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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1756" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1756"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>1756</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1756-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1757" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1757"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>1757</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1757-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1758" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1758"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>1758</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1758-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1759–1760" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1759–1760"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>1759–1760</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1759–1760-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1761–1762" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1761–1762"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>1761–1762</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1761–1762-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1763" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1763"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>1763</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1763-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_amphibious_"descents"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_amphibious_"descents""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>British amphibious "descents"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_amphibious_"descents"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_continents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_continents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other continents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_continents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other continents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_continents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>West Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neutral_nations_during_the_Seven_Years'_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neutral_nations_during_the_Seven_Years'_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Neutral nations during the Seven Years' War</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Neutral_nations_during_the_Seven_Years'_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Neutral nations during the Seven Years' War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Neutral_nations_during_the_Seven_Years'_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Ottoman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Persia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Dutch Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark–Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark–Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Denmark–Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark–Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outcomes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outcomes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Outcomes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outcomes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_battles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_battles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>List of battles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_battles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Cultural references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle General and cited references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Seven Years' War</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 91 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">91 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewejarige_Oorlog" title="Sewejarige Oorlog – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sewejarige Oorlog" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siebenj%C3%A4hriger_Krieg" title="Siebenjähriger Krieg – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Siebenjähriger Krieg" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B9" title="حرب السنوات السبع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب السنوات السبع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_los_Siete_A%C3%B1os" title="Guerra de los Siete Años – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guerra de los Siete Años" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeddiillik_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99" title="Yeddiillik müharibə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yeddiillik müharibə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%AF%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="یئددی ایل ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یئددی ایل ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="সাত বছরের যুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাত বছরের যুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhit-n%C3%AE_Chi%C3%A0n-cheng" title="Chhit-nî Chiàn-cheng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhit-nî Chiàn-cheng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1_%D2%BB%D1%83%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Ете йыллыҡ һуғыш – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ете йыллыҡ һуғыш" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сямігадовая вайна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сямігадовая вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сямігадовая вайна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сямігадовая вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Седемгодишна война – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Седемгодишна война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedmogodi%C5%A1nji_rat" title="Sedmogodišnji rat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sedmogodišnji rat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezel_Seizh_Vloaz" title="Brezel Seizh Vloaz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brezel Seizh Vloaz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_dels_Set_Anys" title="Guerra dels Set Anys – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra dels Set Anys" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D0%B8%D1%87%C3%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85_%D0%B2%C4%83%D1%80%C3%A7%C4%83" title="Çичçуллăх вăрçă – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çичçуллăх вăрçă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedmilet%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="Sedmiletá válka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sedmiletá válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Rhyfel_Saith_Mlynedd" title="Y Rhyfel Saith Mlynedd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Rhyfel Saith Mlynedd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syv%C3%A5rskrigen_(1756%E2%80%931763)" title="Syvårskrigen (1756–1763) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Syvårskrigen (1756–1763)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siebenj%C3%A4hriger_Krieg" title="Siebenjähriger Krieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Siebenjähriger Krieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seitsmeaastane_s%C3%B5da" title="Seitsmeaastane sõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Seitsmeaastane sõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Επταετής Πόλεμος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επταετής Πόλεμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_los_Siete_A%C3%B1os" title="Guerra de los Siete Años – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra de los Siete Años" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepjara_milito" title="Sepjara milito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sepjara milito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zazpi_Urteko_Gerra" title="Zazpi Urteko Gerra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zazpi Urteko Gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%87%D9%81%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87" title="جنگ هفت‌ساله – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ هفت‌ساله" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_de_Sept_Ans" title="Guerre de Sept Ans – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre de Sept Ans" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2njierrige_Oarloch" title="Sânjierrige Oarloch – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sânjierrige Oarloch" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogadh_na_Seacht_mBliana" title="Cogadh na Seacht mBliana – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cogadh na Seacht mBliana" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_dos_Sete_Anos" title="Guerra dos Sete Anos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guerra dos Sete Anos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/7%EB%85%84_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="7년 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="7년 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%B8%D5%A9%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B5%D5%A1_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Յոթնամյա պատերազմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Յոթնամյա պատերազմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="सप्तवर्षीय युद्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सप्तवर्षीय युद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedmogodi%C5%A1nji_rat" title="Sedmogodišnji rat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sedmogodišnji rat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sep-yara_milito" title="Sep-yara milito – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sep-yara milito" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Tujuh_Tahun" title="Perang Tujuh Tahun – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Tujuh Tahun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B6_%C3%A1ra_str%C3%AD%C3%B0i%C3%B0" title="Sjö ára stríðið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sjö ára stríðið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_dei_sette_anni" title="Guerra dei sette anni – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra dei sette anni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A2_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מלחמת שבע השנים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת שבע השנים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8F%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3_%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A7" title="ಏಳು ವರ್ಷಗಳ ಯುದ್ಧ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಏಳು ವರ್ಷಗಳ ಯುದ್ಧ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="შვიდწლიანი ომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შვიდწლიანი ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%81%D0%BE%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81" title="Жеті жылдық соғыс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жеті жылдық соғыс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita_ya_Miaka_Saba" title="Vita ya Miaka Saba – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vita ya Miaka Saba" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%88_(1756%E2%80%9363)" title="Жети жылдык согуш (1756–63) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жети жылдык согуш (1756–63)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellum_Septem_Annorum" title="Bellum Septem Annorum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bellum Septem Annorum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septi%C5%86gadu_kar%C5%A1" title="Septiņgadu karš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Septiņgadu karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septyneri%C5%B3_met%C5%B3_karas" title="Septynerių metų karas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Septynerių metų karas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A6ra_di_sett%27anni" title="Guæra di sett'anni – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Guæra di sett'anni" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9t%C3%A9ves_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Hétéves háború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hétéves háború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%82" title="സപ്തവത്സര യുദ്ധം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സപ്തവത്സര യുദ്ധം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="सप्त-वार्षिक युद्ध – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सप्त-वार्षिक युद्ध" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B9_%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86" title="حرب السبع سنين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حرب السبع سنين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Tujuh_Tahun" title="Perang Tujuh Tahun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Tujuh Tahun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Долоон жилийн дайн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Долоон жилийн дайн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ခုနှစ်နှစ်စစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ခုနှစ်နှစ်စစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zevenjarige_Oorlog_(1756-1763)" title="Zevenjarige Oorlog (1756-1763) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zevenjarige Oorlog (1756-1763)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="सात वर्षे युद्ध – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सात वर्षे युद्ध" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="七年戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="七年戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syv%C3%A5rskrigen" title="Syvårskrigen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Syvårskrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sju%C3%A5rskrigen" title="Sjuårskrigen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sjuårskrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_de_S%C3%A8t_Ans" title="Guèrra de Sèt Ans – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guèrra de Sèt Ans" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yetti_yillik_urush" title="Yetti yillik urush – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yetti yillik urush" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ست سالہ جنگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ست سالہ جنگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87" title="اووه کلنه جګړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اووه کلنه جګړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8ra_dij_set_agn" title="Guèra dij set agn – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Guèra dij set agn" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_siedmioletnia" title="Wojna siedmioletnia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna siedmioletnia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_dos_Sete_Anos" title="Guerra dos Sete Anos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra dos Sete Anos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_de_%C8%98apte_Ani" title="Războiul de Șapte Ani – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Războiul de Șapte Ani" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Семилетняя война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Семилетняя война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gherra_de_sos_Sete_Annos" title="Gherra de sos Sete Annos – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Gherra de sos Sete Annos" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiven_Years%27_War" title="Seiven Years' War – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Seiven Years' War" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Seven Years' War" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedemro%C4%8Dn%C3%A1_vojna_(1756_%E2%80%93_1763)" title="Sedemročná vojna (1756 – 1763) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sedemročná vojna (1756 – 1763)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedemletna_vojna" title="Sedemletna vojna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sedemletna vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AD%DB%95%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%B5%DB%95" title="جەنگی حەوت ساڵە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جەنگی حەوت ساڵە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%9A%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Седмогодишњи рат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Седмогодишњи рат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedmogodi%C5%A1nji_rat" title="Sedmogodišnji rat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sedmogodišnji rat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seitsenvuotinen_sota" title="Seitsenvuotinen sota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Seitsenvuotinen sota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sju%C3%A5rskriget" title="Sjuårskriget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sjuårskriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="ஏழாண்டுப் போர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஏழாண்டுப் போர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Җидееллык сугыш – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җидееллык сугыш" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5" title="สงครามเจ็ดปี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงครามเจ็ดปี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yedi_Y%C4%B1l_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Yedi Yıl Savaşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yedi Yıl Savaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Семирічна війна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Семирічна війна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="سات سالہ جنگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سات سالہ جنگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guera_dei_sete_ani" title="Guera dei sete ani – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Guera dei sete ani" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh_B%E1%BA%A3y_N%C4%83m" title="Chiến tranh Bảy Năm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến tranh Bảy Năm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="七年战争 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="七年战争" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%99%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%92" title="זיבן יעריגער קריג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זיבן יעריגער קריג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="七年戰爭 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="七年戰爭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E5%B9%B4%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="七年战争 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="七年战争" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33143#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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searchaux" style="display:none">Global war among European powers (1756–1763)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the mid-18th-century war. For other wars of the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Seven_Year_War_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Seven Year War (disambiguation)">Seven Year War</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Seven Years' War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_Wars" title="Anglo-French Wars">Anglo-French Wars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_rivalry" title="Austro-Prussian rivalry">Austro-Prussian rivalry</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seven_Years%27_War_Collage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Seven_Years%27_War_Collage.jpg/300px-Seven_Years%27_War_Collage.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Seven_Years%27_War_Collage.jpg/450px-Seven_Years%27_War_Collage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Seven_Years%27_War_Collage.jpg/600px-Seven_Years%27_War_Collage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span><br />Clockwise from top left:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a> (23 June 1757)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carillon" title="Battle of Carillon">Battle of Carillon</a> (6–8 July 1758)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zorndorf" title="Battle of Zorndorf">Battle of Zorndorf</a> (25 August 1758)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kunersdorf" title="Battle of Kunersdorf">Battle of Kunersdorf</a> (12 August 1759)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>17 May 1756 – 10 February 1763<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1756-05-17</span> – <span class="dtend">1763-02-10</span>)</span> <span class="nowrap">(6 years, 8 months, 3 weeks and 3 days)</span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="The Philippines">the Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Anglo-Prussian coalition victory<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> <ul><li>France cedes its North American possessions east of the Mississippi River, <a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada</a> as <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">military occupation</a>, the islands of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_(Antilles)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Vincent (Antilles)">St Vincent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobago" title="Tobago">Tobago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Circars" title="Northern Circars">Northern Circars</a> in India to Great Britain</li> <li>France cedes <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a> and its North American territory west of the Mississippi River to Spain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> cedes <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Britain</a> in exchange for return of <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="Great Britain"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" 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data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1640%E2%80%931777)" title="History of Portugal (1640–1777)">Portugal</a><sup id="cite_ref-From_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-From-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Landgraviate_of_Hesse-Kassel" title="Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel">Hesse-Kassel</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Normandie.svg/23px-Flag_of_Normandie.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Normandie.svg/35px-Flag_of_Normandie.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Normandie.svg/45px-Flag_of_Normandie.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iroquois Confederacy">Iroquois Confederacy</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austria</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Saxony"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/23px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/35px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/45px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Saxony</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Hesse-Darmstadt_Regiment_during_the_Seven_Years_War_%281756-1763%29.svg/17px-Flag_of_Hesse-Darmstadt_Regiment_during_the_Seven_Years_War_%281756-1763%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Hesse-Darmstadt_Regiment_during_the_Seven_Years_War_%281756-1763%29.svg/26px-Flag_of_Hesse-Darmstadt_Regiment_during_the_Seven_Years_War_%281756-1763%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Hesse-Darmstadt_Regiment_during_the_Seven_Years_War_%281756-1763%29.svg/34px-Flag_of_Hesse-Darmstadt_Regiment_during_the_Seven_Years_War_%281756-1763%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="448" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Landgraviate_of_Hesse-Darmstadt" title="Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt">Hesse-Darmstadt</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Russia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></span> (until 1762)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1774" data-file-height="1184" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931808)" title="History of Spain (1700–1808)">Spain</a><sup id="cite_ref-From_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-From-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="yes"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Liberty" title="Age of Liberty">Sweden</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_the_Principality_of_Bengal_%2815th-18th_century%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Principality_of_Bengal_%2815th-18th_century%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_the_Principality_of_Bengal_%2815th-18th_century%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Principality_of_Bengal_%2815th-18th_century%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_the_Principality_of_Bengal_%2815th-18th_century%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Principality_of_Bengal_%2815th-18th_century%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabanaki_Confederacy" title="Wabanaki Confederacy">Wabanaki Confederacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes" class="mw-redirect" title="Death by natural causes"><b>#</b></a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_4th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire">William Cavendish</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Pelham-Holles</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart,_3rd_Earl_of_Bute" title="John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute">John Stuart</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Amherst,_1st_Baron_Amherst" title="Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst">Jeffery Amherst</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hawke,_1st_Baron_Hawke" title="Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke">Edward Hawke</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/James_Wolfe" title="James Wolfe">James Wolfe</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Byng" title="John Byng">John Byng</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Robert Clive</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Braddock" title="Edward Braddock">Edward Braddock</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick II</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry_of_Prussia_(1726%E2%80%931802)" title="Prince Henry of Prussia (1726–1802)">Prince Henry</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Lehwaldt" title="Hans von Lehwaldt">Hans von Lehwaldt</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Manteuffel" title="Heinrich von Manteuffel">Manteuffel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Christoph_Graf_von_Schwerin" title="Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin">Schwerin</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_I_of_Portugal" title="Joseph I of Portugal">Joseph I</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/William,_Count_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="William, Count of Schaumburg-Lippe">Count of Lippe</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ferdinand_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Duke Ferdinand</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/William_VIII,_Landgrave_of_Hesse-Kassel" title="William VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel">William VIII</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Landgrave_of_Hesse-Kassel" title="Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel">Frederick II</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Louis,_Dauphin_of_France_(1729%E2%80%931765)" title="Louis, Dauphin of France (1729–1765)">Louis, Dauphin</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Soubise" title="Charles, Prince of Soubise">Prince de Soubise</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Louis-Joseph_de_Montcalm" title="Louis-Joseph de Montcalm">Montcalm</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arthur,_comte_de_Lally" title="Thomas Arthur, comte de Lally">Comte de Lally</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bougainville" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis de Bougainville">Louis de Bougainville</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Georges_%C3%89rasme_de_Contades" title="Louis Georges Érasme de Contades">Louis de Contades</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Joseph_of_Saxe-Hildburghausen" title="Prince Joseph of Saxe-Hildburghausen">Prince Joseph</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Joseph_von_Daun" title="Leopold Joseph von Daun">Leopold von Daun</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Gideon_von_Laudon" title="Ernst Gideon von Laudon">von Laudon</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/23px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/35px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/45px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland" title="Augustus III of Poland">Augustus III</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Hesse-Darmstadt_Regiment_during_the_Seven_Years_War_%281756-1763%29.svg/17px-Flag_of_Hesse-Darmstadt_Regiment_during_the_Seven_Years_War_%281756-1763%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Hesse-Darmstadt_Regiment_during_the_Seven_Years_War_%281756-1763%29.svg/26px-Flag_of_Hesse-Darmstadt_Regiment_during_the_Seven_Years_War_%281756-1763%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Hesse-Darmstadt_Regiment_during_the_Seven_Years_War_%281756-1763%29.svg/34px-Flag_of_Hesse-Darmstadt_Regiment_during_the_Seven_Years_War_%281756-1763%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="448" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII,_Landgrave_of_Hesse-Darmstadt" title="Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt">Louis VIII</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Russia" title="Elizabeth of Russia">Elizabeth</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes" class="mw-redirect" title="Death by natural causes"><b>#</b></a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Saltykov" title="Pyotr Saltykov">Pyotr Saltykov</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/William_Fermor" title="William Fermor">William Fermor</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Stepan_Fyodorovich_Apraksin" title="Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin">Stepan Apraksin</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zakhar_Chernyshev" title="Zakhar Chernyshev">Zakhar Chernyshev</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Rumyantsev" title="Pyotr Rumyantsev">Pyotr Rumyantsev</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1774" data-file-height="1184" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1774" data-file-height="1184" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Antonio_de_Cevallos" title="Pedro Antonio de Cevallos">Pedro de Cevallos</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1774" data-file-height="1184" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Abarca_de_Bolea,_10th_Count_of_Aranda" title="Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea, 10th Count of Aranda">Aranda</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281701%E2%80%931760%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1774" data-file-height="1184" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Carvajal,_Marquis_of_Sarria" title="Nicolás de Carvajal, Marquis of Sarria">Nicolás de Carvajal</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="yes"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Frederick_of_Sweden" title="Adolf Frederick of Sweden">Adolf Frederick</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="yes"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Ehrensv%C3%A4rd" title="Augustin Ehrensvärd">Augustin Ehrensvärd</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_the_Principality_of_Bengal_%2815th-18th_century%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Principality_of_Bengal_%2815th-18th_century%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_the_Principality_of_Bengal_%2815th-18th_century%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Principality_of_Bengal_%2815th-18th_century%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_the_Principality_of_Bengal_%2815th-18th_century%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Principality_of_Bengal_%2815th-18th_century%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Siraj_ud-Daulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraj ud-Daulah">Siraj ud-Daulah</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281750-1801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> 180,000 dead<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanley2012524_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanley2012524-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> 160,000 dead<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanley2012524_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanley2012524-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> Unknown</li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> 200,000 dead<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanley2012524_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanley2012524-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> 140,000 dead<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanley2012524_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanley2012524-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> 120,000 dead<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanley2012524_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanley2012524-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> 28,000 dead<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanley2012524_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanley2012524-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281760%E2%80%931785%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1180" /></span></span></span> Unknown</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Theatres of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Seven Years' War</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Seven_Years%27_War:_European" title="Template:Campaignbox Seven Years' War: European">Western Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Silesian_War" title="Third Silesian War">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_War" title="Pomeranian War">Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_invasion_of_Portugal_(1762)" title="Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Seven_Years%27_War:_West_Indies" title="Template:Campaignbox Seven Years' War: West Indies">West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Seven_Years%27_War:_Africa" title="Template:Campaignbox Seven Years' War: Africa">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Carnatic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Carnatic War">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1762%E2%80%9363)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1762–63)">Spanish Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Cevallos_expedition" title="First Cevallos expedition">Banda Oriental & Rio Grande do Sul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anglo-French_Wars" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Anglo-French_wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Anglo-French wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Anglo-French_wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Anglo-French wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Anglo-French_wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Anglo-French wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anglo-French_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_Wars" title="Anglo-French Wars"><span class="wrap">Anglo-French Wars</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England#Later_reign,_1107–1135,_1108–14" title="Henry I of England">1109–1113</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Br%C3%A9mule" title="Battle of Brémule">1116–1120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_1173%E2%80%931174" title="Revolt of 1173–1174">1173–1174</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England#Death" title="Henry II of England">1189</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England#War_against_Philip_of_France" title="Richard I of England">1193–1196</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England#War_against_Philip_of_France" title="Richard I of