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<span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle World War II subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Foreign variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combat_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combat_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Combat history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combat_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Post-war development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognition_and_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition_and_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Recognition and honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recognition_and_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>General bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Katyusha rocket launcher</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B0%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%A7" title="قاذفة صواريخ كاتيوشا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قاذفة صواريخ كاتيوشا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katyu%C5%9Fa_(silah)" title="Katyuşa (silah) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Katyuşa (silah)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%27%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="কা'তিউশা রকেট লঞ্চার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কা'তিউশা রকেট লঞ্চার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%9C-13_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%88%D0%B0" title="БМ-13 Катюша – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="БМ-13 Катюша" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C4%87u%C5%A1a" title="Kaćuša – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kaćuša" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katyoucha_(banner-roketenno%C3%B9)" title="Katyoucha (banner-roketennoù) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Katyoucha (banner-roketennoù)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katiuixa" title="Katiuixa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Katiuixa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%A5u%C5%A1a_(raketomet)" title="Kaťuša (raketomet) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kaťuša (raketomet)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katjusja" title="Katjusja – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Katjusja" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katjuscha_(Raketenwerfer)" title="Katjuscha (Raketenwerfer) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Katjuscha (Raketenwerfer)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katju%C5%A1a" title="Katjuša – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Katjuša" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katiusha" title="Katiusha – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Katiusha" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katju%C5%9Da" title="Katjuŝa – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Katjuŝa" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%A7" title="کاتیوشا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاتیوشا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katioucha" title="Katioucha – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Katioucha" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katj%C3%BBsja_(raketsmiter)" title="Katjûsja (raketsmiter) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Katjûsja (raketsmiter)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%ED%8A%9C%EC%83%A4_%EB%A1%9C%EC%BC%93" title="카튜샤 로켓 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카튜샤 로켓" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B7%D5%A1_(%D5%80%D4%BF%D5%8C%D5%80)" title="Կատյուշա (ՀԿՌՀ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կատյուշա (ՀԿՌՀ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C4%87u%C5%A1a" title="Kaćuša – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kaćuša" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peluncur_roket_Katyusha" title="Peluncur roket Katyusha – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peluncur roket Katyusha" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katju%C5%A1a_(lanciarazzi)" title="Katjuša (lanciarazzi) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Katjuša (lanciarazzi)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%94" title="קטיושה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קטיושה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90" title="კატიუშა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კატიუშა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Катюша – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Катюша" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katju%C5%A1a" title="Katjuša – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Katjuša" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katiu%C5%A1a" title="Katiuša – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Katiuša" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katyusa_(fegyver)" title="Katyusa (fegyver) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Katyusa (fegyver)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%98%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0_(%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%98%D0%B5)" title="Катјуша (оружје) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Катјуша (оружје)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katjoesja_(raket)" title="Katjoesja (raket) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Katjoesja (raket)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3_(%E5%85%B5%E5%99%A8)" title="カチューシャ (兵器) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カチューシャ (兵器)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katjusja" title="Katjusja – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Katjusja" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katjusja" title="Katjusja – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Katjusja" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katyusha_(qurol)" title="Katyusha (qurol) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Katyusha (qurol)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katiusza" title="Katiusza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Katiusza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katyusha" title="Katyusha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Katyusha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katiu%C8%99a" title="Katiușa – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Katiușa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%88%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Катюша (прозвище оружия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Катюша (прозвище оружия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katyusha_(raket%C3%ABhedh%C3%ABs)" title="Katyusha (raketëhedhës) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Katyusha (raketëhedhës)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%A5u%C5%A1a_(raketomet)" title="Kaťuša (raketomet) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kaťuša (raketomet)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katju%C5%A1a_(raketomet)" title="Katjuša (raketomet) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Katjuša (raketomet)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%9B%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Каћуша – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Каћуша" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C4%87u%C5%A1a_(oru%C5%BEje)" title="Kaćuša (oružje) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kaćuša (oružje)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katju%C5%A1a_(ase)" title="Katjuša (ase) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katyu%C5%9Fa_(silah)" title="Katyuşa (silah) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Katyuşa (silah)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%88%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Катюша (реактивна установка) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Катюша (реактивна установка)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katyusha_(v%C5%A9_kh%C3%AD)" title="Katyusha (vũ khí) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Katyusha (vũ khí)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%90" title="קאטיושא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאטיושא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%80%E7%A7%8B%E8%8E%8E%E7%81%AB%E7%AE%AD%E7%82%AE" title="喀秋莎火箭炮 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="喀秋莎火箭炮" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Soviet/Russian multiple launch rocket system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Katyusha_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Katyusha (disambiguation)">Katyusha</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hproduct" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><span class="fn org"> Katyusha </span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Katyusha_Rocket_Launcher_-_Artillery_Museum_-_St._Petersburg_-_Russia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Katyusha_Rocket_Launcher_-_Artillery_Museum_-_St._Petersburg_-_Russia.jpg/300px-Katyusha_Rocket_Launcher_-_Artillery_Museum_-_St._Petersburg_-_Russia.