Romanian </th> <th style="background:#fff;">Japanese </th></tr> <tr> <th>1941 </th> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">6,590 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;"><a href="#cite_note-German_tank_numbers-183">[w]</a> 5,200 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">595 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">– </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">– </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">595 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1942 </th> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">24,446 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;"><a href="#cite_note-German_tank_numbers-183">[w]</a>9,300 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">1,252 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;" rowspan="3">500 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">– </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">557 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1943 </th> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">24,089 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">19,800 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">336 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;" rowspan="2">105 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">558 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1944 </th> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">28,963 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">27,300 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">– </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">353 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1945<a href="#cite_note-Soviet_numbers-182">[v]</a> </th> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">15,400 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">– </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">– </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">– </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">– </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">137 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Summary of Axis and Soviet aircraft production during the war<a href="#cite_note-Russia's_War-181">[160]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Year </th> <th colspan="6">Aircraft </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#fff;">Soviet </th> <th style="background:#fff;">German </th> <th style="background:#fff;">Italian </th> <th style="background:#fff;">Hungarian </th> <th style="background:#fff;">Romanian </th> <th style="background:#fff;">Japanese </th></tr> <tr> <th>1941 </th> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">15,735 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">11,776 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">3,503 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">– </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;" rowspan="5">1,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">5,088 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1942 </th> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">25,436 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">15,556 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">2,818 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">6 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">8,861 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1943 </th> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">34,845 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">25,527 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">967 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">267 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">16,693 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1944 </th> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">40,246 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">39,807 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">– </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">773 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">28,180 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1945<a href="#cite_note-Soviet_numbers-182">[v]</a> </th> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">20,052 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">7,544 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">– </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">– </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">8,263 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Summary of German and Soviet industrial labour (including those classified as handworkers), and summary of foreign, voluntary, coerced and POW labour<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery2004498-184">[161]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Year </th> <th colspan="2">Industrial labour </th> <th colspan="2">Foreign labour </th> <th colspan="2">Total labour </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#fff;">Soviet </th> <th style="background:#fff;">German </th> <th style="background:#fff;">Soviet </th> <th style="background:#fff;">German </th> <th style="background:#fff;">Total Soviet </th> <th style="background:#fff;">Total German </th></tr> <tr> <th>1941 </th> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">11,000,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">12,900,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">– </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">3,500,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">11,000,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">16,400,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1942 </th> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">7,200,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">11,600,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">50,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">4,600,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">7,250,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">16,200,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1943 </th> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">7,500,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">11,100,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">200,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">5,700,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">7,700,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">16,800,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1944 </th> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">8,200,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">10,400,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">800,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">7,600,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">9,000,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">18,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1945<a href="#cite_note-Soviet_numbers-182">[v]</a> </th> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">9,500,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">– </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">2,900,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">– </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">12,400,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">– </td></tr></tbody></table> Soviet production and upkeep was assisted by the Lend-Lease program from the United States and the United Kingdom. In the course of the war the US supplied $11 billion of materiel through Lend-Lease. This included 400,000 trucks, 12,000 armoured vehicles (including 7,000 tanks), 11,400 aircraft and 1.75 million tons of food.<a href="#cite_note-185">[162]</a> The British supplied aircraft including 3,000 Hurricanes and 4,000 other aircraft during the war. Five thousand tanks were provided by the British and Canada. Total British supplies were about four million tons.<a href="#cite_note-186">[163]</a> Germany on the other hand had the resources of conquered Europe at its disposal; those numbers are however not included into the tables above, such as production in France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, and so on. After the defeat at Stalingrad, Germany geared completely towards a war economy, as expounded in a speech given by Joseph Goebbels (the Nazi propaganda minister), in the Berlin <a href="/wiki/Sportpalast_speech" title="Sportpalast speech">Sportpalast</a>, increasing production in subsequent years under <a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a>'s (the Reich armaments minister) direction, despite the intensifying <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Allied bombing campaign</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">World War II casualties</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="World War II casualties of the Soviet Union">World War II casualties of the Soviet Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/German_casualties_in_World_War_II" title="German casualties in World War II">German casualties in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russians_bury_their_fallen._Kollaanjoki_15.-16.7._1944._Kollaanjoki_15_to_16.7._1944..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Russians_bury_their_fallen._Kollaanjoki_15.-16.7._1944._Kollaanjoki_15_to_16.7._1944..jpg/170px-Russians_bury_their_fallen._Kollaanjoki_15.-16.7._1944._Kollaanjoki_15_to_16.7._1944..jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Russians_bury_their_fallen._Kollaanjoki_15.-16.7._1944._Kollaanjoki_15_to_16.7._1944..jpg/255px-Russians_bury_their_fallen._Kollaanjoki_15.-16.7._1944._Kollaanjoki_15_to_16.7._1944..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Russians_bury_their_fallen._Kollaanjoki_15.-16.7._1944._Kollaanjoki_15_to_16.7._1944..jpg 2x" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Soviets bury their fallen, July 1944</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World-War-II-military-deaths-in-Europe-by-theater-year.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/World-War-II-military-deaths-in-Europe-by-theater-year.png/220px-World-War-II-military-deaths-in-Europe-by-theater-year.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/World-War-II-military-deaths-in-Europe-by-theater-year.png/330px-World-War-II-military-deaths-in-Europe-by-theater-year.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/World-War-II-military-deaths-in-Europe-by-theater-year.png/440px-World-War-II-military-deaths-in-Europe-by-theater-year.png 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="1116" /></a><figcaption>World War II military deaths in Europe by theatre, year</figcaption></figure> The fighting involved millions of Axis and Soviet troops along the broadest land front in military history. It was by far the deadliest single theatre of the European portion of World War II with up to 8.7 to 10 million military deaths on the Soviet side (although, depending on the criteria used, casualties in the Far East theatre may have been similar in number).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrivosheev199785-187">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[165]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2025)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery2004[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2025]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2025)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-189">[166]</a> Axis military deaths were 5 million of which around 4,000,000 were German deaths.<a href="#cite_note-190">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvermans2000a265,_272-191">[168]</a> Included in this figure of German losses is the majority of the 2 million German military personnel listed as missing or unaccounted for after the war. <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_Overmans" title="Rüdiger Overmans">Rüdiger Overmans</a> states that it seems entirely plausible, while not provable, that one half of these men were killed in action and the other half died in Soviet custody.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvermans2000a289-192">[169]</a> Official OKW Casualty Figures list 65% of Heer killed/missing/captured as being lost on the Eastern Front from 1 September 1939, to 1 January 1945 (four months and a week before the conclusion of the war), with front not specified for losses of the Kriegsmarine and Luftwaffe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchramm1949-193">[170]</a> Estimated civilian deaths range from about 14 to 17 million. Over 11.4 million Soviet civilians within pre-1939 Soviet borders were killed, and another estimated 3.5 million civilians were killed in the annexed territories.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrivosheev1997[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-194">[171]</a> The Nazis exterminated one to two million Soviet Jews (including the annexed territories) as part of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gilbert-195">[172]</a> Soviet and Russian historiography often uses the term "irretrievable casualties". According to the <a href="/wiki/Narkomat" class="mw-redirect" title="Narkomat">Narkomat</a> of Defence order (No. 023, 4 February 1944), the irretrievable casualties include killed, missing, those who died due to war-time or subsequent wounds, maladies and <a href="/wiki/Chilblain" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilblain">chilblains</a> and those who were captured. The huge death toll was attributed to several factors, including brutal mistreatment of POWs and captured partisans, the large deficiency of food and medical supplies in Soviet territories, and atrocities committed mostly by the Germans against the civilian population. The multiple battles and the use of scorched earth tactics destroyed <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural land</a>, infrastructure, and whole towns, leaving much of the population homeless and without food. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Military losses on the Eastern Front during World War II&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2025)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvermans2000a[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2025]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2025)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-196">[173]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2025)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_189-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery2004[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2025]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2025)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-189">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8urEDgAAQBAJpgPA527_527]-197">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[175]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6">Forces fighting with the Axis </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="background:#fff;">Total Dead </th> <th style="background:#fff;"><a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">KIA</a>/<a href="/wiki/Died_of_wounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Died of wounds">DOW</a>/<a href="/wiki/Missing_in_action" title="Missing in action">MIA</a> </th> <th style="background:#fff;">Prisoners taken by the Soviets </th> <th style="background:#fff;">Prisoners who died in Captivity </th> <th style="background:#fff;"><a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action">WIA</a> (not including DOW) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Greater Germany </th> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">est 4,137,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrivosheev1997276–278-199">[176]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">est 3,637,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">2,733,739–3,000,060 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">500,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvermans2000b246-200">[177]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">Unknown </td></tr> <tr> <th>Soviet residents who joined German army </th> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">215,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">215,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">400,000+ </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">Unknown </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">118,127 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Romania </th> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">281,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">226,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">500,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">55,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Hungary </th> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">300,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">245,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">500,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">55,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">89,313 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Italy </th> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">82,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">55,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">70,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">27,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Finland<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurenmaaLentilä20051150–1162-201">[178]</a> </th> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">63,204 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">62,731 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">3,500 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">473 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">158,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;"><abbr title="estimation">est.</abbr> 5,078,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;"><abbr title="estimation">est.</abbr> 4,437,400 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">4,264,497–4,530,818 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;"><abbr title="estimation">est.</abbr> 637,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">Unknown </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Military losses on the Eastern Front during World War II&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2025)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErlichman2004[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2025]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2025)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-202">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAxworthyScafeșCrǎciunoiu1995216-203">[180]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6">Forces fighting with the Soviet Union </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="background:#fff;">Total Dead </th> <th style="background:#fff;">KIA/DOW/MIA </th> <th style="background:#fff;">Prisoners taken by the Axis </th> <th style="background:#fff;">Prisoners who died in captivity </th> <th style="background:#fff;">WIA (not including DOW) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Soviet </th> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">8,668,400–10,000,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">6,829,600 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">4,059,000 (military personnel only)–5,700,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">2,250,000–3,300,000<a href="#cite_note-204">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-205">[182]</a> of which 1,283,200 confirmed&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_194-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrivosheev1997[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-194">[171]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">13,581,483<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrivosheev199789-206">[183]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Poland </th> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">24,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">24,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">Unknown </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">Unknown </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Romania </th> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">17,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">17,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">80,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">Unknown </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Bulgaria </th> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">10,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">10,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">Unknown </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">Unknown </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">Up to ~8,719,000 – 10,000,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">6,880,600 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">4,139,000–5,780,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">2,250,000–3,300,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#fff;">13,581,483 </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4._%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4._%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC.jpg/250px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4._%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4._%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC.jpg/330px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4._%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4._%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC.jpg/500px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4._%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1427" data-file-height="1035" /></a><figcaption>Corpses of German soldiers at a collection point after the Battle of Stalingrad, February 1943</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5.jpg/250px-%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5.jpg/330px-%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5.jpg/500px-%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1591" data-file-height="1256" /></a><figcaption>Red Army soldiers in a trench near the corpse of a German soldier, still wearing an Iron Cross, 1942</figcaption></figure> Based on Soviet sources Krivosheev put German losses on the Eastern Front from 1941 to 1945 at 6,923,700 men: including killed in action, died of wounds or disease and reported missing and presumed dead – 4,137,100, taken prisoner 2,571,600 and 215,000 dead among <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_in_the_German-occupied_Soviet_Union" title="Collaboration in the German-occupied Soviet Union">Soviet volunteers in the Wehrmacht</a>. Deaths of POW were 450,600 including 356,700 in NKVD camps and 93,900 in transit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrivosheev1997276–278-199">[176]</a> According to a report prepared by the General Staff of the Army issued in December 1944, materiel losses in the East from the period of 22 June 1941 until November 1944 stood at 33,324 armoured vehicles of all types (tanks, assault guns, tank destroyers, self-propelled guns and others). Paul Winter, Defeating Hitler, states "these figures are undoubtedly too low".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter2012234-207">[184]</a> According to Soviet claims, the Germans lost 42,700 tanks, tank destroyers, self-propelled guns and assault guns on the Eastern front.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017449-208">[185]</a> Overall, Germany produced 3,024 reconnaissance vehicles,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] 2,450 other armoured vehicles, 21,880 armoured personnel carriers, 36,703 semi-tracked tractors and 87,329 semi-tracked trucks,<a href="#cite_note-209">[186]</a> estimated 2/3 were lost on the Eastern Front.