England">1197–1199</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England#Accession_to_the_throne,_1199" title="John, King of England">1199–1200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy_by_Philip_II_of_France" title="Invasion of Normandy by Philip II of France">1202–1204</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1213%E2%80%931214)" title="Anglo-French War (1213–1214)">1213–1214</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Barons%27_War" title="First Barons' War">1215–1217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_La_Rochelle_(1224)" title="Siege of La Rochelle (1224)">1224</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_invasion_of_France_(1230)" title="English invasion of France (1230)">1230</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintonge_War" title="Saintonge War">1242–1243</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_War" title="Gascon War">1294–1303</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Saint-Sardos" title="War of Saint-Sardos">1324</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">1337–1453</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War,_1337%E2%80%931360" title="Hundred Years' War, 1337–1360">1337–1360</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War,_1369%E2%80%931389" title="Hundred Years' War, 1369–1389">1369–1389</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War,_1415%E2%80%931453" title="Hundred Years' War, 1415–1453">1415–1453</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1494%E2%80%931495" title="Italian War of 1494–1495">1496–1498</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai" title="War of the League of Cambrai">1512–1514</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1521%E2%80%931526" title="Italian War of 1521–1526">1522–1526</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1542%E2%80%931546" title="Italian War of 1542–1546">1542–1546</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1551%E2%80%931559" title="Italian War of 1551–1559">1557–1559</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_expedition_to_France_(1562-1563)" class="mw-redirect" title="English expedition to France (1562-1563)">1562–1563</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1627%E2%80%931629)" title="Anglo-French War (1627–1629)">1627–1629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">1666–1667</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War" title="Franco-Dutch War">1678</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Second Hundred Years' War">1689–1815</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">1689–1697</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">1702–1713</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">1744–1748</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Wars">1746–1763</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1754–1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)" title="Anglo-French War (1778–1783)">1778–1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">1793–1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">1803–1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">1815</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Seven Years' War</b> (1756–1763) was a <a href="/wiki/Global_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Global conflict">global conflict</a> involving most of the European <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great powers</a>, fought primarily in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>. One of the opposing alliances was led by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>. The other alliance was led by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austria</a>, backed by <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Liberty" title="Age of Liberty">Sweden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>. Related conflicts include the 1754 to 1763 <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, and 1762 to 1763 <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1762%E2%80%931763)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763)">Anglo-Spanish War</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a> ended in 1748, but failed to resolve ongoing tensions between the European powers. Continuing colonial disputes between Britain and France in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> resulted in the outbreak of the French and Indian War in 1754. Following the realignment of traditional alliances in the so-called 1756 <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Revolution" title="Diplomatic Revolution">Diplomatic Revolution</a>, Prussia allied with Britain, while the long running <a href="/wiki/French%E2%80%93Habsburg_rivalry" title="French–Habsburg rivalry">French–Habsburg rivalry</a> ended when <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austria</a> signed a treaty with France. </p><p>Spain entered the war on the French side in 1762, unsuccessfully attempting to <a href="/wiki/Spanish_invasion_of_Portugal_(1762)" title="Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762)">invade</a> Britain's ally <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1640%E2%80%931777)" title="History of Portugal (1640–1777)">Portugal</a> in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Fantastic_War" title="Fantastic War">Fantastic War</a>. Spain lost <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Havana" title="Siege of Havana">Havana</a> in Cuba and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1762)" title="Battle of Manila (1762)">Manila</a> in the Philippines to Britain, but they were returned in the 1763 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris</a>. </p><p>In Europe, the large-scale conflict that drew in most of the European powers was centred on the desire of Austria to recover <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> from Prussia. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hubertusburg" title="Treaty of Hubertusburg">Treaty of Hubertusburg</a> ended the war between Saxony, Austria, and Prussia in 1763. France's supremacy in Europe was halted, while Prussia confirmed its status as a great power, challenging Austria for dominance within the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, thus altering the <a href="/wiki/European_balance_of_power" title="European balance of power">European balance of power</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the historiography of some countries, the war is named after combatants in its respective theatres. In the present-day United States, the conflict is known as the <b><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></b> (1754–1763). In English-speaking Canada—the balance of Britain's former North American colonies—it is called the <b>Seven Years' War</b> (1756–1763). In French-speaking Canada, it is known as <i>La guerre de la Conquête</i> (the <b>War of the Conquest</b>). Swedish historiography uses the name <i>Pommerska kriget</i> (the <b><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_War" title="Pomeranian War">Pomeranian War</a></b>), as the Sweden–Prussia conflict between 1757 and 1762 was limited to <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Pomerania</a> in northern central Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFüssel20107_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFüssel20107-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <b><a href="/wiki/Third_Silesian_War" title="Third Silesian War">Third Silesian War</a></b> involved Prussia and Austria (1756–1763). On the Indian subcontinent, the conflict is called the <b><a href="/wiki/Third_Carnatic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Carnatic War">Third Carnatic War</a></b> (1757–1763). </p><p>The term "<a href="/wiki/Second_Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Second Hundred Years' War">Second Hundred Years' War</a>" has been used in order to describe the almost continuous level of worldwide conflict between France and Great Britain during the entire 18th century, reminiscent of the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a> of the 14th and 15th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Revolution" title="Diplomatic Revolution">Diplomatic Revolution</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_North_America">In North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg/300px-Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg/450px-Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg/600px-Nouvelle-France_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1090" /></a><figcaption>Map of the British and French settlements in North America in 1750, before the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (1754 to 1763), which was part of the Seven Years' War</figcaption></figure> <p>The boundary between British and French possessions in North America was largely undefined in the 1750s. France had long claimed the entire <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> basin. This was disputed by Britain. In the early 1750s the French began constructing a chain of forts in the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River Valley</a> to assert their claim and shield the Native American population from increasing British influence. </p><p>The British settlers along the coast were upset that French troops would now be close to the western borders of their colonies. They felt the French would encourage their tribal allies among the North American natives to attack them. Also, the British settlers wanted access to the fertile land of the Ohio River Valley for the new settlers that were flooding into the British colonies seeking farmland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFFO2clqJCqMCpgPA17_p._17]_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFFO2clqJCqMCpgPA17_p._17]-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most important French fort planned was intended to occupy a position at "the Forks", where the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_River" title="Allegheny River">Allegheny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monongahela_River" title="Monongahela River">Monongahela</a> rivers meet to form the Ohio River in present-day <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, Pennsylvania. Peaceful British attempts to halt this fort construction were unsuccessful, and the French proceeded to build the fort they named <a href="/wiki/Fort_Duquesne" title="Fort Duquesne">Fort Duquesne</a>. British colonial militia from Virginia accompanied by Chief <a href="/wiki/Tanacharison" title="Tanacharison">Tanacharison</a> and a small number of <a href="/wiki/Mingo" title="Mingo">Mingo</a> warriors were sent to drive them out. Led by <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, they ambushed a small French force at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jumonville_Glen" title="Battle of Jumonville Glen">Jumonville Glen</a> on 28 May 1754 killing ten, including commander <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coulon_de_Jumonville" title="Joseph Coulon de Jumonville">Joseph Coulon de Jumonville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson20075–7_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson20075–7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French retaliated by attacking Washington's army at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Necessity" title="Battle of Fort Necessity">Fort Necessity</a> on 3 July 1754 and forced Washington to surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson200751–65_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson200751–65-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were the first engagements of what would become the worldwide Seven Years' War. </p><p>Britain and France failed to negotiate a solution after receiving news about this in Europe. The two countries eventually sent regular troops to North America to enforce their claims. The first British action was the assault on <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a> on 16 June 1755 in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Beaus%C3%A9jour" title="Battle of Fort Beauséjour">Battle of Fort Beauséjour</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFFO2clqJCqMCpgPA112_pp._112–115]_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFFO2clqJCqMCpgPA112_pp._112–115]-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was immediately followed by their <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">expulsion of the Acadians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007114_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007114-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July, British Major General <a href="/wiki/Edward_Braddock" title="Edward Braddock">Edward Braddock</a> led about 2,000 army troops and provincial militia on an expedition to retake Fort Duquesne, but <a href="/wiki/Braddock_Expedition" title="Braddock Expedition">the expedition</a> ended in disastrous defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson200677_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson200677-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In further action, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Edward_Boscawen" title="Edward Boscawen">Edward Boscawen</a> fired on the French ship <i><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Alcide_(1743)" title="French ship Alcide (1743)">Alcide</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Action_of_8_June_1755" title="Action of 8 June 1755">on 8 June 1755</a>, capturing it and two troop ships. In September 1755, British colonial and French troops met in the inconclusive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_George" title="Battle of Lake George">Battle of Lake George</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007119–120_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007119–120-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British also harassed French shipping beginning in August 1755, seizing hundreds of ships and capturing thousands of merchant seamen while the two nations were nominally at peace. Incensed, France prepared to attack Hanover, whose <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">prince-elector</a> was also the King of Great Britain and <a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Menorca</a>. Britain concluded a treaty whereby Prussia agreed to protect Hanover. In response France concluded an alliance with its long-time enemy Austria, an event known as the <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Revolution" title="Diplomatic Revolution">Diplomatic Revolution</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Europe">In Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Special:EditPage/Seven Years' War">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SevenYearsWar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/SevenYearsWar.png/350px-SevenYearsWar.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/SevenYearsWar.png/525px-SevenYearsWar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/SevenYearsWar.png/700px-SevenYearsWar.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>All the participants of the Seven Years' War <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#4D6DF3; color:black;"> </span> Great Britain, Prussia, Portugal, with allies</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#22B14C; color:black;"> </span> France, Spain, Austria, Russia, Sweden with allies</div></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzabo20072_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzabo20072-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which lasted from 1740 to 1748, Prussian King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick II</a>, known as Frederick the Great, seized the prosperous province of <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> from Austria. Empress <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Theresa of Austria">Maria Theresa of Austria</a> had signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)">Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle</a> in 1748 in order to gain time to rebuild her military forces and forge new alliances. </p><p>The War of the Austrian Succession had seen the belligerents aligned on a time-honoured basis. France's traditional enemies, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austria</a>, had coalesced just as they had done against Louis XIV. <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>, the leading anti-Austrian state in Germany, had been supported by France. Neither group, however, found much reason to be satisfied with its partnership: British subsidies to Austria produced nothing of much help to the British, while the British military effort had not saved Silesia for Austria. Prussia, having secured Silesia, came to terms with Austria in disregard of French interests. Even so, France concluded a defensive alliance with Prussia in 1747, and the maintenance of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Austrian_Alliance" title="Anglo-Austrian Alliance">Anglo-Austrian alignment</a> after 1748 was deemed essential by the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Duke of Newcastle</a>, British secretary of state in the ministry of his brother <a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Henry Pelham</a>. The collapse of that system and the aligning of France with Austria and of Great Britain with Prussia constituted what is known as the "<a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Revolution" title="Diplomatic Revolution">Diplomatic Revolution</a>" or the "reversal of alliances". </p><p>In 1756 Austria was making military preparations for war with Prussia and pursuing an alliance with Russia for this purpose. On 2 June 1756, Austria and Russia concluded a defensive alliance that covered their own territory and <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland</a> against attack by Prussia or the Ottoman Empire. They also agreed to a secret clause that promised the restoration of Silesia and the countship of Glatz (now <a href="/wiki/K%C5%82odzko" title="Kłodzko">Kłodzko</a>, Poland) to Austria in the event of hostilities with Prussia. Their real desire, however, was to destroy Frederick's power altogether, reducing his sway to his electorate of Brandenburg and giving <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a> to Poland, an exchange that would be accompanied by the cession of the Polish <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Courland">Duchy of Courland</a> to Russia. <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Bestuzhev-Ryumin" title="Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin">Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin</a>, grand chancellor of Russia under Empress <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Russia" title="Elizabeth of Russia">Elizabeth</a>, was hostile to both France and Prussia, but he could not persuade Austrian statesman <a href="/wiki/Wenzel_Anton_von_Kaunitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz">Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz</a> to commit to offensive designs against Prussia so long as Prussia was able to rely on French support. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_1748-1766_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Europe_1748-1766_en.png/280px-Europe_1748-1766_en.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Europe_1748-1766_en.png/420px-Europe_1748-1766_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Europe_1748-1766_en.png/560px-Europe_1748-1766_en.png 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2761" /></a><figcaption>Europe in the years after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)">Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle</a> in 1748</figcaption></figure> <p>The Hanoverian King <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II of Great Britain</a> was passionately devoted to his family's continental holdings, but his commitments in Germany were counterbalanced by the demands of the British colonies overseas. If war against France for colonial expansion was to be resumed, then Hanover had to be secured against Franco-Prussian attack. France was very much interested in colonial expansion and was willing to exploit the vulnerability of Hanover in war against Great Britain, but it had no desire to divert forces to Central Europe for Prussia's interest. </p><p>French policy was, moreover, complicated by the existence of the <i><a href="/wiki/Secret_du_Roi" title="Secret du Roi">Secret du Roi</a></i>—a system of private diplomacy conducted by King Louis XV. Unbeknownst to his foreign minister, Louis had established a network of agents throughout Europe with the goal of pursuing personal political objectives that were often at odds with France's publicly stated policies. Louis's goals for <i>le Secret du roi</i> included the Polish crown for his kinsman <a href="/wiki/Louis_Fran%C3%A7ois,_Prince_of_Conti" title="Louis François, Prince of Conti">Louis François de Bourbon, Prince of Conti</a>, and the maintenance of Poland, Sweden, and the Ottoman Empire as French allies in opposition to Russian and Austrian interests. </p><p>Frederick saw <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Saxony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Prussia" title="Royal Prussia">Polish west Prussia</a> as potential fields for expansion, but could not expect French support if he started an aggressive war for them. If he joined the French against the British in the hope of annexing Hanover, he might fall victim to an Austro-Russian attack. The hereditary elector of Saxony, <a href="/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland" title="Augustus III of Poland">Frederick Augustus II</a>, was also elective King of Poland as Augustus III, but the two territories were physically separated by Brandenburg and Silesia. Neither state could pose as a great power. Saxony was merely a buffer between Prussia and <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian Bohemia">Austrian Bohemia</a>, whereas Poland, despite its union with the ancient lands of Lithuania, was prey to pro-French and pro-Russian factions. A Prussian scheme for compensating Frederick Augustus with Bohemia in exchange for Saxony obviously presupposed further spoliation of Austria. </p><p>In the attempt to satisfy Austria at the time, Britain gave their electoral vote in Hanover for the candidacy of Maria Theresa's son, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a>, as the Holy Roman Emperor, much to the dismay of Frederick and Prussia. Not only that, Britain would soon join the Austro-Russian alliance, but complications arose. Britain's basic framework for the alliance itself was to protect Hanover's interests against France. At the same time, Kaunitz kept approaching the French in the hope of establishing just such an alliance with Austria. Not only that, France had no intention to ally with Russia, who, years earlier, had meddled in France's affairs during Austria's succession war. France also saw the dismemberment of Prussia as threatening to the stability of Central Europe. </p><p>Years later, Kaunitz kept trying to establish France's alliance with Austria. He tried as hard as he could to avoid Austrian entanglement in Hanover's political affairs, and was even willing to trade <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a> for France's aid in recapturing Silesia. Frustrated by this decision and by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>'s insistence on neutrality, Britain soon turned to Russia. On 30 September 1755, Britain pledged financial aid to Russia in order to station 50,000 troops on the Livonian-Lithuanian border, so they could defend Britain's interests in Hanover immediately. Bestuzhev, assuming the preparation was directed against Prussia, was more than happy to obey the request of the British. Unbeknownst to the other powers, King George II also made overtures to the Prussian king, Frederick, who, fearing the Austro-Russian intentions, was also desirous of a rapprochement with Britain. On 16 January 1756, the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Westminster" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention of Westminster">Convention of Westminster</a> was signed, whereby Britain and Prussia promised to aid one another; the parties hoped to achieve lasting peace and stability in Europe. </p><p>The carefully coded word in the agreement proved no less catalytic for the other European powers. The results were absolute chaos. Empress Elizabeth of Russia was outraged at the duplicity of Britain's position. Not only that, but France was enraged and terrified by the sudden betrayal of its only ally, Prussia. Austria, particularly Kaunitz, used this situation to their utmost advantage. Now-isolated France was forced to accede to the Austro-Russian alliance or face ruin. Thereafter, on 1 May 1756, the <a href="/wiki/First_Treaty_of_Versailles" class="mw-redirect" title="First Treaty of Versailles">First Treaty of Versailles</a> was signed, in which both nations pledged 24,000 troops to defend each other in the case of an attack. This diplomatic revolution proved to be an important cause of the war; although both treaties were ostensibly defensive in nature, the actions of both coalitions made the war virtually inevitable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methods_and_technologies">Methods and technologies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Methods and technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern warfare</a></div> <p>European warfare in the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a> was characterised by the widespread adoption of <a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">firearms</a> in combination with more traditional <a href="/wiki/Bladed_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Bladed weapons">bladed weapons</a>. Eighteenth-century European armies were built around units of massed <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> armed with <a href="/wiki/Smoothbore" title="Smoothbore">smoothbore</a> <a href="/wiki/Flintlock" title="Flintlock">flintlock muskets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">bayonets</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalrymen</a> were equipped with <a href="/wiki/Sabre" title="Sabre">sabres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">pistols</a> or <a href="/wiki/Carbine" title="Carbine">carbines</a>; <a href="/wiki/Light_cavalry" title="Light cavalry">light cavalry</a> were used principally for <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Screening_(tactical)" title="Screening (tactical)">screening</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tactical_communications" title="Tactical communications">tactical communications</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Heavy_cavalry" title="Heavy cavalry">heavy cavalry</a> were used as <a href="/wiki/Military_reserve" title="Military reserve">tactical reserves</a> and deployed for <a href="/wiki/Shock_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Shock attack">shock attacks</a>. Smoothbore <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> provided <a href="/wiki/Fire_support" title="Fire support">fire support</a> and played the leading role in <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">siege warfare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Black1994_38_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black1994_38-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strategic warfare in this period centred around control of key <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortifications</a> positioned so as to command the surrounding regions and roads, with lengthy sieges a common feature of armed conflict. Decisive field battles were relatively rare.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Seven Years' War, like most European wars of the eighteenth century, was fought as a so-called <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet war">cabinet war</a> in which disciplined <a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">regular armies</a> were equipped and supplied by the state to conduct warfare on behalf of the sovereign's interests. Occupied enemy territories were regularly taxed and extorted for funds, but large-scale atrocities against civilian populations were rare compared with conflicts in the previous century.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">Military logistics</a> was the decisive factor in many wars, as armies had grown too large to support themselves on prolonged campaigns by foraging and plunder alone. Military supplies were stored in centralised <a href="/wiki/Supply_depot" title="Supply depot">magazines</a> and distributed by <a href="/wiki/Baggage_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Baggage train">baggage trains</a> that were highly vulnerable to enemy raids.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armies were generally unable to sustain combat operations during winter and normally established <a href="/wiki/Cantonment" title="Cantonment">winter quarters</a> in the cold season, resuming their campaigns with the return of spring.<sup id="cite_ref-Black1994_38_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black1994_38-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strategies">Strategies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Strategies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erstes_pr._Bataillon_Leibgarde_in_Schlacht_bei_Kollin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Erstes_pr._Bataillon_Leibgarde_in_Schlacht_bei_Kollin.jpg/220px-Erstes_pr._Bataillon_Leibgarde_in_Schlacht_bei_Kollin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Erstes_pr._Bataillon_Leibgarde_in_Schlacht_bei_Kollin.jpg/330px-Erstes_pr._Bataillon_Leibgarde_in_Schlacht_bei_Kollin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Erstes_pr._Bataillon_Leibgarde_in_Schlacht_bei_Kollin.jpg/440px-Erstes_pr._Bataillon_Leibgarde_in_Schlacht_bei_Kollin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Prussian <a href="/wiki/Life_guard_(military)" title="Life guard (military)">Leibgarde</a> battalion at Kolín, 1757</figcaption></figure> <p>For much of the eighteenth century, France approached its wars in the same way. It would let colonies defend themselves or would offer only minimal help (sending them limited numbers of troops or inexperienced soldiers), anticipating that fights for the colonies would most likely be lost anyway.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This strategy was to a degree forced upon France: geography, coupled with the superiority of the British navy, made it difficult for the French navy to provide significant supplies and support to overseas colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDull2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQcsnvXeOdW4CpgPA14_p._14]_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDull2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQcsnvXeOdW4CpgPA14_p._14]-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, several long land borders made an effective domestic army imperative for any French ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-Borneman2007_80_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borneman2007_80-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given these military necessities, the French government, unsurprisingly, based its strategy overwhelmingly on the army in Europe: it would keep most of its army on the continent, hoping for victories closer to home.<sup id="cite_ref-Borneman2007_80_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borneman2007_80-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan was to fight to the end of hostilities and then, in treaty negotiations, to trade territorial acquisitions in Europe to regain lost overseas possessions (as had happened in, <i>e.g.</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1632)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1632)">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)">Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle</a>). This approach did not serve France well in the war, as the colonies were indeed lost, and although much of the European war went well, by its end France had few counterbalancing European successes.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burnt_Church,_c._1768.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Burnt_Church%2C_c._1768.jpg/220px-Burnt_Church%2C_c._1768.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Burnt_Church%2C_c._1768.jpg/330px-Burnt_Church%2C_c._1768.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Burnt_Church%2C_c._1768.jpg/440px-Burnt_Church%2C_c._1768.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5674" data-file-height="3912" /></a><figcaption>British raid on French settlement of Miramichi (later called <a href="/wiki/Burnt_Church_First_Nation" title="Burnt Church First Nation">Burnt Church</a>, New Brunswick), 1758</figcaption></figure> <p>The British—by inclination as well as for practical reasons—had tended to avoid large-scale commitments of troops on the continent.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They sought to offset the disadvantage of this in Europe by allying themselves with one or more continental powers whose interests were antithetical to those of their enemies, particularly France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweizer1989[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrfacoIz38n0CpgPA15_pp._15–16]_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweizer1989[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrfacoIz38n0CpgPA15_pp._15–16]-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By subsidising the armies of continental allies, Britain could turn London's enormous financial power to <a href="/wiki/Golden_Cavalry_of_St_George" title="Golden Cavalry of St George">military advantage</a>. In the Seven Years' War, the British chose as their principal partner the most brilliant general of the day, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a> of Prussia, then the rising power in central Europe, and paid Frederick substantial subsidies for his campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweizer1989[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrfacoIz38n0CpgPA106_p._106]_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweizer1989[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrfacoIz38n0CpgPA106_p._106]-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was accomplished in the <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Revolution" title="Diplomatic Revolution">Diplomatic Revolution</a> of 1756, in which Britain ended its long-standing alliance with Austria in favour of Prussia, leaving Austria to side with France. In marked contrast to France, Britain strove to prosecute the war actively overseas, taking full advantage of its <a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">naval power</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-black_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-black-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British pursued a dual strategy—naval <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bombardment" title="Bombardment">bombardment</a> of enemy ports, and rapid movement of troops by sea.