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Katyusha_Rocket_Launcher_-_Artillery_Museum_-_St._Petersburg_-_Russia.jpg/450px-Katyusha_Rocket_Launcher_-_Artillery_Museum_-_St._Petersburg_-_Russia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Katyusha_Rocket_Launcher_-_Artillery_Museum_-_St._Petersburg_-_Russia.jpg/600px-Katyusha_Rocket_Launcher_-_Artillery_Museum_-_St._Petersburg_-_Russia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">BM-13 Katyusha multiple rocket launcher, based on a <a href="/wiki/ZIS-6" title="ZIS-6">ZIS-6</a> truck.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Multiple_rocket_launcher" title="Multiple rocket launcher">Multiple rocket launcher</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Place of origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Service history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">In service</th><td class="infobox-data">1941–1970s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Used by</th><td class="infobox-data">Soviet Union, and others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Production history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Designer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Langemak" title="Georgy Langemak">Georgy Langemak</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data">Voronezh Plant Comintern</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Produced</th><td class="infobox-data">1941</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> built</th><td class="infobox-data">~100,000</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Katyusha</b> (Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Катю́ша</span></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[kɐˈtʲuʂə]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/8e\/Ru-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%88%D0%B0.ogg\/Ru-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%88%D0%B0.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u041a\u0430\u0442\u044e\u0448\u0430.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/Ru-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%88%D0%B0.ogg/Ru-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%88%D0%B0.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%88%D0%B0.ogg" title="File:Ru-Катюша.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>) is a type of <a href="/wiki/Rocket_artillery" title="Rocket artillery">rocket artillery</a> first built and fielded by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. <a href="/wiki/Multiple_rocket_launcher" title="Multiple rocket launcher">Multiple rocket launchers</a> such as these deliver explosives to a target area more intensively than conventional artillery, but with lower accuracy and requiring a longer time to reload. They are fragile compared to artillery guns, but are cheap, easy to produce, and usable on almost any chassis. The Katyushas of World War II, the first <a href="/wiki/Self-propelled_artillery" title="Self-propelled artillery">self-propelled artillery</a> mass-produced by the Soviet Union,<sup id="cite_ref-Zaloga-1984-150_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaloga-1984-150-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were usually mounted on ordinary <a href="/wiki/Missile_vehicle" title="Missile vehicle">trucks</a>. This mobility gave the Katyusha, and other self-propelled artillery, another advantage: being able to deliver a large blow all at once, and then <a href="/wiki/Shoot-and-scoot" title="Shoot-and-scoot">move before being located</a> and attacked with <a href="/wiki/Counter-battery_fire" title="Counter-battery fire">counter-battery fire</a>. </p><p>Katyusha weapons of World War II included the <b>BM-13</b> launcher, light <b>BM-8</b>, and heavy <b>BM-31</b>. Today, the nickname <i>Katyusha</i> is also applied to newer truck-mounted post-Soviet – in addition to non-Soviet – multiple-rocket launchers, notably the common <a href="/wiki/BM-21_Grad" title="BM-21 Grad">BM-21 Grad</a> and its derivatives. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nickname">Nickname</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katyusha_rocket_launcher&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nickname"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Initially, concerns for secrecy kept the military designation of the Katyushas from being known by the soldiers who operated them. They were called by code names such as <i>Kostikov guns</i>, after <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ru:%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="c:ru:Костиков, Андрей Григорьевич">A. Kostikov</a>, the head of the <a href="/wiki/Reactive_Scientific_Research_Institute" title="Reactive Scientific Research Institute">RNII</a>, the Reactive Scientific Research Institute, and finally classed as <i>Guards Mortars</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zaloga-1984-154_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaloga-1984-154-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <i>BM-13</i> was only allowed into secret documents in 1942, and remained classified until after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Suvorov-1982-207_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suvorov-1982-207-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because they were marked with the letter <i>K</i> (for <a href="/wiki/Voronezh" title="Voronezh">Voronezh</a> Komintern Factory),<sup id="cite_ref-Suvorov-1982-207_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suvorov-1982-207-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> troops adopted a nickname from <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Isakovsky" title="Mikhail Isakovsky">Mikhail Isakovsky</a>'s popular wartime song, "<a href="/wiki/Katyusha_(song)" title="Katyusha (song)">Katyusha</a>", about a girl longing for her absent beloved, who has gone away on military service.<sup id="cite_ref-Zaloga-1984-153_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaloga-1984-153-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Katyusha is the Russian equivalent of <i>Katie</i>, an endearing <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutive</a> form of the name Katherine. <i>Yekaterina</i> is given the diminutive <i>Katya,</i> which itself is then given the affectionate diminutive <i>Katyusha</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>German troops coined the nickname "Stalin's organ" (<i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Stalinorgel#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:Stalinorgel">Stalinorgel</a></i>), after Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, comparing the visual resemblance of the launch array to a <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">pipe organ</a>, and the sound of the weapon's rocket motors, a distinctive howling sound which terrified the German troops,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adding a <a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">psychological warfare</a> aspect to their use. Weapons of this type are known by the same name in <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (<a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>: <i lang="da">Stalinorgel</i>), <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>: <i lang="fi">Stalinin urut</i>), <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">orgue de Staline</i>), <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (<a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>: <i lang="no">Stalinorgel</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Stalinorgel</i>), <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Sztálinorgona</i>), <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and other <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Spanish_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Spanish is an official language">Spanish-speaking countries</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Órganos de Stalin</i>) as well as in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">Stalinorgel</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Zaloga-1984-153_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaloga-1984-153-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The heavy BM-31 launcher was also referred to as <i>Andryusha</i> (<i>Андрюша</i>, an affectionate diminutive of "Andrew").<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katyusha_rocket_launcher&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_303890_A_battery_of_Katyusha_during_the_1941-1945_Great_Patriotic_War.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/RIAN_archive_303890_A_battery_of_Katyusha_during_the_1941-1945_Great_Patriotic_War.jpg/250px-RIAN_archive_303890_A_battery_of_Katyusha_during_the_1941-1945_Great_Patriotic_War.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/RIAN_archive_303890_A_battery_of_Katyusha_during_the_1941-1945_Great_Patriotic_War.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_303890_A_battery_of_Katyusha_during_the_1941-1945_Great_Patriotic_War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/RIAN_archive_303890_A_battery_of_Katyusha_during_the_1941-1945_Great_Patriotic_War.jpg/500px-RIAN_archive_303890_A_battery_of_Katyusha_during_the_1941-1945_Great_Patriotic_War.