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Soviets lost 96,500 tanks, tank destroyers, self-propelled guns and assault guns, as well as 37,600 other armoured vehicles (such as armoured cars and semi-tracked trucks) for a total of 134,100 armoured vehicles lost.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrivosheev1997253–258-210">[187]</a> The Soviets also lost 102,600 aircraft (combat and non-combat causes), including 46,100 in combat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrivosheev1997359–360-211">[188]</a> According to Soviet claims, the Germans lost 75,700 aircraft on the Eastern front.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017449-208">[185]</a> Polish Armed Forces in the East, initially consisting of Poles from Eastern Poland or otherwise in the Soviet Union in 1939–1941, began fighting alongside the Red Army in 1943, and grew steadily as more Polish territory was liberated from the Nazis in 1944–1945. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-004-3633-30A,_Russland,_Cholm,_gefallene_Rotarmisten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-004-3633-30A%2C_Russland%2C_Cholm%2C_gefallene_Rotarmisten.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-004-3633-30A%2C_Russland%2C_Cholm%2C_gefallene_Rotarmisten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-004-3633-30A%2C_Russland%2C_Cholm%2C_gefallene_Rotarmisten.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-004-3633-30A%2C_Russland%2C_Cholm%2C_gefallene_Rotarmisten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-004-3633-30A%2C_Russland%2C_Cholm%2C_gefallene_Rotarmisten.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-004-3633-30A%2C_Russland%2C_Cholm%2C_gefallene_Rotarmisten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption>Dead Soviet soldiers in <a href="/wiki/Kholm,_Kholmsky_District,_Novgorod_Oblast" title="Kholm, Kholmsky District, Novgorod Oblast">Kholm</a>, January 1942</figcaption></figure> When the Axis countries of Central Europe were occupied by the Soviets, they changed sides and declared war on Germany (see <a href="/wiki/Allied_Commission" title="Allied Commission">Allied Commissions</a>). Some Soviet citizens would side with the Germans and join <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Vlasov" title="Andrey Vlasov">Andrey Vlasov</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Russian_Liberation_Army" title="Russian Liberation Army">Russian Liberation Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Liberation_Army" title="Ukrainian Liberation Army">Ukrainian Liberation Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Legion_(1941%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian Legion (1941–45)">Georgian Legion</a> and other Ostlegionen units. Most of those who joined were Soviet POWs. These <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht_foreign_volunteers_and_conscripts" title="Wehrmacht foreign volunteers and conscripts">foreign volunteers in the Wehrmacht</a> were primarily used in the Eastern Front but some were assigned to guard the beaches of <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose199734-212">[189]</a> The other main group of men joining the German army were citizens of the Baltic countries annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940 or from Western Ukraine. They fought in their own <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a> units, including the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Legion" title="Latvian Legion">Latvian Legion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/14th_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_(1st_Galician)" title="14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician)">Galicia Division</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[190]</a> The Soviet Union also used defectors from the Axis countries in combat. The Red Army had two divisions formed of Romanian POWs, the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_Vladimirescu_Division" title="Tudor Vladimirescu Division">Tudor Vladimirescu Division</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Horea,_Clo%C8%99ca_%C8%99i_Cri%C8%99an_Division" title="Horea, Cloșca și Crișan Division">Horea, Cloșca și Crișan Division</a>; during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Siege of Budapest</a>, some Hungarians joined the <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_Regiment_of_Buda" title="Volunteer Regiment of Buda">Volunteer Regiment of Buda</a> of the Red Army. The USSR did not have a full analogue of the Vlasov Army which would consist of Germans, however, members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Committee_for_a_Free_Germany" title="National Committee for a Free Germany">National Committee for a Free Germany</a>, formed mostly of German POWs, were allowed to form small units known as Combat Groups (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Kampfgruppen) which participated in combat with the Wehrmacht in its rear areas and at the front as an auxiliary force of the Red Army and the Soviet partisans, although combat was not their main purpose.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2025)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoenhals1989[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2025]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2025)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-214">[191]</a> In the Third Reich, members of the National Committee for a Free Germany were known as "Seydlitz Troops", under a name given after <a href="/wiki/Walther_von_Seydlitz-Kurzbach" title="Walther von Seydlitz-Kurzbach">Walther von Seydlitz-Kurzbach</a> who had defected to the USSR because of the widespread myth that he had his own pro-Soviet military formation.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2025)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoeffel2012[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2025]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2025)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-215">[192]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2025)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoorcraft2023[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2025]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2025)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-216">[193]</a> Hitler's notorious <a href="/wiki/Commissar_Order" title="Commissar Order">Commissar Order</a> called for Soviet political commissars, who were responsible for ensuring that Red Army units remained politically reliable, to be summarily shot when identified amongst captured troops. Axis troops who captured Red Army soldiers frequently shot them in the field or shipped them to concentration camps to be used as forced labourers or killed.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2025)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_189-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery2004[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2025]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2025)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-189">[166]</a> Additionally, millions of Soviet civilians were captured as POWs and treated in the same manner. It is estimated that between 2.25 and 3.3 million Soviet POWs died in Nazi custody, out of 5.25–5.7 million. This figure represents a total of 45–57% of all Soviet POWs and may be contrasted with 8,300 deaths out of 231,000 British and U.S. prisoners, or 3.6%.<a href="#cite_note-217">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-205">[182]</a> About 5% of the Soviet prisoners who died were of Jewish ethnicity.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Eastern_Front_of_World_War_II" title="Timeline of the Eastern Front of World War II">Timeline of the Eastern Front of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_II" title="Historiography of World War II">Historiography of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Russia" title="The Battle of Russia">The Battle of Russia</a> – a film from the <a href="/wiki/Why_We_Fight" title="Why We Fight">Why We Fight</a> propaganda film series</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_II" title="Horses in World War II">Horses in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severity_Order" title="Severity Order">Severity Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarossa_decree" title="Barbarossa decree">Barbarossa decree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissar_Order" title="Commissar Order">Commissar Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantokuen" title="Kantokuen">Kantokuen</a> – Japanese plan to invade the Soviet Far East in 1941</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_and_regional_experiences">National and regional experiences</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussia_in_World_War_II" title="Byelorussia in World War II">Byelorussia in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia_during_World_War_II" title="Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II">Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_in_World_War_II" title="Estonia in World War II">Estonia in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of the Baltic states during World War II">German occupation of the Baltic states during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_participation_on_the_Eastern_Front" title="Italian participation on the Eastern Front">Italian participation on the Eastern Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1944)">Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Russian_and_Soviet_military" title="Women in the Russian and Soviet military">Women in the Russian and Soviet military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">World War II in Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lists">Lists</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations_on_the_Eastern_Front_of_World_War_II" title="List of military operations on the Eastern Front of World War II">List of military operations on the Eastern Front of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_operations_of_the_Red_Army_in_World_War_II" title="Strategic operations of the Red Army in World War II">Strategic operations of the Red Army in World War II</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Hungary voluntarily participated in the conflict until March 1944, when it submitted to <a href="/wiki/Operation_Margarethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Margarethe">German occupation</a>. In October the same year, a <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Unity_(Hungary)" title="Government of National Unity (Hungary)">puppet government</a> was <a href="/wiki/Operation_Panzerfaust" title="Operation Panzerfaust">installed</a>, which ensured Hungary's participation until the end of the conflict. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Croatia never declared war on the Soviet Union and did not consider itself at war with it<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001273-2">[1]</a> and only recruited volunteers to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Croatian_legions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Croatian legions (page does not exist)">Croatian legions</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroatische_Legion" class="extiw" title="de:Kroatische Legion">de</a>; <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Хорватские формирования нацистской Германии и фашистской Италии">ru</a>] of German and Italian armies and the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a>; <a href="/wiki/369th_Croatian_Reinforced_Infantry_Regiment_(Wehrmacht)" title="369th Croatian Reinforced Infantry Regiment (Wehrmacht)">Croatian regiment</a> of the Wehrmacht was the only <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahel2018168-3">[2]</a> Croatian unit to fight on the Eastern Front. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Although Spain officially remained neutral, it provided support to Germany through supplement of essential materials (see <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Crisis" title="Wolfram Crisis">Wolfram Crisis</a>) and recruitment of volunteers at the Eastern Front (<a href="/wiki/Blue_Division" title="Blue Division">Blue Division</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blue_Squadron" title="Blue Squadron">Blue Squadron</a>); see <a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain during World War II</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> The so-called "<a href="/wiki/Anders%27_Army" title="Anders' Army">Anders' Army</a>" (under <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Anders" title="Władysław Anders">Władysław Anders</a>), composed of Poles in the USSR and loyal to the London-based <a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Polish government-in-exile</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_for_Polish_citizens_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Amnesty for Polish citizens in the Soviet Union">formed in the early stages of the war</a>, but shortly thereafter <a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces_in_the_West" title="Polish Armed Forces in the West">moved to the West</a> through <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Iran</a>. After diplomatic relations between the Polish government and the Soviet Union broke down in 1943, a <a href="/wiki/1st_Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Infantry_Division" title="1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division">pro-communist Polish division</a> was formed, which would grow into the <a href="/wiki/First_Polish_Army_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="First Polish Army (1944–1945)">First</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Second_Army_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Army (Poland)">Second Polish Armies</a> that fought as part of the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>. Political leadership came from the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="Polish Committee of National Liberation">Polish Committee of National Liberation</a>, which evolved into a <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland">Provisional Government</a> rivaling the one in London. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> A battalion composed of Czechs and Slovaks in the Soviet Union (refugees, defectors, part of the ethnic minority in the USSR) was established in 1942 and was sent at the front in 1943<a href="#cite_note-ino-7">[3]</a> and would eventually grow to a <a href="/wiki/1st_Czechoslovak_Army_Corps_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="1st Czechoslovak Army Corps in the Soviet Union">Czechoslovak Army Corps</a>, loyal to the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_government-in-exile" title="Czechoslovak government-in-exile">Czechoslovak government-in-exile</a> in London, which fought as part of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> In 1943, the USSR began forming Yugoslav units of the Red Army which began operating in 1944;<a href="#cite_note-ino-7">[3]</a> while for the most part Yugoslav troops fought in the Balkans, a number of Red Army operations involving Yugoslav troops took place in Eastern Europe on the general Eastern Front (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Awakening" title="Operation Spring Awakening">Operation Spring Awakening</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> By the beginning of 1945, Hungary had had two rivalling governments, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Unity_(Hungary)" title="Government of National Unity (Hungary)">Hungarist puppet government</a> in the Nazi-occupied territory, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_National_Government_of_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Provisional National Government of Hungary (page does not exist)">Debrecen government</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_(%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="extiw" title="ru:Временное национальное правительство (Венгрия)">ru</a>] in the Soviet-occupied territory; in January 1945, the USSR began forming small Hungarian volunteer units loyal to the Debrecen government, the largest of which was the <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_Regiment_of_Buda" title="Volunteer Regiment of Buda">Volunteer Regiment of Buda</a>.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2025)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGosztony1991[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2025]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2025)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-10">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-ino-7">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Support provided through <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease#U.S._deliveries_to_the_Soviet_Union" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arctic_convoys_of_World_War_II" title="Arctic convoys of World War II">Arctic convoys</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Support provided through <a href="/wiki/Arctic_convoys_of_World_War_II" title="Arctic convoys of World War II">Arctic convoys</a>, as well as by the presence of <a href="/wiki/No._151_Wing_RAF" title="No. 151 Wing RAF">No. 151 Wing RAF</a> (with <a href="/wiki/No._81_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 81 Squadron RAF">No. 81 Squadron RAF</a> and <a href="/wiki/No._134_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 134 Squadron RAF">No. 134 Squadron RAF</a>) on the Eastern Front. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Support provided by the presence of <a href="/wiki/Fighter_Squadron_2/30_Normandie-Niemen" title="Fighter Squadron 2/30 Normandie-Niemen">Fighter Squadron 2/30 Normandie-Niemen</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/1st_Air_Army" title="1st Air Army">1st Air Army</a> on the Eastern Front. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> see <a href="/wiki/Mongolia_in_World_War_II" title="Mongolia in World War II">Mongolia in World War II</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> see <a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva in World War II</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> As part of the Allied victory in the European theatre of World War II </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Вели́кая Оте́чественная война́, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: Velíkaya Otéchestvennaya voyná </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Deutsch-Sowjetischer Krieg; <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: Німе́цько-радя́нська війна́, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: Niméts'ko-radiáns'ka viiná </li> <li id="cite_note-fn1-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_21-1">b</a> According to <a href="#CITEREFKrivosheev1997">Krivosheev 1997</a>, in the Eastern Front, Axis countries and German co-belligerents sustained 1,468,145 irrecoverable losses (668,163 KIA/MIA), Germany itself– 7,181,100 (3,604,800 KIA/MIA), and 579,900 PoWs died in Soviet captivity. So the Axis KIA/MIA amounted to 4.8 million in the East during the period of 1941–1945. This is more than a half of all Axis losses (including the Asia/Pacific theatre). The USSR sustained 10.5 million military losses (including PoWs who died in German captivity, according to Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow 2004. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-93165-107-1" title="Special:BookSources/5-93165-107-1">5-93165-107-1</a>), so the number of military deaths (the USSR and the Axis) amounted to 15 million, far greater than in all other World War II theatres. According to the same source, total Soviet civilian deaths within post-war borders amounted to 15.7 million. The numbers for other Central European and German civilian casualties are not included here. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> "That conflict, which ended sixty years before this book's completion, was a decisive component – arguably the single most decisive component – of the Second World War. It was on the eastern front, between 1941 and 1945, that the greater part of the land and associated air forces of Nazi Germany and its Axis partners were ultimately destroyed by the Soviet Union in what, from 1944, its people – and those of the fifteen successor states – called, and still call, the Great Patriotic War"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellamy2007xix-22">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> "We National Socialists consciously draw a line under the direction of our foreign policy war. We begin where we ended six centuries ago. We stop the perpetual Germanic march towards the south and west of Europe, and have the view on the country in the east. We finally put the colonial and commercial policy of the pre-war and go over to the territorial policy of the future. But if we speak today in Europe of new land, we can primarily only to Russia and the border states subjects him think." Charles Long, 1965: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifz-muenchen.de/heftarchiv/1965_4_4_lange.pdf">The term 'habitat' in Hitler's 'Mein Kampf'</a> (pdf, 12 Seiten; 695 kB) </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> For example, my own extensive study of German forces in 1941 (Volume IIA and IIB of 'Operation Barbarossa: the complete Organisational and Statistical Analysis') shows the entire German force on the Eastern Front (up to 4 July 1941) had around 3,359,000 men (page 74, Vol IIB). This includes around 87,600 in the Northern Norway command (Bef. Fin.), and 238,700 in OKH Reserve units (some of which had not yet arrived in the East). It includes all personnel in the German Army (including the security units), Waffen SS, Luftwaffe ground forces and even naval coastal artillery (in the East). This figure compares very well with the figure in the table (around 3,119,000) derived from Earl Ziemke's book (which is used as the Axis source in the chart)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAskey2017" class="citation web cs1">Askey, Nigel (30 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.operationbarbarossa.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Essay-alt-view-TIK-presentation.pdf">"The Myth of German Superiority on the WW2 Eastern Front"</a> (PDF). operationbarbarossa.net/.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=operationbarbarossa.net%2F&rft.atitle=The+Myth+of+German+Superiority+on+the+WW2+Eastern+Front&rft.date=2017-10-30&rft.aulast=Askey&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.operationbarbarossa.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F10%2FEssay-alt-view-TIK-presentation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> "In 1944, we received about one third of the ammunition powder from the Lend-Lease. Almost half of TNT (the main explosive filler for most kinds of ammunition) or raw materials for its production came from abroad in 1942–44."<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anews.com/p/67498308/">"Interview with Historian Alexei Isaev"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170923103208/http://www.anews.com/p/67498308/">Archived</a> 23 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Russian). </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> On 7 September 1943, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Himmler</a> sent orders to <a href="/wiki/HSSPF" class="mw-redirect" title="HSSPF">HSSPF</a> "Ukraine" <a href="/wiki/Hans-Adolf_Pr%C3%BCtzmann" title="Hans-Adolf Prützmann">Hans-Adolf Prützmann</a> that "not a human being, not a single head of cattle, not a hundredweight of cereals and not a railway line remain behind; that not a house remains standing, not a mine is available which is not destroyed for years to come, that there is not a well which is not poisoned. The enemy must really find completely burned and destroyed land". He ordered cooperation with Infantry general Staff, also someone named Stampf, and sent copies to the Chief of Regular Police, Chief of Security Police & SS, <a href="/wiki/SS-Obergruppenf%C3%BChrer" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-Obergruppenführer">SS-Obergruppenführer</a> Berger, and the chief of the partisan combating units.