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They harassed enemy shipping and attacked enemy colonies, frequently using colonists from nearby British colonies in the effort. </p><p>The Russians and the Austrians were determined to reduce the power of Prussia, the new threat on their doorstep, and Austria was anxious to regain <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>, lost to Prussia in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a>. Along with France, Russia and Austria agreed in 1756 to mutual defence and an attack by Austria and Russia on Prussia, subsidized by France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzabo200717–18_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzabo200717–18-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">Great Britain in the Seven Years' War</a></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Seven_Years&#039;_War:European_theatre" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Seven_Years%27_War:_European" title="Template:Campaignbox Seven Years' War: European"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Seven_Years%27_War:_European" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Seven Years' War: European"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Seven_Years%27_War:_European" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Seven Years' War: European"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seven_Years&#039;_War:European_theatre" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Seven Years' War</span></a>:<br />European theatre</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Bohemia and Moravia</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lobositz" title="Battle of Lobositz">Lobositz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reichenberg" title="Battle of Reichenberg">Reichenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Alt-Bunzlau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Alt-Bunzlau (page does not exist)">Alt-Bunzlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prague_(1757)" title="Battle of Prague (1757)">Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Prague" title="Siege of Prague">Siege of Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kol%C3%ADn" title="Battle of Kolín">Kolín</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Gabel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Gabel (page does not exist)">Gabel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Holitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Holitz (page does not exist)">Holitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Domstadtl" title="Battle of Domstadtl">Domstadtl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Olomouc" title="Siege of Olomouc">Olomouc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peterswalde" title="Battle of Peterswalde">Prussian Bohemia Incursion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Teplitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Teplitz (page does not exist)">Teplitz</a></li></ul> <p><b>Westphalia, Hesse and Lower Saxony</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Geldern" title="Siege of Geldern">Geldern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hastenbeck" title="Battle of Hastenbeck">Hastenbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rheinberg" title="Battle of Rheinberg">Rheinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krefeld" title="Battle of Krefeld">Krefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Sandershausen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Sandershausen (page does not exist)">Sandershausen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Meer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Meer (page does not exist)">Meer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lutterberg_(1758)" title="Battle of Lutterberg (1758)">Lutterberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bergen_(1759)" title="Battle of Bergen (1759)">Bergen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_M%C3%BCnster_(1759)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Münster (1759) (page does not exist)">1st Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Minden" title="Battle of Minden">Minden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Fulda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Fulda (page does not exist)">Fulda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Siege_of_M%C3%BCnster_(1759)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Siege of Münster (1759) (page does not exist)">2nd Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corbach" title="Battle of Corbach">Corbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Emsdorf" title="Battle of Emsdorf">Emsdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Warburg" title="Battle of Warburg">Warburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kloster_Kampen" title="Battle of Kloster Kampen">Kloster Kampen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Langensalza_(1761)" title="Battle of Langensalza (1761)">Langensalza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cassel_(1761)" title="Siege of Cassel (1761)">1st Cassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Battle of Grünberg">Grünberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villinghausen" title="Battle of Villinghausen">Villinghausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%96lper_(1761)" title="Battle of Ölper (1761)">Ölper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wilhelmsthal" title="Battle of Wilhelmsthal">Wilhelmsthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lutterberg_(1762)" title="Battle of Lutterberg (1762)">Lutterberg (1762)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nauheim" title="Battle of Nauheim">Nauheim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Am%C3%B6neburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Amöneburg (page does not exist)">Amöneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cassel_(1762)" title="Siege of Cassel (1762)">Cassel (1762)</a></li></ul> <p><b>Electoral Saxony</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pirna" title="Siege of Pirna">Pirna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rossbach" title="Battle of Rossbach">Rossbach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitulation_of_Sonnenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capitulation of Sonnenstein (page does not exist)">Sonnenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hochkirch" title="Battle of Hochkirch">Hochkirch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitulation_of_Torgau_(14_August_1759)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capitulation of Torgau (14 August 1759) (page does not exist)">Torgau (siege)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitulation_of_Wittenberg_(1759)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capitulation of Wittenberg (1759) (page does not exist)">Wittenberg (1759)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitulation_of_Torgau_(30_August_1759)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capitulation of Torgau (30 August 1759) (page does not exist)">Torgau (2nd siege)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitulation_of_Dresden_(1759)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capitulation of Dresden (1759) (page does not exist)">Dresden (surrender)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Torgau_(1759)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Torgau (1759) (page does not exist)">Torgau (1759)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Korbitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Korbitz (page does not exist)">Korbitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hoyerswerda" title="Battle of Hoyerswerda">Hoyerswerda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Sackwitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Sackwitz (page does not exist)">Sackwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maxen" title="Battle of Maxen">Maxen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meissen" title="Battle of Meissen">Meissen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dresden" title="Siege of Dresden">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Strehla" title="Battle of Strehla">Strehla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitulation_of_Torgau_(1760)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capitulation of Torgau (1760) (page does not exist)">Torgau (3rd siege)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Wittenberg_(1760)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Wittenberg (1760) (page does not exist)">Wittenberg (1760)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Torgau" title="Battle of Torgau">Torgau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_D%C3%B6beln&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Döbeln (page does not exist)">Döbeln</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Hilbersdorf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Hilbersdorf (page does not exist)">Hilbersdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Erbisdorf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Erbisdorf (page does not exist)">Erbisdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Freiberg" title="Battle of Freiberg">Freiberg</a></li></ul> <p><b>Brandenburg</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1757_raid_on_Berlin" title="1757 raid on Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_K%C3%BCstrin" title="Siege of Küstrin">Küstrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zorndorf" title="Battle of Zorndorf">Zorndorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kay" title="Battle of Kay">Kay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kunersdorf" title="Battle of Kunersdorf">Kunersdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Berlin" title="Raid on Berlin">Berlin (1760)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gostyn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Gostyn (page does not exist)">Gostyn</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Third_Silesian_War" title="Third Silesian War">Silesia</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moys" title="Battle of Moys">Moys</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Schweidnitz_(1757)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Schweidnitz (1757) (page does not exist)">1st Schweidnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breslau_(1757)" title="Battle of Breslau (1757)">Breslau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leuthen" title="Battle of Leuthen">Leuthen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breslau_(1757)" title="Siege of Breslau (1757)">Breslau (1759 siege)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blockade_of_Liegnitz_(1757)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blockade of Liegnitz (1757) (page does not exist)">Liegnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Schweidnitz_(1758)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Schweidnitz (1758) (page does not exist)">2nd Schweidnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Cosel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Cosel (page does not exist)">Cosel (1758)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Neisse_(1758)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Neisse (1758) (page does not exist)">Neisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neustadt_(1760)" title="Battle of Neustadt (1760)">Neustadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landeshut_(1760)" title="Battle of Landeshut (1760)">Landeshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Glatz" title="Siege of Glatz">Glatz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Breslau_(1760)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Breslau (1760) (page does not exist)">Breslau (1760 siege)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liegnitz_(1760)" title="Battle of Liegnitz (1760)">Liegnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Cosel_(1760)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Cosel (1760) (page does not exist)">Cosel (1760)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_Schweidnitz_(1761)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capture of Schweidnitz (1761) (page does not exist)">3rd Schweidnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Adelsbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Adelsbach (page does not exist)">Adelsbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burkersdorf_(1762)" title="Battle of Burkersdorf (1762)">Burkersdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reichenbach" title="Battle of Reichenbach">Reichenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Schweidnitz_(1762)" title="Siege of Schweidnitz (1762)">4th Schweidnitz</a></li></ul> <p><b>East Prussia</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Memel_(1757)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Memel (1757) (page does not exist)">Memel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gross-J%C3%A4gersdorf" title="Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf">Gross-Jägersdorf</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_War" title="Pomeranian War">Pomerania</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitulation_of_Demmin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capitulation of Demmin (page does not exist)">Demmin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitulation_of_Anklam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capitulation of Anklam (page does not exist)">Anklam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Stralsund" title="Blockade of Stralsund">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tornow" title="Battle of Tornow">Tornow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fehrbellin_(1758)" title="Battle of Fehrbellin (1758)">Fehrbellin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kolberg_(Seven_Years%27_War)" title="Siege of Kolberg (Seven Years' War)">Kolberg (1758)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_G%C3%BCstow" title="Battle of Güstow">Güstow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frisches_Haff" title="Battle of Frisches Haff">Frisches Haff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kolberg_(Seven_Years%27_War)" title="Siege of Kolberg (Seven Years' War)">Kolberg (1760)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pasewalk" title="Battle of Pasewalk">Pasewalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kolberg_(Seven_Years%27_War)" title="Siege of Kolberg (Seven Years' War)">Kolberg (1761)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neuensund" title="Battle of Neuensund">Neuensund</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Green_Redoubt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of the Green Redoubt (page does not exist)">Green Redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_G%C3%BClzow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Gülzow (page does not exist)">Gülzow</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gollnow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Gollnow (page does not exist)">Gollnow</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Spie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Spie (page does not exist)">Spie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neukalen" title="Battle of Neukalen">Neukalen</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_War" title="Fantastic War">Iberian Peninsula</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Almeida_(1762)" title="Siege of Almeida (1762)">Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valencia_de_Alc%C3%A1ntara" title="Battle of Valencia de Alcántara">Valencia de Alcántara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vila_Velha" title="Battle of Vila Velha">Vila Velha de Ródão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marv%C3%A3o" title="Battle of Marvão">Marvão</a></li></ul> <p><b>Naval Operations</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_St_Philip_(1756)" title="Siege of Fort St Philip (1756)">Fort St Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Minorca_(1756)" title="Battle of Minorca (1756)">Minorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Rochefort" title="Raid on Rochefort">Rochefort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_(1758)" title="Battle of Cartagena (1758)">Cartagena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_29_April_1758" title="Action of 29 April 1758">Bay of Biscay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_St_Malo" title="Raid on St Malo">St Malo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Cherbourg" title="Raid on Cherbourg">Cherbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint_Cast" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Saint Cast">Saint Cast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_French_invasion_of_Britain_(1759)" title="Planned French invasion of Britain (1759)">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quiberon_Bay" title="Battle of Quiberon Bay">Quiberon Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Belle_%C3%8Ele" title="Capture of Belle Île">Belle Île</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_17_July_1761" title="Action of 17 July 1761">Cádiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre_(1761)" title="Battle of Cape Finisterre (1761)">Cape Finisterre</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Seven_Years&#039;_War:Invasion_Campaign_(1759)" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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class="wrap">Invasion Campaign (1759)</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Le_Havre" title="Raid on Le Havre">Le Havre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lagos" title="Battle of Lagos">Lagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quiberon_Bay" title="Battle of Quiberon Bay">Quiberon Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carrickfergus_(1760)" title="Battle of Carrickfergus (1760)">Carrickfergus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bishops_Court" title="Battle of Bishops Court">Bishops Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Seven_Years&#039;_War:Fantastic_War" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Fantastic_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Fantastic War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Fantastic_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Fantastic War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Fantastic_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Fantastic War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seven_Years&#039;_War:Fantastic_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Seven Years' War</span></a>:<br /><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_War" title="Fantastic War">Fantastic War</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Spanish_invasion_of_Portugal_(1762)" title="Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762)">Portugal</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Almeida_(1762)" title="Siege of Almeida (1762)">Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valencia_de_Alc%C3%A1ntara" title="Battle of Valencia de Alcántara">Valencia de Alcántara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vila_Velha" title="Battle of Vila Velha">Vila Velha de Ródão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marv%C3%A3o" title="Battle of Marvão">Marvão</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/First_Cevallos_expedition" title="First Cevallos expedition">Banda Oriental & Rio Grande do Sul</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anglo-Spanish_War_(1762–1763)" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Anglo-Spanish_War_(1762%E2%80%9363)" title="Template:Campaignbox Anglo-Spanish War (1762–63)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Anglo-Spanish_War_(1762%E2%80%9363)" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Anglo-Spanish War (1762–63)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Anglo-Spanish_War_(1762%E2%80%9363)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Anglo-Spanish War (1762–63)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anglo-Spanish_War_(1762–1763)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1762%E2%80%931763)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763)"><span class="wrap">Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763)</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Europe</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_31_May_1762" title="Action of 31 May 1762">Cádiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_invasion_of_Portugal_(1762)" title="Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762)">Portugal and Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valencia_de_Alc%C3%A1ntara" title="Battle of Valencia de Alcántara">Valencia de Alcántara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vila_Velha" title="Battle of Vila Velha">Vila Velha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marv%C3%A3o" title="Battle of Marvão">Marvão</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Americas</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Havana" title="Siege of Havana">Havana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_R%C3%ADo_San_Juan_de_Nicaragua" title="Battle for Río San Juan de Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Cevallos_expedition" title="First Cevallos expedition">Colonia del Sacramento</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Spanish East Indies</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1762)" title="Battle of Manila (1762)">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_30_October_1762" title="Action of 30 October 1762">Cavite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Seven_Years&#039;_War:British_Amphibious_Descents_(1757-61)" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Seven_Years%27_War:_Amphibious_Descents" title="Template:Campaignbox Seven Years' War: Amphibious Descents"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Seven_Years%27_War:_Amphibious_Descents" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Seven Years' War: Amphibious Descents"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Seven_Years%27_War:_Amphibious_Descents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Seven Years' War: Amphibious Descents"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seven_Years&#039;_War:British_Amphibious_Descents_(1757-61)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Seven Years' War</span></a>:<br /><a href="/wiki/British_Amphibious_Descents_(1757-61)" class="mw-redirect" title="British Amphibious Descents (1757-61)"><span class="wrap">British Amphibious Descents (1757-61)</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Rochefort" title="Raid on Rochefort">Rochefort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_St_Malo" title="Raid on St Malo">St Malo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Cherbourg" title="Raid on Cherbourg">Cherbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint_Cast" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Saint Cast">Saint Cast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Belle_%C3%8Ele" title="Capture of Belle Île"> Belle Île</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="William Pitt the Elder">William Pitt the Elder</a>, who entered the cabinet in 1756, had a grand vision for the war that made it entirely different from previous wars with France. As prime minister, Pitt committed Britain to a grand strategy of seizing the entire French Empire, especially its possessions in North America and India. Britain's main weapon was the Royal Navy, which could control the seas and bring as many invasion troops as were needed. He also planned to use colonial forces from the thirteen American colonies, working under the command of British regulars, to invade New France. In order to tie the French army down he subsidized his European allies. Pitt was head of the government from 1756 to 1761, and even after that the British continued his strategy. It proved completely successful.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pitt had a clear appreciation of the enormous value of imperial possessions, and realized the vulnerability of the French Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1756">1756</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1756"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Third_Silesian_War" title="Third Silesian War">Third Silesian War</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Admiral_John_Byng%27s_account_of_the_Battle_of_Minorca_(1756)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Admiral John Byng's account of the Battle of Minorca (1756)">Admiral John Byng's account of the Battle of Minorca (1756)</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p>The British prime minister, the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle-upon-Tyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne">Duke of Newcastle</a>, was optimistic that the new series of alliances could prevent war from breaking out in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007129_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007129-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a large French force was assembled at <a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a>, and the French opened the campaign against the British with an <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_St_Philip_(1756)" title="Siege of Fort St Philip (1756)">attack on Minorca</a> in the Mediterranean. A British attempt at relief was foiled at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Minorca_(1756)" title="Battle of Minorca (1756)">Battle of Minorca</a>, and the island was captured on 28 June (for which <a href="/wiki/John_Byng" title="John Byng">Admiral Byng</a> was court-martialed and executed).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodger2006265–267_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodger2006265–267-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain formally declared war on France on 17 May,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nearly two years after fighting had broken out in the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a>. </p><p>Frederick II of Prussia had received reports of the clashes in North America and had <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Prussian_Alliance_(1756)" title="Anglo-Prussian Alliance (1756)">formed an alliance with Great Britain</a>. On 29 August 1756, he led Prussian troops across the border of Saxony, one of the small German states in league with Austria. He intended this as a bold pre-emption of an anticipated Austro-French invasion of Silesia. He had three goals in his new war on Austria. First, he would seize Saxony and eliminate it as a threat to Prussia, then use the Saxon army and treasury to aid the Prussian war effort. His second goal was to advance into Bohemia, where he might set up winter quarters at Austria's expense. Thirdly, he wanted to invade <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a> from Silesia, seize the fortress at Olmütz, and advance on Vienna to force an end to the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986427_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986427-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Lobositz.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Battle_of_Lobositz.png/280px-Battle_of_Lobositz.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Battle_of_Lobositz.png/420px-Battle_of_Lobositz.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Battle_of_Lobositz.png/560px-Battle_of_Lobositz.png 2x" data-file-width="1089" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lobositz" title="Battle of Lobositz">Battle of Lobositz</a>. Austria: blue; Prussia: red</figcaption></figure> <p>Accordingly, leaving Field Marshal Count <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Christoph_Graf_von_Schwerin" title="Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin">Kurt von Schwerin</a> in Silesia with 25,000 soldiers to guard against incursions from Moravia and Hungary, and leaving Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Lehwaldt" title="Hans von Lehwaldt">Hans von Lehwaldt</a> in East Prussia to guard against Russian invasion from the east, Frederick set off with his army for Saxony. The Prussian army marched in three columns. On the right was a column of about 15,000 men under the command of <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ferdinand_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick</a>. On the left was a column of 18,000 men under the command of the <a href="/wiki/Augustus_William,_Duke_of_Brunswick-Bevern" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus William, Duke of Brunswick-Bevern">Duke of Brunswick-Bevern</a>. In the centre was Frederick II, himself with Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Keith" title="James Francis Edward Keith">James Keith</a> commanding a corps of 30,000 troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986427_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986427-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ferdinand of Brunswick was to close in on the town of <a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a>. The Duke of Brunswick-Bevern was to traverse <a href="/wiki/Lusatia" title="Lusatia">Lusatia</a> to close in on <a href="/wiki/Bautzen" title="Bautzen">Bautzen</a>. Meanwhile, Frederick and Keith would make for <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>. </p><p>The Saxon and Austrian armies were unprepared, and their forces were scattered. Frederick occupied Dresden with little or no opposition from the Saxons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986428_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986428-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lobositz" title="Battle of Lobositz">Battle of Lobositz</a> on 1 October 1756, Frederick stumbled into one of the embarrassments of his career. Severely underestimating a reformed Austrian army under General Maximilian Ulysses Browne, he found himself outmanoeuvred and outgunned, and at one point in the confusion even ordered his troops to fire on retreating Prussian cavalry. Frederick actually fled the field of battle, leaving Field Marshall Keith in command. Browne, however, also left the field, in a vain attempt to meet up with an isolated Saxon army holed up in the fortress at Pirna. As the Prussians technically remained in control of the field of battle, Frederick, in a masterful coverup, claimed Lobositz as a Prussian victory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzabo200756–58_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzabo200756–58-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Prussians then occupied Saxony; after the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pirna" title="Siege of Pirna">siege of Pirna</a>, the Saxon army surrendered in October 1756, and was forcibly incorporated into the Prussian army. The attack on neutral Saxony caused outrage across Europe and led to the strengthening of the anti-Prussian coalition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDull2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQcsnvXeOdW4CpgPA71_p._71]_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDull2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQcsnvXeOdW4CpgPA71_p._71]-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Austrians had succeeded in partially occupying Silesia and, more importantly, denying Frederick winter quarters in Bohemia. Frederick had proven to be overly confident to the point of arrogance and his errors were very costly for Prussia's smaller army. This led him to remark that he did not fight the same Austrians as he had during the previous war.<sup id="cite_ref-Bled_Frederick_2006_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bled_Frederick_2006-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Britain had been surprised by the sudden Prussian offensive but now began shipping supplies and £670,000 (equivalent to £125.9 million in 2023) to its new ally.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986465_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986465-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Army_of_observation" title="Army of observation">combined force of allied German states</a> was organised by the British to protect <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a> from French invasion, under the command of the <a href="/wiki/Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland" title="Prince William, Duke of Cumberland">Duke of Cumberland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986Footnote_on_p._441_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986Footnote_on_p._441-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British attempted to persuade the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> to join the alliance, but the request was rejected, as the Dutch wished to remain fully neutral.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter197184–102_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter197184–102-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the huge disparity in numbers, the year had been successful for the Prussian-led forces on the continent, in contrast to the British campaigns in North America. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1757">1757</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1757"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_War" title="Pomeranian War">Pomeranian War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schlacht-Kolin-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Schlacht-Kolin-1.jpg/260px-Schlacht-Kolin-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Schlacht-Kolin-1.jpg/390px-Schlacht-Kolin-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Schlacht-Kolin-1.jpg/520px-Schlacht-Kolin-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kol%C3%ADn" title="Battle of Kolín">Battle of Kolín</a> in 1757 in <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> (the site is now in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>On 18 April 1757, Frederick II again took the initiative by marching into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a>, hoping to inflict a decisive defeat on Austrian forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarston2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1icUjZag24YCpgPA37_p._37]_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarston2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1icUjZag24YCpgPA37_p._37]-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After winning the bloody <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prague_(1757)" title="Battle of Prague (1757)">Battle of Prague</a> on 6 May 1757, in which both forces suffered major casualties, the Prussians forced the Austrians back into the fortifications of Prague. The Prussian army then <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Prague" title="Siege of Prague">laid siege to the city</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuvaas19996_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuvaas19996-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Austrian commander <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Joseph_von_Daun" title="Leopold Joseph von Daun">Leopold von Daun</a> collected a force of 30,000 men to come to the relief of Prague.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarston200139_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarston200139-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the battle at Prague, Frederick took 5,000 troops from the siege at Prague and sent them to reinforce the 19,000-man army under the Duke of Brunswick-Bevern at Kolín in Bohemia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986454_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986454-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daun arrived too late to participate in the battle of Prague, but picked up 16,000 men who had escaped from the battle. With this army he slowly moved to relieve Prague. The Prussian army was too weak to simultaneously besiege Prague and keep Daun away, and Frederick was forced to attack prepared positions. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolin" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kolin">Battle of Kolín</a> was a sharp defeat for Frederick, his first. His losses further forced him to lift the siege and withdraw from Bohemia altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuvaas19996_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuvaas19996-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later that summer, the Russians under Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Stepan_Fyodorovich_Apraksin" title="Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin">Apraksin</a> besieged <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da" title="Klaipėda">Memel</a> with 75,000 troops. Memel had one of the strongest fortresses in Prussia. However, after five days of artillery bombardment, the Russian army was able to storm it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986460_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986460-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russians then used Memel as a base to invade <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a> and defeated a smaller Prussian force in the fiercely contested <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gross-J%C3%A4gersdorf" title="Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf">Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf</a> on 30 August 1757. In the words of the American historian <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Marston_(historian)" title="Daniel Marston (historian)">Daniel Marston</a>, Gross-Jägersdorf left the Prussians with "a newfound respect for the fighting capabilities of the Russians that was reinforced in the later battles of Zorndorf and Kunersdorf".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarston200140–41_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarston200140–41-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Russians were not yet able to take Königsberg after using up their supplies of cannonballs at Memel, and Gross-Jägersdorf retreated soon afterwards. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schlacht_bei_Ro%C3%9Fbach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Schlacht_bei_Ro%C3%9Fbach.jpg/220px-Schlacht_bei_Ro%C3%9Fbach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Schlacht_bei_Ro%C3%9Fbach.jpg/330px-Schlacht_bei_Ro%C3%9Fbach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Schlacht_bei_Ro%C3%9Fbach.jpg/440px-Schlacht_bei_Ro%C3%9Fbach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2208" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rossbach" title="Battle of Rossbach">Battle of Rossbach</a> in Saxony</figcaption></figure> <p>Logistics was a recurring problem for the Russians throughout the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Marston2001_22_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marston2001_22-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russians lacked a quartermaster's department capable of keeping armies operating in Central Europe properly supplied over the primitive mud roads of eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Marston2001_22_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marston2001_22-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tendency of Russian armies to break off operations after fighting a major battle, even when they were not defeated, was less about their casualties and more about their supply lines; after expending much of their munitions in a battle, Russian generals did not wish to risk another battle knowing resupply would be a long time coming.<sup id="cite_ref-Marston2001_22_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marston2001_22-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This long-standing weakness was evident in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%931739)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)">Russian-Ottoman War</a> of 1735–1739, where Russian battle victories led to only modest war gains due to problems supplying their armies.<sup id="cite_ref-Stone2006_70_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone2006_70-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian quartermasters department had not improved, so the same problems reoccurred in Prussia.<sup id="cite_ref-Stone2006_70_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone2006_70-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, the Imperial Russian Army was a new threat to Prussia. Not only was Frederick forced to break off his invasion of Bohemia, he was also now forced to withdraw further into Prussian-controlled territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFFO2clqJCqMCpgPA176_p._176]_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFFO2clqJCqMCpgPA176_p._176]-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His defeats on the battlefield brought still more opportunistic nations into the war. Sweden declared war on Prussia and invaded Pomerania with 17,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986460_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986460-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sweden felt this small army was all that was needed to occupy Pomerania and felt the Swedish army would not need to engage with the Prussians because the Prussians were occupied on so many other fronts. </p><p>This problem was compounded when the main Hanoverian army under Cumberland, which include Hesse-Kassel and Brunswick troops, was defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hastenbeck" title="Battle of Hastenbeck">Battle of Hastenbeck</a> and forced to surrender entirely at the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Klosterzeven" title="Convention of Klosterzeven">Convention of Klosterzeven</a> following a <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Hanover_(1757)" title="Invasion of Hanover (1757)">French Invasion of Hanover</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007211–12_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007211–12-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The convention removed Hanover from the war, leaving the western approach to Prussian territory extremely vulnerable. Frederick sent urgent requests to Britain for more substantial assistance, as he was now without any outside military support for his forces in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007176–177_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007176–177-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batte_of_Leuthen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Batte_of_Leuthen.jpg/220px-Batte_of_Leuthen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Batte_of_Leuthen.jpg/330px-Batte_of_Leuthen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Batte_of_Leuthen.jpg/440px-Batte_of_Leuthen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leuthen" title="Battle of Leuthen">Battle of Leuthen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Carl_R%C3%B6chling" title="Carl Röchling">Carl Röchling</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederick_the_Great_and_his_staff_at_the_Battle_of_Leuthen_by_Hugo_Ungewitter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Frederick_the_Great_and_his_staff_at_the_Battle_of_Leuthen_by_Hugo_Ungewitter.jpg/220px-Frederick_the_Great_and_his_staff_at_the_Battle_of_Leuthen_by_Hugo_Ungewitter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Frederick_the_Great_and_his_staff_at_the_Battle_of_Leuthen_by_Hugo_Ungewitter.jpg/330px-Frederick_the_Great_and_his_staff_at_the_Battle_of_Leuthen_by_Hugo_Ungewitter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Frederick_the_Great_and_his_staff_at_the_Battle_of_Leuthen_by_Hugo_Ungewitter.jpg/440px-Frederick_the_Great_and_his_staff_at_the_Battle_of_Leuthen_by_Hugo_Ungewitter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a> and staff at Leuthen</figcaption></figure> <p>Things were looking grim for Prussia now, with the Austrians mobilising to attack Prussian-controlled soil and a combined French and <i><a href="/wiki/Reichsarmee" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsarmee">Reichsarmee</a></i> force under <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Rohan,_prince_de_Soubise" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles de Rohan, prince de Soubise">Prince Soubise</a> approaching from the west. The <i>Reichsarmee</i> was a collection of armies from the smaller German states that had banded together to heed the appeal of the Holy Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor">Franz I</a> of Austria against Frederick.<sup id="cite_ref-Marston2001_41_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marston2001_41-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in November and December 1757, the whole situation in Germany was reversed. First, Frederick devastated Soubise's forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rossbach" title="Battle of Rossbach">Battle of Rossbach</a> on 5 November 1757<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986469–472_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986469–472-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then routed a vastly superior Austrian force at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leuthen" title="Battle of Leuthen">Battle of Leuthen</a> on 5 December 1757.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986476–481_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986476–481-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rossbach was the only battle between the French and the Prussians during the entire war.<sup id="cite_ref-Marston2001_41_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marston2001_41-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Rossbach, the Prussians lost about 548 men killed while the Franco-<i>Reichsarmee</i> force under Soubise lost about 10,000 killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarston200142_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarston200142-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frederick always called Leuthen his greatest victory, an assessment shared by many at the time as the Austrian Army was considered to be a highly professional force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarston200142_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarston200142-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With these victories, Frederick once again established himself as Europe's premier general and his men as Europe's most accomplished soldiers. However, Frederick missed an opportunity to completely destroy the Austrian army at Leuthen; although depleted, it escaped back into Bohemia. He hoped the two smashing victories would bring Maria Theresa to the peace table, but she was determined not to negotiate until she had re-taken Silesia. Maria Theresa also improved the Austrians' command after Leuthen by replacing her incompetent brother-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Charles_Alexander_of_Lorraine" title="Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine">Charles of Lorraine</a>, with Daun, who was now a field marshal. </p><p>Calculating that no further Russian advance was likely until 1758, Frederick moved the bulk of his eastern forces to Pomerania under the command of Marshal Lehwaldt, where they were to repel the Swedish invasion. In short order, the Prussian army drove the Swedes back, occupied most of <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Swedish Pomerania</a>, and blockaded its capital <a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986473_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986473-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II of Great Britain</a>, on the advice of his British ministers after the battle of Rossbach, revoked the Convention of Klosterzeven, and Hanover reentered the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007215–216_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007215–216-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the winter the new commander of the Hanoverian forces, <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ferdinand_of_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick">Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick</a> (until immediately before a commander in the Prussian Army), regrouped his army and launched a series of offensives that drove the French back across the <a href="/wiki/River_Rhine" class="mw-redirect" title="River Rhine">River Rhine</a>. Ferdinand's forces kept Prussia's western flank secure for the rest of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986486_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986486-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British had suffered further defeats in North America, particularly at <a href="/wiki/Fort_William_Henry" title="Fort William Henry">Fort William Henry</a>. At home, however, stability had been established. Since 1756, successive governments led by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles">Newcastle</a> and Pitt had fallen. In August 1757, the two men agreed to a political partnership and formed a <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition government</a> that gave new, firmer direction to the war effort. The new strategy emphasised both Newcastle's commitment to British involvement on the continent, particularly in defence of its German possessions, and Pitt's determination to use naval power to seize <a href="/wiki/French_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="French colonies">French colonies</a> around the globe. This "dual strategy" would dominate British policy for the next five years. </p><p>Between 10 and 17 October 1757, a Hungarian general, Count <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_Hadik" title="András Hadik">András Hadik</a>, serving in the Austrian army, executed what may be the most famous <a href="/wiki/Hussar" title="Hussar">hussar</a> action in history. When the Prussian king, Frederick, was marching south with his powerful armies, the Hungarian general unexpectedly swung his force of 5,000, mostly hussars, around the Prussians and occupied part of their capital, Berlin, for one night.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986467_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986467-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was spared for a negotiated ransom of 200,000 thalers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986467_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986467-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Frederick heard about this humiliating occupation, he immediately sent a larger force to free the city. Hadik, however, left the city with his hussars and safely reached the Austrian lines. Subsequently, Hadik was promoted to the rank of marshal in the Austrian Army. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1758">1758</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1758"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early 1758, Frederick launched an invasion of <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a> and laid siege to Olmütz (now <a href="/wiki/Olomouc" title="Olomouc">Olomouc</a>, Czech Republic).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986489_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986489-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following an Austrian victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Domstadtl" title="Battle of Domstadtl">Battle of Domstadtl</a> that wiped out a supply convoy destined for Olmütz, Frederick broke off the siege and withdrew from Moravia. It marked the end of his final attempt to launch a major invasion of Austrian territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzabo2007148–155_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzabo2007148–155-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1758, the Russians invaded <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>, where the province, almost denuded of troops, put up little opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-Marston2001_41_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marston2001_41-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> East Prussia had been occupied by Russian forces over the winter and would remain under their control until 1762, although it was far less strategically valuable to Prussia than Brandenburg or Silesia. In any case, Frederick did not see the Russians as an immediate threat and instead entertained hopes of first fighting a decisive battle against Austria that would knock them out of the war. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Krefeld_-_Map_of_the_area_printed_in_The_Gentleman%27s_Magazine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Battle_of_Krefeld_-_Map_of_the_area_printed_in_The_Gentleman%27s_Magazine.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Krefeld_-_Map_of_the_area_printed_in_The_Gentleman%27s_Magazine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Battle_of_Krefeld_-_Map_of_the_area_printed_in_The_Gentleman%27s_Magazine.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Krefeld_-_Map_of_the_area_printed_in_The_Gentleman%27s_Magazine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Battle_of_Krefeld_-_Map_of_the_area_printed_in_The_Gentleman%27s_Magazine.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Krefeld_-_Map_of_the_area_printed_in_The_Gentleman%27s_Magazine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="1577" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krefeld" title="Battle of Krefeld">Battle of Krefeld</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> – a map of the area in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gentleman%27s_Magazine" title="The Gentleman's Magazine">The Gentleman's Magazine</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>In April 1758, the British concluded the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Prussian_Convention" title="Anglo-Prussian Convention">Anglo-Prussian Convention</a> with Frederick in which they committed to pay him <a href="/wiki/Golden_Cavalry_of_St_George" title="Golden Cavalry of St George">an annual subsidy</a> of £670,000. Britain also dispatched 9,000 troops to reinforce Ferdinand's Hanoverian army, the first British troop commitment on the continent and a reversal in the policy of Pitt. Ferdinand's Hanoverian army, supplemented by some Prussian troops, had succeeded in driving the French from Hanover and Westphalia and re-captured the port of <a href="/wiki/Emden" title="Emden">Emden</a> in March 1758 before crossing the Rhine with his own forces, which caused alarm in France. Despite Ferdinand's victory over the French at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krefeld" title="Battle of Krefeld">Battle of Krefeld</a> and the brief occupation of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>, he was compelled by the successful manoeuvering of larger French forces to withdraw across the Rhine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzabo2007179–182_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzabo2007179–182-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By this point Frederick was increasingly concerned by the Russian advance from the east and marched to counter it. Just east of the Oder in Brandenburg-<a href="/wiki/Neumark" title="Neumark">Neumark</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zorndorf" title="Battle of Zorndorf">Battle of Zorndorf</a> (now Sarbinowo, Poland), a Prussian army of 35,000 men under Frederick on 25 August 1758, fought a Russian army of 43,000 commanded by Count <a href="/wiki/William_Fermor" title="William Fermor">William Fermor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986494–499_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986494–499-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both sides suffered heavy casualties—the Prussians 12,800, the Russians 18,000—but the Russians withdrew, and Frederick claimed victory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzabo2007162–169_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzabo2007162–169-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American historian Daniel Marston described Zorndorf as a "draw" as both sides were too exhausted and had taken such losses that neither wished to fight another battle with the other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarston2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1icUjZag24YCpgPA54_p._54]_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarston2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1icUjZag24YCpgPA54_p._54]-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the undecided <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tornow" title="Battle of Tornow">Battle of Tornow</a> on 25 September, a Swedish army repulsed six assaults by a Prussian army but did not push on Berlin following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fehrbellin_(1758)" title="Battle of Fehrbellin (1758)">Battle of Fehrbellin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986500_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986500-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Pegna_%C3%9Cberfall_bei_Hochkirch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/La_Pegna_%C3%9Cberfall_bei_Hochkirch.jpg/220px-La_Pegna_%C3%9Cberfall_bei_Hochkirch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/La_Pegna_%C3%9Cberfall_bei_Hochkirch.jpg/330px-La_Pegna_%C3%9Cberfall_bei_Hochkirch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/La_Pegna_%C3%9Cberfall_bei_Hochkirch.jpg/440px-La_Pegna_%C3%9Cberfall_bei_Hochkirch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hochkirch" title="Battle of Hochkirch">Battle of Hochkirch</a> in Saxony</figcaption></figure> <p>The war was continuing indecisively when on 14 October Marshal Daun's Austrians surprised the main Prussian army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hochkirch" title="Battle of Hochkirch">Battle of Hochkirch</a> in Saxony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986501–506_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986501–506-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frederick lost much of his artillery but retreated in good order, helped by dense woods. The Austrians had ultimately made little progress in the campaign in Saxony despite Hochkirch and had failed to achieve a decisive breakthrough. After a thwarted attempt to take Dresden, Daun's troops were forced to withdraw to Austrian territory for the winter, so that Saxony remained under Prussian occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzabo2007195–202_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzabo2007195–202-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the Russians failed in an attempt to take <a href="/wiki/Kolberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolberg">Kolberg</a> in Pomerania (now <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82obrzeg" title="Kołobrzeg">Kołobrzeg</a>, Poland) from the Prussians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzabo2007_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzabo2007-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In France, 1758 had been disappointing and in the wake of this, a new chief minister, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Fran%C3%A7ois,_duc_de_Choiseul" class="mw-redirect" title="Étienne François, duc de Choiseul">Duc de Choiseul</a>, was appointed. Choiseul planned to end the war in 1759 by making strong attacks on Britain and Hanover. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1759–1760"><span id="1759.E2.80.931760"></span>1759–1760</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1759–1760"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HGM_Findenigg_Gefecht_bei_Maxen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/HGM_Findenigg_Gefecht_bei_Maxen.jpg/220px-HGM_Findenigg_Gefecht_bei_Maxen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/HGM_Findenigg_Gefecht_bei_Maxen.jpg/330px-HGM_Findenigg_Gefecht_bei_Maxen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/HGM_Findenigg_Gefecht_bei_Maxen.jpg/440px-HGM_Findenigg_Gefecht_bei_Maxen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1154" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maxen" title="Battle of Maxen">Battle of Maxen</a> in Saxony</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_von_Kotzebue_-_Battle_of_Kunersdorf_on_1_August_1759.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Alexander_von_Kotzebue_-_Battle_of_Kunersdorf_on_1_August_1759.jpg/220px-Alexander_von_Kotzebue_-_Battle_of_Kunersdorf_on_1_August_1759.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Alexander_von_Kotzebue_-_Battle_of_Kunersdorf_on_1_August_1759.jpg/330px-Alexander_von_Kotzebue_-_Battle_of_Kunersdorf_on_1_August_1759.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Alexander_von_Kotzebue_-_Battle_of_Kunersdorf_on_1_August_1759.jpg/440px-Alexander_von_Kotzebue_-_Battle_of_Kunersdorf_on_1_August_1759.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1919" data-file-height="1205" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kunersdorf" title="Battle of Kunersdorf">Battle of Kunersdorf</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Prussia suffered several defeats in 1759. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kay" title="Battle of Kay">Battle of Kay</a>, or Paltzig, the Russian Count <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Saltykov" title="Pyotr Saltykov">Saltykov</a> with 40,000 Russians defeated 26,000 Prussians commanded by General <a href="/wiki/Carl_Heinrich_von_Wedel" title="Carl Heinrich von Wedel">Carl Heinrich von Wedel</a>. Though the Hanoverians defeated an army of 60,000 French at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Minden" title="Battle of Minden">Minden</a>, Austrian general <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Joseph_von_Daun" title="Leopold Joseph von Daun">Daun</a> forced the surrender of an entire Prussian corps of 13,000 in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maxen" title="Battle of Maxen">Battle of Maxen</a>. Frederick himself lost half his army in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kunersdorf" title="Battle of Kunersdorf">Battle of Kunersdorf</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Kunowice" title="Kunowice">Kunowice</a>, Poland), the worst defeat in his military career and one that drove him to the brink of abdication and thoughts of suicide. The disaster resulted partly from his misjudgment of the Russians, who had already demonstrated their strength at Zorndorf and at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gross-J%C3%A4gersdorf" title="Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf">Gross-Jägersdorf</a> (now Motornoye, Russia), and partly from good cooperation between the Russian and Austrian forces. However, disagreements with the Austrians over logistics and supplies resulted in the Russians withdrawing east yet again after Kunersdorf, ultimately enabling Frederick to re-group his shattered forces. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_Quiberon_Bay,_20_November_1759_RMG_BHC0397.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/The_Battle_of_Quiberon_Bay%2C_20_November_1759_RMG_BHC0397.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-The_Battle_of_Quiberon_Bay%2C_20_November_1759_RMG_BHC0397.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/The_Battle_of_Quiberon_Bay%2C_20_November_1759_RMG_BHC0397.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-The_Battle_of_Quiberon_Bay%2C_20_November_1759_RMG_BHC0397.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/The_Battle_of_Quiberon_Bay%2C_20_November_1759_RMG_BHC0397.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-The_Battle_of_Quiberon_Bay%2C_20_November_1759_RMG_BHC0397.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7200" data-file-height="4640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quiberon_Bay" title="Battle of Quiberon Bay">Battle of Quiberon Bay</a> off <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Menzel_-_Battle_of_Liegnitz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Menzel_-_Battle_of_Liegnitz.jpg/220px-Menzel_-_Battle_of_Liegnitz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Menzel_-_Battle_of_Liegnitz.jpg/330px-Menzel_-_Battle_of_Liegnitz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Menzel_-_Battle_of_Liegnitz.jpg/440px-Menzel_-_Battle_of_Liegnitz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="958" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liegnitz_(1760)" title="Battle of Liegnitz (1760)">Battle of Liegnitz (1760)</a> in what is now Poland</figcaption></figure> <p>The French <a href="/wiki/Planned_French_invasion_of_Britain_(1759)" title="Planned French invasion of Britain (1759)">planned to invade the British Isles</a> during 1759 by accumulating troops near the mouth of the Loire and concentrating their Brest and Toulon fleets. However, two sea defeats prevented this. In August, the Mediterranean fleet under <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_La_Clue-Sabran" title="Jean-François de La Clue-Sabran">Jean-François de La Clue-Sabran</a> was scattered by a larger British fleet under <a href="/wiki/Edward_Boscawen" title="Edward Boscawen">Edward Boscawen</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lagos" title="Battle of Lagos">Battle of Lagos</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quiberon_Bay" title="Battle of Quiberon Bay">Battle of Quiberon Bay</a> on 20 November, the British admiral <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hawke" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Hawke">Edward Hawke</a> with 23 <a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">ships of the line</a> caught the French Brest fleet with 21 ships of the line under <a href="/wiki/Marshal_de_Conflans" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshal de Conflans">Marshal de Conflans</a> and sank, captured, or forced many of them aground, putting an end to the French plans. </p><p>The year 1760 brought yet more Prussian disasters. The general <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_August,_Baron_de_la_Motte_Fouqu%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich August, Baron de la Motte Fouqué">Fouqué</a> was defeated by the Austrians in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landeshut_(1760)" title="Battle of Landeshut (1760)">Battle of Landeshut</a>. The French captured <a href="/wiki/Marburg" title="Marburg">Marburg</a> in Hesse and the Swedes part of <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a>. The Hanoverians were victorious over the French at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Warburg" title="Battle of Warburg">Battle of Warburg</a>, their continued success preventing France from sending troops to aid the Austrians against Prussia in the east. </p><p>Despite this, the Austrians, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Gideon_von_Laudon" title="Ernst Gideon von Laudon">General Laudon</a>, captured Glatz (now <a href="/wiki/K%C5%82odzko" title="Kłodzko">Kłodzko</a>, Poland) in Silesia. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liegnitz_(1760)" title="Battle of Liegnitz (1760)">Battle of Liegnitz</a>, Frederick scored a strong victory despite being outnumbered three to one. The Russians under <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Saltykov" title="Pyotr Saltykov">General Saltykov</a> and Austrians under <a href="/wiki/Franz_Moritz_von_Lacy" title="Franz Moritz von Lacy">General Lacy</a> briefly occupied his capital, Berlin, in October but could not hold it for long. Still, the loss of Berlin to the Russians and Austrians was a great blow to Frederick's prestige as many pointed out that the Prussians had no hope of occupying temporarily or otherwise St. Petersburg or Vienna. In November 1760, Frederick was once more victorious, defeating the able Daun in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Torgau" title="Battle of Torgau">Battle of Torgau</a>, but he suffered very heavy casualties, and the Austrians retreated in good order. </p><p>Meanwhile, after the battle of Kunersdorf, the Russian army was mostly inactive due mostly to their tenuous supply lines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone200674_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone200674-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian logistics were so poor that in October 1759, an agreement was signed under which the Austrians undertook to supply the Russians as the quartermaster's department of the Russian Army was badly strained by the demands of Russian armies operating so far from home.<sup id="cite_ref-Marston2001_22_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marston2001_22-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As it was, the requirement that the Austrian quartermaster's department supply both the Austrian and Russian armies proved beyond its capacity, and in practice, the Russians received little in the way of supplies from the Austrians.<sup id="cite_ref-Marston2001_22_51-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marston2001_22-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Liegnitz (now <a href="/wiki/Legnica" title="Legnica">Legnica</a>, Poland), the Russians arrived too late to participate in the battle. They made two attempts to storm the fortress of Kolberg, but neither succeeded. The tenacious resistance of Kolberg allowed Frederick to focus on the Austrians instead of having to split his forces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1761–1762"><span id="1761.E2.80.931762"></span>1761–1762</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1761–1762"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_invasion_of_Portugal_(1762)" title="Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762)">Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1762%E2%80%931763)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763)">Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:7yearswar.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/7yearswar.PNG/220px-7yearswar.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/7yearswar.PNG/330px-7yearswar.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/7yearswar.PNG/440px-7yearswar.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1996" data-file-height="1563" /></a><figcaption>Operations of Russian army on Polish–Lithuanian territory, 1756–1763</figcaption></figure> <p>Prussia began the 1761 campaign with just 100,000 available troops, many of them new recruits, and its situation seemed desperate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007491_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007491-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Austrian and Russian forces were also heavily depleted and could not launch a major offensive.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In February 1761, Duke <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ferdinand_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Ferdinand of Brunswick</a> surprised French troops at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Langensalza_(1761)" title="Battle of Langensalza (1761)">Langensalza</a> and then advanced to <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cassel_(1761)" title="Siege of Cassel (1761)">besiege Cassel</a> in March. He was forced to lift the siege and retreat after French forces regrouped and captured several thousand of his men at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Battle of Grünberg">Battle of Grünberg</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villinghausen" title="Battle of Villinghausen">Battle of Villinghausen</a>, forces under Ferdinand defeated a 92,000-man French army.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On the eastern front, progress was very slow. The Russian Army was heavily dependent upon its main magazines in Poland, and the Prussian Army launched several successful raids against them. One of them, led by general Platen in September resulted in the loss of 2,000 Russians, mostly captured, and the destruction of 5,000 wagons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedman2014_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedman2014-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Deprived of men, the Prussians had to resort to this new sort of warfare, raiding, to delay the advance of their enemies. Frederick's army, though depleted, was left unmolested at its headquarters in Brunzelwitz, as both the Austrians and the Russians were hesitant to attack it. Nonetheless, at the end of 1761, Prussia suffered two critical setbacks. The Russians under <a href="/wiki/Zakhar_Chernyshev" title="Zakhar Chernyshev">Zakhar Chernyshev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Rumyantsev" title="Pyotr Rumyantsev">Pyotr Rumyantsev</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kolberg_(Seven_Years%27_War)" title="Siege of Kolberg (Seven Years' War)">stormed Kolberg in Pomerania</a>, while the Austrians captured <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awidnica" title="Świdnica">Schweidnitz</a>. The loss of Kolberg cost Prussia its last port on the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFFO2clqJCqMCpgPA492_p._492]_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFFO2clqJCqMCpgPA492_p._492]-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major problem for the Russians throughout the war had always been their weak logistics, which prevented their generals from following up their victories, and now with the fall of Kolberg, the Russians could at long last supply their armies in Central Europe via the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone200675_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone200675-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact that the Russians could now supply their armies over the sea, which was considerably faster and safer (Prussian cavalry could not intercept Russian ships in the Baltic) than over the land threatened to swing the balance of power decisively against Prussia, as Frederick could not spare any troops to protect his capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone200675_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone200675-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Britain, it was speculated that a total Prussian collapse was now imminent.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fall_of_Kolberg_in_1761.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Fall_of_Kolberg_in_1761.jpg/220px-Fall_of_Kolberg_in_1761.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Fall_of_Kolberg_in_1761.jpg/330px-Fall_of_Kolberg_in_1761.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Fall_of_Kolberg_in_1761.jpg/440px-Fall_of_Kolberg_in_1761.