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3547" data-file-height="2362" /></a><figcaption>A battery of Katyusha launchers fires at German forces during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a>, 6 October 1942</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BF_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%22%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%88%D0%B0%22_1-%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BF_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%22%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%88%D0%B0%22_1-%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg/250px-%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BF_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%22%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%88%D0%B0%22_1-%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BF_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%22%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%88%D0%B0%22_1-%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg/330px-%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BF_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%22%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%88%D0%B0%22_1-%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BF_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%22%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%88%D0%B0%22_1-%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg/500px-%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BF_%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%22%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%88%D0%B0%22_1-%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2668" /></a><figcaption>Katyusha salvo during the <a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder offensive</a>, January 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>Katyusha rocket launchers, which were built in <a href="/wiki/Voronezh" title="Voronezh">Voronezh</a>, were mounted on many platforms during World War II, including on trucks, <a href="/wiki/Artillery_tractor" title="Artillery tractor">artillery tractors</a>, tanks, and <a href="/wiki/Armoured_train" title="Armoured train">armoured trains</a>, as well as on naval and riverine vessels as assault support weapons. Soviet engineers also mounted single Katyusha rockets on lengths of <a href="/wiki/Track_(rail_transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Track (rail transport)">railway track</a> to serve in urban combat.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The design was relatively simple, consisting of racks of parallel rails on which <a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">rockets</a> were mounted, with a folding frame to raise the rails to launch position. Each truck had 14 to 48 launchers. The <a href="/wiki/RS-82" class="mw-redirect" title="RS-82">M-13</a> rocket of the BM-13 system was 80 cm (2 ft 7 in) long, 13.2 cm (5.2 in) in diameter and weighed 42 kg (93 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-Bishop_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bishop-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The weapon is less accurate than conventional <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> guns, but is extremely effective in <a href="/wiki/Saturation_bombardment" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturation bombardment">saturation bombardment</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">battery</a> of four BM-13 launchers could fire a salvo in 7–10 seconds that delivered 4.35 tons of high explosives over a 400,000-square-metre (4,300,000 sq ft) impact zone,<sup id="cite_ref-Zaloga-1984-154_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaloga-1984-154-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making its power roughly equivalent to that of 72 conventional artillery guns. With an efficient crew, the launchers could <a href="/wiki/Shoot-and-scoot" title="Shoot-and-scoot">redeploy to a new location immediately after firing</a>, denying the enemy the opportunity for <a href="/wiki/Counterbattery_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterbattery fire">counterbattery fire</a>. Katyusha batteries were often massed in very large numbers to create a <a href="/wiki/Combat_stress_reaction" title="Combat stress reaction">shock effect</a> on enemy forces. The weapon's disadvantage was the long time it took to reload a launcher, in contrast to conventional artillery guns which could sustain a continuous, albeit low, rate of fire.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katyusha_rocket_launcher&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reactive_Scientific_Research_Institute" title="Reactive Scientific Research Institute">Reactive Scientific Research Institute</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Verkhnyaya_Pyshma_Tank_Museum_2011_029.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Verkhnyaya_Pyshma_Tank_Museum_2011_029.jpg/220px-Verkhnyaya_Pyshma_Tank_Museum_2011_029.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Verkhnyaya_Pyshma_Tank_Museum_2011_029.jpg/330px-Verkhnyaya_Pyshma_Tank_Museum_2011_029.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Verkhnyaya_Pyshma_Tank_Museum_2011_029.jpg/440px-Verkhnyaya_Pyshma_Tank_Museum_2011_029.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>BM-13N Katyusha on a <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a> <a href="/wiki/Studebaker_US6_2%C2%BD-ton_6%C3%976_truck" title="Studebaker US6 2½-ton 6×6 truck">Studebaker US6 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000001A-QINU`"'</style><span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>-ton 6×6 truck</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Great_Patriotic_War,_Moscow" title="Museum of the Great Patriotic War, Moscow">UMMC Museum Complex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verkhnyaya_Pyshma" title="Verkhnyaya Pyshma">Verkhnyaya Pyshma</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BM-31-12_on_ZIS-12_chassis_at_the_Museum_on_Sapun_Mountain_Sevastopol_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BM-31-12_on_ZIS-12_chassis_at_the_Museum_on_Sapun_Mountain_Sevastopol_4.jpg/250px-BM-31-12_on_ZIS-12_chassis_at_the_Museum_on_Sapun_Mountain_Sevastopol_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BM-31-12_on_ZIS-12_chassis_at_the_Museum_on_Sapun_Mountain_Sevastopol_4.jpg/330px-BM-31-12_on_ZIS-12_chassis_at_the_Museum_on_Sapun_Mountain_Sevastopol_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BM-31-12_on_ZIS-12_chassis_at_the_Museum_on_Sapun_Mountain_Sevastopol_4.jpg/500px-BM-31-12_on_ZIS-12_chassis_at_the_Museum_on_Sapun_Mountain_Sevastopol_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>BM-31-12 on ZIS-12 at the Museum (<a href="/wiki/Diorama" title="Diorama">Diorama</a>) on Sapun Mountain, <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BM-13-16_on_a_ZiS-151_chassis_in_a_military_museum_in_Belarus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/BM-13-16_on_a_ZiS-151_chassis_in_a_military_museum_in_Belarus.jpg/220px-BM-13-16_on_a_ZiS-151_chassis_in_a_military_museum_in_Belarus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/BM-13-16_on_a_ZiS-151_chassis_in_a_military_museum_in_Belarus.jpg/330px-BM-13-16_on_a_ZiS-151_chassis_in_a_military_museum_in_Belarus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/BM-13-16_on_a_ZiS-151_chassis_in_a_military_museum_in_Belarus.jpg/440px-BM-13-16_on_a_ZiS-151_chassis_in_a_military_museum_in_Belarus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Katyusha on a <a href="/wiki/ZIS-151" title="ZIS-151">ZIS-151</a> truck</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BM_13_TBiU_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/BM_13_TBiU_7.jpg/250px-BM_13_TBiU_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/BM_13_TBiU_7.jpg/330px-BM_13_TBiU_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/BM_13_TBiU_7.jpg/500px-BM_13_TBiU_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1274" /></a><figcaption>Reloading a BM-13</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KatyushaMusee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/KatyushaMusee.jpg/120px-KatyushaMusee.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/KatyushaMusee.jpg/250px-KatyushaMusee.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption>An M13 rocket for the Katyusha launcher on display in <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Arm%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée de l'Armée">Musée de l'Armée</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Initial development of <a href="/wiki/Solid-propellant_rocket" title="Solid-propellant rocket">solid propellant rockets</a> was carried out by <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Tikhomirov_(chemical_engineer)" title="Nikolai Tikhomirov (chemical engineer)">Nikolai Tikhomirov</a> at the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Gas_Dynamics_Laboratory" title="Gas Dynamics Laboratory">Gas Dynamics Laboratory</a> (GDL), with the first test-firing of a solid fuel rocket carried out in March 1928, which flew for about 1,300 meters<sup id="cite_ref-RSB_GDL_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSB_GDL-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rockets were used to assist <a href="/wiki/JATO" title="JATO">take-off of aircraft</a> and were later developed into the <a href="/wiki/RS-82_(rocket_family)" title="RS-82 (rocket family)">RS-82 and RS-132</a> (RS for <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Reaktivnyy Snaryad</i></span>, 'rocket-powered shell')<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the early 1930s led by <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Langemak" title="Georgy Langemak">Georgy Langemak</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Siddiqi_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siddiqi-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including firing rockets from aircraft and the ground. In June 1938, GDL's successor <a href="/wiki/Reactive_Scientific_Research_Institute" title="Reactive Scientific Research Institute">Reactive Scientific Research Institute</a> (RNII) began building several <a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">prototype</a> launchers for the modified 132 mm M-132 rockets.