<a href="#cite_note-167">[147]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soviet_numbers-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Soviet_numbers_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Soviet_numbers_182-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Soviet_numbers_182-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Soviet_numbers_182-3">d</a> Soviet numbers for 1945 are for the whole of 1945, including after the war was over. </li> <li id="cite_note-German_tank_numbers-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-German_tank_numbers_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-German_tank_numbers_183-1">b</a> German figures for 1941 and 1942 include tanks only. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001273-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomasevich2001273_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTomasevich2001">Tomasevich 2001</a>, p. 273. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStahel2018168-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStahel2018168_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStahel2018">Stahel 2018</a>, p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-ino-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ino_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ino_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ino_7-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFБезугольныйСиницынКондратенкоМедведев2024">Безугольный et al. 2024</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGosztony1991[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2025]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2025)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGosztony1991[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2025]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2025)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGosztony1991">Gosztony 1991</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2018[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2025]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2025)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2018[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2025]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2025)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdwards2018">Edwards 2018</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellamy2007xix-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellamy2007xix_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBellamy2007">Bellamy 2007</a>, p. xix. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_24-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts2002">Roberts 2002</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/09/world-war-ii-the-eastern-front/100150/">"World War II: The Eastern Front"</a>. The Atlantic. 18 September 2011. Retrieved 26 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=World+War+II%3A+The+Eastern+Front&rft.date=2011-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finfocus%2F2011%2F09%2Fworld-war-ii-the-eastern-front%2F100150%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENolte1966358-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENolte1966358_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNolte1966">Nolte 1966</a>, p. 358. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECross2002viii-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECross2002viii_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCross2002">Cross 2002</a>, p. viii. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hankey2015-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hankey2015_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hankey2015_28-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHankey2015">Hankey 2015</a>, pp. 49–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESocher2021[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2025]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2025)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESocher2021[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_March_2025]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(March_2025)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSocher2021">Socher 2021</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcKale2006">McKale 2006</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEricson199934–35-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEricson199934–35_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEricson1999">Ericson 1999</a>, pp. 34–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-malksoo-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-malksoo_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-malksoo_32-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMälksoo2003">Mälksoo 2003</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGellately1996-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGellately1996_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGellately1996">Gellately 1996</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Megargee2007-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Megargee2007_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMegargee2007">Megargee 2007</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeinrich_Himmler" class="citation web cs1">Heinrich Himmler. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090302202411/http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/SS2.htm">"Speech of the Reichsfuehrer-SS at the meeting of SS Major-Generals at Posen 4 October 1943"</a>. Source: Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Vol. IV. USGPO, Washington, 1946, pp. 616–634. Stuart Stein, University of the West of England. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/SS2.htm">the original</a> on 2 March 2009. <q>Whether nations live in prosperity or starve to death … interests me only in so far as we need them as slaves for our Kultur ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Source%3A+Nazi+Conspiracy+and+Aggression%2C+Vol.+IV.+USGPO%2C+Washington%2C+1946%2C+pp.+616%E2%80%93634&rft.atitle=Speech+of+the+Reichsfuehrer-SS+at+the+meeting+of+SS+Major-Generals+at+Posen+4+October+1943&rft.au=Heinrich+Himmler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ess.uwe.ac.uk%2Fgenocide%2FSS2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnelly1999-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnelly1999_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConnelly1999">Connelly 1999</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans198959–60-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans198959–60_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans1989">Evans 1989</a>, pp. 59–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFörster2005127-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFörster2005127_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFörster2005">Förster 2005</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinberg1995_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinberg1995">Steinberg 1995</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/Holocaust/wansee-transcript.html">"The Wannsee Protocol"</a>. Literature of the Holocaust. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 5 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Literature+of+the+Holocaust&rft.atitle=The+Wannsee+Protocol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.writing.upenn.edu%2F~afilreis%2FHolocaust%2Fwansee-transcript.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"> citing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMendelsohn1982" class="citation book cs1">Mendelsohn, John, ed. (1982). The Wannsee Protocol and a 1944 Report on Auschwitz by the Office of Strategic Services. The Holocaust: Selected Documents in Eighteen Volumes. Vol. 11. New York: Garland. pp. 18–32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wannsee+Protocol+and+a+1944+Report+on+Auschwitz+by+the+Office+of+Strategic+Services&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=The+Holocaust%3A+Selected+Documents+in+Eighteen+Volumes&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.pub=Garland&rft.date=1982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach1998-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach1998_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach1998">Gerlach 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELower200671-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELower200671_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLower2006">Lower 2006</a>, p. 71, [...] Ostrausch (a colonizing high or intoxication with the East) [...]. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/youtube-KFiOi_UnX98"> Adolf Hitler's Speech on Operation Barbarossa </a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill201634–44-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill201634–44_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHill2016">Hill 2016</a>, pp. 34–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolloten2015483-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolloten2015483_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBolloten2015">Bolloten 2015</a>, p. 483. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jurado_2006,_page_5-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jurado_2006,_page_5_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jurado_2006,_page_5_47-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJurado2013">Jurado 2013</a>, pp. 5–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELind200259-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELind200259_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLind2002">Lind 2002</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-weinberg-49"><a href="#cite_ref-weinberg_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeinberg1970">Weinberg 1970</a>, p. 346. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpector2005257-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpector2005257_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpector2005">Spector 2005</a>, p. 257. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Maksim-Litvinov">"Maksim Litvinov"</a>. 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London: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7434-4974-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7434-4974-8"><bdi>978-0-7434-4974-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D-Day%3A+the+Battle+for+the+Normandy+Beaches&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7434-4974-8&rft.aulast=Ambrose&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFБезугольныйСиницынКондратенкоМедведев2024" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Безугольный, Алексей Юрьевич; Синицын, Федор Леонидович; Кондратенко, Сергей Юрьевич; Медведев, Максим Валерьевич (2024). 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Third Axis Fourth Ally. Arms and Armour. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85409-267-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85409-267-0"><bdi>978-1-85409-267-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Third+Axis+Fourth+Ally&rft.pub=Arms+and+Armour&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-85409-267-0&rft.aulast=Axworthy&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Scafe%C8%99%2C+Cornel+I.&rft.au=Cr%C7%8Eciunoiu%2C+Cristian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaxter2009" class="citation book cs1">Baxter, Ian (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Nb6PQAACAAJ&pg=PP1">Battle in the Baltics, 1944–45: The Fighting for Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia: a Photographic History</a>. 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New York: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-88695-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-88695-5"><bdi>0-670-88695-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berlin%3A+The+Downfall+1945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-670-88695-5&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBellamy2007" class="citation book cs1">Bellamy, Chris (2007). Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War. 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University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-2447-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-2447-1"><bdi>978-1-4696-2447-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War%3A+Revolution+and+Counterrevolution&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4696-2447-1&rft.aulast=Bolloten&rft.aufirst=Burnett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0F20CAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBonfante2008" class="citation news cs1">Bonfante, Jordan (23 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528171454/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1809018,00.html">"Remembering a Red Flag Day"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1809018,00.html">the original</a> on 28 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Remembering+a+Red+Flag+Day&rft.date=2008-05-23&rft.aulast=Bonfante&rft.aufirst=Jordan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1809018%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBorejsza2017" class="citation book cs1">Borejsza, Jerzy W. (2017). A ridiculous hundred million Slavs: Concerning Adolf Hitler's world-view. Translated by French, David. Warsaw, Poland: Polskiej Akademii Nauk. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-63352-88-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-63352-88-2"><bdi>978-83-63352-88-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+ridiculous+hundred+million+Slavs%3A+Concerning+Adolf+Hitler%27s+world-view&rft.place=Warsaw%2C+Poland&rft.pub=Polskiej+Akademii+Nauk&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-83-63352-88-2&rft.aulast=Borejsza&rft.aufirst=Jerzy+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBraun1990" class="citation book cs1">Braun, Hans-Joachim (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/germaneconomyint00brau">The German Economy in the Twentieth Century</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-02101-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-02101-2"><bdi>978-0-415-02101-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Economy+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-415-02101-2&rft.aulast=Braun&rft.aufirst=Hans-Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgermaneconomyint00brau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCalvocoressiWint1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Calvocoressi" title="Peter Calvocoressi">Calvocoressi, Peter</a>; Wint, Guy (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/totalwarstoryofw00calv">Total War: The Story of World War II</a>. 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London: Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35864-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35864-9"><bdi>0-304-35864-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barbarossa&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=0-304-35864-9&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClodfelter2017" class="citation book cs1">Clodfelter, Micheal (24 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kNzCDgAAQBAJ">Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015</a> (4th ed.). McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-2585-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-2585-0"><bdi>978-1-4766-2585-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Armed+Conflicts%3A+A+Statistical+Encyclopedia+of+Casualty+and+Other+Figures%2C+1492-2015&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2017-04-24&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-2585-0&rft.aulast=Clodfelter&rft.aufirst=Micheal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkNzCDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConnelly1999" class="citation journal cs1">Connelly, John (1999). "Nazis and Slavs: From Racial Theory to Racist Practice". <a href="/wiki/Central_European_History" title="Central European History">Central European History</a>. 32 (1): 1–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0008938900020628">10.1017/S0008938900020628</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4546842">4546842</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20077627">20077627</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41052845">41052845</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+European+History&rft.atitle=Nazis+and+Slavs%3A+From+Racial+Theory+to+Racist+Practice&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20077627&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41052845%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4546842%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0008938900020628&rft.aulast=Connelly&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCross2002" class="citation book cs1">Cross, Robin (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battleofkurskope0000cros/page/n5/mode/1up">The Battle of Kursk: Operation Citadel 1943</a>. Penguin Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141391090" title="Special:BookSources/9780141391090"><bdi>9780141391090</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Kursk%3A+Operation+Citadel+1943&rft.pub=Penguin+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780141391090&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattleofkurskope0000cros%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeighton1993" class="citation book cs1">Deighton, Len (1993). Blood, Tears and Folly. London: Pimlico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-6226-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-6226-X"><bdi>0-7126-6226-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood%2C+Tears+and+Folly&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-7126-6226-X&rft.aulast=Deighton&rft.aufirst=Len&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuiker2015" class="citation book cs1">Duiker, William J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gd0bCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT159">"The Crisis Deepens: The Outbreak of World War II"</a>. Contemporary World History (sixth ed.). Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-285-44790-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-285-44790-2"><bdi>978-1-285-44790-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Crisis+Deepens%3A+The+Outbreak+of+World+War+II&rft.btitle=Contemporary+World+History&rft.edition=sixth&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-285-44790-2&rft.aulast=Duiker&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGd0bCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2018" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Robert (15 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ed9jDwAAQBAJ&q=World+War+2+eastern+front">The Eastern Front: The Germans and Soviets at War in World War II</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-6784-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-6784-2"><bdi>978-0-8117-6784-2</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eastern+Front%3A+The+Germans+and+Soviets+at+War+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2018-08-15&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-6784-2&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ded9jDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DWorld%2BWar%2B2%2Beastern%2Bfront&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEricson1998" class="citation journal cs1">Ericson, Edward E. III (1998). "Karl Schnurre and the Evolution of Nazi–Soviet Relations, 1936–1941". <a href="/wiki/German_Studies_Review" title="German Studies Review">German Studies Review</a>. 21 (2): 263–283. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1432205">10.2307/1432205</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1432205">1432205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=German+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Karl+Schnurre+and+the+Evolution+of+Nazi%E2%80%93Soviet+Relations%2C+1936%E2%80%931941&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E263-%3C%2Fspan%3E283&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1432205&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1432205%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ericson&rft.aufirst=Edward+E.+III&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEricson1999" class="citation book cs1">Ericson, Edward (1999). Feeding the German Eagle: Soviet Military Aid to Nazi Germany, 1933–1941. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-96337-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-96337-3"><bdi>0-275-96337-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feeding+the+German+Eagle%3A+Soviet+Military+Aid+to+Nazi+Germany%2C+1933%E2%80%931941&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-275-96337-3&rft.aulast=Ericson&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Vadim <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFErlichman2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Erlichman, Vadim V. (2004). Poteri narodonaselenija v XX veke Spravocnik (in Russian). Moscow: Russkaja panorama. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-93165-107-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-93165-107-1"><bdi>978-5-93165-107-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poteri+narodonaselenija+v+XX+veke+Spravocnik&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Russkaja+panorama&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-5-93165-107-1&rft.aulast=Erlichman&rft.aufirst=Vadim+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEvans1989" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Richard J. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UZgiAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA59">In Hitler's Shadow: West German Historians and the Attempt to Escape from the Nazi Past</a>. Pantheon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-57686-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-57686-2"><bdi>978-0-394-57686-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Hitler%27s+Shadow%3A+West+German+Historians+and+the+Attempt+to+Escape+from+the+Nazi+Past&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-394-57686-2&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUZgiAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFörster2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_F%C3%B6rster" title="Jürgen Förster">Förster, Jürgen</a> (2005). <a href="/wiki/Russia:_War,_Peace_and_Diplomacy" title="Russia: War, Peace and Diplomacy">Russia: War, Peace and Diplomacy</a>. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780297849131" title="Special:BookSources/9780297849131"><bdi>9780297849131</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%3A+War%2C+Peace+and+Diplomacy&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780297849131&rft.aulast=F%C3%B6rster&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrieser1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Karl-Heinz_Frieser" title="Karl-Heinz Frieser">Frieser, Karl-Heinz</a> (1995). Blitzkrieg-Legende: Der Westfeldzug 1940, Operationen des Zweiten Weltkrieges [The Blitzkrieg Myth: The Western Campaign in 1940, Operations of the Second World War] (in German). Munich: R. Oldenbourg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-486-56124-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-486-56124-1"><bdi>978-3-486-56124-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blitzkrieg-Legende%3A+Der+Westfeldzug+1940%2C+Operationen+des+Zweiten+Weltkrieges&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=R.