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2206" data-file-height="1385" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kolberg_(1761)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Kolberg (1761)">Siege of Kolberg (1761)</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Britain now threatened to withdraw its subsidies if Frederick did not consider offering concessions to secure peace. As the Prussian armies had dwindled to just 60,000 men and with Berlin itself about to come under siege, the survival of both Prussia and its king was severely threatened. Then on 5 January 1762 the Russian Empress <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Russia" title="Elizabeth of Russia">Elizabeth</a> died. Her Prussophile successor, <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Russia" title="Peter III of Russia">Peter III</a>, at once ended the Russian occupation of East Prussia and Pomerania (see: the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint_Petersburg_(1762)" title="Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1762)">Treaty of Saint Petersburg</a>) and mediated Frederick's truce with Sweden. He also placed a corps of his own troops under Frederick's command. Frederick was then able to muster a larger army, of 120,000 men, and concentrate it against Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedman2014_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedman2014-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He drove them from much of Silesia after <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Schweidnitz_(1762)" title="Siege of Schweidnitz (1762)">recapturing Schweidnitz</a>, while his brother Henry won a victory in Saxony in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Freiberg" title="Battle of Freiberg">Battle of Freiberg</a> (29 October 1762). At the same time, his Brunswick allies captured the key town of <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a> and compounded this by <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cassel_(1762)" title="Siege of Cassel (1762)">taking Cassel</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Two new countries entered the war in 1762. Britain declared war against <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a> on 4 January 1762; Spain reacted by issuing its own declaration of war against Britain on 18 January.<sup id="cite_ref-Fish2003p2_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fish2003p2-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Portugal followed by joining the war on Britain's side. Spain, aided by the French, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_invasion_of_Portugal_(1762)" title="Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762)">launched an invasion</a> of Portugal and succeeded in <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Almeida_(1762)" title="Siege of Almeida (1762)">capturing Almeida</a>. The arrival of British reinforcements stalled a further Spanish advance, and in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valencia_de_Alc%C3%A1ntara" title="Battle of Valencia de Alcántara">Battle of Valencia de Alcántara</a> British-Portuguese forces overran a major Spanish supply base. The invaders were stopped on the heights in front of <a href="/wiki/Abrantes" title="Abrantes">Abrantes</a> (called <i>the pass to Lisbon</i>) where the Anglo-Portuguese were entrenched. Eventually the Anglo-Portuguese army, aided by guerrillas and practising a <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> strategy,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETerrage1904[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyLYTAAAAYAAJq22dC3A9faitesenAllemagneetenPortugal22_p._151]_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrage1904[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyLYTAAAAYAAJq22dC3A9faitesenAllemagneetenPortugal22_p._151]-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> chased the greatly reduced Franco-Spanish army back to Spain,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> recovering almost all the lost towns, among them the Spanish headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Castelo_Branco,_Portugal" title="Castelo Branco, Portugal">Castelo Branco</a> full of wounded and sick that had been left behind.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Royal_Military_Chronicle1812[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDRMJAAAAIAAJpgPA52_pp._52–53]_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Royal_Military_Chronicle1812[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDRMJAAAAIAAJpgPA52_pp._52–53]-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the long British naval blockade of French ports had sapped the morale of the French populace. Morale declined further when news of defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Signal_Hill" title="Battle of Signal Hill">Battle of Signal Hill</a> in <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Colony" title="Newfoundland Colony">Newfoundland</a> reached Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007498_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007498-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Russia's about-face, Sweden's withdrawal and Prussia's two victories against Austria, Louis XV became convinced that Austria would be unable to re-conquer Silesia (the condition for which France would receive the Austrian Netherlands) without financial and material subsidies, which Louis was no longer willing to provide. He therefore made peace with Frederick and evacuated Prussia's Rhineland territories, ending France's involvement in the war in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitford2013242–243_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitford2013242–243-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1763">1763</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1763"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hubertusburg" title="Treaty of Hubertusburg">Treaty of Hubertusburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris (1763)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hubertusburg_Allegorie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Hubertusburg_Allegorie.jpg/220px-Hubertusburg_Allegorie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Hubertusburg_Allegorie.jpg/330px-Hubertusburg_Allegorie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Hubertusburg_Allegorie.jpg/440px-Hubertusburg_Allegorie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hubertusburg" title="Treaty of Hubertusburg">Treaty of Hubertusburg</a></figcaption></figure> <p>By 1763, the war in central Europe was essentially a stalemate between Prussia and Austria. Prussia had retaken nearly all of Silesia from the Austrians after Frederick's narrow victory over Daun at the Battle of Burkersdorf. After his brother Henry's 1762 victory at the Battle of Freiberg, Frederick held most of Saxony but not its capital, Dresden. His financial situation was not dire, but his kingdom was devastated, and his army severely weakened. His manpower had dramatically decreased, and he had lost so many effective officers and generals that an offensive against Dresden seemed impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-Bled_Frederick_2006_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bled_Frederick_2006-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British subsidies had been stopped by the new prime minister, <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart,_3rd_Earl_of_Bute" title="John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute">John Stuart</a> (Lord Bute), and the Russian emperor had been overthrown by his wife, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine</a>, who ended Russia's alliance with Prussia and withdrew from the war. Austria, however, like most participants, was facing a severe financial crisis and had to decrease the size of its army, which greatly affected its offensive power.<sup id="cite_ref-Bled_Frederick_2006_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bled_Frederick_2006-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, after having effectively sustained a long war, its administration was in disarray.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> By that time, it still held Dresden, the southeastern parts of Saxony, and the county of Glatz in southern Silesia, but the prospect of victory was dim without Russian support, and Maria Theresa had largely given up her hopes of re-conquering Silesia; her Chancellor, husband and eldest son were all urging her to make peace, while Daun was hesitant to attack Frederick. In 1763 a peace settlement was reached at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hubertusburg" title="Treaty of Hubertusburg">Treaty of Hubertusburg</a>, in which Glatz was returned to Prussia in exchange for the Prussian evacuation of Saxony. This ended the war in central Europe. </p><p>The stalemate had really been reached by 1759–1760, and Prussia and Austria were nearly out of money. The materials of both sides had been largely consumed. Frederick was no longer receiving subsidies from Britain; the Golden Cavalry of St. George had produced nearly 13 million dollars (equivalent). He had melted and coined most of the church silver, had ransacked the palaces of his kingdom and coined that silver, and reduced his purchasing power by mixing it with copper. His banks' capital was exhausted, and he had pawned nearly everything of value from his own estate. While Frederick still had a significant amount of money left from the prior British subsidies, he hoped to use it to restore his kingdom's prosperity in peacetime; in any case, Prussia's population was so depleted that he could not sustain another long campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahan2011_Daun_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahan2011_Daun-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Similarly, Maria Theresa had reached the limit of her resources. She had pawned her jewels in 1758; in 1760, she approved a public subscription for support and urged her public to bring their silver to the mint. French subsidies were no longer provided.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahan2011_Daun_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahan2011_Daun-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Although she had many young men still to draft, she could not conscript them and did not dare to resort to impressment, as Frederick had done.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahan2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidUzJ8CgAAQBAJqarmy_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidUzJ8CgAAQBAJqarmy-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> She had even dismissed some men because it was too expensive to feed them.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahan2011_Daun_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahan2011_Daun-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_amphibious_"descents""><span id="British_amphibious_.22descents.22"></span>British amphibious "descents"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: British amphibious "descents""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Rochefort" title="Raid on Rochefort">Raid on Rochefort</a></div> <p>Great Britain planned a "descent" (an <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">amphibious demonstration</a> or raid) on <a href="/wiki/Rochefort,_Charente-Maritime" title="Rochefort, Charente-Maritime">Rochefort</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Joint_warfare" title="Joint warfare">joint operation</a> to overrun the town and burn shipping in the <a href="/wiki/Charente_(river)" title="Charente (river)">Charente</a>. The expedition set out on 8 September 1757, Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Mordaunt_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Mordaunt (British Army officer)">John Mordaunt</a> commanding the troops and Sir <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hawke,_1st_Baron_Hawke" title="Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke">Edward Hawke</a> the fleet. On 23 September, the <a href="/wiki/Isle_d%27Aix" class="mw-redirect" title="Isle d'Aix">Isle d'Aix</a> was taken, but military staff dithered and lost so much time that Rochefort became unassailable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbett2011_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbett2011-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expedition abandoned the Isle d'Aix, returning to Great Britain on 1 October. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham_by_William_Hoare.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/William_Pitt%2C_1st_Earl_of_Chatham_by_William_Hoare.jpg/220px-William_Pitt%2C_1st_Earl_of_Chatham_by_William_Hoare.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/William_Pitt%2C_1st_Earl_of_Chatham_by_William_Hoare.jpg/330px-William_Pitt%2C_1st_Earl_of_Chatham_by_William_Hoare.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/William_Pitt%2C_1st_Earl_of_Chatham_by_William_Hoare.jpg/440px-William_Pitt%2C_1st_Earl_of_Chatham_by_William_Hoare.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3051" /></a><figcaption>Under <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">William Pitt the Elder</a>'s leadership, Britain's position as the leading colonial power was confirmed by the Seven Years' War.</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite the debatable strategic success and the operational failure of the descent on Rochefort, William Pitt—who saw purpose in this type of asymmetric enterprise—prepared to continue such operations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbett2011_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbett2011-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An army was assembled under the command of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Spencer,_3rd_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough">Charles Spencer</a>; he was aided by <a href="/wiki/George_Germain,_1st_Viscount_Sackville" title="George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville">George Germain</a>. The naval squadron and transports for the expedition were commanded by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Howe,_1st_Earl_Howe" title="Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe">Richard Howe</a>. The army landed on 5 June 1758 at <a href="/wiki/Cancale_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancale Bay">Cancale Bay</a>, proceeded to <a href="/wiki/St._Malo" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Malo">St. Malo</a>, and, finding that it would take prolonged siege to capture it, instead attacked the nearby port of St. Servan. It burned shipping in the harbour, roughly 80 French privateers and merchantmen, as well as four warships which were under construction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodger2006_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodger2006-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The force then re-embarked under threat of the arrival of French relief forces. An attack on <a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Havre de Grace</a> was called off, and the fleet sailed on to <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg-Octeville" title="Cherbourg-Octeville">Cherbourg</a>; the weather being bad and provisions low, that too was abandoned, and the expedition returned having damaged French privateering and provided further strategic demonstration against the French coast. </p><p>Pitt now prepared to send troops into Germany; and both Marlborough and Sackville, disgusted by what they perceived as the futility of the "descents", obtained commissions in that army. The elderly <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bligh" title="Thomas Bligh">General Bligh</a> was appointed to command a new "descent", escorted by Howe. The campaign began propitiously with the <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Cherbourg" title="Raid on Cherbourg">Raid on Cherbourg</a>. Covered by naval bombardment, the army drove off the French force detailed to oppose their landing, captured Cherbourg, and destroyed its fortifications, docks and shipping. </p><p>The troops were reembarked and moved to the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_St._Lunaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of St. Lunaire">Bay of St. Lunaire</a> in Brittany where, on 3 September, they were landed to operate against St. Malo; however, this action proved impractical. Worsening weather forced the two armies to separate: the ships sailed for the safer anchorage of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Cast-le-Guildo" title="Saint-Cast-le-Guildo">St. Cast</a>, while the army proceeded overland. The tardiness of Bligh in moving his forces allowed a French force of 10,000 from <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a> to catch up with him and open fire on the reembarkation troops. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint_Cast" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Saint Cast">Battle of Saint Cast</a> a rear-guard of 1,400 under <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dury" title="Alexander Dury">Dury</a> held off the French while the rest of the army embarked. They could not be saved; 750, including Dury, were killed and the rest captured. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_continents">Other continents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other continents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Seven_Years&#039;_War:West_Indies_Campaign" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Seven_Years%27_War:_West_Indies" title="Template:Campaignbox Seven Years' War: West Indies"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Seven_Years%27_War:_West_Indies" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Seven Years' War: West Indies"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Seven_Years%27_War:_West_Indies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Seven Years' War: West Indies"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seven_Years&#039;_War:West_Indies_Campaign" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Seven Years' War</span></a>:<br />West Indies Campaign</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cap-Fran%C3%A7ais" title="Battle of Cap-Français">Cap-Français</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Martinique_(1759)" title="Invasion of Martinique (1759)">1st Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Guadeloupe_(1759)" title="Invasion of Guadeloupe (1759)">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Windward_Passage" title="Battle of the Windward Passage">Windward Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Dominica_(1761)" title="Invasion of Dominica (1761)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Martinique_(1762)" title="Invasion of Martinique (1762)">2nd Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Havana" title="Siege of Havana">Havana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The colonial conflict mainly between France and Britain took place in India, North America, Europe, the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, and coastal Africa. Over the course of the war, Great Britain gained enormous areas of land and influence at the expense of the French and the Spanish Empires. </p><p>Great Britain lost <a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Menorca</a> in the Mediterranean to the French in 1756 but captured <a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint_Louis_(Senegal)" title="Fort Saint Louis (Senegal)">Fort Saint Louis</a>, the centre of the French colonies in <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, in 1758. More importantly, the British defeated the French in its defence of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> in 1759, with the fall of Quebec. The buffer that French North America had provided to <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>, the Spanish Empire's most important overseas holding, was now lost. Spain had entered the war after the Third Family Compact (15 August 1761) with France.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> took the French Caribbean sugar colonies of <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Guadeloupe_(1759)" title="Invasion of Guadeloupe (1759)">Guadeloupe</a> in 1759 and <a href="/wiki/British_expedition_against_Martinique" class="mw-redirect" title="British expedition against Martinique">Martinique</a> in 1762 as well as the Spanish Empire's main port in the West Indies, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Havana" title="Siege of Havana">Havana in Cuba</a>, and its main Asian port of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1762)" title="Battle of Manila (1762)">Manila</a> <a href="/wiki/Intramuros" title="Intramuros">in the Philippines</a>, both major Spanish colonial cities. British attempts at expansion into the hinterlands of Cuba and the Philippines met with stiff resistance. In the Philippines, the British were <a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">confined to Manila</a> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">until their agreed upon withdrawal at the war's end</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Seven_Years&#039;_War_in_North_America:_The_French_and_Indian_War,_St._Lawrence_and_Mohawk_theater" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_French_and_Indian_War" title="Template:Campaignbox French and Indian War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_French_and_Indian_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox French and Indian War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_French_and_Indian_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox French and Indian War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seven_Years&#039;_War_in_North_America:_The_French_and_Indian_War,_St._Lawrence_and_Mohawk_theater" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#North_America"><span class="wrap">Seven Years' War in North America:</span></a> <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War"><span class="wrap">The French and Indian War</span></a>, St. Lawrence and Mohawk theater</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frogs" title="Battle of the Frogs">Frogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_George" title="Battle of Lake George">Lake George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Bull" title="Battle of Fort Bull">Fort Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Oswego" title="Battle of Fort Oswego">Fort Oswego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_on_Snowshoes_(1757)" title="Battle on Snowshoes (1757)">1st Snowshoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sabbath_Day_Point" title="Battle of Sabbath Day Point">Sabbath Day Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_William_Henry" title="Siege of Fort William Henry">Fort William Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_German_Flatts_(1757)" title="Attack on German Flatts (1757)">German Flatts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_on_Snowshoes" title="Battle on Snowshoes">2nd Snowshoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carillon#Bernetz_Brook" title="Battle of Carillon">Bernetz Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carillon" title="Battle of Carillon">Fort Carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Frontenac" title="Battle of Fort Frontenac">Fort Frontenac</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_New_France_(1758%E2%80%931760)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of New France (1758–1760)">Conquest of New France</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Belle-Famille" title="Battle of La Belle-Famille">La Belle-Famille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Niagara" title="Battle of Fort Niagara">Fort Niagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ticonderoga_(1759)" title="Battle of Ticonderoga (1759)">Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beauport" title="Battle of Beauport">Beauport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Plains_of_Abraham" title="Battle of the Plains of Abraham">1st Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Raid" title="St. Francis Raid">St. Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sainte-Foy" title="Battle of Sainte-Foy">Sainte-Foy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Quebec_(1760)" title="Siege of Quebec (1760)">2nd Quebec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pointe-aux-Trembles" title="Battle of Pointe-aux-Trembles">Pointe-aux-Trembles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Raid" title="Sainte-Thérèse Raid">Sainte-Thérèse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_campaign" title="Montreal campaign">Montreal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Thousand_Islands" title="Battle of the Thousand Islands">Thousand Islands</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Seven_Years&#039;_War_in_North_America:_The_French_and_Indian_War,_Atlantic_theater" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_French_and_Indian_War:_Maritimes" title="Template:Campaignbox French and Indian War: Maritimes"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_French_and_Indian_War:_Maritimes" title="Template talk:Campaignbox French and Indian War: Maritimes"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_French_and_Indian_War:_Maritimes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox French and Indian War: Maritimes"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seven_Years&#039;_War_in_North_America:_The_French_and_Indian_War,_Atlantic_theater" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#North_America"><span class="wrap">Seven Years' War in North America:</span></a> <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War"><span class="wrap">The French and Indian War</span></a>, Atlantic theater</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Coast_campaign_(1755)" title="Northeast Coast campaign (1755)">1st Northeast Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_8_June_1755" title="Action of 8 June 1755">Cape Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Beaus%C3%A9jour" title="Battle of Fort Beauséjour">Chignecto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy_campaign" title="Bay of Fundy campaign">Bay of Fundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Petitcodiac" title="Battle of Petitcodiac">Petitcodiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Coast_campaign_(1756)" title="Northeast Coast campaign (1756)">2nd Northeast Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Lunenburg,_Nova_Scotia_(1756)" title="Raid on Lunenburg, Nova Scotia (1756)">1st Lunenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisbourg_Expedition_(1757)" title="Louisbourg Expedition (1757)">1st Louisbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bloody_Creek_(1757)" title="Battle of Bloody Creek (1757)">Bloody Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunenburg_campaign_(1758)" title="Lunenburg campaign (1758)">2nd Lunenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1758)" title="Siege of Louisbourg (1758)">2nd Louisbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petitcodiac_River_campaign" title="Petitcodiac River campaign">Petitcodiac River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ile_Saint-Jean_campaign" title="Ile Saint-Jean campaign">Ile Saint-Jean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence_campaign_(1758)" title="Gulf of St. Lawrence campaign (1758)">Gulf of St. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Sable_campaign" title="Cape Sable campaign">Cape Sable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John_River_campaign" title="St. John River campaign">St. John River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Restigouche" title="Battle of Restigouche">Restigouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Signal_Hill" title="Battle of Signal Hill">St. John's</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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title="Template:Campaignbox French and Indian War: Ohio Valley"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_French_and_Indian_War:_Ohio_Valley" title="Template talk:Campaignbox French and Indian War: Ohio Valley"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_French_and_Indian_War:_Ohio_Valley" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox French and Indian War: Ohio Valley"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seven_Years&#039;_War_in_North_America:_The_French_and_Indian_War,_Ohio_Valley_Theater" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#North_America"><span class="wrap">Seven Years' War in North America:</span></a> <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War"><span class="wrap">The French and Indian War</span></a>, Ohio Valley Theater</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jumonville_Glen" title="Battle of Jumonville Glen">Jumonville Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Necessity" title="Battle of Fort Necessity">Fort Necessity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braddock_Expedition" title="Braddock Expedition">Braddock Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Monongahela" title="Battle of the Monongahela">Monongahela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn%27s_Creek_massacre" title="Penn's Creek massacre">Penn's Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trough" title="Battle of the Trough">The Trough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sideling_Hill" title="Battle of Sideling Hill">Sideling Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Great_Cacapon" title="Battle of Great Cacapon">Great Cacapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittanning_Expedition" title="Kittanning Expedition">Kittanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Springs_massacre" title="Bloody Springs massacre">Bloody Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbes_Expedition" title="Forbes Expedition">Forbes Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Duquesne" title="Battle of Fort Duquesne">Fort Duquesne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Ligonier" title="Battle of Fort Ligonier">Fort Ligonier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1754_French_and_Indian_War.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/1754_French_and_Indian_War.png/290px-1754_French_and_Indian_War.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/1754_French_and_Indian_War.png/435px-1754_French_and_Indian_War.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/1754_French_and_Indian_War.png/580px-1754_French_and_Indian_War.png 2x" data-file-width="6734" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption>French and British positions at the start of the War <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7F0000; color:white;"> </span> British North America</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00137F; color:white;color:#A5B3FF;"><span class="legend-text" style="font-family: monospace, monospace;">■</span></span> New France and Allies</div> This Map also shows both the Iroquois and Wabanaki Confederacies, who were both influential in the war on the British and French sides respectively. </figcaption></figure> <p>During the war, the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois#French_and_Indian_Wars" title="Iroquois">Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy</a> were allied with the British. Native Americans of the Laurentian valley—the <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_people" title="Algonquin people">Algonquin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Abenaki" title="Abenaki">Abenaki</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Huron</a> and others—were allied with the French. Although the Algonquin tribes living north of the Great Lakes and along the St. Lawrence River were not directly concerned with the fate of the Ohio River Valley tribes, they had been victims of the Iroquois Confederation which included the Seneca, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Tuscarora tribes of central New York. The Iroquois had encroached on Algonquin territory and pushed the Algonquins west beyond Lake Michigan and to the shore of the St. Lawrence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson200714_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson200714-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Algonquin tribes were interested in fighting against the Iroquois. Throughout New England, New York and the north-west, Native American tribes formed differing alliances with the major belligerents. </p><p>In 1756 and 1757, the French captured <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Oswego" title="Battle of Fort Oswego">Fort Oswego</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007150–157_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007150–157-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_William_Henry" title="Siege of Fort William Henry">Fort William Henry</a> from the British.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007185–201_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007185–201-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter victory was marred when France's native allies broke the terms of capitulation and attacked the retreating British column, which was under French guard, slaughtering and scalping soldiers and taking captive many men, women and children while the French refused to protect their captives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodge199891–92_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodge199891–92-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French naval deployments in 1757 also <a href="/wiki/Louisbourg_Expedition_(1757)" title="Louisbourg Expedition (1757)">successfully defended</a> the key <a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Louisbourg" title="Fortress of Louisbourg">Fortress of Louisbourg</a> on <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> called Ile du Roi by the French, securing the seaward approaches to Quebec.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007208–209_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007208–209-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British Prime Minister William Pitt's focus on the colonies for the 1758 campaign paid off with the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1758)" title="Siege of Louisbourg (1758)">taking of Louisbourg</a> after French reinforcements were blocked by British naval victory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_(1758)" title="Battle of Cartagena (1758)">Battle of Cartagena</a> and in the successful <a href="/wiki/Forbes_Expedition" title="Forbes Expedition">capture of Fort Duquesne</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFFO2clqJCqMCpgPA280_pp._280–283]_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFFO2clqJCqMCpgPA280_pp._280–283]-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Frontenac" title="Battle of Fort Frontenac">Fort Frontenac</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007258–266_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007258–266-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British also continued the process of deporting the Acadian population with a wave of major operations against <a href="/wiki/Ile_Saint-Jean_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Ile Saint-Jean Campaign">Île Saint-Jean</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/St._John_River_campaign" title="St. John River campaign">St. John River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Petitcodiac_River_campaign" title="Petitcodiac River campaign">Petitcodiac River Valleys</a>. The celebration of these successes was dampened by their embarrassing defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carillon" title="Battle of Carillon">Battle of Carillon</a> (Ticonderoga), in which 4,000 French troops repulsed 16,000 British. When the British led by generals <a href="/wiki/James_Abercrombie_(British_Army_officer,_born_1706)" title="James Abercrombie (British Army officer, born 1706)">James Abercrombie</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Howe,_3rd_Viscount_Howe" title="George Howe, 3rd Viscount Howe">George Howe</a> attacked, they believed that the French led by Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Louis-Joseph_de_Montcalm" title="Louis-Joseph de Montcalm">Louis-Joseph de Montcalm</a> were defended only by a small <a href="/wiki/Abatis" title="Abatis">abatis</a> which could be taken easily given the British force's significant numerical advantage. The British offensive which was supposed to advance in tight columns and overwhelm the French defenders fell into confusion and scattered, leaving large spaces in their ranks. When <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Gaston_de_L%C3%A9vis" title="François Gaston de Lévis">François Gaston de Lévis</a> sent 1,000 soldiers to reinforce Montcalm's struggling troops, the British were pinned down in the brush by intense French musket fire and they were forced to retreat. </p><p>All of Britain's campaigns against New France succeeded in 1759, part of what became known as an <i><a href="/wiki/Annus_Mirabilis_of_1759" class="mw-redirect" title="Annus Mirabilis of 1759">Annus Mirabilis</a></i>. Starting in June 1759, the British under <a href="/wiki/James_Wolfe" title="James Wolfe">James Wolfe</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Murray_(British_Army_officer,_born_1721)" title="James Murray (British Army officer, born 1721)">James Murray</a> set up camp on the Île d'Orléans across the St. Lawrence River from Quebec, enabling them to commence the 3-month siege that ensued. The French under the Marquis de Montcalm anticipated a British assault to the east of Quebec so he ordered his soldiers to fortify the region of <a href="/wiki/Beauport,_Quebec_City" title="Beauport, Quebec City">Beauport</a>. In July 1759, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Niagara" title="Battle of Fort Niagara">Fort Niagara</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007330–339_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007330–339-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ticonderoga_(1759)" title="Battle of Ticonderoga (1759)">Fort Carillon</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007240–249_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007240–249-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fell to sizable British forces, cutting off French frontier forts further west. On 31 July, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beauport" title="Battle of Beauport">British attacked</a> with 4,000 soldiers but the French positioned high up on the cliffs overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Montmorency_Falls" title="Montmorency Falls">Montmorency Falls</a> forced the British forces to withdraw to the Île d'Orleans. While Wolfe and Murray planned a second offensive, British rangers raided French settlements along the St. Lawrence, destroying food supplies, ammunition and other goods in an attempt to vanquish the French through starvation. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Death_of_General_Wolfe_B.West,1770.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/The_Death_of_General_Wolfe_B.West%2C1770.jpg/330px-The_Death_of_General_Wolfe_B.West%2C1770.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/The_Death_of_General_Wolfe_B.West%2C1770.jpg/495px-The_Death_of_General_Wolfe_B.West%2C1770.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/The_Death_of_General_Wolfe_B.West%2C1770.jpg/660px-The_Death_of_General_Wolfe_B.West%2C1770.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_General_Wolfe" title="The Death of General Wolfe">The Death of General Wolfe</a></i> (1771), on the <a href="/wiki/Plains_of_Abraham" title="Plains of Abraham">Plains of Abraham</a>, near Quebec</figcaption></figure> <p>On 13 September 1759, General James Wolfe led 5,000 troops up a goat path to the <a href="/wiki/Plains_of_Abraham" title="Plains of Abraham">Plains of Abraham</a>, 1 mile west of Quebec City. He had positioned his army between Montcalm's forces an hour's march to the east and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Bougainville" title="Louis Antoine de Bougainville">Louis Antoine de Bougainville</a>'s regiments to the west, which could be mobilised within 3 hours. Instead of waiting for a coordinated attack with Bougainville, Montcalm attacked immediately. When his 3,500 troops advanced, their lines became scattered in a disorderly formation. Many French soldiers fired before they were within range of striking the British. Wolfe organised his troops in two lines stretching 1 mile across the Plains of Abraham. They were ordered to load their Brown Bess muskets with two bullets to obtain maximum power and hold their fire until the French soldiers came within 40 paces of the British ranks. Once the British had Montcalm's army in firing range, their volley was powerful and nearly all bullets hit their targets, devastating the French ranks. The French fled the Plains of Abraham in a state of utter confusion while they were pursued by members of the Scottish Fraser regiment and other British forces. Despite being cut down by musket fire from the Canadians and their indigenous allies, the British vastly outnumbered these opponents and won the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Plains_of_Abraham" title="Battle of the Plains of Abraham">Battle of the Plains of Abraham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007355–360_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007355–360-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Wolfe was mortally wounded in the chest early in the battle so the command fell to James Murray, who would become the lieutenant governor of Quebec after the war. The Marquis de Montcalm was also severely wounded later in the battle and died the following day. The French abandoned the city and French Canadians led by the Chevalier de Levis staged a counteroffensive on the Plains of Abraham in the spring of 1760, with initial success at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sainte-Foy" title="Battle of Sainte-Foy">Battle of Sainte-Foy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007392–393_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007392–393-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Quebec_(1760)" title="Siege of Quebec (1760)">siege of Quebec</a>, however, Lévis was unable to retake the city, largely because of British naval superiority following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neuville" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Neuville">Battle of Neuville</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Restigouche" title="Battle of Restigouche">Battle of Restigouche</a>, which allowed the British to be resupplied but not the French. The French forces retreated to <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> in the summer of 1760, and after a <a href="/wiki/Montreal_campaign" title="Montreal campaign">two-month campaign</a> by overwhelming British forces, they surrendered on 8 September, essentially ending the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French Empire</a> in North America. As the Seven Years War was not yet over in Europe, the British put all of New France under a <a href="/wiki/British_military_regime_in_New_France" title="British military regime in New France">military regime</a> while awaiting the results. This regime would last from 1760 to 1763. </p><p>Seeing French and Indian defeat, in 1760, the Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy resigned from the war and negotiated the Treaty of Kahnawake with the British. Among its conditions was their unrestricted travel between Canada and New York, as the nations had extensive trade between Montreal and Albany as well as populations living throughout the area.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1762, towards the end of the war, French forces attacked <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">St. John's, Newfoundland</a>. If successful, the expedition would have strengthened France's hand at the negotiating table. Although they took St. John's and raided nearby settlements, the French forces were eventually defeated by British troops at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Signal_Hill" title="Battle of Signal Hill">Battle of Signal Hill</a>. This was the final battle of the war in North America, and it forced the French to surrender to Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/William_Amherst_(British_Army_officer)" title="William Amherst (British Army officer)">William Amherst</a>. The victorious British now controlled all of eastern North America. </p><p>The history of the Seven Years' War in North America, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">Expulsion of the Acadians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Quebec_(1760)" title="Siege of Quebec (1760)">siege of Quebec</a>, the death of Wolfe, and the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_William_Henry" title="Siege of Fort William Henry">siege of Fort William Henry</a> generated a vast number of ballads, broadsides, images, and novels (see <a href="/wiki/Longfellow" class="mw-redirect" title="Longfellow">Longfellow</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Evangeline" title="Evangeline">Evangeline</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_West" title="Benjamin West">Benjamin West</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_General_Wolfe" title="The Death of General Wolfe">The Death of General Wolfe</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">James Fenimore Cooper</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_of_the_Mohicans" title="The Last of the Mohicans">The Last of the Mohicans</a></i>), maps and other printed materials, which testify to how this event held the imagination of the British and North American public long after Wolfe's death in 1759.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fantastic_War" title="Fantastic War">Fantastic War</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Cevallos_expedition" title="First Cevallos expedition">First Cevallos expedition</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LindsayCambridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/LindsayCambridge.jpg/220px-LindsayCambridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/LindsayCambridge.jpg/330px-LindsayCambridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/LindsayCambridge.jpg/440px-LindsayCambridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="952" /></a><figcaption>The bombardment of <a href="/wiki/Morro_Castle_(Havana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Morro Castle (Havana)">Morro Castle</a> on <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, 1763</figcaption></figure> <p>In South America, the Portuguese conquered most of the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Negro_(Amazon)" title="Rio Negro (Amazon)">Rio Negro</a> valley,<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and repelled a Spanish attack on <a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso" title="Mato Grosso">Mato Grosso</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Guapor%C3%A9_River" title="Guaporé River">Guaporé River</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between September 1762 and April 1763, Spanish forces led by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Antonio_de_Cevallos" title="Pedro Antonio de Cevallos">don Pedro Antonio de Cevallos</a>, Governor of Buenos Aires (and later first <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_Rio_de_la_Plata" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata">Viceroy of the Rio de la Plata</a>) undertook a campaign against the Portuguese in the <a href="/wiki/Banda_Oriental" title="Banda Oriental">Banda Oriental</a>, now Uruguay and south Brazil. The Spanish conquered the Portuguese settlement of <a href="/wiki/Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Colonia del Sacramento">Colonia do Sacramento</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande,_Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande de São Pedro</a> and forced the Portuguese to surrender and retreat. </p><p>Under the Treaty of Paris, Spain had to return to Portugal the settlement of Colonia do Sacramento, while the vast and rich territory of the so-called "Continent of S. Peter" (the present-day Brazilian state of <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a>) would be retaken from the Spanish army during the undeclared Hispano-Portuguese war of 1763–1777.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarley2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDkgGVTOr2EsCpgPA449_pp._449–450]_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarley2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDkgGVTOr2EsCpgPA449_pp._449–450]-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bento_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bento-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lesser_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lesser-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bento,_Cláudio_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bento,_Cláudio-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As consequence of the war the <a href="/wiki/Valdivian_Fort_System" title="Valdivian Fort System">Valdivian Fort System</a>, a Spanish defensive complex in <a href="/wiki/Zona_Sur" title="Zona Sur">southern Chile</a>, was updated and reinforced from 1764 onwards. Other vulnerable localities of <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Chile" title="Colonial Chile">Colonial Chile</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Chilo%C3%A9_Archipelago" title="Chiloé Archipelago">Chiloé Archipelago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n,_Chile" title="Concepción, Chile">Concepción</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Islands" title="Juan Fernández Islands">Juan Fernández Islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Valparaíso">Valparaíso</a> were also made ready for an eventual English attack.<sup id="cite_ref-MEMCh_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEMCh-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MEMCh2_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEMCh2-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war contributed also to a decision to improve communications between Buenos Aires and Lima resulting in the establishment of a series of <a href="/wiki/Mountain_shelter" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain shelter">mountain shelters</a> in the high Andes called <a href="/wiki/Casuchas_del_Rey" title="Casuchas del Rey">Casuchas del Rey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Third_Carnatic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Carnatic War">Third Carnatic War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengal_War" title="Bengal War">Bengal War</a></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Third_Carnatic_War" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Seven_Years%27_War:_East_Indies" title="Template:Campaignbox Seven Years' War: East Indies"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Seven_Years%27_War:_East_Indies" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Seven Years' War: East Indies"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Seven_Years%27_War:_East_Indies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Seven Years' War: East Indies"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Third_Carnatic_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Third_Carnatic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Carnatic War"><span class="wrap">Third Carnatic War</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calcutta" title="Siege of Calcutta">Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chandannagar" title="Battle of Chandannagar">Chandannagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cuddalore_(1758)" title="Battle of Cuddalore (1758)">Cuddalore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Negapatam_(1758)" title="Battle of Negapatam (1758)">Negapatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Condore" title="Battle of Condore">Condore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Madras" title="Siege of Madras">Madras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Masulipatam" title="Siege of Masulipatam">Masulipatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pondicherry" title="Battle of Pondicherry">1st Pondicherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chinsurah" title="Battle of Chinsurah"> Chinsurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wandiwash" title="Battle of Wandiwash">Wandiwash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pondicherry_(1760)" title="Siege of Pondicherry (1760)">2nd Pondicherry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bellin%27s_plan_of_Pondicherry,_a_copperplate_engraving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bellin%27s_plan_of_Pondicherry%2C_a_copperplate_engraving.jpg/220px-Bellin%27s_plan_of_Pondicherry%2C_a_copperplate_engraving.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bellin%27s_plan_of_Pondicherry%2C_a_copperplate_engraving.jpg/330px-Bellin%27s_plan_of_Pondicherry%2C_a_copperplate_engraving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bellin%27s_plan_of_Pondicherry%2C_a_copperplate_engraving.jpg/440px-Bellin%27s_plan_of_Pondicherry%2C_a_copperplate_engraving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>Plan of Pondicherry, the French capital in India, taken by the British</figcaption></figure> <p>In India, the outbreak of the Seven Years' War in Europe renewed the long running conflict between the French and the British trading companies for influence on the subcontinent. The French allied themselves with the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> to resist British expansion, but derived little benefit from this. The war began in Southern India but spread into <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, where British forces under <a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Robert Clive</a> recaptured <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawab</a> <a href="/wiki/Siraj_ud-Daulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraj ud-Daulah">Siraj ud-Daulah</a>, a French ally, and ousted him from his throne at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a> in 1757. In the same year, the British also captured <a href="/wiki/Chandernagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandernagar">Chandernagar</a>, the French settlement in Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the south, although the French captured <a href="/wiki/Cuddalore" title="Cuddalore">Cuddalore</a>, their <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Madras" title="Siege of Madras">siege of Madras</a> failed, while the British commander <a href="/wiki/Sir_Eyre_Coote" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Eyre Coote">Sir Eyre Coote</a> decisively defeated the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arthur,_comte_de_Lally" title="Thomas Arthur, comte de Lally">Comte de Lally</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wandiwash" title="Battle of Wandiwash">Battle of Wandiwash</a> in 1760 and overran the French territory of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Circars" title="Northern Circars">Northern Circars</a>. The French capital in India, <a href="/wiki/Pondicherry" title="Pondicherry">Pondicherry</a>, fell to the British in 1761 (it was returned after the war); together with the fall of the lesser French settlements of <a href="/wiki/Karikal" class="mw-redirect" title="Karikal">Karikal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%A9,_India" title="Mahé, India">Mahé</a> this effectively eliminated French power in India.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Africa">West Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: West Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Seven_Years&#039;_War:West_Africa_Campaign" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Seven_Years%27_War:_Africa" title="Template:Campaignbox Seven Years' War: Africa"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Seven_Years%27_War:_Africa" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Seven Years' War: Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Seven_Years%27_War:_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Seven Years' War: Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seven_Years&#039;_War:West_Africa_Campaign" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Seven Years' War</span></a>:<br />West Africa Campaign</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Gor%C3%A9e" title="Capture of Gorée">Gorée</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_expedition_against_the_Gambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British expedition against the Gambia (page does not exist)">Gambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>In 1758, at the urging of an American merchant, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cumming" title="Thomas Cumming">Thomas Cumming</a>, Pitt dispatched an expedition to take the French settlement at <a href="/wiki/Saint-Louis,_Senegal" title="Saint-Louis, Senegal">Saint-Louis, Senegal</a>. The British <a href="/wiki/British_capture_of_Senegal" title="British capture of Senegal">captured Senegal</a> with ease in May 1758 and brought home large amounts of captured goods. This success convinced Pitt to launch two further expeditions to take the island of <a href="/wiki/Gor%C3%A9e" title="Gorée">Gorée</a> and the French trading post on <a href="/wiki/River_Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="River Gambia">the Gambia</a>. The battles in West Africa were ultimately a series of British expeditions against wealthy French colonies. The British and French had been competing for influence in the Gambia region following the acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Kunta_Kinteh_Island" title="Kunta Kinteh Island">James Island</a> in 1664 by the English from the Dutch. The loss of these valuable colonies to the British further weakened the French economy.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neutral_nations_during_the_Seven_Years'_War"><span id="Neutral_nations_during_the_Seven_Years.27_War"></span>Neutral nations during the Seven Years' War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Neutral nations during the Seven Years' War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Ottoman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite being one of the major European powers during this time, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> was notably neutral during the Seven Years' War. Following their military stalemate with the Russian Empire and their subsequent victory over the Holy Roman Empire (and Austria to an extent), during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%931739)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)">Austro-Russian-Turkish War</a> (1735–1739), and the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Belgrade" title="Treaty of Belgrade">Treaty of Belgrade</a>, the Ottoman Empire enjoyed a generation of peace due to Austria and Russia contending with the rise of Prussia in Eastern Europe. During the war, King Frederick II of Prussia, better known to history as <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a>, had made diplomatic overtures with the Ottoman Sultan, <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_III" title="Mustafa III">Mustafa III</a> for years, up to the outbreak of war, to bring the empire into the war on the side of Prussia, Great Britain, and their other allies but he was unsuccessful. However, the Sultan was persuaded by his court not to join the war, primarily by his Grand Vizier, <a href="/wiki/Koca_Rag%C4%B1p_Pasha" title="Koca Ragıp Pasha">Koca Ragıb Pasha</a>, who was quoted as saying. </p><p><i>"Our state looks like a majestic and mighty lion from afar. However, a closer look at this lion reveals that it has aged—its teeth have fallen out—its claws have fallen. So, let's leave this old lion to rest for a while."</i> </p><p>Therefore, the Ottoman Empire avoided the major wars that would follow, including the Seven Years' War. The Ottoman Empire, or more accurately its leaders, recognised its internal problems. The previous wars had cost the empire greatly, both in terms of resources and finance, they were facing rebellions from nationalistic uprisings, notably from the <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Beyliks</a>, and Persia had been reunited under Karim Khan Zand. That said, the Ottoman Empire would launch an abortive invasion of Hungary with 100,000 troops in 1763, contributing to the end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persia">Persia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Persia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia</a> ended up under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand dynasty</a> during the period of the Seven Years' War. Like the Ottoman Empire, they were also neutral during the war. They had more pressing matters to attend to. <a href="/wiki/Karim_Khan_Zand" title="Karim Khan Zand">Karim Khan Zand</a>, was busy playing politics and was in the process of legitimising his claim to the Persian throne by placing a puppet king on the throne, <a href="/wiki/Ismail_III" title="Ismail III">Ismail III</a>, the grandson of the last <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a> king, in 1757.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by 1760, he had managed to eliminate all other potential claimants to the throne as well as Ismail III and had established himself as the head of his own dynasty, the aforementioned Zand dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch_Republic">Dutch Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Dutch Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christoffel_Bisschop_-_Anno_1758._Een_delegatie_kooplieden_bezoekt_de_gouvernante_-_SA_5125_-_Amsterdam_Museum_(Colour_version).gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Christoffel_Bisschop_-_Anno_1758._Een_delegatie_kooplieden_bezoekt_de_gouvernante_-_SA_5125_-_Amsterdam_Museum_%28Colour_version%29.gif/220px-Christoffel_Bisschop_-_Anno_1758._Een_delegatie_kooplieden_bezoekt_de_gouvernante_-_SA_5125_-_Amsterdam_Museum_%28Colour_version%29.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Christoffel_Bisschop_-_Anno_1758._Een_delegatie_kooplieden_bezoekt_de_gouvernante_-_SA_5125_-_Amsterdam_Museum_%28Colour_version%29.gif/330px-Christoffel_Bisschop_-_Anno_1758._Een_delegatie_kooplieden_bezoekt_de_gouvernante_-_SA_5125_-_Amsterdam_Museum_%28Colour_version%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Christoffel_Bisschop_-_Anno_1758._Een_delegatie_kooplieden_bezoekt_de_gouvernante_-_SA_5125_-_Amsterdam_Museum_%28Colour_version%29.gif/440px-Christoffel_Bisschop_-_Anno_1758._Een_delegatie_kooplieden_bezoekt_de_gouvernante_-_SA_5125_-_Amsterdam_Museum_%28Colour_version%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>Dutch merchants complain to Princess Anne about the detention of merchant ships by the British.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> had played a central role in the wars against Louis XIV's France<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the late 1600s and early 1700s, and doing this had proved to be very expensive. This motivated the Dutch to try to stay out of major 18th-century European conflicts like the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2002_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2002-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Pensionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Pensionary">Grand Pensionary</a> <a href="/wiki/Laurens_van_de_Spiegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurens van de Spiegel">Laurens van de Spiegel</a>, in 1782, blamed the earlier generations for placing too heavy a burden on their descendants by waging wars on credit. </p><p><i>"Every new war is a step closer to taking away from the descendants the means of defence they need."</i> </p><p>It was precisely for this reason that <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Steyn" title="Pieter Steyn">Pieter Steyn</a>, Grand Pensionary of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">Holland</a> from 1749 to 1772, wanted the Republic to align its foreign policy with the state of its finances. Specifically, this meant that Holland should do everything possible to ensure that the Republic did not become involved in the Franco-British dispute, despite animosity towards France and being a long-time ally of Britain. This was not going to be easy, because London was exerting great pressure on the <a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General</a> to make troops available for the defence of Great Britain as soon as hostilities with France were to occur, and as the daughter of George II, it would be almost impossible for <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal_and_Princess_of_Orange" title="Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange">Princess Anne</a>, regent in the Dutch Republic for <a href="/wiki/William_V_of_Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="William V of Orange">William V of Orange</a>, to refuse the requested help. However, the wealthy merchants of <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> did not want to go to war for Britain's interests. Together with French assurances that King Louis XV did not want to multiply his enemies and that it was the Prussians who broke the peace, this made it possible for Steyn to declare the Republic neutral.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen201731–34_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen201731–34-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite British threats, the detention of many Dutch merchant ships by the British, and various incidents, as when <a href="/wiki/Barrier_Treaty" title="Barrier Treaty">Dutch soldiers stationed in the Austrian Netherlands</a> fired celebratory gunshots in support of the Prussians after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breslau_(1757)" title="Battle of Breslau (1757)">Battle of Breslau</a>, the Dutch Republic managed to preserve its neutrality during the Seven Years' War. It owed this to the memory of what it had been and what it could possibly become again, namely a land and naval power of the first rank. For the Prussian king, the Republic was an important ally with view of securing his scattered possessions along the Dutch eastern border, and for George II, the Dutch seaports provided the most secure link with Hanover. For their part, the British were concerned that their supremacy at sea would be jeopardised if the Republic were to lend its cooperation to a French plan for joint maritime action by the French, Spanish, Danish and Dutch fleets. In addition, the government in London had not yet given up hope to restore the disrupted relationship with the Dutch by including them in a military and political bloc formed by Britain, Hanover, Prussia and the Dutch Republic. When the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">States of Holland</a> announced in the States General on 12 January 1759 that they had decided to equip 25 warships, at their own expense if need be, and Princess Anna also died that same evening, the British government realised that it should not let things get out of hand by inflicting too much damage on Dutch trade. It resigned itself to the fact that the Republic persisted in its neutral stance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen201731–34_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen201731–34-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unofficially, the Dutch East India Company would attempt to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chinsurah" title="Battle of Chinsurah">undermine or even prevent British domination</a> in India during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Carnatic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Carnatic War">Third Carnatic War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denmark–Norway"><span id="Denmark.E2.80.93Norway"></span>Denmark–Norway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Denmark–Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a> was another neutral nation during the Seven Years War, although it could be argued<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (September 2024)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> that, due to close calls, it was a belligerent nation. It was very nearly dragged into the war on the side of France due to the actions of the Russian Empire. Tsar <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Russia" title="Peter III of Russia">Peter III</a> had desired on reclaiming his title of <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Holstein-Gottorp" title="Duke of Holstein-Gottorp">Duke of Holstein-Gottorp</a>, whose lands were being overseen by the current king of Denmark-Norway, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_V_of_Denmark" title="Frederick V of Denmark">Frederick V</a>, and was prepared to attack Denmark–Norway in order to do this. However, luckily for Denmark-Norway, the Russian emperor was deposed by his wife, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine II">Catherine II</a>, before war could break out.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outcomes">Outcomes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Outcomes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Financial_costs_of_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Financial costs of the Seven Years' War">Financial costs of the Seven Years' War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miracle_of_the_House_of_Brandenburg" title="Miracle of the House of Brandenburg">Miracle of the House of Brandenburg</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris (1763)</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p>The Anglo-French hostilities were ended in 1763 by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris</a>, which involved a complex series of land exchanges, the most important being France's cession to Spain of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a>, and to Great Britain the rest of New France. Britain returned to France the islands of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a>, which had been ceded to Britain in 1714 under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a>, to assist with French <a href="/wiki/French_Shore" title="French Shore">fishing rights</a>. Faced with the choice of regaining either <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> or its Caribbean Island colonies of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Guadeloupe" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Martinique" title="History of Martinique">Martinique</a>, France chose the latter to retain these lucrative sources of sugar,<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> writing off New France as an unproductive, costly territory.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France also returned Menorca to the British. Spain lost control of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a> to Great Britain, but it received from the French the <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_Louisiana" title="Île d'Orléans, Louisiana">Île d'Orléans</a> and all of the former French holdings west of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>. The exchanges suited the British as well, as their own West Indian islands already supplied ample sugar, and, with the acquisition of New France and Florida, they now controlled all of North America east of the Mississippi.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In India, the British retained the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Circars" title="Northern Circars">Northern Circars</a>, but returned all the French trading ports. The treaty, however, required that the fortifications of these settlements be destroyed and never rebuilt, while only minimal garrisons could be maintained there, thus rendering them worthless as military bases. Combined with the loss of France's ally in <a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Bengal</a> and the defection of <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad</a> to the British as a result of the war, this effectively brought French power in India to an end, making way for <a href="/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India" title="Presidencies and provinces of British India">British hegemony</a> and eventual control of the subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzabo2007432_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzabo2007432-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France's navy was crippled by the war. Only after an ambitious rebuilding program in combination with Spain was France again able to challenge Britain's command of the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vorderlader.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Vorderlader.jpg/220px-Vorderlader.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Vorderlader.jpg/330px-Vorderlader.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Vorderlader.jpg/440px-Vorderlader.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>August 2009 historical re-enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Warburg" title="Battle of Warburg">Battle of Warburg</a> fought on 31 July 1760</figcaption></figure> <p>Bute's settlement with France was mild compared with what Pitt's would have been. He had hoped for a lasting peace with France, and he was afraid that if he took too much, the whole of Europe would unite in envious hostility against Great Britain. Choiseul, however, had no intention of making a permanent peace, and, when France went to war with Great Britain during the American Revolution, the British found no support among the European powers.