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Firing over the sides of <a href="/wiki/ZIS-5_(truck)" title="ZIS-5 (truck)">ZIS-5</a> trucks proved unstable, and V.N. Galkovskiy proposed mounting the launch rails longitudinally. In August 1939, the result was the BM-13 (BM stands for <i>боевая машина</i> (translit. <i>boyevaya mashina</i>), 'combat vehicle' for M-13 rockets).<sup id="cite_ref-Zaloga-1984-150_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaloga-1984-150-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first large-scale testing of the rocket launchers took place at the end of 1938, when 233 rounds of various types were used. A salvo of rockets could completely straddle a target at a range of 5,500 metres (3.4 mi). But the artillery branch was not fond of the Katyusha, because it took up to 50 minutes to load and fire 24 rounds, while a conventional howitzer could fire 95 to 150 rounds in the same time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Testing with various rockets was conducted through 1940, and the BM-13-16 with launch rails for sixteen rockets was authorized for production. Only forty launchers were built before <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Germany invaded the Soviet Union</a> in June 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-Zaloga-1984-153_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaloga-1984-153-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After their success in the first month of the war, mass production was ordered and the development of other models proceeded. The Katyusha was inexpensive and could be manufactured in light industrial installations which did not have the heavy equipment to build conventional artillery gun barrels.<sup id="cite_ref-Zaloga-1984-154_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaloga-1984-154-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 1942, 3,237 Katyusha launchers of all types had been built, and by the end of the war total production reached about 10,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Zaloga-1984-154-55_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaloga-1984-154-55-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The truck-mounted Katyushas were installed on <a href="/wiki/ZIS-6" title="ZIS-6">ZIS-6</a> 6×4 trucks, as well as the two-axle <a href="/wiki/ZIS-5_(truck)" title="ZIS-5 (truck)">ZIS-5</a> and <a href="/wiki/ZIS-5V" class="mw-redirect" title="ZIS-5V">ZIS-5V</a>. In 1941, a small number of BM-13 launchers were mounted on <a href="/wiki/STZ-5" title="STZ-5">STZ-5</a> artillery tractors. A few were also tried on <a href="/wiki/KV_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="KV tank">KV tank</a> chassis as the KV-1K, but this was a needless waste of heavy armour. Starting in 1942, they were also mounted on various British, Canadian and U.S. <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a> trucks, in which case they were sometimes referred to as BM-13S. The <a href="/wiki/Off-road" class="mw-redirect" title="Off-road">cross-country</a> performance of the <a href="/wiki/Studebaker_US6_2%C2%BD-ton_6%C3%976_truck" title="Studebaker US6 2½-ton 6×6 truck">Studebaker US6 2½-ton 6×6 truck</a> was so good that it became the GAU's standard mounting in 1943, designated BM-13N (<i>normalizovanniy</i>, 'standardized'), and more than 1,800 of this model were manufactured by the end of World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After World War II, BM-13s were based on Soviet-built <a href="/wiki/ZIS-151" title="ZIS-151">ZIS-151</a> trucks. </p><p>The 82 mm BM-8 was approved in August 1941, and deployed as the BM-8-36 on truck beds and BM-8-24 on <a href="/wiki/T-40" class="mw-redirect" title="T-40">T-40</a> and <a href="/wiki/T-60_tank" title="T-60 tank">T-60</a> light tank chassis. Later these were also installed on <a href="/wiki/GAZ-67" title="GAZ-67">GAZ-67</a> jeeps as the BM-8-8, and on the larger <a href="/wiki/Studebaker" title="Studebaker">Studebaker</a> trucks as the BM-8-48.<sup id="cite_ref-Zaloga-1984-154_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaloga-1984-154-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1942, the team of scientists Leonid Shvarts, Moisei Komissarchik and engineer Yakov Shor received the <a href="/wiki/State_Stalin_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="State Stalin Prize">Stalin Prize</a> for the development of the BM-8-48.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on the M-13, the M-30 rocket was developed in 1942. Its bulbous warhead required it to be fired from a grounded frame, called the M-30 (single frame, four round; later double frame, 8 round), instead of a launch rail mounted on a truck. In 1944 it became the basis for the BM-31-12 truck-mounted launcher.<sup id="cite_ref-Zaloga-1984-154_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaloga-1984-154-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A battery of BM-13-16 launchers included four firing vehicles, two reload trucks and two technical support trucks, with each firing vehicle having a crew of six. Reloading was executed in 3–4 minutes, although the standard procedure was to <a href="/wiki/Shoot-and-scoot" title="Shoot-and-scoot">switch to a new position</a> some 10 km away due to the ease with which the battery could be identified by the enemy. Three batteries were combined into a division (company), and three divisions into a separate mine-firing regiment of rocket artillery.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variants">Variants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katyusha_rocket_launcher&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soviet World War II rocket systems were named according to set patterns: </p> <ul><li>Ground vehicles were designated BM-<i>x</i>-<i>y</i>, where <i>x</i> referred to the rocket model and <i>y</i> the number of launch rails or tubes.</li> <li>towed trailers and sledges used the format M-<i>x</i>-<i>y</i></li> <li>In navy use, the order of the elements was different, taking the form <i>y</i>-M-<i>x</i></li></ul> <p>For example, the BM-8-16 was a vehicle with 16 rails for M-8 rockets while the BM-31-12 fired the M-31 rockets from 12 launch tubes. Short names such as BM-8 or BM-13 were used as well. The chassis carrying the launcher was not defined in the name e.g. BM-8-24 referred to a truck mounted launcher (ZIS-5) as well as on the T-40 tank and on the STZ-3 <a href="/wiki/Artillery_tractor" title="Artillery tractor">artillery tractor</a>. </p><p>Chassis for the launchers included: </p> <ul><li>Soviet-built <a href="/wiki/ZIS-5_(truck)" title="ZIS-5 (truck)">ZIS-5</a>, <a href="/wiki/ZIS-6" title="ZIS-6">ZIS-6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_AA" title="Ford Model AA">GAZ-AA</a> trucks, and post war the <a href="/wiki/ZIS-151" title="ZIS-151">ZIS-151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STZ-5" title="STZ-5">STZ-5</a> tracked artillery tractor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-40" class="mw-redirect" title="T-40">T-40</a> tank</li> <li>Lend-lease provided <a href="/wiki/Studebaker_US6_2%C2%BD-ton_6x6_truck" class="mw-redirect" title="Studebaker US6 2½-ton 6x6 truck">Studebaker US6</a> truck,</li> <li>Armored train car,</li> <li>River boat,</li> <li>Towed sledge,</li> <li>Towed trailer,</li> <li>Backpack (portable variant, so called "mountain Katyusha"),</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Katyusha mountings<sup id="cite_ref-Porter-2009-158-165_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Porter-2009-158-165-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bishop_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bishop-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:15%;">Weapon </th> <th style="width:11%;"><a href="/wiki/Caliber" title="Caliber">Caliber</a> (mm) </th> <th style="width:5%;">Tubes/<br />rails </th> <th style="width:60%;">Chassis </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">BM-8 </td> <td align="right">82 </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td>Improvised vehicle mount, towed trailer or sled </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">M-8-6 </td> <td align="right">82 </td> <td align="right">6 </td> <td>Towed trailer or sled </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">BM-8-8 </td> <td align="right">82 </td> <td align="right">8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Willys_MB" title="Willys MB">Willys MB</a> jeep </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">M-8-12 </td> <td align="right">82 </td> <td align="right">12 </td> <td>Towed trailer or sled </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">16-M-8 </td> <td align="right">82 </td> <td align="right">16 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_1125_armored_river_boat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Project 1125 armored river boat (page does not exist)">Project 1125 armored river boat</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">BM-8-24 </td> <td align="right">82 </td> <td align="right">24 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/T-40_tank" title="T-40 tank">T-40 light tank</a>, <a href="/wiki/T-60_tank" title="T-60 tank">T-60 light tank</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">24-M-8 </td> <td align="right">82 </td> <td align="right">24 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_1125_armored_river_boat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Project 1125 armored river boat (page does not exist)">Project 1125 armored river boat</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">BM-8-36 </td> <td align="right">82 </td> <td align="right">36 </td> <td>ZIS-5 truck, ZIS-6 truck </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">BM-8-40 </td> <td align="right">82 </td> <td align="right">40 </td> <td>Towed trailer, GAZ-AA truck </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">BM-8-48 </td> <td align="right">82 </td> <td align="right">48 </td> <td>ZIS-6 truck, Studebaker US6 U3 truck, rail carriage </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">BM-8-72 </td> <td align="right">82 </td> <td align="right">72 </td> <td>Rail carriage </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">BM-13 </td> <td align="right">132 </td> <td align="right">24 </td> <td>ZIS-6 truck, improvised vehicle mount, towed trailer or sled </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">6-M-13 </td> <td align="right">132 </td> <td align="right">6 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_1125_armored_river_boat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Project 1125 armored river boat (page does not exist)">Project 1125 armored river boat</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">BM-13-16 </td> <td align="right">132 </td> <td align="right">16 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/International_K_and_KB_series" title="International K and KB series">International K7</a> "Inter" truck, International M-5-5-318 truck, <a href="/wiki/Fordson_WOT8" class="mw-redirect" title="Fordson WOT8">Fordson WOT8</a> truck, Ford/<a href="/wiki/Marmon-Herrington" title="Marmon-Herrington">Marmon-Herrington</a> HH6-COE4 truck, <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet" title="Chevrolet">Chevrolet</a> G-7117 truck, Studebaker US6 U3 truck, <a href="/wiki/GMC_CCKW" class="mw-redirect" title="GMC CCKW">GMC CCKW</a>-352M-13 truck, rail carriage </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">M-20-6 </td> <td align="right">132 </td> <td align="right">6 </td> <td>static launching rail </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">M-30-4 </td> <td align="right">300 </td> <td align="right">4 </td> <td>static launching rail, in 1944 also available with 2x4 launching rails (M-30-8) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">M-31-4 </td> <td align="right">300 </td> <td align="right">4 </td> <td>static launching rail, in 1944 also available with 2x4 launching rails (M-31-8) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">BM-31-12 </td> <td align="right">300 </td> <td align="right">12 </td> <td>Studebaker US6 U3 truck </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:98%; text-align:right;"> <caption>Katyusha rockets:<sup id="cite_ref-Bishop_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bishop-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Weapon name </th> <th>Caliber<br /> (mm) </th> <th>Warhead<br />kg (lb) </th> <th>Maximum range<br />m (yd) </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">M-8 </td> <td>82 </td> <td>0.64 (1.4) </td> <td>5,900 (6,500) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">M-13 </td> <td>132 </td> <td>4.9 (11) </td> <td>8,740 (9,560) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">M-13DD </td> <td>132 </td> <td>4.9 (11) </td> <td>11,800 (12,900) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">M-13UK </td> <td>132 </td> <td>4.9 (11) </td> <td>7,900 (8,600) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">M-20 </td> <td>132 </td> <td>18.4 (41) </td> <td>5,050 (5,520) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">M-30 </td> <td>300 </td> <td>28.9 (64) </td> <td>2,800 (3,100) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">M-31 </td> <td>300 </td> <td>28.9 (64) </td> <td>4,325 (4,730) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">M-31UK </td> <td>300 </td> <td>28.9 (64) </td> <td>4,000 (4,400) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The M-8 and M-13 rocket could also be fitted with smoke warheads, although this was not common. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-300-1863-18,_Riva-Bella,_Vorf%C3%BChrung_Panzerwerfer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-300-1863-18%2C_Riva-Bella%2C_Vorf%C3%BChrung_Panzerwerfer.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-300-1863-18%2C_Riva-Bella%2C_Vorf%C3%BChrung_Panzerwerfer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-300-1863-18%2C_Riva-Bella%2C_Vorf%C3%BChrung_Panzerwerfer.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-300-1863-18%2C_Riva-Bella%2C_Vorf%C3%BChrung_Panzerwerfer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-300-1863-18%2C_Riva-Bella%2C_Vorf%C3%BChrung_Panzerwerfer.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-300-1863-18%2C_Riva-Bella%2C_Vorf%C3%BChrung_Panzerwerfer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>The German <i>8 cm Raketen-Vielfachwerfer</i> was based on the Katyusha</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_variants">Foreign variants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katyusha_rocket_launcher&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Foreign variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> had captured Katyushas during the war. Germany considered producing a local copy, but instead created the <i><a href="/wiki/8_cm_Raketen-Vielfachwerfer" title="8 cm Raketen-Vielfachwerfer">8 cm Raketen-Vielfachwerfer</a></i>, which was based on the Katyusha.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Romania had started developing its <a href="/wiki/Mare%C8%99al_(tank_destroyer)" title="Mareșal (tank destroyer)">Mareșal tank destroyer</a> in late 1942. One of the first experimental models was equipped with a Katyusha rocket launcher and tested in the summer of 1943. The project was not continued.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScafeș2004213_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScafeș2004213-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combat_history">Combat history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katyusha_rocket_launcher&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Combat history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The multiple rocket launchers were top secret at the beginning of World War II and a special unit of <a href="/wiki/Internal_troops" title="Internal troops">NKVD troops</a> was raised to operate them.<sup id="cite_ref-Zaloga-1984-154_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaloga-1984-154-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 14, 1941, an experimental artillery battery of seven launchers was first used in battle at <a href="/wiki/Rudnya,_Rudnyansky_District,_Smolensk_Oblast" title="Rudnya, Rudnyansky District, Smolensk Oblast">Rudnya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smolensk_Oblast" title="Smolensk Oblast">Smolensk Oblast</a> under the command of Captain <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Flyorov" title="Ivan Flyorov">Ivan Flyorov</a>, destroying a concentration of German troops with tanks, armored vehicles and trucks in the marketplace, causing massive <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="German Army (1935–1945)">German Army</a> casualties and panicked retreat from the town.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first time the Katyusha was ever used in combat. <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the success, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> organized new <a href="/wiki/Guards_unit_(Soviet_Union)" title="Guards unit (Soviet Union)">Guards</a> mortar batteries for the support of infantry divisions. A battery's complement was standardized at four launchers. They remained under NKVD control until German <i><a href="/wiki/Nebelwerfer" title="Nebelwerfer">Nebelwerfer</a></i> rocket launchers became common later in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Zaloga-1984-154-55_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaloga-1984-154-55-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 8, 1941, Stalin ordered the formation of eight special Guards mortar <a href="/wiki/Regiment" title="Regiment">regiments</a> under the direct control of the <a href="/wiki/Reserve_of_the_Supreme_High_Command" title="Reserve of the Supreme High Command">Reserve of the Supreme High Command</a> (RVGK). Each regiment comprised three <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalions</a> of three batteries, totalling 36 BM-13 or BM-8 launchers. Independent Guards mortar battalions were also formed of 12 launchers in three batteries of four. By the end of 1941, there were eight regiments, 35 independent battalions, and two independent batteries in service, a total of 554 launchers.<sup id="cite_ref-Zaloga-1984-155_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaloga-1984-155-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1942 heavy Guards mortar battalions were formed around the new M-30 static rocket launch frames, consisting of 96 launchers in three batteries. In July, a battalion of BM-13s was added to the establishment of a tank corps.