+Oldenbourg&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-3-486-56124-1&rft.aulast=Frieser&rft.aufirst=Karl-Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrieser2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl-Heinz_Frieser" title="Karl-Heinz Frieser">Frieser, Karl-Heinz</a> (2017). Germany and the Second World War: The Eastern Front 1943–1944: The War in the East and on the Neighbouring Fronts. Vol. VIII (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-872346-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-872346-2"><bdi>978-0-19-872346-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+and+the+Second+World+War%3A+The+Eastern+Front+1943%E2%80%931944%3A+The+War+in+the+East+and+on+the+Neighbouring+Fronts&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-872346-2&rft.aulast=Frieser&rft.aufirst=Karl-Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFry2019" class="citation book cs1">Fry, Helen (2019). The Walls Have Ears. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23860-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23860-0"><bdi>978-0-300-23860-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Walls+Have+Ears&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-300-23860-0&rft.aulast=Fry&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarthoff1969" class="citation journal cs1">Garthoff, Raymond L. (October 1969). "The Soviet Manchurian Campaign, August 1945". Military Affairs. 33 (2): 312–336. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1983926">10.2307/1983926</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1983926">1983926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Soviet+Manchurian+Campaign%2C+August+1945&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E312-%3C%2Fspan%3E336&rft.date=1969-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1983926&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1983926%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Garthoff&rft.aufirst=Raymond+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGellately1996" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gellately" title="Robert Gellately">Gellately, Robert</a> (June 1996). "Reviewed work(s): Vom Generalplan Ost zum Generalsiedlungsplan by Czeslaw Madajczyk; Der "Generalplan Ost." Hauptlinien der nationalsozialistischen Planungs- und Vernichtungspolitik by <a href="/wiki/Mechtild_R%C3%B6ssler" title="Mechtild Rössler">Mechtild Rössler</a> and Sabine Schleiermacher". <a href="/wiki/Central_European_History" title="Central European History">Central European History</a>. 29 (2): 270–274. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0008938900013170">10.1017/S0008938900013170</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4546609">4546609</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+European+History&rft.atitle=Reviewed+work%28s%29%3A+Vom+Generalplan+Ost+zum+Generalsiedlungsplan+by+Czeslaw+Madajczyk%3B+Der+%22Generalplan+Ost.%22+Hauptlinien+der+nationalsozialistischen+Planungs-+und+Vernichtungspolitik+by+Mechtild+R%C3%B6ssler+and+Sabine+Schleiermacher&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E270-%3C%2Fspan%3E274&rft.date=1996-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0008938900013170&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4546609%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gellately&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGellately2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gellately" title="Robert Gellately">Gellately, Robert</a> (2007). Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Knopf</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4005-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4005-6"><bdi>978-1-4000-4005-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin%2C+Stalin%2C+and+Hitler%3A+The+Age+of+Social+Catastrophe&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-4005-6&rft.aulast=Gellately&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGerlach1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Gerlach" title="Christian Gerlach">Gerlach, Christian</a> (December 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://boris.unibe.ch/74383/1/235167.pdf">"The Wannsee Conference, the Fate of German Jews, and Hitler's Decision in Principle to Exterminate All European Jews"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Modern_History" title="The Journal of Modern History">The Journal of Modern History</a>. 70 (4): 759–812. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F235167">10.1086/235167</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143904500">143904500</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=The+Wannsee+Conference%2C+the+Fate+of+German+Jews%2C+and+Hitler%27s+Decision+in+Principle+to+Exterminate+All+European+Jews&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E759-%3C%2Fspan%3E812&rft.date=1998-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F235167&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143904500%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gerlach&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fboris.unibe.ch%2F74383%2F1%2F235167.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin</a> (1988). Atlas of the Holocaust. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-12364-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-688-12364-3"><bdi>0-688-12364-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+the+Holocaust&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-688-12364-3&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secondworldwar00gilb_0/page/242">Second World War</a>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secondworldwar00gilb_0/page/242">242–3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-79616-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-79616-X"><bdi>0-297-79616-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Second+World+War&rft.place=London&rft.pages=242-3&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-297-79616-X&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecondworldwar00gilb_0%2Fpage%2F242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlantzHouse1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Glantz" class="mw-redirect" title="David Glantz">Glantz, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_House" title="Jonathan House">House, Jonathan</a> (1995). When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army stopped Hitler. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-0899-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7006-0899-0"><bdi>0-7006-0899-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Titans+Clashed%3A+How+the+Red+Army+stopped+Hitler&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-7006-0899-0&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=House%2C+Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlantz1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Glantz" class="mw-redirect" title="David Glantz">Glantz, David M.</a> (1998). Stumbling colossus: the Red Army on the eve of World War. Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1789-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1789-0"><bdi>978-0-7006-1789-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stumbling+colossus%3A+the+Red+Army+on+the+eve+of+World+War&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kan.&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1789-0&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlantz2001" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Glantz" class="mw-redirect" title="David Glantz">Glantz, David M.</a> (11 October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160408141332/http://sti.clemson.edu/publications-mainmenu-38/commentaries-mainmenu-211/doc_download/189-the-soviet-german-war-1941-1945-myths-and-realities-a-survey-essay">The Soviet-German War, 1941–1945: Myths and Realities</a>. Strom Thurmond Institute of Government and Public Affairs, Clemson University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sti.clemson.edu/publications-mainmenu-38/commentaries-mainmenu-211/doc_download/189-the-soviet-german-war-1941-1945-myths-and-realities-a-survey-essay">the original</a> on 8 April 2016. Retrieved 2 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+Soviet-German+War%2C+1941%E2%80%931945%3A+Myths+and+Realities&rft.date=2001-10-11&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsti.clemson.edu%2Fpublications-mainmenu-38%2Fcommentaries-mainmenu-211%2Fdoc_download%2F189-the-soviet-german-war-1941-1945-myths-and-realities-a-survey-essay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlantz2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Glantz" class="mw-redirect" title="David Glantz">Glantz, David M.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4uRmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP1">The Battle for Leningrad: 1941–1944</a>. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1208-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1208-6"><bdi>978-0-7006-1208-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+Leningrad%3A+1941%E2%80%931944&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1208-6&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4uRmAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlantz2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Glantz" class="mw-redirect" title="David Glantz">Glantz, David M.</a> (2005). Colossus reborn : the Red Army at war: 1941-1943. Kansas: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1353-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1353-3"><bdi>978-0-7006-1353-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colossus+reborn+%3A+the+Red+Army+at+war%3A+1941-1943&rft.place=Kansas&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1353-3&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlantzHouse2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Glantz" class="mw-redirect" title="David Glantz">Glantz, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_House" title="Jonathan House">House, Jonathan</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WS2ArgEACAAJ&pg=PA301">When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler</a>. Modern War Studies (second ed.). University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-2121-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-2121-7"><bdi>978-0-7006-2121-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Titans+Clashed%3A+How+the+Red+Army+Stopped+Hitler&rft.series=Modern+War+Studies&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-2121-7&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=House%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWS2ArgEACAAJ%26pg%3DPA301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGosztony1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gosztony, Peter (1991). Stalins Fremde Heere (in German). Bernard & Graefe Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7637-5889-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-7637-5889-5"><bdi>3-7637-5889-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalins+Fremde+Heere&rft.pub=Bernard+%26+Graefe+Verlag&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=3-7637-5889-5&rft.aulast=Gosztony&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGunther1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Gunther" title="John Gunther">Gunther, John</a> (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rooseveltinretro00gunt">Roosevelt in retrospect: a profile in history</a>. New York: Harper & Brothers. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6301458">6301458</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roosevelt+in+retrospect%3A+a+profile+in+history&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6301458&rft.aulast=Gunther&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frooseveltinretro00gunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHankey2015" class="citation book cs1">Hankey, Donald (3 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MPzOBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA50">The Supreme Control at the Paris Peace Conference 1919 (Routledge Revivals): A Commentary</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-56756-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-56756-1"><bdi>978-1-317-56756-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Supreme+Control+at+the+Paris+Peace+Conference+1919+%28Routledge+Revivals%29%3A+A+Commentary&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-06-03&rft.isbn=978-1-317-56756-1&rft.aulast=Hankey&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMPzOBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHanson2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson, Victor Davis</a> (2020). The Second World Wars: How the First Global Conflict Was Fought and Won (Reprint ed.). New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1541674103" title="Special:BookSources/978-1541674103"><bdi>978-1541674103</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+Wars%3A+How+the+First+Global+Conflict+Was+Fought+and+Won&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1541674103&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=Victor+Davis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHardesty1982" class="citation book cs1">Hardesty, Von (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-lmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA16">Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power, 1941–1945</a>. Smithsonian Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87474-510-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87474-510-8"><bdi>978-0-87474-510-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Phoenix%3A+The+Rise+of+Soviet+Air+Power%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-87474-510-8&rft.aulast=Hardesty&rft.aufirst=Von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ-lmAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHastings2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Hastings" title="Max Hastings">Hastings, Max</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uKmeiZmEXJoC&pg=PP1">Armageddon: The Battle for Germany, 1944–45</a>. Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-71422-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-71422-1"><bdi>978-0-375-71422-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armageddon%3A+The+Battle+for+Germany%2C+1944%E2%80%9345&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-375-71422-1&rft.aulast=Hastings&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuKmeiZmEXJoC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHayward1998" class="citation book cs1">Hayward, Joel (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stoppedatstaling00hayw">Stopped at Stalingrad</a>. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-1146-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7006-1146-0"><bdi>0-7006-1146-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stopped+at+Stalingrad&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7006-1146-0&rft.aulast=Hayward&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoppedatstaling00hayw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbert1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Herbert" title="Ulrich Herbert">Herbert, Ulrich</a> (1997). Hitler's Foreign Workers: Enforced Foreign Labour in Germany Under the Third Reich. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-47000-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-47000-5"><bdi>0-521-47000-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Foreign+Workers%3A+Enforced+Foreign+Labour+in+Germany+Under+the+Third+Reich&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-521-47000-5&rft.aulast=Herbert&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHiio2006" class="citation book cs1">Hiio, Toomas (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n6o-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PP1">"Combat in Estonia in 1944"</a>. In Hiio, Toomas; Maripuu, Meelis; Paavle, Indrek (eds.). Estonia, 1940–1945: Reports of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity. Tallinn: Estonian Foundation for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9949-13-040-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-9949-13-040-5"><bdi>978-9949-13-040-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Combat+in+Estonia+in+1944&rft.btitle=Estonia%2C+1940%E2%80%931945%3A+Reports+of+the+Estonian+International+Commission+for+the+Investigation+of+Crimes+Against+Humanity&rft.place=Tallinn&rft.pub=Estonian+Foundation+for+the+Investigation+of+Crimes+Against+Humanity&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-9949-13-040-5&rft.aulast=Hiio&rft.aufirst=Toomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn6o-AQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHill2016" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Alexander (2016). The Red Army and the Second World War. UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02079-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02079-5"><bdi>978-1-107-02079-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red+Army+and+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-107-02079-5&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHitchcock2008" class="citation book cs1">Hitchcock, William I. (2008). The Bitter Road to Freedom: The Human Cost of Allied Victory in World War II Europe. New York: Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-7381-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-7381-7"><bdi>978-0-7432-7381-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bitter+Road+to+Freedom%3A+The+Human+Cost+of+Allied+Victory+in+World+War+II+Europe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-7381-7&rft.aulast=Hitchcock&rft.aufirst=William+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHosking2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hosking" title="Geoffrey Hosking">Hosking, Geoffrey A.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CDMVMqDvp4QC&pg=PA242">Rulers and Victims: The Russians in the Soviet Union</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02178-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02178-5"><bdi>978-0-674-02178-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rulers+and+Victims%3A+The+Russians+in+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02178-5&rft.aulast=Hosking&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCDMVMqDvp4QC%26pg%3DPA242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJacobsen1961" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jacobsen, Hans-Adolf (1961). 1939–1945, Der Zweite Weltkrieg in Chronik und Dokumenten [1939–1945, The Second World War a Chronic and Documents] (in German). Darmstadt. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/940233398">940233398</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1939%E2%80%931945%2C+Der+Zweite+Weltkrieg+in+Chronik+und+Dokumenten&rft.place=Darmstadt&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F940233398&rft.aulast=Jacobsen&rft.aufirst=Hans-Adolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones2015" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Michael (6 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wp9PEAAAQBAJ">After Hitler: The Last Ten Days of World War II in Europe</a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-451-47701-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-451-47701-9"><bdi>978-0-451-47701-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Hitler%3A+The+Last+Ten+Days+of+World+War+II+in+Europe&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2015-10-06&rft.isbn=978-0-451-47701-9&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWp9PEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJurado2013" class="citation book cs1">Jurado, Carlos Caballero (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cZKHCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5">The Condor Legion: German Troops in the Spanish Civil War</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-0716-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-0716-8"><bdi>978-1-4728-0716-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Condor+Legion%3A+German+Troops+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-0716-8&rft.aulast=Jurado&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Caballero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcZKHCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKangilaskiSalo2005" class="citation book cs1">Kangilaski, Jaak; Salo, Vello (2005). Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riigikogu.ee/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/TheWhiteBook.pdf">The White Book: Losses inflicted on the Estonian nation by occupation regimes, 1940–1991</a> (PDF). Estonian Encyclopedia Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9985-70-195-X" title="Special:BookSources/9985-70-195-X"><bdi>9985-70-195-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+White+Book%3A+Losses+inflicted+on+the+Estonian+nation+by+occupation+regimes%2C+1940%E2%80%931991&rft.pub=Estonian+Encyclopedia+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9985-70-195-X&rft.aulast=Kangilaski&rft.aufirst=Jaak&rft.au=Salo%2C+Vello&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.riigikogu.ee%2Fwpcms%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F02%2FTheWhiteBook.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKarlbom1968" class="citation journal cs1">Karlbom, Rolf (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03585522.1968.10411499">"Swedish iron ore exports to Germany, 1933–44"</a>. Scandinavian Economic History Review. 16 (2): 171–175. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03585522.1968.10411499">10.1080/03585522.1968.10411499</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scandinavian+Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=Swedish+iron+ore+exports+to+Germany%2C+1933%E2%80%9344&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E171-%3C%2Fspan%3E175&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03585522.1968.10411499&rft.aulast=Karlbom&rft.aufirst=Rolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F03585522.1968.10411499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrivosheev1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Grigori_F._Krivosheev" title="Grigori F. Krivosheev">Krivosheev, G. F.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CTTfAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP1">Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century</a>. Greenhill Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-280-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-280-4"><bdi>978-1-85367-280-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Casualties+and+Combat+Losses+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Greenhill+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85367-280-4&rft.aulast=Krivosheev&rft.aufirst=G.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCTTfAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKurenmaaLentilä2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kurenmaa, Pekka; Lentilä, Riitta (2005). "Sodan tappiot". In Leskinen, Jari; Juutilainen, Antti (eds.). Jatkosodan pikkujättiläinen (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Werner Söderström. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-0-28690-7" title="Special:BookSources/951-0-28690-7"><bdi>951-0-28690-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sodan+tappiot&rft.btitle=Jatkosodan+pikkuj%C3%A4ttil%C3%A4inen&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Werner+S%C3%B6derstr%C3%B6m&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=951-0-28690-7&rft.aulast=Kurenmaa&rft.aufirst=Pekka&rft.au=Lentil%C3%A4%2C+Riitta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaar2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Laar, Mart (2006). Sinimäed 1944: II maailmasõja lahingud Kirde-Eestis [Sinimäed Hills 1944: Battles of World War II in Northeast Estonia] (in Estonian). Tallinn: Varrak. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9985-3-1117-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9985-3-1117-2"><bdi>978-9985-3-1117-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sinim%C3%A4ed+1944%3A+II+maailmas%C3%B5ja+lahingud+Kirde-Eestis&rft.place=Tallinn&rft.pub=Varrak&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-9985-3-1117-2&rft.aulast=Laar&rft.aufirst=Mart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiddell_Hart1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/B.H._Liddell_Hart" class="mw-redirect" title="B.H. Liddell Hart">Liddell Hart, Basil Henry</a> (1970). History of the Second World War. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/878163245">878163245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F878163245&rft.aulast=Liddell+Hart&rft.aufirst=Basil+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLind2002" class="citation book cs1">Lind, Michael (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zvg1lr79qcEC&pg=PA59">Vietnam: The Necessary War: A Reinterpretation of America's Most Disastrous Military Conflict</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-87027-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-87027-4"><bdi>978-0-684-87027-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam%3A+The+Necessary+War%3A+A+Reinterpretation+of+America%27s+Most+Disastrous+Military+Conflict&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-684-87027-4&rft.aulast=Lind&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzvg1lr79qcEC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLoeffel2012" class="citation book cs1">Loeffel, Robert (2012). Family Punishment in Nazi Germany: Sippenhaft, Terror and Myth. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-34305-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-34305-4"><bdi>978-0-230-34305-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Family+Punishment+in+Nazi+Germany%3A+Sippenhaft%2C+Terror+and+Myth&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-230-34305-4&rft.aulast=Loeffel&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLower2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Lower" title="Wendy Lower">Lower, Wendy</a> (18 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UwDmUJWdcJkC">Nazi Empire-Building and the Holocaust in Ukraine</a>. University of North Carolina Press. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807876916" title="Special:BookSources/9780807876916"><bdi>9780807876916</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 December 2023. <q>[...] Ostrausch (a colonizing high or intoxication with the East) [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazi+Empire-Building+and+the+Holocaust+in+Ukraine&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2006-05-18&rft.isbn=9780807876916&rft.aulast=Lower&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUwDmUJWdcJkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMälksoo2003" class="citation book cs1">Mälksoo, Lauri (2003). Illegal Annexation and State Continuity: The Case of the Incorporation of the Baltic States by the USSR. Leiden, Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-411-2177-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-411-2177-3"><bdi>90-411-2177-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illegal+Annexation+and+State+Continuity%3A+The+Case+of+the+Incorporation+of+the+Baltic+States+by+the+USSR&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Boston&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=90-411-2177-3&rft.aulast=M%C3%A4lksoo&rft.aufirst=Lauri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMannJörgensen2002" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Chris; Jörgensen, Christer (2002). Hitler's arctic war: the German campaigns in Norway, Finland and the USSR 1940–1945. Jörgensen, Christer. Surrey: Allan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-2899-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7110-2899-0"><bdi>0-7110-2899-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/58342844">58342844</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+arctic+war%3A+the+German+campaigns+in+Norway%2C+Finland+and+the+USSR+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Surrey&rft.pub=Allan&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F58342844&rft.isbn=0-7110-2899-0&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=J%C3%B6rgensen%2C+Christer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMastny1972" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Mastny, Vojtech</a> (December 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MastnystalinAndProspectsOfSeparatePeaceInWorld">"Stalin and the Prospects of a Separate Peace in World War II"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_American_Historical_Review" title="The American Historical Review">The American Historical Review</a>. 77 (5): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MastnystalinAndProspectsOfSeparatePeaceInWorld/page/n0">1365</a>–1388. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1861311">10.2307/1861311</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1861311">1861311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Stalin+and+the+Prospects+of+a+Separate+Peace+in+World+War+II&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1365-1388&rft.date=1972-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1861311&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1861311%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mastny&rft.aufirst=Vojtech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMastnystalinAndProspectsOfSeparatePeaceInWorld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcKale2006" class="citation book cs1">McKale, Donald M. (17 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aX4IuvfX194C&q=Everything+I+undertake+is+directed+against+the+Russians.+If+the+West+is+too+stupid+and+blind+to+grasp+this,+then+I+shall+be+compelled+to+come+to+an+agreement+with+the+Russians,+beat+the+West+and+then+after+their+defeat+turn+against+the+Soviet+Union+with+all+my+forces.+I+need+the+Ukraine+so+that+they+can't+starve+us+out,+as+happened+in+the+last+war&pg=PA124">Hitler's Shadow War: The Holocaust and World War II</a>. Taylor Trade Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-3547-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-3547-5"><bdi>978-1-4616-3547-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Shadow+War%3A+The+Holocaust+and+World+War+II&rft.pub=Taylor+Trade+Publishing&rft.date=2006-03-17&rft.isbn=978-1-4616-3547-5&rft.aulast=McKale&rft.aufirst=Donald+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaX4IuvfX194C%26q%3DEverything%2BI%2Bundertake%2Bis%2Bdirected%2Bagainst%2Bthe%2BRussians.%2BIf%2Bthe%2BWest%2Bis%2Btoo%2Bstupid%2Band%2Bblind%2Bto%2Bgrasp%2Bthis%2C%2Bthen%2BI%2Bshall%2Bbe%2Bcompelled%2Bto%2Bcome%2Bto%2Ban%2Bagreement%2Bwith%2Bthe%2BRussians%2C%2Bbeat%2Bthe%2BWest%2Band%2Bthen%2Bafter%2Btheir%2Bdefeat%2Bturn%2Bagainst%2Bthe%2BSoviet%2BUnion%2Bwith%2Ball%2Bmy%2Bforces.%2BI%2Bneed%2Bthe%2BUkraine%2Bso%2Bthat%2Bthey%2Bcan%27t%2Bstarve%2Bus%2Bout%2C%2Bas%2Bhappened%2Bin%2Bthe%2Blast%2Bwar%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMegargee2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Megargee" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoffrey Megargee">Megargee, Geoffrey P.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QSpUZ6t6BPwC&pg=PA4">War of Annihilation: Combat and Genocide on the Eastern Front, 1941</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4482-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4482-6"><bdi>978-0-7425-4482-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+of+Annihilation%3A+Combat+and+Genocide+on+the+Eastern+Front%2C+1941&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-4482-6&rft.aulast=Megargee&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQSpUZ6t6BPwC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMerridale2006" class="citation book cs1">Merridale, Catherine (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ivanswarlifedeat00merr_0/page/158">Ivan's War: Life and Death in the Red Army</a>. New York : Metropolitan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-7455-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-7455-4"><bdi>0-8050-7455-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60671899">60671899</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ivan%27s+War%3A+Life+and+Death+in+the+Red+Army&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Metropolitan+Books&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60671899&rft.isbn=0-8050-7455-4&rft.aulast=Merridale&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fivanswarlifedeat00merr_0%2Fpage%2F158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMilward1964" class="citation journal cs1">Milward, A. S. (1964). "The End of the Blitzkrieg". <a href="/wiki/The_Economic_History_Review" title="The Economic History Review">The Economic History Review</a>. 16 (3): 499–518. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0289.1964.tb01744.x">10.1111/j.1468-0289.1964.tb01744.x</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2592851">2592851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+End+of+the+Blitzkrieg&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E499-%3C%2Fspan%3E518&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0289.1964.tb01744.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2592851%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Milward&rft.aufirst=A.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoorcraft2023" class="citation book cs1">Moorcraft, Paul (2023). Churchill's German Special Forces: The Elite Refugee Troops Who Took the War to Hitler. Pen and Sword Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781399061308" title="Special:BookSources/9781399061308"><bdi>9781399061308</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill%27s+German+Special+Forces%3A+The+Elite+Refugee+Troops+Who+Took+the+War+to+Hitler&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Military&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781399061308&rft.aulast=Moorcraft&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMüller-Hillebrand1956" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Müller-Hillebrand, Burkhart (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EASitwAACAAJ&pg=PA102">Das Heer 1933–1945: Entwicklung des organisatorischen Aufbaues. Die Blitzfeldzüge 1939–1941</a> (in German). Vol. Two. Mittler & Sohn. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/186135042">186135042</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Heer+1933%E2%80%931945%3A+Entwicklung+des+organisatorischen+Aufbaues.+Die+Blitzfeldz%C3%BCge+1939%E2%80%931941&rft.pub=Mittler+%26+Sohn&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F186135042&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller-Hillebrand&rft.aufirst=Burkhart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEASitwAACAAJ%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNolte1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Nolte" title="Ernst Nolte">Nolte, Ernst</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/threefacesoffasc0000nolt_x2l1">Three Faces of Fascism: Action Française, Italian Fascism, National Socialism</a> (1st ed.). Holt, Rinehart & Winston. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2460017">2460017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Faces+of+Fascism%3A+Action+Fran%C3%A7aise%2C+Italian+Fascism%2C+National+Socialism&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rinehart+%26+Winston&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2460017&rft.aulast=Nolte&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthreefacesoffasc0000nolt_x2l1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOvermans2000a" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_Overmans" title="Rüdiger Overmans">Overmans, Rüdiger</a> (2000a). Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg (in German). Oldenbourg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-486-56531-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-486-56531-1"><bdi>3-486-56531-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deutsche+milit%C3%A4rische+Verluste+im+Zweiten+Weltkrieg&rft.pub=Oldenbourg&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=3-486-56531-1&rft.aulast=Overmans&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOvermans2000b" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_Overmans" title="Rüdiger Overmans">Overmans, Rüdiger</a> (2000b). Soldaten hinter Stacheldraht. Deutsche Kriegsgefangene des Zweiten Weltkriege (in German). Ullstein. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-549-07121-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-549-07121-3"><bdi>3-549-07121-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soldaten+hinter+Stacheldraht.+Deutsche+Kriegsgefangene+des+Zweiten+Weltkriege&rft.pub=Ullstein&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=3-549-07121-3&rft.aulast=Overmans&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOvery1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Overy" title="Richard Overy">Overy, Richard</a> (1998). Russia's War: A History of the Soviet Effort: 1941–1945. New York: Penguin Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-027169-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-027169-4"><bdi>0-14-027169-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+War%3A+A+History+of+the+Soviet+Effort%3A+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Ltd.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-14-027169-4&rft.aulast=Overy&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOvery2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Overy" title="Richard Overy">Overy, Richard</a> (2004). The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7139-9309-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7139-9309-X"><bdi>0-7139-9309-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictators%3A+Hitler%27s+Germany+and+Stalin%27s+Russia&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7139-9309-X&rft.aulast=Overy&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPanayi2005" class="citation journal cs1">Panayi, Panikos (2005). "Exploitation, Criminality, Resistance. The Everyday Life of Foreign Workers and Prisoners of War in the German Town of Osnabrck, 1939-49". Journal of Contemporary History. 40 (3): 483–502. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022009405054568">10.1177/0022009405054568</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30036339">30036339</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159846665">159846665</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Exploitation%2C+Criminality%2C+Resistance.+The+Everyday+Life+of+Foreign+Workers+and+Prisoners+of+War+in+the+German+Town+of+Osnabrck%2C+1939-49&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E483-%3C%2Fspan%3E502&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159846665%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30036339%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022009405054568&rft.aulast=Panayi&rft.aufirst=Panikos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPayne2011" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Stanley G. (27 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S6Ie_HYgjUwC&pg=PA282">The Franco Regime, 1936–1975</a>. University of Wisconsin Pres. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-11073-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-11073-4"><bdi>978-0-299-11073-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Franco+Regime%2C+1936%E2%80%931975&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Pres&rft.date=2011-09-27&rft.isbn=978-0-299-11073-4&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS6Ie_HYgjUwC%26pg%3DPA282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPost2001" class="citation book cs1">Post, Walter (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6BegAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA249">Unternehmen Barbarossa: deutsche und sowjetische Angriffspläne 1940/41</a>. E.S. Mittler. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8132-0772-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8132-0772-9"><bdi>978-3-8132-0772-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unternehmen+Barbarossa%3A+deutsche+und+sowjetische+Angriffspl%C3%A4ne+1940%2F41&rft.pub=E.S.+Mittler&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3-8132-0772-9&rft.aulast=Post&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6BegAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRegan1992" class="citation book cs1">Regan, Geoffrey (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QJwkAAAACAAJ&pg=PA210">Military Anecdotes</a>. Andre Deutsch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-233-05077-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-233-05077-5"><bdi>978-0-233-05077-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Anecdotes&rft.pub=Andre+Deutsch&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-233-05077-5&rft.aulast=Regan&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQJwkAAAACAAJ%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReshin1998a" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Reshin, Evseĭ Isaakovich (1998a). The Year 1941 (in Russian). Vol. One. Междунар. фонд "Демократия". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-89511-009-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-89511-009-6"><bdi>978-5-89511-009-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Year+1941&rft.pub=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80.+%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4+%22%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%22&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-5-89511-009-6&rft.aulast=Reshin&rft.aufirst=Evse%C4%AD+Isaakovich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReshin1998b" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Reshin, Evseĭ Isaakovich (1998b). The Year 1941 (in Russian). Vol. Two. Междунар. фонд "Демократия". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-89511-012-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-89511-012-6"><bdi>978-5-89511-012-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Year+1941&rft.pub=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80.+%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4+%22%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%22&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-5-89511-012-6&rft.aulast=Reshin&rft.aufirst=Evse%C4%AD+Isaakovich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFResis2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Resis" title="Albert Resis">Resis, Albert</a> (2000). "The Fall of Litvinov: Harbinger of the German–Soviet Non-Aggression Pact". <a href="/wiki/Europe-Asia_Studies" title="Europe-Asia Studies">Europe-Asia Studies</a>. 52 (1): 33–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668130098253">10.1080/09668130098253</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153557275">153557275</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europe-Asia+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Fall+of+Litvinov%3A+Harbinger+of+the+German%E2%80%93Soviet+Non-Aggression+Pact&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668130098253&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153557275%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Resis&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Roberts" title="Geoffrey Roberts">Roberts, Geoffrey</a> (2002). Victory at Stalingrad (1st ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0582771857" title="Special:BookSources/978-0582771857"><bdi>978-0582771857</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victory+at+Stalingrad&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0582771857&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Roberts" title="Geoffrey Roberts">Roberts, Geoffrey</a> (2006). Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-11204-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-11204-1"><bdi>0-300-11204-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Wars%3A+From+World+War+to+Cold+War%2C+1939%E2%80%931953&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-300-11204-1&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1945" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, Jacob (April 1945). "Transfer of Property in Enemy Occupied Territory". <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_International_Law" title="American Journal of International Law">American Journal of International Law</a>. 39 (2): 216–230. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2192342">10.2307/2192342</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2192342">2192342</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147065225">147065225</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Transfer+of+Property+in+Enemy+Occupied+Territory&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E216-%3C%2Fspan%3E230&rft.date=1945-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147065225%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2192342%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2192342&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRotundo1986" class="citation journal cs1">Rotundo, Louis (January 1986). "The Creation of Soviet Reserves and the 1941 Campaign". Military Affairs. 50 (1): 21–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1988530">10.2307/1988530</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1988530">1988530</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Creation+of+Soviet+Reserves+and+the+1941+Campaign&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.date=1986-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1988530&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1988530%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rotundo&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchoenhals1989" class="citation book cs1">Schoenhals, Kai (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freegermanymovem0000scho">The Free Germany Movement: A Case of Patriotism Or Treason?</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313263903" title="Special:BookSources/9780313263903"><bdi>9780313263903</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Free+Germany+Movement%3A+A+Case+of+Patriotism+Or+Treason%3F&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780313263903&rft.aulast=Schoenhals&rft.aufirst=Kai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffreegermanymovem0000scho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchramm1949" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Percy_Ernst_Schramm" title="Percy Ernst Schramm">Schramm, Percy E.</a> (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeit.de/1949/43/die-deutschen-verluste-im-zweiten-weltkrieg">"Die deutschen Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg"</a> [The German Loses during the Second World War]. <a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a> (in German). No. 43. Göttingen. Retrieved 21 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Zeit&rft.atitle=Die+deutschen+Verluste+im+Zweiten+Weltkrieg&rft.issue=43&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Schramm&rft.aufirst=Percy+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2F1949%2F43%2Fdie-deutschen-verluste-im-zweiten-weltkrieg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShirer1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_L._Shirer" title="William L. Shirer">Shirer, William L.</a> (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27320017">The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich : a History of Nazi Germany</a>. New York: Fawcett Crest. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-449-21977-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-449-21977-1"><bdi>0-449-21977-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/27320017">27320017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Third+Reich+%3A+a+History+of+Nazi+Germany&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Fawcett+Crest&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F27320017&rft.isbn=0-449-21977-1&rft.aulast=Shirer&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F27320017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSocher2021" class="citation book cs1">Socher, Johannes (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CHAvEAAAQBAJ">Russia and the Right to Self-determination in the Post-Soviet Space</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-289717-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-289717-6"><bdi>978-0-19-289717-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+and+the+Right+to+Self-determination+in+the+Post-Soviet+Space&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-19-289717-6&rft.aulast=Socher&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCHAvEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpector2005" class="citation book cs1">Spector, Robert Melvin (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xZ5Ceq6l0M0C&pg=PA257">World Without Civilization: Mass Murder and the Holocaust, History and Analysis</a>. University Press of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-2963-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-2963-8"><bdi>978-0-7618-2963-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Without+Civilization%3A+Mass+Murder+and+the+Holocaust%2C+History+and+Analysis&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-2963-8&rft.aulast=Spector&rft.aufirst=Robert+Melvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxZ5Ceq6l0M0C%26pg%3DPA257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStahel2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Stahel" title="David Stahel">Stahel, David</a> (2018). Joining Hitler's Crusade. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-51034-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-51034-6"><bdi>978-1-316-51034-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joining+Hitler%27s+Crusade&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-316-51034-6&rft.aulast=Stahel&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSteinberg1995" class="citation journal cs1">Steinberg, Jonathan (June 1995). "The Third Reich Reflected: German Civil Administration in the Occupied Soviet Union, 1941–4". <a href="/wiki/The_English_Historical_Review" title="The English Historical Review">The English Historical Review</a>. 110 (437): 620–651. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FCX.437.620">10.1093/ehr/CX.437.620</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/578338">578338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Third+Reich+Reflected%3A+German+Civil+Administration+in+the+Occupied+Soviet+Union%2C+1941%E2%80%934&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=437&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E620-%3C%2Fspan%3E651&rft.date=1995-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FCX.437.620&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F578338%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Steinberg&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStolfi1982" class="citation journal cs1">Stolfi, Russel H. 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"Barbarossa Revisited: A Critical Reappraisal of the Opening Stages of the Russo–German Campaign (June–December 1941)". <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Modern_History" title="The Journal of Modern History">The Journal of Modern History</a>. 54 (1): 27–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F244076">10.1086/244076</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10945%2F44218">10945/44218</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1906049">1906049</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143690841">143690841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Barbarossa+Revisited%3A+A+Critical+Reappraisal+of+the+Opening+Stages+of+the+Russo%E2%80%93German+Campaign+%28June%E2%80%93December+1941%29&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.date=1982-03&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10945%2F44218&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143690841%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1906049%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F244076&rft.aulast=Stolfi&rft.aufirst=Russel+H.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTomasevich2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jozo_Tomasevich" title="Jozo Tomasevich">Tomasevich, Jozo</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC">War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration</a>. Stanford: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3615-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3615-2"><bdi>978-0-8047-3615-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Revolution+in+Yugoslavia%2C+1941%E2%80%931945%3A+Occupation+and+Collaboration&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-3615-2&rft.aulast=Tomasevich&rft.aufirst=Jozo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfqUSGevFe5MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFToozeMartin2015" class="citation book cs1">Tooze, Adam; Martin, Jamie (26 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-the-second-world-war/economics-of-the-war-with-nazi-germany/E2F3FE2B9549A00F2E992673C5C8B28D">"The economics of the war with Nazi Germany"</a>. In Tooze, Adam; Geyer, Michael (eds.). The Cambridge History of the Second World War. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHO9781139626859.003">10.1017/CHO9781139626859.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-62685-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-62685-9"><bdi>978-1-139-62685-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+economics+of+the+war+with+Nazi+Germany&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015-10-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHO9781139626859.003&rft.isbn=978-1-139-62685-9&rft.aulast=Tooze&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=Martin%2C+Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fcambridge-history-of-the-second-world-war%2Feconomics-of-the-war-with-nazi-germany%2FE2F3FE2B9549A00F2E992673C5C8B28D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFToppe1998" class="citation cs2">Toppe, Alfred (1998), Night Combat, Diane, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-7080-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-7080-5"><bdi>978-0-7881-7080-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Night+Combat&rft.pub=Diane&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7881-7080-5&rft.aulast=Toppe&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUldricks1977" class="citation journal cs1">Uldricks, Teddy J. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2495264">"Stalin and Nazi Germany"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slavic_Review" title="Slavic Review">Slavic Review</a>. 36 (4): 599–603. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2495264">10.2307/2495264</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2495264">2495264</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159765625">159765625</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavic+Review&rft.atitle=Stalin+and+Nazi+Germany&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E599-%3C%2Fspan%3E603&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159765625%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2495264%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2495264&rft.aulast=Uldricks&rft.aufirst=Teddy+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F2495264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVernidub1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vernidub, Ivan Ivanovich (1998). 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Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-6054-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-6054-1"><bdi>978-0-7391-6054-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+Life-Saver%3A+Lend-Lease+Aid+to+the+U.S.S.R.+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-6054-1&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.aufirst=Albert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-BN64vwKSkQC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatson2000" class="citation journal cs1">Watson, Derek (2000). "Molotov's Apprenticeship in Foreign Policy: The Triple Alliance Negotiations in 1939". Europe-Asia Studies. 52 (4): 695–722. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F713663077">10.1080/713663077</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144385167">144385167</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europe-Asia+Studies&rft.atitle=Molotov%27s+Apprenticeship+in+Foreign+Policy%3A+The+Triple+Alliance+Negotiations+in+1939&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E695-%3C%2Fspan%3E722&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F713663077&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144385167%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Weinberg" title="Gerhard Weinberg">Weinberg, Gerhard L.</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LVgmAQAACAAJ&pg=PA346">The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany: Diplomatic Revolution in Europe, 1933–36</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-03825-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-391-03825-7"><bdi>978-0-391-03825-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foreign+Policy+of+Hitler%27s+Germany%3A+Diplomatic+Revolution+in+Europe%2C+1933%E2%80%9336&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-391-03825-7&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Gerhard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLVgmAQAACAAJ%26pg%3DPA346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Weinberg" title="Gerhard Weinberg">Weinberg, Gerhard L.</a> (11 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rWjtDwAAQBAJ&q=Political+conversations+designed+to+clarify+the+attitude+of+Russia+in+the+immediate+future+have+been+started.+Regardless+of+the+outcome+of+these+conversations,+all+preparations+for+the+East+previously+ordered+orally+are+to+be+continued.+%5BWritten%5D+directives+on+that+will+follow+as+soon+as+the+basic+elements+of+the+army's+plan+for+the+operation+have+been+submitted+to+me+and+approved+by+me.+%E2%80%94Adolf+Hitle&pg=PA199">A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-25293-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-25293-8"><bdi>978-0-511-25293-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+at+Arms%3A+A+Global+History+of+World+War+II&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013-07-11&rft.isbn=978-0-511-25293-8&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Gerhard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrWjtDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DPolitical%2Bconversations%2Bdesigned%2Bto%2Bclarify%2Bthe%2Battitude%2Bof%2BRussia%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bimmediate%2Bfuture%2Bhave%2Bbeen%2Bstarted.%2BRegardless%2Bof%2Bthe%2Boutcome%2Bof%2Bthese%2Bconversations%2C%2Ball%2Bpreparations%2Bfor%2Bthe%2BEast%2Bpreviously%2Bordered%2Borally%2Bare%2Bto%2Bbe%2Bcontinued.%2B%255BWritten%255D%2Bdirectives%2Bon%2Bthat%2Bwill%2Bfollow%2Bas%2Bsoon%2Bas%2Bthe%2Bbasic%2Belements%2Bof%2Bthe%2Barmy%27s%2Bplan%2Bfor%2Bthe%2Boperation%2Bhave%2Bbeen%2Bsubmitted%2Bto%2Bme%2Band%2Bapproved%2Bby%2Bme.%2B%25E2%2580%2594Adolf%2BHitle%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilt1981" class="citation journal cs1">Wilt, Alan F. (December 1981). "Hitler's Late Summer Pause in 1941". <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Military_History" title="The Journal of Military History">Military Affairs</a>. 45 (4): 187–191. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1987464">10.2307/1987464</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1987464">1987464</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+Affairs&rft.atitle=Hitler%27s+Late+Summer+Pause+in+1941&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E187-%3C%2Fspan%3E191&rft.date=1981-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1987464&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1987464%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wilt&rft.aufirst=Alan+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWinter2012" class="citation book cs1">Winter, Paul (2012). Defeating Hitler: Whitehall's Secret Report on Why Hitler Lost the War. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-7846-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-7846-6"><bdi>978-1-4411-7846-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defeating+Hitler%3A+Whitehall%27s+Secret+Report+on+Why+Hitler+Lost+the+War&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-7846-6&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZhukov1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Zhukov, Georgy</a> (1974). Marshal of Victory. Vol. Two. Pen and Sword Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78159-291-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78159-291-5"><bdi>978-1-78159-291-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marshal+of+Victory&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Books+Ltd.&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-1-78159-291-5&rft.aulast=Zhukov&rft.aufirst=Georgy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZiemke1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Earl_F._Ziemke" title="Earl F. Ziemke">Ziemke, Earl F.</a> (1969). Battle For Berlin: End Of The Third Reich. London: MacDonald. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/253711605">253711605</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+For+Berlin%3A+End+Of+The+Third+Reich&rft.place=London&rft.pub=MacDonald&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F253711605&rft.aulast=Ziemke&rft.aufirst=Earl+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZiemke1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Earl_F._Ziemke" title="Earl F. Ziemke">Ziemke, Earl F.</a> (1975). "15". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/Occ-GY/">THE U.S. ARMY IN THE OCCUPATION OF GERMANY 1944-1946</a>. Washington D.C.: US Government Printing Office. Retrieved 20 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=15&rft.btitle=THE+U.S.+ARMY+IN+THE+OCCUPATION+OF+GERMANY+1944-1946&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pub=US+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Ziemke&rft.aufirst=Earl+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fwwii%2FOcc-GY%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 60em"> <ul><li>Anderson, Dunkan, et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3edfPwAACAAJ">The Eastern Front: Barbarossa, Stalingrad, Kursk and Berlin (Campaigns of World War II)</a>. London: Amber Books Ltd., 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7603-0923-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7603-0923-X">0-7603-0923-X</a>.</li> <li>Dick, C. J. From Defeat to Victory: The Eastern Front, Summer 1944 volume 2 of "Decisive and Indecisive Military Operations" (University Press of Kansas, 2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=56417">online review</a></li> <li>Erickson, John. The Road to Stalingrad. Stalin's War against Germany. New York: Orion Publishing Group, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-36541-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-36541-6">0-304-36541-6</a>.</li> <li>Erickson, John. The Road to Berlin. Stalin's War against Germany. New York: Orion Publishing Group, Ltd., 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-36540-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-36540-1">978-0-304-36540-1</a>.</li> <li>Erickson, John, and David Dilks. Barbarossa, the Axis and the Allies. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-0504-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-0504-5">0-7486-0504-5</a>.</li> <li>Glantz, David, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110709141048/http://www.strom.clemson.edu/publications/sg-war41-45.pdf">The Soviet‐German War 1941–45</a>: Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Guderian" title="Heinz Guderian">Guderian, Heinz</a>. <a href="/wiki/Panzer_Leader_(book)" title="Panzer Leader (book)">Panzer Leader</a>, Da Capo Press Reissue edition. New York: Da Capo Press, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-81101-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-81101-4">0-306-81101-4</a>.</li> <li>International Military Tribunal at Nurnberg, Germany. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/NT_Nazi-conspiracy.html">Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Supplement A</a>, USGPO, 1947.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Liddell_Hart" class="mw-redirect" title="Basil Liddell Hart">Liddell Hart, B.H.</a> History of the Second World War. United States of America: Da Capo Press, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80912-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80912-5">0-306-80912-5</a>.</li> <li>Bengt Beckman. Svenska Kryptobedrifter</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/?author_id=808">Lubbeck, William</a> and David B. Hurt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/?product_id=1457">At Leningrad's Gates: The Story of a Soldier with Army Group North</a>, Philadelphia: Casemate, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932033-55-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-932033-55-6">1-932033-55-6</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evan_Mawdsley" title="Evan Mawdsley">Mawdsley, Evan</a> Thunder in the East: the Nazi–Soviet War, 1941–1945. London 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-80808-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-80808-X">0-340-80808-X</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMerridale2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Merridale" title="Catherine Merridale">Merridale, Catherine</a> (2007) [2006], Ivan's War: Life and Death in the Red Army, 1939–1945, New York: Macmillan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-42652-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-42652-1"><bdi>978-0-312-42652-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ivan%27s+War%3A+Life+and+Death+in+the+Red+Army%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-312-42652-1&rft.aulast=Merridale&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988">.</li> <li>Müller, Rolf-Dieter and <a href="/wiki/Gerd_R._Uebersch%C3%A4r" title="Gerd R. Ueberschär">Gerd R. Ueberschär</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=22785646">Hitler's War in the East, 1941–1945: A Critical Assessment</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716181615/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=22785646">Archived</a> 16 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Berghahn Books, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57181-068-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-57181-068-4">1-57181-068-4</a>.</li> <li>Schofield, Carey, ed. Russian at War, 1941–1945. Text by Georgii Drozdov and Evgenii Ryabko, [with] introd. by Vladimir Karpov [and] pref. by Harrison E. Salisbury, ed. by Carey Schofield. New York: Vendome Press, 1987. 256 p., copiously ill. with b&2 photos and occasional maps. N.B.: This is mostly a photo-history, with connecting texts. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88029-084-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-88029-084-6">0-88029-084-6</a></li> <li>Seaton, Albert. The Russo-German War, 1941–1945, Reprint edition. Presidio Press, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89141-491-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-89141-491-6">0-89141-491-6</a>.</li> <li>SvD 2010-10-23 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svd.se/svensk-knackte-nazisternas-hemliga-koder">Svensk knäckte nazisternas hemliga koder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._Winterbotham" title="F. W. Winterbotham">Winterbotham, F.W.</a> The Ultra Secret, New Edition. Orion Publishing Group Ltd., 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7528-3751-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7528-3751-6">0-7528-3751-6</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLak2015" class="citation journal cs1">Lak, Martijn (2015). "Contemporary Historiography on the Eastern Front in World War II". Journal of Slavic Military Studies. 28 (3): 567–587. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13518046.2015.1061828">10.1080/13518046.2015.1061828</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142875289">142875289</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Slavic+Military+Studies&rft.atitle=Contemporary+Historiography+on+the+Eastern+Front+in+World+War+II.&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E567-%3C%2Fspan%3E587&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13518046.2015.1061828&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142875289%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lak&rft.aufirst=Martijn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Front+%28World+War+II%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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the German Army on His Assumption of Direct Command</a></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_Speech_at_the_Berlin_Sportpalast_(30_January_1942)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Adolf Hitler's Speech at the Berlin Sportpalast (30 January 1942)">Adolf Hitler's Speech at the Berlin Sportpalast (30 January 1942)</a></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120916093716/http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/holocaust/barbarossa/index.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki">Marking 70 Years to Operation Barbarossa</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a> website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/soviet_german_war_01.shtml">Prof Richard Overy writes a summary about the eastern front for the BBC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2011/09/world-war-ii-the-eastern-front/100150/">World War II: The Eastern Front</a> by Alan Taylor, The Atlantic</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.borodulincollection.com/war/english/index.html">Rarities of the USSR photochronicles. Great Patriotic War 1941–1945</a> Borodulin Collection. Excellent set of war photos</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.pobediteli.ru/">Pobediteli: Eastern Front flash animation</a> (photos, video, interviews, memorials. Written from a Russian perspective)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armchairgeneral.com/rkkaww2/">RKKA in World War II</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armchairgeneral.com/rkkaww2/maps.htm">Armchair General maps, year by year</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120331093142/http://www.ww2oo.net/?Lang=E">World War II Eastern Front Order Of Battle</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2015/05/08/dont-forget-how-the-soviet-union-saved-the-world-from-hitler/">Don't forget how the Soviet Union saved the world from Hitler</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, 8 May 2015.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208200157/http://collections.yadvashem.org/photosarchive/en-us/search.html#q=soviet%20pow">Images depicting conditions in the camps for Soviet POW</a> from <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Videos">Videos</h3></div> <ul><li>"Operation Typhoon": <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e4XEbJOqTCo">Video</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>, lecture by <a href="/wiki/David_Stahel" title="David Stahel">David Stahel</a>, author of Operation Typhoon. Hitler's March on Moscow (2013) and The Battle for Moscow (2015); via the official channel of <a href="/wiki/USS_Silversides_(SS-236)#USS_Silversides_Submarine_Museum" title="USS Silversides (SS-236)">USS Silversides Museum</a>.</li> <li>"Fighting a Lost War: The German Army in 1943": <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1SdO-btKuds">Video</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>, lecture by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Citino" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Citino">Robert Citino</a>, via the official channel of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Heritage_and_Education_Center" title="U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center">U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center</a>.