<sup id="cite_ref-Eric_Robson_1957_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eric_Robson_1957-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France's defeat caused the French to embark upon major military reforms, with particular attention being paid to the artillery.<sup id="cite_ref-Marston2001_90_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marston2001_90-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origins of the <a href="/wiki/Gribeauval_system" title="Gribeauval system">famed French artillery</a> that played a prominent role in the wars of the French Revolution and beyond can to be traced to military reforms that started in 1763.<sup id="cite_ref-Marston2001_90_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marston2001_90-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Treaty of Hubertusburg, between Austria, Prussia, and Saxony, was signed on 15 February 1763, at a hunting lodge between <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>. Negotiations had started there on 31 December 1762. Frederick, who had considered ceding East Prussia to Russia if Peter III helped him secure Saxony, finally insisted on excluding Russia (in fact, no longer a belligerent) from the negotiations. At the same time, he refused to evacuate Saxony until its elector had renounced any claim to reparation. The Austrians wanted at least to retain Glatz, which they had in fact reconquered, but Frederick would not allow it. The treaty simply restored the status quo of 1748, with Silesia and Glatz reverting to Frederick and Saxony to its own elector. The only concession that Prussia made to Austria was to consent to the election of Archduke Joseph as Holy Roman emperor. Saxony emerged from the war weakened and bankrupt; despite losing no territory, Saxony had essentially been a battleground between Prussia and Austria throughout the conflict, with many of its towns and cities (including the capital of Dresden) damaged by bombardment and looting. </p><p>Austria was not able to retake Silesia or make any significant territorial gain. However, it did prevent Prussia from invading parts of Saxony. More significantly, its military performance proved far better than during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a> and seemed to vindicate Maria Theresa's administrative and military reforms. Hence, Austria's prestige was restored in great part and the empire secured its position as a major player in the European system.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Also, by promising to vote for Joseph II in the Imperial elections, Frederick II accepted the Habsburg preeminence in the Holy Roman Empire. The survival of Prussia as a first-rate power and the enhanced prestige of its king and army, however, was potentially damaging in the long run to Austria's influence in Germany. </p><p>Not only that, Austria now found herself estranged with the new developments within the empire itself. Besides the rise of Prussia, <a href="/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland" title="Augustus III of Poland">Augustus III</a>, although ineffective, could muster an army not only from Saxony, but also Poland, since he was also the King of Poland as well as Elector of Saxony. Bavaria's growing power and independence was also apparent as it asserted more control on the deployment of its army, and managed to disengage from the war at its own will. Most importantly, with the now belligerent Hanover united personally under <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of Great Britain">George III of Great Britain</a>, It amassed a considerable power, and even brought Britain in on future conflicts. This power dynamic was important to the future and the latter conflicts of the <i>Reich</i>. The war also proved that Maria Theresa's reforms were still insufficient to compete with Prussia: unlike its enemy, the Austrians were almost bankrupt at the end of war. Hence, she dedicated the next two decades to the consolidation of her administration. </p><p>Prussia emerged from the war as a great power whose importance could no longer be challenged. Frederick the Great's personal reputation was enormously enhanced, as his debt to fortune (Russia's betrayal after Elizabeth's death) and to British financial support were soon forgotten, while the memory of his energy and his military genius was strenuously kept alive.<sup id="cite_ref-Marston2001_90_135-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marston2001_90-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though depicted as a key moment in Prussia's rise to greatness, the war weakened Prussia.<sup id="cite_ref-Marston2001_90_135-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marston2001_90-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prussia's lands and population were devastated though Frederick's extensive agrarian reforms and encouragement of immigration soon solved both these problems. Unfortunately for Prussia, its army had taken heavy losses (particularly the officer corps) and in the war's aftermath, Frederick could not afford to rebuild the Prussian Army to what it was before the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Marston2001_90_135-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marston2001_90-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Bavarian_Succession" title="War of the Bavarian Succession">War of the Bavarian Succession</a>, the Prussians fought poorly despite being led by Frederick in person.<sup id="cite_ref-Marston2001_90_135-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marston2001_90-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the war with France in 1792–95, the Prussian Army did not fare well against revolutionary France, and in 1806, the Prussians suffered a complete defeat by the French at the Battle of Jena.<sup id="cite_ref-Marston2001_90_135-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marston2001_90-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was only after 1806 when Prussian government brought in reforms to recover from the disaster of Jena that Prussia's rise to greatness later in the 19th century was realized.<sup id="cite_ref-Marston2001_90_135-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marston2001_90-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the aftermath of the Seven Years' War, various nations all sent officers to Prussia to learn the secrets of Prussia's military power.<sup id="cite_ref-Marston2001_90_135-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marston2001_90-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prussia become one of the most imitated powers in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Marston2001_90_135-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marston2001_90-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russia, on the other hand, made one great invisible gain from the war: the elimination of French influence in Poland. The <a href="/wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland" title="First Partition of Poland">First Partition of Poland</a> (1772) was to be a Russo-Prussian transaction, with Austria only reluctantly involved and with France completely absent.<sup id="cite_ref-Eric_Robson_1957_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eric_Robson_1957-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the war had ended in a draw, the performance of the Imperial Russian Army against Prussia had improved Russia's reputation as a factor in European politics, as many had not expected the Russians to hold their own against the Prussians in campaigns fought on Prussian soil.<sup id="cite_ref-Marston2001_90_135-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marston2001_90-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American historian David Stone observed that Russian soldiers proved capable of going head-on against the Prussians, inflicting and taking one bloody volley after another "without flinching", and though the quality of Russian generalship was quite variable, the Russians were never decisively defeated once in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Stone2006_70_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone2006_70-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russians defeated the Prussians several times in the war, but the Russians lacked the necessary logistical capability to follow up their victories with lasting gains, and in this sense, the salvation of the House of Hohenzollern was due more to Russian weakness with respect to logistics than to Prussian strength on the battlefield.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone200670–71_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone200670–71-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, the fact that the Russians proved capable of defeating in battle the army of a "first-rate" European power on its own soil despite the often indifferent quality of their generals improved Russia's standing in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Stone2006_70_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone2006_70-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A lasting legacy of the war was that it awakened the Russians to their logistic weaknesses, and led to major reforms of the Imperial Russian Army's quartermaster department.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarston200190–91_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarston200190–91-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The supply system that allowed the Russians to advance into the Balkans during the war with the Ottomans in 1787–1792, Marshal Alexander Suvorov to campaign effectively in Italy and Switzerland in 1798–1799, and for the Russians to fight across Germany and France in 1813–1814 to take Paris was created directly in response to the logistic problems experienced by the Russians in the Seven Years' War.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarston200190–91_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarston200190–91-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NorthAmerica1762-83.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/NorthAmerica1762-83.png/220px-NorthAmerica1762-83.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/NorthAmerica1762-83.png/330px-NorthAmerica1762-83.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/NorthAmerica1762-83.png/440px-NorthAmerica1762-83.png 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Map showing British territorial gains in North America following the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris</a> in pink, and Spanish territorial gains after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1762)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762)">Treaty of Fontainebleau</a> in yellow</figcaption></figure> <p>The British government was close to bankruptcy, and Britain now faced the delicate task of pacifying its new French-Canadian subjects as well as the many American Indian tribes who had supported France. In 1763, <a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a> broke out as a group of Indian tribes in the Great Lakes region and the Northwest (the modern American Midwest) said to have been led by the Ottawa chief Pontiac (whose role as the leader of the confederation seems to have been exaggerated by the British), unhappy with the eclipse of French power, rebelled against British rule. The Indians had long established congenial and friendly relations with the French fur traders, and the Anglo-American fur traders who had replaced the French had engaged in business practices that enraged the Indians, who complained about being cheated when they sold their furs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarston200284–85_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarston200284–85-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the Indians feared that with the coming of British rule might lead to white settlers displacing them off their land, whereas it was known that the French had only come as fur traders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarston200284–85_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarston200284–85-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pontiac's War was a major conflict in which the British temporarily lost control of the Great Lakes-Northwest regions to the Indians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarston200285–87_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarston200285–87-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the middle of 1763, the only forts the British held in the region were Fort Detroit (modern Detroit, Michigan), Fort Niagara (modern Youngstown, New York) and Fort Pitt (modern Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) with the rest all being lost to the Indians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarston200286_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarston200286-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was only with the British victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bushy_Run" title="Battle of Bushy Run">Battle of Bushy Run</a> that prevented a complete collapse of British power in the Great Lakes region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarston200287_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarston200287-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King George III's <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_1763" class="mw-redirect" title="Proclamation of 1763">Proclamation of 1763</a>, which forbade white settlement beyond the crest of the Appalachians, was intended to appease the Indians but led to considerable outrage in the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>, whose inhabitants were eager to acquire native lands. The <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec Act</a> of 1774, similarly intended to win over the loyalty of French Canadians, also spurred resentment among American colonists.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Act protected Catholic religion and French language, which enraged the Americans, but the <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people" title="Québécois people">Québécois</a> remained loyal to the British Crown during the American Revolution and did not rebel. </p><p>The war also brought to an end the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Alliance_(League_of_Augsburg)" title="Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg)">"Old System" of alliances in Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-os_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-os-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the years after the war, under the direction of <a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich" title="John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich">John Montagu</a> (Lord Sandwich), the British attempted to re-establish this system. But after her surprising grand success against a coalition of great powers, European states such as Austria, the Dutch Republic, Sweden, Denmark–Norway, the Ottoman Empire and Russia, now saw Britain as a greater threat than France and did not join with it, while the Prussians were angered by what they considered a British betrayal in 1762. Consequently, when the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> turned into a global war between 1778 and 1783, Britain found itself opposed by a strong coalition of European powers, and lacking any substantial ally.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_battles">List of battles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: List of battles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Battles of the Seven Years' War">Battles of the Seven Years' War</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto;" summary="Battles during the Seven Years War"> <caption><b>Major land battles during the Seven Years' War (Europe)</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201785–87_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201785–87-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:1px solid #999;"> <th style="text-align:center;">Battle </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Anglo-Prussian coalition numbers </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Franco-Austrian coalition numbers </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Anglo-Prussian coalition casualties </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Franco-Austrian coalition casualties </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Result </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lobositz" title="Battle of Lobositz">Lobositz</a> </th> <td>28,500 </td> <td>34,000 </td> <td>3,300 </td> <td>2,984 </td> <td>Austrian victory </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prague_(1757)" title="Battle of Prague (1757)">Prague</a> </th> <td>64,000 </td> <td>61,000 </td> <td>14,300 </td> <td>13,600 </td> <td>Prussian victory </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kol%C3%ADn" title="Battle of Kolín">Kolín</a> </th> <td>34,000 </td> <td>54,000 </td> <td>13,733 </td> <td>8,100 </td> <td>Austrian victory </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hastenbeck" title="Battle of Hastenbeck">Hastenbeck</a> </th> <td>36,000 </td> <td>63,000 </td> <td>1,200 </td> <td>1,200 </td> <td>French victory </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gross-J%C3%A4gersdorf" title="Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf">Gross-Jägersdorf</a> </th> <td>25,000 </td> <td>55,000 </td> <td>4,520 </td> <td>5,250 </td> <td>Russian victory </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rossbach" title="Battle of Rossbach">Rossbach</a> </th> <td>21,000 </td> <td>40,900 </td> <td>541 </td> <td>8,000 </td> <td>Prussian victory </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breslau_(1757)" title="Battle of Breslau (1757)">Breslau</a> </th> <td>28,000 </td> <td>60,000 </td> <td>10,150 </td> <td>5,857 </td> <td>Austrian victory </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leuthen" title="Battle of Leuthen">Leuthen</a> </th> <td>36,000 </td> <td>65,000 </td> <td>6,259 </td> <td>22,000 </td> <td>Prussian victory </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krefeld" title="Battle of Krefeld">Krefeld</a> </th> <td>32,000 </td> <td>50,000 </td> <td>1,800 </td> <td>8,200 </td> <td>Prussian-allied victory </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zorndorf" title="Battle of Zorndorf">Zorndorf</a> </th> <td>36,000 </td> <td>44,000 </td> <td>11,390 </td> <td>21,529 </td> <td>Indecisive </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Belle_%C3%8Ele" title="Capture of Belle Île">Belle Île</a> </th> <td>9,000 </td> <td>3,000 </td> <td>810 </td> <td>3,000 </td> <td>British victory </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint_Cast" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Saint Cast">Saint Cast</a> </th> <td>1,400 </td> <td>10,000 </td> <td>1,400 </td> <td>495 </td> <td>French victory </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hochkirch" title="Battle of Hochkirch">Hochkirch</a> </th> <td>39,000 </td> <td>78,000 </td> <td>9,097 </td> <td>7,590 </td> <td>Austrian victory </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kay" title="Battle of Kay">Kay</a> </th> <td>28,000 </td> <td>40,500 </td> <td>8,000 </td> <td>4,700 </td> <td>Russian victory </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Minden" title="Battle of Minden">Minden</a> </th> <td>43,000 </td> <td>60,000 </td> <td>2,762 </td> <td>7,086 </td> <td>British-allied victory </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kunersdorf" title="Battle of Kunersdorf">Kunersdorf</a> </th> <td>49,000 </td> <td>98,000 </td> <td>18,503 </td> <td>15,741 </td> <td>Russo-Austrian victory </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maxen" title="Battle of Maxen">Maxen</a> </th> <td>15,000 </td> <td>32,000 </td> <td>15,000 </td> <td>934 </td> <td>Austrian victory </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landeshut_(1760)" title="Battle of Landeshut (1760)">Landeshut</a> </th> <td>13,000 </td> <td>35,000 </td> <td>10,052 </td> <td>3,000 </td> <td>Austrian victory </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Warburg" title="Battle of Warburg">Warburg</a> </th> <td>30,000 </td> <td>35,000 </td> <td>1,200 </td> <td>3,000 </td> <td>British-allied victory </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liegnitz_(1760)" title="Battle of Liegnitz (1760)">Liegnitz</a> </th> <td>14,000 </td> <td>24,000 </td> <td>3,100 </td> <td>8,300 </td> <td>Prussian victory </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kloster_Kampen" title="Battle of Kloster Kampen">Kloster Kampen</a> </th> <td>26,000 </td> <td>45,000 </td> <td>3,228 </td> <td>2,036 </td> <td>French victory </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Torgau" title="Battle of Torgau">Torgau</a> </th> <td>48,500 </td> <td>52,000 </td> <td>17,120 </td> <td>11,260 </td> <td>Prussian victory </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villinghausen" title="Battle of Villinghausen">Villinghausen</a> </th> <td>60,000 </td> <td>100,000 </td> <td>1,600 </td> <td>5,000 </td> <td>British-allied victory </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Schweidnitz_(1762)" title="Siege of Schweidnitz (1762)">Schweidnitz</a> </th> <td>25,000 </td> <td>10,000 </td> <td>3,033 </td> <td>10,000 </td> <td>Prussian victory </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wilhelmsthal" title="Battle of Wilhelmsthal">Wilhelmsthal</a> </th> <td>40,000 </td> <td>70,000 </td> <td>700 </td> <td>4,500 </td> <td>British-allied victory </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Freiberg" title="Battle of Freiberg">Freiberg</a> </th> <td>22,000 </td> <td>40,000 </td> <td>2,500 </td> <td>8,000 </td> <td>Prussian victory </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto;" summary="Battles during the Seven Years War"> <caption><b>Major land battles during the Seven Years' War (North America)</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201785–87_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201785–87-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017121–122_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017121–122-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:1px solid #999;"> <th style="text-align:center;">Battle </th> <th style="text-align:center;">British-native numbers </th> <th style="text-align:center;">French, Spanish and native numbers </th> <th style="text-align:center;">British-native casualties </th> <th style="text-align:center;">French, Spanish and native casualties </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Result </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Monongahela" title="Battle of the Monongahela">Monongahela</a> </th> <td>1,300 </td> <td>891 </td> <td>906 </td> <td>96 </td> <td>French-allied victory </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_George" title="Battle of Lake George">Lake George</a> </th> <td>1,700 </td> <td>1,500 </td> <td>331 </td> <td>339 </td> <td>British-allied victory </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_William_Henry" title="Siege of Fort William Henry">Fort William Henry</a> </th> <td>2,372 </td> <td>8,344 </td> <td>2,372 </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>French-allied victory </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carillon" title="Battle of Carillon">Fort Ticonderoga I</a> </th> <td>18,000 </td> <td>3,600 </td> <td>3,600 </td> <td>377 </td> <td>French-allied victory </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1758)" title="Siege of Louisbourg (1758)">Louisbourg</a> </th> <td>9,500 </td> <td>5,600 </td> <td>524 </td> <td>5,600 </td> <td>British victory </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Guadeloupe_(1759)" title="Invasion of Guadeloupe (1759)">Guadeloupe</a> </th> <td>5,000 </td> <td>2,000 </td> <td>804 </td> <td>2,000 </td> <td>British victory </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Martinique_(1759)" title="Invasion of Martinique (1759)">Martinique</a> </th> <td>8,000 </td> <td>8,200 </td> <td>500 </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>French victory </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Niagara" title="Battle of Fort Niagara">Fort Niagara</a> </th> <td>3,200 </td> <td>1,786 </td> <td>100 </td> <td>486 </td> <td>British-allied victory </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War#Conquest_of_Canada" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">Quebec I</a> </th> <td>9,400 </td> <td>15,000 </td> <td>900 </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>British victory </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beauport" title="Battle of Beauport">Montmorency</a> </th> <td>5,000 </td> <td>12,000 </td> <td>440 </td> <td>60 </td> <td>French victory </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Plains_of_Abraham" title="Battle of the Plains of Abraham">Plains of Abraham</a> </th> <td>4,828 </td> <td>4,500 </td> <td>664 </td> <td>644 </td> <td>British-allied victory </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sainte-Foy" title="Battle of Sainte-Foy">Saint-Foy</a> </th> <td>3,866 </td> <td>6,900 </td> <td>1,088 </td> <td>833 </td> <td>French victory </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Quebec_(1760)" title="Siege of Quebec (1760)">Quebec II</a> </th> <td>6,000 </td> <td>7,000 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>700 </td> <td>British victory </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Havana" title="Siege of Havana">Havana</a> </th> <td>31,000 </td> <td>11,670 (Spanish) </td> <td>5,366 </td> <td>11,670 </td> <td>British victory </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto;" summary="Battles during the Seven Years War"> <caption><b>Major land battles during the Seven Years' War (India)</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201785–87_146-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201785–87-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:1px solid #999;"> <th style="text-align:center;">Battle </th> <th style="text-align:center;">British-sepoy numbers </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Mughal-French numbers </th> <th style="text-align:center;">British-sepoy casualties </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Mughal-French casualties </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Result </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calcutta" title="Siege of Calcutta">Calcutta I</a> </th> <td>514 </td> <td>50,000 (Mughals) </td> <td>218 </td> <td>7,000 </td> <td>Mughal victory </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">Calcutta II </th> <td>1,870 </td> <td>40,000 (Mughals) </td> <td>194 </td> <td>1,300 </td> <td>British victory </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Plassey</a> </th> <td>2,884 </td> <td>50,000 (Mughals) </td> <td>63 </td> <td>500 </td> <td>British victory </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chandannagar" title="Battle of Chandannagar">Chandannagar</a> </th> <td>2,300 </td> <td>900 (French-sepoy) </td> <td>200 </td> <td>200 </td> <td>British victory </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Madras" title="Siege of Madras">Madras</a> </th> <td>4,050 </td> <td>7,300 (French-sepoy) </td> <td>1,341 </td> <td>1,200 </td> <td>British victory </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Masulipatam" title="Siege of Masulipatam">Masulipatam</a> </th> <td>7,246 </td> <td>2,600 (French-sepoy) </td> <td>286 </td> <td>1,500 </td> <td>British victory </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wandiwash" title="Battle of Wandiwash">Wandiwash</a> </th> <td>5,330 </td> <td>4,550 (French-sepoy) </td> <td>387 </td> <td>1,000 </td> <td>British victory </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Cultural references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Luck_of_Barry_Lyndon" title="The Luck of Barry Lyndon">The Luck of Barry Lyndon</a></i> (1844) by <a href="/wiki/William_Makepeace_Thackeray" title="William Makepeace Thackeray">William Makepeace Thackeray</a> is set against the Seven Years' War. This is a quote about the war from the novel:</li></ul> <dl><dd><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It would require a greater philosopher and historian than I am to explain the causes of the famous Seven Years' War in which Europe was engaged; and, indeed, its origin has always appeared to me to be so complicated, and the books written about it so amazingly hard to understand, that I have seldom been much wiser at the end of a chapter than at the beginning, and so shall not trouble my reader with any personal disquisitions concerning the matter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThackeray2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhyK19Yj0eu4CpgPA72_p._72]_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThackeray2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhyK19Yj0eu4CpgPA72_p._72]-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a>'s film <i><a href="/wiki/Barry_Lyndon" title="Barry Lyndon">Barry Lyndon</a></i> (1975) is based on the Thackeray novel.</li> <li>The events in the early chapters of <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Candide" title="Candide">Candide</a></i> are based on the Seven Years' War; according to <a href="/wiki/Jean_Starobinski" title="Jean Starobinski">Jean Starobinski</a> ("Voltaire's Double-Barreled Musket", in <i>Blessings in Disguise</i> (California, 1993). p. 85), all the atrocities described in Chapter 3 are true to life. When <i>Candide</i> was written, Voltaire had been opposed to <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">militarism</a>; the book's themes of disillusionment and suffering underscore this position.</li> <li>The board games <i><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_(board_game)" title="Friedrich (board game)">Friedrich</a></i> and, more recently, <i>Prussia's Defiant Stand</i> and <i>Clash of Monarchs</i> are based on the events of the Seven Years' War.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy_wargame" title="Grand strategy wargame">grand strategy wargame</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Prussia" title="Rise of Prussia">Rise of Prussia</a></i> covers the European campaigns of the Seven Years' War</li> <li>The novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_of_the_Mohicans" title="The Last of the Mohicans">The Last of the Mohicans</a></i> (1826) by <a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">James Fenimore Cooper</a>, and its subsequent adaptations, are set in the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">North American theatre</a> of the Seven Years' War.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Partisan_in_War" title="The Partisan in War">The Partisan in War</a></i> (1789), a treatise on light infantry tactics written by Colonel Andreas Emmerich, is based on his experiences in the Seven Years' War.</li> <li>The Seven Years' War is the central theme of <a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">G. E. Lessing</a>'s 1767 play <i><a href="/wiki/Minna_von_Barnhelm" title="Minna von Barnhelm">Minna von Barnhelm or the Soldiers' Happiness</a></i>.</li> <li>Numerous towns and other places now in United States were named after <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a> to commemorate the victorious conclusion of the war, including <a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Maryland" title="Frederick, Maryland">Frederick</a>, Maryland, and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Prussia,_Pennsylvania" title="King of Prussia, Pennsylvania">King of Prussia</a>, Pennsylvania.</li> <li>The fourth scenario of the second act in the <a href="/wiki/Real-time_strategy" title="Real-time strategy">RTS</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Empires_III" title="Age of Empires III">Age of Empires III</a></i> is about this military conflict, with the player fighting alongside the French against the British.</li> <li>In the video game <i><a href="/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_III" title="Assassin's Creed III">Assassin's Creed III</a></i> (2012), primarily set during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, the early missions following <a href="/wiki/Haytham_Kenway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haytham Kenway">Haytham Kenway</a> are set during the North American campaigns of the French and Indian War from 1754 to 1755. The second half of <i><a href="/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_Rogue" title="Assassin's Creed Rogue">Assassin's Creed Rogue</a></i> (2014) is also set within the timescale of the Seven Years' War, from 1756 to 1760.</li> <li>Several installments of <a href="/wiki/Diana_Gabaldon" title="Diana Gabaldon">Diana Gabaldon</a>'s fictional <a href="/wiki/Lord_John_series" title="Lord John series"><i>Lord John</i> series</a> (itself an offshoot of the <a href="/wiki/Outlander_(book_series)" title="Outlander (book series)"><i>Outlander</i> series</a>) describe a homosexual officer's experiences in Germany and France during the Seven Years' War. In particular, the short story "Lord John and the Succubus" occurs just before the Battle of Rossbach, and the novel <i>Lord John and the Brotherhood of the Blade</i> centres around the Battle of Krefeld.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="France in the Seven Years' War">France in the Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war" title="Outline of war">Outline of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_1756" title="Rule of 1756">Rule of 1756</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_and_battles_involving_Prussia" title="List of wars and battles involving Prussia">List of wars and battles involving Prussia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-From-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-From_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-From_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">From 1762<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohn2000417_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohn2000417-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">25,000 dead excluding parts of the HRE that were under the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian Monarchy">Austrian Monarchy</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpeelman2012524_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeelman2012524-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War" title="Franco-Dutch War">Franco-Dutch War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohn2000417-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohn2000417_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKohn2000">Kohn (2000)</a>, p. 417.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/american_revolution_01.shtml">"British History in depth: Was the American Revolution Inevitable?"</a>. BBC History<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2018</span>. <q>In 1763, Americans joyously celebrated the British victory in the Seven Years' War, revelling in their identity as Britons and jealously guarding their much-celebrated rights which they believed they possessed by virtue of membership in what they saw as the world's greatest empire.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+History+in+depth%3A+Was+the+American+Revolution+Inevitable%3F&rft.pub=BBC+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fempire_seapower%2Famerican_revolution_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanley2012524-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanley2012524_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanley2012524_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanley2012524_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanley2012524_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanley2012524_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanley2012524_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDanley2012">Danley (2012)</a>, p. 524.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeelman2012524-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpeelman2012524_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpeelman2012">Speelman (2012)</a>, p. 524.