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1944, the BM-31 was used in motorized heavy Guards mortar battalions of 48 launchers. In 1943, Guards mortar brigades, and later divisions, were formed equipped with static launchers.<sup id="cite_ref-Zaloga-1984-155_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaloga-1984-155-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At dawn on September 5, the preparatory artillery and air bombardment began all along the front of the 24th, 1st Guards and 66th armies. But even on the main lines of advance the density of the artillery fire was not great and did not yield the necessary results. The attack began after Katyusha volleys.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of 1942, 57 regiments were in service—together with the smaller independent battalions, this was the equivalent of 216 batteries: 21% BM-8 light launchers, 56% BM-13, and 23% M-30 heavy launchers. By the end of the war, the equivalent of 518 batteries were in service.<sup id="cite_ref-Zaloga-1984-155_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaloga-1984-155-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-war_development">Post-war development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katyusha_rocket_launcher&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-war development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The success and economy of <a href="/wiki/Multiple_rocket_launcher" title="Multiple rocket launcher">multiple rocket launchers</a> (MRL) have led them to continue to be developed. In the years following WWII, the BM-13 was replaced by the 140 mm <a href="/wiki/BM-14" title="BM-14">BM-14</a> and the BM-31 was replaced by the 240 mm <a href="/wiki/BM-24" title="BM-24">BM-24</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the Soviet Union fielded several models of Katyusha-like MRL, notably the <a href="/wiki/BM-21_Grad" title="BM-21 Grad">BM-21 Grad</a> launchers somewhat inspired by the earlier weapon, and the larger <a href="/wiki/BM-27_Uragan" title="BM-27 Uragan">BM-27 Uragan</a>. Advances in artillery munitions have been applied to some Katyusha-type multiple launch rocket systems, including <a href="/wiki/Bomblet_submunition" class="mw-redirect" title="Bomblet submunition">bomblet submunitions</a>, remotely deployed <a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">land mines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">chemical warheads</a>. </p><p>BM-13s were used in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> by the Chinese <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Volunteer_Army" title="People's Volunteer Army">People's Volunteer Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army" title="Korean People's Army">Korean People's Army</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of Korea Armed Forces">South Korean</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Command" title="United Nations Command">United Nations forces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Korea_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korea-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soviet BM-13s were known to have been imported to China before the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a> and were operational in the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a> deployed them against the <a href="/wiki/French_Far_East_Expeditionary_Corps" title="French Far East Expeditionary Corps">French Far East Expeditionary Corps</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu" title="Battle of Dien Bien Phu">Battle of Dien Bien Phu</a> at the end of the <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognition_and_honours">Recognition and honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katyusha_rocket_launcher&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Recognition and honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Participants in the creation of the Katyusha rocket launcher received official recognition only in 1991. By decree of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">President of the Soviet Union</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> dated June 21, 1991, I. T. Kleymenov, <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Langemak" title="Georgy Langemak">G. E. Langemak</a>, V. N. Luzhin, B. S. Petropavlovsky, B. M. Slonimer and <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Tikhomirov_(chemical_engineer)" title="Nikolai Tikhomirov (chemical engineer)">N. I. Tikhomirov</a> were posthumously awarded title of the <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Socialist_Labour" title="Hero of Socialist Labour">Hero of Socialist Labour</a> for their work on the creation of the Katyusha.<sup id="cite_ref-Who_created_Katy_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who_created_Katy-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katyusha_rocket_launcher&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_Mattress" class="mw-redirect" title="Land Mattress">Land Mattress</a>, employed by Allied forces in World War II</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rocket_artillery" title="List of rocket artillery">List of rocket artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebelwerfer" title="Nebelwerfer">Nebelwerfer</a>, the most common barrage rocket series employed by the <i>Wehrmacht</i> in World War II</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzerwerfer" title="Panzerwerfer">Panzerwerfer</a>, German rocket launcher mounted on a half-track</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_Scientific_Research_Institute" title="Reactive Scientific Research Institute">Reactive Scientific Research Institute</a> where the Katyusha rocket launcher was created</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_rocketry" title="Soviet rocketry">Soviet rocketry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T34_Calliope" title="T34 Calliope">T34 Calliope</a>, rocket launcher mounted on M4 Sherman tank chassis., used in small numbers 1944-1945</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wurfrahmen_40" title="Wurfrahmen 40">Wurfrahmen 40</a>, another German rocket launcher mounted on a half-track</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katyusha_rocket_launcher&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katyusha_rocket_launcher&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Zaloga-1984-150-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zaloga-1984-150_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zaloga-1984-150_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zaloga, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zaloga-1984-154-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zaloga-1984-154_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zaloga-1984-154_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zaloga-1984-154_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zaloga-1984-154_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zaloga-1984-154_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zaloga-1984-154_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zaloga, p 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suvorov-1982-207-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suvorov-1982-207_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suvorov-1982-207_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Suvorov" title="Viktor Suvorov">Viktor Suvorov</a> (1982), <i><a href="/wiki/Inside_the_Soviet_Army" title="Inside the Soviet Army">Inside the Soviet Army</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://militera.lib.ru/research/suvorov12/06.html">p 207</a>. Prentice Hall, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-615500-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-615500-1">0-02-615500-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrigg2018" class="citation book cs1">Trigg, Jonathan (15 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zq6IDwAAQBAJ&q=K+%28for+Voronezh+Komintern+Factory%29&pg=PT136"><i>Voices of the Scandinavian Waffen-SS: The Final Testament of Hitler's Vikings</i></a>. Amberley Publishing Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-7469-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-7469-8"><bdi>978-1-4456-7469-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voices+of+the+Scandinavian+Waffen-SS%3A+The+Final+Testament+of+Hitler%27s+Vikings&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2018-07-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4456-7469-8&rft.aulast=Trigg&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZq6IDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DK%2B%2528for%2BVoronezh%2BKomintern%2BFactory%2529%26pg%3DPT136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatyusha+rocket+launcher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zaloga-1984-153-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zaloga-1984-153_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zaloga-1984-153_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zaloga-1984-153_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zaloga, p 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Katyusha">"Katyusha - Wiktionary"</a>. <i>en.wiktionary.