</li> <li>"Kursk, The Epic Armored Engagement": <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N6xLMUifbxQ">Video</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>, via the official channel of <a href="/wiki/The_National_WWII_Museum" title="The National WWII Museum">The National WWII Museum</a>; session by the Robert Citino and Jonathan Parshall at the 2013 International Conference on World War II.</li> <li>"Mindset of WWII German Soldiers": <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4eIn0IBsnBE">Video</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>—interview with the historian <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6nke_Neitzel" title="Sönke Neitzel">Sönke Neitzel</a> discussing his book Soldaten: On Fighting, Killing and Dying, via the official channel of <a href="/wiki/The_Agenda" title="The Agenda">The Agenda</a>, a programme of <a href="/wiki/TVOntario" class="mw-redirect" title="TVOntario">TVOntario</a>, a Canadian public television station.</li> <li>"How the Red Army Defeated Germany: The Three Alibis": <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zinPbUZUHDE">Video</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>—lecture by Jonathan M. House of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Command_and_General_Staff_College" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Command and General Staff College">U.S. Army Command and General Staff College</a>, via the official channel of <a href="/wiki/Dole_Institute_of_Politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Dole Institute of Politics">Dole Institute of Politics</a>.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 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class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Poland" title="Portal:Poland">Poland</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Romania" title="Portal:Romania">Romania</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Eastern Front (World War II) at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" class="extiw" title="c:Eastern Front (World War II)">Media</a> from Commons</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II25139" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II25139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Keelhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Osoaviakhim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Paperclip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></li> <li>Sexual violence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia_in_World_War_II" title="Liberia in World War II">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Republic of China (Wang Jingwei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leased_Territory_of_Guangzhouwan" title="Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan">Guangzhouwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_in_World_War_II" title="Madagascar in World War II">French Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Syria–Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">French West Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_and_occupation_of_Monaco_during_World_War_II#World_War_II" title="Invasion and occupation of Monaco during World War II">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Marino#World_War_II" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II#Saudi_Arabia" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Turkey#World_War_II" title="Military history of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yemen#World_War_II_and_after" title="Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li>German prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></li> <li>Soviet prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude7712" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remilitarisation_of_the_Rhineland" title="Remilitarisation of the Rhineland">Remilitarisation of the Rhineland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_U-Go" title="Operation U-Go">U-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal" title="Battle of Imphal">Imphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Ichi-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kohima" title="Battle of Kohima">Kohima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marino" title="Battle of San Marino">Battle of San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Pointblank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Bodenplatte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/15px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/23px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/30px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wehrmacht_Army_Group_Rear_Areas_during_the_German–Soviet_War,_1941–453356" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Army_Group_Rear_Area_(Wehrmacht)" title="Template:Army Group Rear Area (Wehrmacht)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Army_Group_Rear_Area_(Wehrmacht)" title="Template talk:Army Group Rear Area (Wehrmacht)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Army_Group_Rear_Area_(Wehrmacht)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Army Group Rear Area (Wehrmacht)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wehrmacht_Army_Group_Rear_Areas_during_the_German–Soviet_War,_1941–453356" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Rear_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Group Rear Area">Army Group Rear Areas</a> during the <a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_War" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Soviet War">German–Soviet War</a>, 1941–45</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Rear_Area_Command_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Group Rear Area Command (Wehrmacht)">Army Group Rear Area Command</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_North_Rear_Area" title="Army Group North Rear Area">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Centre_Rear_Area" title="Army Group Centre Rear Area">Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_South_Rear_Area" title="Army Group South Rear Area">South</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Commanding organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OKH" class="mw-redirect" title="OKH">Army High Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kommandostab_Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Kommandostab Reichsführer-SS">Kommandostab Reichsführer-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_North" title="Army Group North">Army Group North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Centre" title="Army Group Centre">Army Group Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_South" title="Army Group South">Army Group South</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Commanders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Friderici" title="Erich Friderici">Erich Friderici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_K%C3%BCbler" title="Ludwig Kübler">Ludwig Kübler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuno-Hans_von_Both" title="Kuno-Hans von Both">Kuno-Hans von Both</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Roques" title="Franz von Roques">Franz von Roques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Roques" title="Karl von Roques">Karl von Roques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Graf_von_Rothkirch_und_Trach" title="Edwin Graf von Rothkirch und Trach">Edwin von Rothkirch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_von_Schenckendorff" title="Max von Schenckendorff">Max von Schenckendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Witth%C3%B6ft" title="Joachim Witthöft">Joachim Witthöft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Security_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="Security Division (Wehrmacht)">Security Divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/201st_Security_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="201st Security Division (Wehrmacht)">201st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/203rd_Security_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="203rd Security Division (Wehrmacht)">203rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/207th_Security_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="207th Security Division (Wehrmacht)">207th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/213th_Security_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="213th Security Division (Wehrmacht)">213th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/221st_Security_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="221st Security Division (Wehrmacht)">221st</a> (<a href="/wiki/Police_Battalion_309" title="Police Battalion 309">Police Battalion (PB) 309</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/281st_Security_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="281st Security Division (Wehrmacht)">281st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/285th_Security_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="285th Security Division (Wehrmacht)">285th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_286th_Security_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="German 286th Security Division">286th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/403rd_Security_Division" title="403rd Security Division">403rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/444th_Security_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="444th Security Division (Wehrmacht)">444th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/454th_Security_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="454th Security Division (Wehrmacht)">454th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/707th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="707th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">707th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Higher_SS_and_Police_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher SS and Police Leader">HSS-PF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_dem_Bach-Zelewski" title="Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski">Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Jeckeln" title="Friedrich Jeckeln">Friedrich Jeckeln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Adolf_Pr%C3%BCtzmann" title="Hans-Adolf Prützmann">Hans-Adolf Prützmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Order_Police_battalions" title="Order Police battalions">Order Police</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> Detachments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_Battalion_9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Police Battalion 9 (page does not exist)">PB 9</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Regiment_North" title="Police Regiment North">Police Regiment North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Regiment_Centre" title="Police Regiment Centre">Police Regiment Centre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Police_Battalion_307" title="Police Battalion 307">PB 307</a>, <a href="/wiki/Police_Battalion_316" title="Police Battalion 316">PB 316</a>, <a href="/wiki/Police_Battalion_322" title="Police Battalion 322">PB 322</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Regiment_South" title="Police Regiment South">Police Regiment South</a> (<a href="/wiki/Police_Battalion_45" title="Police Battalion 45">PB 45</a>, <a href="/wiki/Police_Battalion_303" title="Police Battalion 303">PB 303</a>, <a href="/wiki/Police_Battalion_314" title="Police Battalion 314">PB 314</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_Regiment_Special_Purpose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Police Regiment Special Purpose (page does not exist)">Police Regiment Special Purpose</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_Battalion_304&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Police Battalion 304 (page does not exist)">PB 304</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_Battalion_315&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Police Battalion 315 (page does not exist)">PB 315</a>, <a href="/wiki/Police_Battalion_320" title="Police Battalion 320">PB 320</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Cavalry_Brigade" title="SS Cavalry Brigade">SS Cavalry Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_SS_Infantry_Brigade" title="1st SS Infantry Brigade">1st SS Infantry Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_SS_Infantry_Brigade" title="2nd SS Infantry Brigade">2nd SS Infantry Brigade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Milestones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_Plan" title="Hunger Plan">Hunger Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hitler%27s_speech_of_30_March_1941&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hitler's speech of 30 March 1941 (page does not exist)">Hitler's speech of 30 March 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_orders_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Criminal orders (Nazi Germany)">Criminal orders</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barbarossa_Decree" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbarossa Decree">Barbarossa Decree</a> * <a href="/wiki/Commissar_Order" title="Commissar Order">Commissar Order</a> * <a href="/wiki/Guidelines_for_the_Conduct_of_the_Troops_in_Russia" title="Guidelines for the Conduct of the Troops in Russia">Guidelines for the Conduct of the Troops in Russia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogilev_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogilev conference">Mogilev conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_security_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi security warfare">Nazi security warfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Major crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar" title="Babi Yar">Babi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi_massacre" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre">Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">Persecution of Soviet prisoners of war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">War crimes trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Command_Trial" title="High Command Trial">High Command Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkov_Trial" title="Kharkov Trial">Kharkov Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Trial" title="Krasnodar Trial">Krasnodar Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Trial" title="Minsk Trial">Minsk Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Trial" title="Riga Trial">Riga Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukase_43" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukase 43">Ukase 43</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_annihilation" title="War of annihilation">War of annihilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">War crimes of the Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_of_the_clean_Wehrmacht" title="Myth of the clean Wehrmacht">Myth of the clean Wehrmacht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historiography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Camps_and_Ghettos,_1933%E2%80%931945" title="Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945">Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler%E2%80%99s_Bandit_Hunters" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler’s Bandit Hunters">Hitler’s Bandit Hunters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_Generals_on_Trial" title="Hitler's Generals on Trial">Hitler's Generals on Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_War_in_the_East_1941%E2%88%921945" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler's War in the East 1941−1945">Hitler's War in the East 1941−1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marching_into_Darkness" title="Marching into Darkness">Marching into Darkness: The Wehrmacht and the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wehrmacht:_History,_Myth,_Reality" title="The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality">The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Annual_Moscow_military_parade_on_Victory_Day_in_the_Great_Patriotic_War_(1941–45)206" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Moscow_Victory_Parade" title="Template:Moscow Victory Parade"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Moscow_Victory_Parade" title="Template talk:Moscow Victory Parade"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Moscow_Victory_Parade" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Moscow Victory Parade"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Annual_Moscow_military_parade_on_Victory_Day_in_the_Great_Patriotic_War_(1941–45)206" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Annual <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="Moscow Victory Day Parade">Moscow military parade</a> on <a href="/wiki/Victory_Day" title="Victory Day">Victory Day</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Patriotic War">Great Patriotic War</a> (1941–45)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By year</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1945_Moscow_Victory_Parade" title="1945 Moscow Victory Parade">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="1965 Moscow Victory Day Parade">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="1985 Moscow Victory Day Parade">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="1990 Moscow Victory Day Parade">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parades" title="1995 Moscow Victory Day Parades">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="1996 Moscow Victory Day Parade">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="1997 Moscow Victory Day Parade">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1998_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1998 Moscow Victory Day Parade (page does not exist)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1999 Moscow Victory Day Parade (page does not exist)">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="2000 Moscow Victory Day Parade">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="2001 Moscow Victory Day Parade">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2002_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2002 Moscow Victory Day Parade (page does not exist)">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2003_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2003 Moscow Victory Day Parade (page does not exist)">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2004_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2004 Moscow Victory Day Parade (page does not exist)">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="2005 Moscow Victory Day Parade">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2006_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2006 Moscow Victory Day Parade (page does not exist)">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="2007 Moscow Victory Day Parade">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="2008 Moscow Victory Day Parade">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="2009 Moscow Victory Day Parade">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="2010 Moscow Victory Day Parade">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="2011 Moscow Victory Day Parade">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="2012 Moscow Victory Day Parade">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="2013 Moscow Victory Day Parade">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="2014 Moscow Victory Day Parade">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="2015 Moscow Victory Day Parade">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="2016 Moscow Victory Day Parade">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="2017 Moscow Victory Day Parade">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="2018 Moscow Victory Day Parade">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="2019 Moscow Victory Day Parade">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="2020 Moscow Victory Day Parade">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2021 Moscow Victory Day Parade (page does not exist)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2025_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2025 Moscow Victory Day Parade (page does not exist)">2025</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:WW2_Victory_USSR_OBVERSE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Medal «For Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945»"><img alt="Medal «For Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945»" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/WW2_Victory_USSR_OBVERSE.jpg/120px-WW2_Victory_USSR_OBVERSE.