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.wiktionary.org&rft.atitle=Katyusha+-+Wiktionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2FKatyusha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatyusha+rocket+launcher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarell1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Carell" title="Paul Carell">Carell, Paul</a> (1964). <i>Hitler's war on Russia: the story of the German defeat in the East</i>. Harrap. p. 98.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+war+on+Russia%3A+the+story+of+the+German+defeat+in+the+East&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Harrap&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Carell&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatyusha+rocket+launcher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon L. Rottman (2007), <i>FUBAR (F***ed Up Beyond All Recognition): Soldier Slang of World War II</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SPx1hL-vZZsC&pg=PA279&vq=Katyusha&source=gbs_search_r&cad=1_1">p 279</a>, Osprey, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84603-175-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84603-175-3">1-84603-175-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bishop-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bishop_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bishop_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bishop_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBishop2002" class="citation book cs1">Bishop, Chris (2002) [1998]. <i>The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II</i>. Sterling Publishing Company. pp. <span class="nowrap">173–</span>174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58663-762-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-58663-762-2"><bdi>1-58663-762-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Weapons+of+World+War+II&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E174&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-58663-762-2&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatyusha+rocket+launcher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RSB_GDL-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RSB_GDL_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZak" class="citation web cs1">Zak, Anatoly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianspaceweb.com/gdl.html">"Gas Dynamics Laboratory"</a>. <i>Russian Space Web</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Russian+Space+Web&rft.atitle=Gas+Dynamics+Laboratory&rft.aulast=Zak&rft.aufirst=Anatoly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russianspaceweb.com%2Fgdl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatyusha+rocket+launcher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="Центр_Келдыша" class="citation book cs1">АКИМОВ В.Н., КОРОТЕЕВ А.С., ГАФАРОВ А.А. и другие (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B1hNj_0pyrU8bTJQZjVSTXVfRVU/view">"Оружие победы — «Катюша»"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=19633690&"><i>Исследовательский центр имени М. В. Келдыша. 1933-2003 : 70 лет на передовых рубежах ракетно-космической техники</i></a>. М: Машиностроение. pp. <span class="nowrap">92–</span>101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-217-03205-7" title="Special:BookSources/5-217-03205-7"><bdi>5-217-03205-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B+%E2%80%94+%C2%AB%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%88%D0%B0%C2%BB&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80+%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%9C.+%D0%92.+%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%B0.+1933-2003+%3A+70+%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%85+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8&rft.place=%D0%9C&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E92-%3C%2Fspan%3E101&rft.pub=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=5-217-03205-7&rft.au=%D0%90%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%9C%D0%9E%D0%92+%D0%92.%D0%9D.%2C+%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%A2%D0%95%D0%95%D0%92+%D0%90.%D0%A1.%2C+%D0%93%D0%90%D0%A4%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%92+%D0%90.%D0%90.+%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrive.google.com%2Ffile%2Fd%2F0B1hNj_0pyrU8bTJQZjVSTXVfRVU%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatyusha+rocket+launcher" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siddiqi-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Siddiqi_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSiddiqi2000" class="citation book cs1">Siddiqi, Asif (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4408pt1.pdf"><i>Challenge to Apollo : the Soviet Union and the space race, 1945-1974</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA History Div. p. 9<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Challenge+to+Apollo+%3A+the+Soviet+Union+and+the+space+race%2C+1945-1974&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=National+Aeronautics+and+Space+Administration%2C+NASA+History+Div.&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Siddiqi&rft.aufirst=Asif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-4408pt1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatyusha+rocket+launcher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZak" class="citation web cs1">Zak, Anatoly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianspaceweb.com/rnii.html">"History of the Rocket Research Institute, RNII"</a>. <i>Russian Space Web</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Russian+Space+Web&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Rocket+Research+Institute%2C+RNII&rft.aulast=Zak&rft.aufirst=Anatoly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russianspaceweb.com%2Frnii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatyusha+rocket+launcher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zaloga-1984-154-55-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zaloga-1984-154-55_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zaloga-1984-154-55_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zaloga, pp 154–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zaloga, pp 153–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rachel Bayvel, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishquarterly.org/article.asp?articleid=91">Tales of 'Tank City'. Rachel Bayvel Celebrates the Soviet Jews Who Produced Weapons for Allied Victory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090131121742/http://www.jewishquarterly.org/article.asp?articleid=91">Archived</a> 2009-01-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i>Jewish Quarterly</i> no. 198, summer 2005. Retrieved on 2008-09-30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yosif Kremenetsky (1999), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usfamily.net/web/joseph/evr_v_prom_sssr.htm">Inzhenerno-tekhnicheskaya deyatel’nost’ yevreyev v SSSR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130222191348/http://www.usfamily.net/web/joseph/evr_v_prom_sssr.htm">Archived</a> 2013-02-22 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> (Engineering-technical activities of Jews in the USSR)", <i>Yevrey pri bol’shevistskom stroye (Jews in the Bolshevist order)</i>, Minneapolis. Retrieved on 2008-09-30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Porter-2009-158-165-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Porter-2009-158-165_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, pp 158–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Soviet military review</i>. Krasnaya Zvezda Publishing House. 1974. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+military+review&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Krasnaya+Zvezda+Publishing+House&rft.date=1974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatyusha+rocket+launcher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChamberlain1975" class="citation book cs1">Chamberlain, Peter (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mortarsrockets0000cham/page/35"><i>Mortars and rockets</i></a>. Gander, Terry. New York: Arco Pub. Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mortarsrockets0000cham/page/35">35</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0668038179" title="Special:BookSources/0668038179"><bdi>0668038179</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2067459">2067459</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mortars+and+rockets&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Arco+Pub.+Co&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2067459&rft.isbn=0668038179&rft.aulast=Chamberlain&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmortarsrockets0000cham%2Fpage%2F35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatyusha+rocket+launcher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScafeș2004213-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScafeș2004213_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScafeș2004">Scafeș 2004</a>, p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"История Великой Отечественной войны" в 6 томах (History of Great Patriotic War), vol. 2, p. 66, chapter by field-marshal Andrey Eremenko</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrey Sapronov «Россия» newspaper No. 23 of June 21–27, 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrey Sapronov «Парламентская газета» No 80 of May 5, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZhukov" class="citation book cs1">Zhukov, Georgy. <i>Marshal of Victory: The Autobiography of General Georgy Zhukov</i>. p. 495. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78159-291-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78159-291-5"><bdi>978-1-78159-291-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marshal+of+Victory%3A+The+Autobiography+of+General+Georgy+Zhukov&rft.pages=495&rft.isbn=978-1-78159-291-5&rft.aulast=Zhukov&rft.aufirst=Georgy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatyusha+rocket+launcher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zaloga-1984-155-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zaloga-1984-155_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zaloga-1984-155_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zaloga-1984-155_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zaloga, p 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zaloga, p 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Marshal of Victory: The Autobiography of General Georgy Zhukov</i>. p. 807. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78159-291-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78159-291-5"><bdi>978-1-78159-291-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marshal+of+Victory%3A+The+Autobiography+of+General+Georgy+Zhukov&rft.pages=807&rft.isbn=978-1-78159-291-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatyusha+rocket+launcher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://milinme.wordpress.com/2011/01/08/the-bm-24-12-in-the-idf/">"The BM-24-12 in the IDF"</a>. 8 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+BM-24-12+in+the+IDF&rft.date=2011-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmilinme.wordpress.com%2F2011%2F01%2F08%2Fthe-bm-24-12-in-the-idf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatyusha+rocket+launcher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Korea-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Korea_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRottman2002" class="citation book cs1">Rottman, Gordon L. (December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NpOp2OO1-DAC&pg=PA198"><i>Korean War Order of Battle: United States, United Nations, and Communist Ground, Naval, and Air Forces, 1950-1953</i></a>. Praeger. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97835-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97835-8"><bdi>978-0-275-97835-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korean+War+Order+of+Battle%3A+United+States%2C+United+Nations%2C+and+Communist+Ground%2C+Naval%2C+and+Air+Forces%2C+1950-1953&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2002-12&rft.isbn=978-0-275-97835-8&rft.aulast=Rottman&rft.aufirst=Gordon+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNpOp2OO1-DAC%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatyusha+rocket+launcher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHastings2018" class="citation book cs1">Hastings, Max (2018). <i>Vietnam: An Epic Tragedy 1945–1975</i>. New York: Harper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780062405661" title="Special:BookSources/9780062405661"><bdi>9780062405661</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam%3A+An+Epic+Tragedy+1945%E2%80%931975&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780062405661&rft.aulast=Hastings&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatyusha+rocket+launcher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Who_created_Katy-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Who_created_Katy_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orlova-center.ru/en/nasha-rodina/kto-sozdaval-katyushu-andrei-kostikov-zhizn-i-sudba-izobretatelya/">"Who created the "Katyusha"? Andrey Kostikov: the life and fate of the inventor of "Katyusha" Who is the designer of Katyusha"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+created+the+%22Katyusha%22%3F+Andrey+Kostikov%3A+the+life+and+fate+of+the+inventor+of+%22Katyusha%22+Who+is+the+designer+of+Katyusha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forlova-center.ru%2Fen%2Fnasha-rodina%2Fkto-sozdaval-katyushu-andrei-kostikov-zhizn-i-sudba-izobretatelya%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatyusha+rocket+launcher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=ESU;n=12573">"Указ Президента СССР от 21.06.1991 № УП-2120 «О присвоении звания Героя Социалистического Труда создателям отечественного реактивного оружия»"</a>. КонсультантПлюс<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A3%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0+%D0%BE%D1%82+21.06.1991+%E2%84%96+%D0%A3%D0%9F-2120+%C2%AB%D0%9E+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8F+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%8F%C2%BB&rft.pub=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbase.consultant.ru%2Fcons%2Fcgi%2Fonline.cgi%3Freq%3Ddoc%3Bbase%3DESU%3Bn%3D12573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatyusha+rocket+launcher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_bibliography">General bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katyusha_rocket_launcher&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: General bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPorter2009" class="citation book cs1">Porter, David (2009). <i>The Essential Vehicle Identification Guide: Soviet Tanks Units 1939–45</i>. London: Amber Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">158–</span>165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906626-21-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906626-21-1"><bdi>978-1-906626-21-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Vehicle+Identification+Guide%3A+Soviet+Tanks+Units+1939%E2%80%9345&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E158-%3C%2Fspan%3E165&rft.pub=Amber+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-906626-21-1&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatyusha+rocket+launcher" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScafeș2004" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Scafeș, Cornel (2004). "Buletinul Muzeului Național Militar, Nr. 2/2004" [Bulletin of the National Military Museum, No. 2/2004]. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Military_Museum,_Romania" title="National Military Museum, Romania">National Military Museum</a></i> (in Romanian). Bucharest: Total Publishing: <span class="nowrap">210–</span>237.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Military+Museum&rft.atitle=Buletinul+Muzeului+Na%C8%9Bional+Militar%2C+Nr.+2%2F2004&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E210-%3C%2Fspan%3E237&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Scafe%C8%99&rft.aufirst=Cornel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatyusha+rocket+launcher" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZalogaJames_Grandsen1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Zaloga" class="mw-redirect" title="Steven Zaloga">Zaloga, Steven J.</a>; James Grandsen (1984). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/soviettankscomba00zalo"><i>Soviet Tanks and Combat Vehicles of World War Two</i></a></span>. London: Arms and Armour Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/soviettankscomba00zalo/page/n145">150</a>–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85368-606-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-85368-606-8"><bdi>0-85368-606-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Tanks+and+Combat+Vehicles+of+World+War+Two&rft.place=London&rft.pages=150-54&rft.pub=Arms+and+Armour+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-85368-606-8&rft.aulast=Zaloga&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rft.au=James+Grandsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoviettankscomba00zalo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatyusha+rocket+launcher" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katyusha_rocket_launcher&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Prenatt, Jamie and Hook, Adam (2016). <i>Katyusha: Russian Multiple Rocket Launchers 1941–Present</i>, Oxford: Osprey Publishing Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B1%2B4728%2B1086%2B1" title="Special:BookSources/978+1+4728+1086+1">978 1 4728 1086 1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katyusha_rocket_launcher&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Katyusha" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Katyusha">Katyusha</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Katyusha" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Katyusha">Katyusha</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060720155159/http://rkkaww2.armchairgeneral.com/galleries/rocketgallery.htm">Photos</a> of various mounts of Katyushas</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.comcast.net/~markconrad/ROCKARTY.html">"Creation and Development of Rocket Artillery in the First Phase of the War"</a>, translation of a 1976 article published by the USSR Defence Ministry (broken link, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20071011232905/http://home.comcast.net/~markconrad/ROCKARTY.html">archive</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027050244/http://www.geocities.com/sa_bushwar/savstalinorrel1.jpg">Photo of a Cuban BM-21</a> in <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyusha_rocket_launcher&oldid=1282335696">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katyusha_rocket_launcher&oldid=1282335696</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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