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/WW2_Victory_USSR_OBVERSE.jpg/250px-WW2_Victory_USSR_OBVERSE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="690" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Participating units and prominent parts of the parade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Banner" title="Victory Banner">Victory Banner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Russia" title="Flag of Russia">Flag of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Russia" title="National anthem of Russia">National anthem of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribbon_of_Saint_George" title="Ribbon of Saint George">Ribbon of Saint George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Square" title="Red Square">Red Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Band_Service_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Russia" title="Military Band Service of the Armed Forces of Russia">Military Band Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Military_Music_College" title="Moscow Military Music College">Moscow Military Music College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/154th_Preobrazhensky_Independent_Commandant%27s_Regiment" title="154th Preobrazhensky Independent Commandant's Regiment">Preobrazhensky Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Ground_Forces" title="Russian Ground Forces">Russian Ground Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Navy" title="Russian Navy">Russian Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Forces">Russian Aerospace Forces</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_Air_Force" title="Russian Air Force">Russian Air Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Forces" title="Russian Space Forces">Russian Space Forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Defence_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Defence Forces">Russian Aerospace Defence Forces</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Airborne_Forces" title="Russian Airborne Forces">Russian Airborne Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Naval_Aviation" title="Russian Naval Aviation">Russian Naval Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Infantry_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Infantry (Russia)">Russian Naval Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAU" class="mw-redirect" title="GRAU">GRAU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Missile_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Strategic Missile Forces">Missile Forces of Strategic Importance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Railway_Troops" title="Russian Railway Troops">Russian Railway Troops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">Federal Security Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Service_of_the_Federal_Security_Service_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Border Service of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation">Border Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kremlin_Regiment" title="Kremlin Regiment">Kremlin Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_Russia" title="National Guard of Russia">National Guard of Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_Forces_Command" title="National Guard Forces Command">National Guard Forces Command</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)">Ministry of Internal Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Russia" title="Police of Russia">Police of Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Emergency_Situations_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Emergency Situations (Russia)">Ministry of Emergency Situations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigative_Committee_of_Russia" title="Investigative Committee of Russia">Investigative Committee of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Army_Cadets_National_Movement" title="Young Army Cadets National Movement">Young Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suvorov_Military_School" title="Suvorov Military School">Suvorov Military School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhimov_Naval_School" title="Nakhimov Naval School">Nakhimov Naval School</a></li> <li>Aerobatic teams <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Knights" title="Russian Knights">Russian Knights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swifts_(aerobatic_team)" title="Swifts (aerobatic team)">Strizhi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crimean_Wings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crimean Wings (page does not exist)">Crimean Wings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Falcons" title="Russian Falcons">Russian Falcons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkuts" title="Berkuts">Berkuts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Moscow_peace_parade" title="1992 Moscow peace parade">1992 Moscow peace parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Day_(9_May)" title="Victory Day (9 May)">Victory Day (9 May)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eastern Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War_(term)" title="Great Patriotic War (term)">Great Patriotic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pobedobesie" title="Pobedobesie">Pobedobesie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_(military_symbol)" title="Z (military symbol)">Z (military symbol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Banner_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victory Banner (Soviet Union)">Victory Banner (Soviet Union)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Part of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Victory_Day_Parades" title="Victory Day Parades">Victory Day Parades</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armed_conflicts_involving_Russia_(including_Tsarist,_Imperial_and_Soviet_times)230" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_conflicts" title="Template:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_conflicts" title="Template talk:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_conflicts_involving_Russia_(including_Tsarist,_Imperial_and_Soviet_times)230" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Armed conflicts involving <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> times)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Russia" title="Military history of Russia">Military history of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Military history of the Russian Empire">Military history of the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military history of the Soviet Union">Military history of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Military history of the Russian Federation">Military history of the Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">Post-Soviet conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Armed Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists by opponent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars">Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Crimean_Wars" title="Russo-Crimean Wars">Russo-Crimean Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-Finnish_wars" title="Soviet-Finnish wars">Soviet-Finnish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Kazan_Wars" title="Russo-Kazan Wars">Russo-Kazan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_Wars" title="Russo-Persian Wars">Russo-Persian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_armed_conflicts_involving_Poland_against_Russia" title="List of armed conflicts involving Poland against Russia">Russo-Polish Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_Russia_and_Sweden" title="List of wars between Russia and Sweden">Russo-Swedish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russo-Turkish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Russo-Turkish wars">Russo-Turkish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_Russia_and_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wars between Russia and Ukraine">Russo-Ukrainian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Russia" title="List of wars involving Russia">List of wars involving Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of wars involving the Soviet Union">List of wars involving the Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of battles involving the Russian Federation">List of battles involving the Russian Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Bolotnikov" title="Uprising of Bolotnikov">Uprising of Bolotnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razin%27s_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Razin's Rebellion">Razin's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulavin_Rebellion" title="Bulavin Rebellion">Bulavin Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pugachev%27s_Rebellion" title="Pugachev's Rebellion">Pugachev's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decembrist_revolt" title="Decembrist revolt">Decembrist revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">Coup attempt (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">1993 Russian constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Dagestan">War of Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">Insurgency in the North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group_rebellion" title="Wagner Group rebellion">Wagner Group rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tsardom of Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Crimean_Wars" title="Russo-Crimean Wars">Russo-Crimean Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Kazan_Wars" title="Russo-Kazan Wars">Russo-Kazan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1554%E2%80%931557)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)">Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberia" title="Russian conquest of Siberia">Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1568%E2%80%931570)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)">Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1590%E2%80%931595)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)">Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Muscovite_War_(1605%E2%80%931618)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)">Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">Time of Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_War" title="Ingrian War">Ingrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_War" title="Smolensk War">Smolensk War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1651%E2%80%931653)" title="Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)">Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%931667)" title="Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)">Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)" title="Deluge (history)">Deluge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Northern War">Second Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1676%E2%80%931681)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)">Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1686%E2%80%931700)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)">Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th–19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1710%E2%80%931711)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)">Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1722%E2%80%931723)" title="Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)">Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a> (1733–1738)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Russian%E2%80%93Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%931739)" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)">Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a> (1740–1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1741%E2%80%931743)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)">Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)">Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Confederation" title="Bar Confederation">Bar Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%931792)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)">Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1788%E2%80%931790)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)">Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Russian_War_of_1792" title="Polish–Russian War of 1792">Russo-Polish War (1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_North_America" title="Russian colonization of North America">Russian colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">Kościuszko Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Expedition_of_1796" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Expedition of 1796">Russo-Persian War (1796)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">War of the Second Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">Anglo-Russian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">War of the Fifth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Seventh_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Seventh Coalition">War of the Seventh Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_the_Caucasus" title="Russian conquest of the Caucasus">Russian conquest of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_War" title="Caucasian War">Caucasian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Circassian_War" title="Russo-Circassian War">Russo-Circassian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murid_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Murid War">Murid War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1828%E2%80%931829)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)">Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_War" title="Åland War">Åland War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Annexation" title="Amur Annexation">Amur Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Central_Asia" title="Russian conquest of Central Asia">Russian conquest of Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Bukhara" title="Russian conquest of Bukhara">Russian conquest of Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_campaign_of_1873" title="Khivan campaign of 1873">Khivan campaign of 1873</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Russian invasion of Manchuria">Russian invasion of Manchuria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Tabriz" title="Russian occupation of Tabriz">Russian occupation of Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_Soviet_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine">1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alash_Autonomy" title="Alash Autonomy">Kazakhstan Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sochi_conflict" title="Sochi conflict">Sochi conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimosodat" title="Heimosodat">Heimosodat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_westward_offensive_of_1918%E2%80%931919" title="Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919">Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Lithuanian–Soviet War">Lithuanian–Soviet War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)">Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Azerbaijan" title="Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan">Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Armenia" title="Red Army invasion of Armenia">Red Army invasion of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_intervention_in_Mongolia" title="Soviet intervention in Mongolia">Red Army intervention in Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Karelian_uprising" title="East Karelian uprising">East Karelian uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmachi_movement" title="Basmachi movement">Central Asian Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urtatagai_conflict_(1925%E2%80%931926)" title="Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)">Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_conflict_(1929)" title="Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)">Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)">Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1930)" title="Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)">Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_uprising_of_1932&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chechen uprising of 1932 (page does not exist)">Chechen uprising of 1932</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_1932_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Восстание в Чечне 1932 года">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Xinjiang" title="Soviet invasion of Xinjiang">Soviet invasion of Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_rebellion_in_Xinjiang_(1937)" title="Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937)">Xinjiang War (1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Latvia_in_1940" title="Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940">Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eastern Front (World War II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1944)" title="Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)">Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_Latvia_in_1944" title="Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944">Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army#Soviet_Union" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Guerrilla war in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)">Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_incident" title="Vlora incident">Vlora incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border 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class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-fc8m8","wgBackendResponseTime":399,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.858","walltime":"3.443","ppvisitednodes":{"value":45992,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":968391,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":92569,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":28,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":103,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":648252,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2644.264 1 -total"," 18.16% 480.113 128 Template:Sfn"," 13.56% 358.598 96 Template:Cite_book"," 13.42% 354.865 1 Template:Infobox_military_conflict"," 12.41% 328.061 2 Template:Reflist"," 11.81% 312.199 45 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[\"CITEREFDuiker2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEricson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEricson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErlichman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrieser1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrieser2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFry2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFörster2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarthoff1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGellately1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGellately2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerlach1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbert1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbert1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlantz1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlantz2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlantz2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlantz2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlantz2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlantzHouse1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlantzHouse2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGosztony1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGunther1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHankey2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanson2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardesty1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHastings2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayward1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeinrich_Himmler\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerbert1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiio2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHill2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHitchcock2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHosking2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIndrek_Paavle,_Peeter_Kaasik2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobsen1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJan_Nowak-Jeziorański1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_C._BeyerStephen_A._Schneider\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJurado2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKangilaskiSalo2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarlbom1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrivosheev1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurenmaaLentilä2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaar2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLak2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiddell_Hart1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLind2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoeffel2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLower2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMannJörgensen2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMastny1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKale2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMegargee2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMendelsohn1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerridale2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerridale2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilward1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoorcraft2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMälksoo2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMüller-Hillebrand1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNolte1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOvermans2000a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOvermans2000b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOvery1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOvery2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanayi2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeeter_KaasikMika_Raudvassar2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPost2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRegan1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReshin1998a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReshin1998b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFResis2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRotundo1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRõngelepClemmesen2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchoenhals1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchramm1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShirer1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSocher2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpector2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStahel2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinberg1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStolfi1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomasevich2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToozeMartin2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToppe1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUldricks1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVernidub1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeeks2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinberg1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinberg2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilt1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinter2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhilin1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhukov1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhukov1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZiemke1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZiemke1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFБезугольныйСиницынКондратенкоМедведев2024\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Age in years, months, weeks and days\"] = 1,\n [\"Army Group Rear Area (Wehrmacht)\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"Bulletedlist\"] = 2,\n [\"By whom\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Axis–Soviet War\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox World War II\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 14,\n [\"Citation style\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 96,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 22,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 21,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Clist\"] = 3,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 2,\n [\"Convert\"] = 13,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Decimal cell\"] = 6,\n [\"Div col\"] = 3,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 3,\n [\"Efn\"] = 28,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Estimation\"] = 3,\n [\"Executed\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 6,\n [\"Flagcountry\"] = 14,\n [\"Flagdeco\"] = 81,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 1,\n [\"Frac\"] = 2,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 32,\n [\"History of the Soviet Union\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 17,\n [\"Ill\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox military conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive film\"] = 1,\n [\"KIA\"] = 4,\n [\"Lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Langx\"] = 16,\n [\"Legend\"] = 21,\n [\"Main\"] = 16,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Moscow Victory Parade\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 11,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 5,\n [\"Pn\"] = 22,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Quantify\"] = 1,\n [\"R\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Request quotation\"] = 1,\n [\"Russian Conflicts\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 128,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 12,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Start date\"] = 2,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Ublist\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreliable source?\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Usurped\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 6,\n [\"Wikisource\"] = 6,\n [\"World War II\"] = 1,\n [\"YouTube\"] = 5,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","320","18.0"],["?","300","16.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","200","11.2"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","180","10.1"],["dataWrapper 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