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFüssel20107-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFüssel20107_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFüssel2010">Füssel (2010)</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tombs, Robert and Isabelle. <i>That Sweet Enemy: The French and the British from the Sun King to the Present</i>. London: William Heinemann, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFFO2clqJCqMCpgPA17_p._17]-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFFO2clqJCqMCpgPA17_p._17]_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2007">Anderson (2007)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FFO2clqJCqMC&pg=PA17">p. 17</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson20075–7-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson20075–7_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2007">Anderson (2007)</a>, pp. 5–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson200751–65-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson200751–65_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2007">Anderson (2007)</a>, pp. 51–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFFO2clqJCqMCpgPA112_pp._112–115]-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFFO2clqJCqMCpgPA112_pp._112–115]_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2007">Anderson (2007)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FFO2clqJCqMC&pg=PA112">pp. 112–115</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007114-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007114_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2007">Anderson (2007)</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson200677-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson200677_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2006">Anderson2006</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007119–120-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007119–120_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2007">Anderson (2007)</a>, pp. 119–120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzabo20072-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzabo20072_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSzabo2007">Szabo (2007)</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Black1994_38-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Black1994_38_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black1994_38_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack1994">Black (1994)</a>, pp. 38–52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack1994">Black (1994)</a>, pp. 67–80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClark2006">Clark (2006)</a>, p. 209</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCreveld1977">Creveld (1977)</a>, pp. 26–28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritchard2004" class="citation book cs1">Pritchard, James (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kK9wa98I4eEC"><i>In Search of Empire: The French in the Americas, 1670–1730</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 356. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82742-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82742-3"><bdi>978-0-521-82742-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Empire%3A+The+French+in+the+Americas%2C+1670%E2%80%931730&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=356&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82742-3&rft.aulast=Pritchard&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkK9wa98I4eEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDull2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQcsnvXeOdW4CpgPA14_p._14]-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDull2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQcsnvXeOdW4CpgPA14_p._14]_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDull2007">Dull (2007)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QcsnvXeOdW4C&pg=PA14">p. 14</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Borneman2007_80-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Borneman2007_80_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Borneman2007_80_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorneman2007" class="citation book cs1">Borneman, Walter R. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O7TZqbj_6BYC"><i>The French and Indian War: Deciding the Fate of North America</i></a>. New York: HarperCollins. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-076184-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-076184-4"><bdi>978-0-06-076184-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+and+Indian+War%3A+Deciding+the+Fate+of+North+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-06-076184-4&rft.aulast=Borneman&rft.aufirst=Walter+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO7TZqbj_6BYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1984" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Stephen J. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t9REWs8RAcYC"><i>Aspects of European History, 1494–1789</i></a>. London: Routledge. p. 285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-416-37490-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-416-37490-2"><bdi>978-0-416-37490-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+European+History%2C+1494%E2%80%931789&rft.place=London&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-416-37490-2&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt9REWs8RAcYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTill2006" class="citation book cs1">Till, Geoffrey (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iIpFoGiz88IC"><i>Development of British Naval Thinking: Essays in Memory of Bryan Ranft</i></a>. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5320-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5320-4"><bdi>978-0-7146-5320-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Development+of+British+Naval+Thinking%3A+Essays+in+Memory+of+Bryan+Ranft&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5320-4&rft.aulast=Till&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiIpFoGiz88IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweizer1989[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrfacoIz38n0CpgPA15_pp._15–16]-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweizer1989[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrfacoIz38n0CpgPA15_pp._15–16]_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchweizer1989">Schweizer (1989)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rfacoIz38n0C&pg=PA15">pp. 15–16</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweizer1989[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrfacoIz38n0CpgPA106_p._106]-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweizer1989[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrfacoIz38n0CpgPA106_p._106]_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchweizer1989">Schweizer (1989)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rfacoIz38n0C&pg=PA106">p. 106</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-black-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-black_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack1999" class="citation book cs1">Black, Jeremy (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E5E2yDg4VekC&pg=PA221"><i>Britain As A Military Power, 1688–1815</i></a>. London: UCL Press. pp. 45–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-772-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-772-1"><bdi>978-1-85728-772-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+As+A+Military+Power%2C+1688%E2%80%931815&rft.place=London&rft.pages=45-78&rft.pub=UCL+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-85728-772-1&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE5E2yDg4VekC%26pg%3DPA221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>E.g.</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimms2008" class="citation book cs1">Simms, Brendan (2008). <i>Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire</i>. London: Penguin Books. pp. 64–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-028984-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-028984-8"><bdi>978-0-14-028984-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/319213140">319213140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Victories+and+a+Defeat%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+First+British+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.pages=64-66&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F319213140&rft.isbn=978-0-14-028984-8&rft.aulast=Simms&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVego2003" class="citation book cs1">Vego, Milan N. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MXO5fx1cs5oC"><i>Naval Strategy and Operations in Narrow Seas</i></a>. London: Frank Cass. pp. 156–157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5389-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5389-1"><bdi>978-0-7146-5389-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naval+Strategy+and+Operations+in+Narrow+Seas&rft.place=London&rft.pages=156-157&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5389-1&rft.aulast=Vego&rft.aufirst=Milan+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMXO5fx1cs5oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzabo200717–18-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzabo200717–18_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSzabo2007">Szabo (2007)</a>, pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1997" class="citation book cs1">James, Lawrence (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4DMS3r_BxOYC&pg=PA71"><i>The Rise and Fall of the British Empire</i></a>. Macmillan. pp. 71ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-16985-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-16985-5"><bdi>978-0-312-16985-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+British+Empire&rft.pages=71ff&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-312-16985-5&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4DMS3r_BxOYC%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNester2000" class="citation book cs1">Nester, William R. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Mum6vMM5YwC&pg=PA115"><i>The Great Frontier War: Britain, France, and the Imperial Struggle for North America, 1607–1755</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing. pp. 115ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96772-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96772-7"><bdi>978-0-275-96772-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Frontier+War%3A+Britain%2C+France%2C+and+the+Imperial+Struggle+for+North+America%2C+1607%E2%80%931755&rft.pages=115ff&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96772-7&rft.aulast=Nester&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7Mum6vMM5YwC%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007129-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007129_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2007">Anderson (2007)</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodger2006265–267-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodger2006265–267_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodger2006">Rodger (2006)</a>, pp. 265–267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QHw4MwEACAAJ">"His Majesty's Declaration of War Against the French King. [17 May, 1756.]"</a>. T. Baskett and the Assigns of R. Baskett. 1 January 1756.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=His+Majesty%27s+Declaration+of+War+Against+the+French+King.+%5B17+May%2C+1756.%5D&rft.pub=T.+Baskett+and+the+Assigns+of+R.+Baskett&rft.date=1756-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQHw4MwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986427-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986427_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986427_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsprey1986">Asprey (1986)</a>, p. 427.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986428-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986428_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsprey1986">Asprey (1986)</a>, p. 428.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzabo200756–58-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzabo200756–58_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSzabo2007">Szabo (2007)</a>, pp. 56–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDull2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQcsnvXeOdW4CpgPA71_p._71]-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDull2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQcsnvXeOdW4CpgPA71_p._71]_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDull2007">Dull (2007)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QcsnvXeOdW4C&pg=PA71">p. 71</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bled_Frederick_2006-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bled_Frederick_2006_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bled_Frederick_2006_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bled_Frederick_2006_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBled2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bled, Jean-Paul (2006). <i>Friedrich der Grosse</i> (in German). Düsseldorf: Artemis & Winkler. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-538-07218-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-538-07218-3"><bdi>978-3-538-07218-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Friedrich+der+Grosse&rft.place=D%C3%BCsseldorf&rft.pub=Artemis+%26+Winkler&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-538-07218-3&rft.aulast=Bled&rft.aufirst=Jean-Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986465-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986465_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsprey1986">Asprey (1986)</a>, p. 465.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986Footnote_on_p._441-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986Footnote_on_p._441_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsprey1986">Asprey (1986)</a>, Footnote on p. 441.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter197184–102-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter197184–102_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarter1971">Carter (1971)</a>, pp. 84–102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarston2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1icUjZag24YCpgPA37_p._37]-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarston2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1icUjZag24YCpgPA37_p._37]_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarston2001">Marston (2001)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1icUjZag24YC&pg=PA37">p. 37</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELuvaas19996-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuvaas19996_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuvaas19996_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLuvaas1999">Luvaas (1999)</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarston200139-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarston200139_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarston2001">Marston (2001)</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986454-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986454_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsprey1986">Asprey (1986)</a>, p. 454.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986460-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986460_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986460_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsprey1986">Asprey (1986)</a>, p. 460.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarston200140–41-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarston200140–41_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarston2001">Marston (2001)</a>, pp. 40–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marston2001_22-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marston2001_22_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marston2001_22_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marston2001_22_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marston2001_22_51-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marston2001_22_51-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarston2001">Marston (2001)</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stone2006_70-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stone2006_70_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone2006_70_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone2006_70_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone2006_70_52-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStone2006">Stone (2006)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ok7iVsgiNmAC&pg=PA70">p. 70</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFFO2clqJCqMCpgPA176_p._176]-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFFO2clqJCqMCpgPA176_p._176]_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2007">Anderson (2007)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FFO2clqJCqMC&pg=PA176">p. 176</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007211–12-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007211–12_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2007">Anderson (2007)</a>, pp. 211–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007176–177-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007176–177_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2007">Anderson (2007)</a>, pp. 176–177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marston2001_41-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marston2001_41_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marston2001_41_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marston2001_41_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarston2001">Marston (2001)</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986469–472-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986469–472_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsprey1986">Asprey (1986)</a>, pp. 469–472.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986476–481-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986476–481_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsprey1986">Asprey (1986)</a>, pp. 476–481.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarston200142-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarston200142_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarston200142_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarston2001">Marston (2001)</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986473-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986473_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsprey1986">Asprey (1986)</a>, p. 473.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007215–216-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007215–216_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2007">Anderson (2007)</a>, pp. 215–216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986486-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986486_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsprey1986">Asprey (1986)</a>, p. 486.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986467-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986467_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986467_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsprey1986">Asprey (1986)</a>, p. 467.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986489-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986489_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsprey1986">Asprey (1986)</a>, p. 489.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzabo2007148–155-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzabo2007148–155_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSzabo2007">Szabo (2007)</a>, pp. 148–155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzabo2007179–182-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzabo2007179–182_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSzabo2007">Szabo (2007)</a>, pp. 179–182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986494–499-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986494–499_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsprey1986">Asprey (1986)</a>, pp. 494–499.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzabo2007162–169-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzabo2007162–169_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSzabo2007">Szabo (2007)</a>, pp. 162–169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarston2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1icUjZag24YCpgPA54_p._54]-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarston2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1icUjZag24YCpgPA54_p._54]_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarston2001">Marston (2001)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1icUjZag24YC&pg=PA54">p. 54</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986500-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986500_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsprey1986">Asprey (1986)</a>, p. 500.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986501–506-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsprey1986501–506_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsprey1986">Asprey (1986)</a>, pp. 501–506.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzabo2007195–202-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzabo2007195–202_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSzabo2007">Szabo (2007)</a>, pp. 195–202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzabo2007-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzabo2007_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSzabo2007">Szabo (2007)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone200674-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone200674_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStone2006">Stone (2006)</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007491-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007491_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2007">Anderson (2007)</a>, p. 491.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERedman2014-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedman2014_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedman2014_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRedman2014">Redman (2014)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFFO2clqJCqMCpgPA492_p._492]-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFFO2clqJCqMCpgPA492_p._492]_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2007">Anderson (2007)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FFO2clqJCqMC&pg=PA492">p. 492</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone200675-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone200675_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone200675_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStone2006">Stone (2006)</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fish2003p2-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fish2003p2_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFish2003">Fish 2003</a>, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumouriez1797" class="citation book cs1">Dumouriez, Charles François Du Périer (1797). <i>An Account of Portugal</i>. London: C. Law. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/accountofportuga00dumoiala/page/247">p. 247</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/accountofportuga00dumoiala/page/254">p. 254</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Account+of+Portugal&rft.place=London&rft.pages=p.+247%2C+p.+254&rft.pub=C.+Law&rft.date=1797&rft.aulast=Dumouriez&rft.aufirst=Charles+Fran%C3%A7ois+Du+P%C3%A9rier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span> See also <a href="#CITEREFGarcía_Arenas2004">García Arenas (2004)</a>, pp. 41, 73–74 (pdf file).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Royal_Military_Chronicle1812">The Royal Military Chronicle (1812)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DRMJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA50">pp. 50–51</a>. See also <a href="#CITEREFDull2009">Dull (2009)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cs-XAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88">p. 88</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrage1904[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyLYTAAAAYAAJq22dC3A9faitesenAllemagneetenPortugal22_p._151]-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETerrage1904[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidyLYTAAAAYAAJq22dC3A9faitesenAllemagneetenPortugal22_p._151]_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTerrage1904">Terrage (1904)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yLYTAAAAYAAJ&q=%22d%C3%A9faites+en+Allemagne+et+en+Portugal%22">p. 151</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <a href="/wiki/C._R._Boxer" title="C. R. Boxer">C. R. Boxer</a> in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sy1nAAAAMAAJ&q=1762+Spanish+invasion+repelled">Descriptive List of the State Papers Portugal, 1661–1780, in the Public Record Office, London: 1724–1765</a></i>, Vol II, Lisbon, Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, with the collaboration of the British Academy and the P.R.O., 1979, p. 415. Also according to the historian Fernando Dores Costa, <b>30 000</b> Franco-Spaniards were lost mostly from hunger and desertion. See <i>Milícia e sociedade. Recrutamento</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WHXJmgEACAAJ&q=%27%27Nova+Hist%C3%B3ria+Militar+de+Portugal,+vol+2%27%27"><i>Nova História Militar de Portugal</i></a> (Portuguese), vol. II, Círculo de Leitores, Lisboa, 2004, p. 341</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sales, Ernesto Augusto – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EWTiAAAAMAAJ&q=desertores"><i>O Conde de Lippe em Portugal</i></a>, Vol. 2, Publicações de Comissão de História Militar, Minerva, 1936, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EWTiAAAAMAAJ&q=%22o+ex%C3%A9rcito+de+Espanha+;+%C3%AAles+falam+em+7+mil+desertores,%22">p. 29</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Reflexiones Histórico-Militares que manifiestan los Motivos Porque se Mantiene Portugal Reino Independiente de España y Generalmente Desgraciadas Nuestras Empresas y que Lo Serán Mientras No se Tomen Otras Disposiciones</i> (in Spanish), Borzas, 28 November 1772; cited by Jorge Cejudo López in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XrEZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA192"><i>Catálogo del archivo del conde de Campomanes</i></a>, Fundación Universitaria Española, 1975, legajo (file) n. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://terronponce.org/CT_CAP_12.pdf">30</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714215200/http://terronponce.org/CT_CAP_12.pdf">Archived</a> 14 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>/12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Royal_Military_Chronicle1812[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDRMJAAAAIAAJpgPA52_pp._52–53]-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Royal_Military_Chronicle1812[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDRMJAAAAIAAJpgPA52_pp._52–53]_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Royal_Military_Chronicle1812">The Royal Military Chronicle (1812)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DRMJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA52">pp. 52–53</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007498-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007498_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2007">Anderson (2007)</a>, p. 498.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitford2013242–243-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitford2013242–243_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitford2013">Mitford (2013)</a>, pp. 242–243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2001" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Hamish M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lc8EMD0JYUAC"><i>The emergence of the Eastern powers</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79269-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79269-1"><bdi>978-0-521-79269-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+emergence+of+the+Eastern+powers&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79269-1&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Hamish+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlc8EMD0JYUAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahan2011_Daun-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mahan2011_Daun_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahan2011_Daun_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahan2011_Daun_90-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMahan2011">Mahan (2011)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UzJ8CgAAQBAJ&q=Daun">[1]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahan2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidUzJ8CgAAQBAJqarmy-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahan2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidUzJ8CgAAQBAJqarmy_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMahan2011">Mahan (2011)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UzJ8CgAAQBAJ&q=army">[2]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbett2011-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbett2011_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbett2011_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorbett2011">Corbett (2011)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodger2006-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodger2006_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodger2006">Rodger (2006)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burkholder, Suzanne Hiles, " Seven Years' War" in <i>Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture</i>, vol. 5, pp. 103–104, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson200714-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson200714_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2007">Anderson (2007)</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007150–157-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007150–157_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2007">Anderson (2007)</a>, pp. 150–157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007185–201-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007185–201_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2007">Anderson (2007)</a>, pp. 185–201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodge199891–92-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodge199891–92_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDodge1998">Dodge (1998)</a>, pp. 91–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007208–209-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007208–209_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2007">Anderson (2007)</a>, pp. 208–209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFFO2clqJCqMCpgPA280_pp._280–283]-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFFO2clqJCqMCpgPA280_pp._280–283]_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2007">Anderson (2007)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FFO2clqJCqMC&pg=PA280">pp. 280–283</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007258–266-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007258–266_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2007">Anderson (2007)</a>, pp. 258–266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007330–339-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007330–339_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2007">Anderson (2007)</a>, pp. 330–339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007240–249-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007240–249_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2007">Anderson (2007)</a>, pp. 240–249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007355–360-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007355–360_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2007">Anderson (2007)</a>, pp. 355–360.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007392–393-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2007392–393_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2007">Anderson (2007)</a>, pp. 392–393.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.sympatico.ca/donald.macleod2/border.html">D. Peter MacLeod, "'Free and Open Roads': The Treaty of Kahnawake and the Control of Movement over the New York-Canadian Border during the Military Regime, 1760–1761," read at the Ottawa Legal History Group, (1992, 2001)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190913233456/http://www3.sympatico.ca/donald.macleod2/border.html">Archived</a> 13 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 31 January 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectionscanada.ca/virtual-vault/026018-119.01-e.php?q1=People&PHPSESSID=709io6475tfesngi2m7226o454">Virtual Vault: "Canadiana"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160321204831/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/virtual-vault/026018-119.01-e.php?q1=People&PHPSESSID=709io6475tfesngi2m7226o454">Archived</a> 21 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Library and Archives Canada</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ojer, Pablo – <a href="//www.google.com/search?q=%22de%2Blos%2Bcuales%2Bfueron%2Bdesalojados%2Bpor%2Blos%2Bportugueses%22%26btnG%3DPesquisar%2Blivros%26tbm%3Dbks%26tbo%3D1%26hl%3Dpt-PT%26gws_rd%3Dssl" class="extiw" title="google:"de+los+cuales+fueron+desalojados+por+los+portugueses"&btnG=Pesquisar+livros&tbm=bks&tbo=1&hl=pt-PT&gws rd=ssl"><i>La Década Fundamental en la Controversia de Límites entre Venezuela y Colombia, 1881–1891</i></a> (in Spanish), Academia Nacional de la Historia, 1988, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l4dsAAAAMAAJ&q=%22de+los+cuales+fueron+desalojados+por+los+portugueses%22">p. 292</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United States Army Corps of Engineers- <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Report_on_Orinoco_Casiquiare_Negro_Water/7SgE1SY3rW4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22S%C3%A3o+Gabriel+was+founded+during+the+Portuguese+conquest+in+1763,%22&pg=RA1-PA11&printsec=frontcover">Report on Orinoco-Casiquiare-Negro Waterway. Venezuela-Colombia-Brazil, July 1943</a></i>, Vol. I, 1943, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Southern, Robert – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VIQiAQAAMAAJ"><i> History of Brazil</i></a>, part third, London, 1819, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dF9KAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA584">p. 584</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Block, David – <a href="//www.google.com/search?q=%22In%2B1763%2BMoura%2Bretired%2Bfrom%2BMato%2BGrosso%2Bthe%2Bvictor.%2BHe%2Bhad%2Badvanced%2Bto%2Bthe%2BGuapore,%22%26btnG%3DPesquisar%2Blivros%26tbm%3Dbks%26tbo%3D1%26hl%3Dpt-PT%26gws_rd%3Dssl" class="extiw" 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblioserver.sernageomin.cl/opac/DataFiles/12993_v2_S5_021.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Las+Casuchas+del+Rey%3A+un+patrimonio+temprano+de+la+integraci%C3%B3n+chileno-argentina&rft.place=Santiago&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Ramos&rft.aufirst=V.A.&rft.au=Aguirre-Urreta%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblioserver.sernageomin.cl%2Fopac%2FDataFiles%2F12993_v2_S5_021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Harrington, <i>Plassey, 1757: Clive of India's Finest Hour</i> (Praeger, 1994).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen2006" class="citation book cs1">Sen, S.N. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ga-pmgxsWwoC&pg=PA35"><i>History Modern India</i></a> (3rd ed.). Delhi: New Age International. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1774-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1774-6"><bdi>978-81-224-1774-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+Modern+India&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=34&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=New+Age+International&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-224-1774-6&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=S.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dga-pmgxsWwoC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James L.A. Webb Jr, "The mid-eighteenth century gum Arabic trade and the British conquest of Saint-Louis du Senegal, 1758." <i>Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History</i> 25#1 (1997): 37–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Will_Durant" title="Will Durant">Durant, Will</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ariel_Durant" title="Ariel Durant">Durant, Ariel</a>, <i><a href="//archive.org/details/rousseaurevoluti00dura/page/62/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:rousseaurevoluti00dura/page/62/mode/2up">Rousseau and Revolution : a history of civilization in France, England, and Germany from 1756, and in the Remainder of Europe from 1715 to 1789</a></i>, p. 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/">"Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica"</a>. <i>iranicaonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170301/http://www.farhangsara.com/history_afshar.htm">"Afshar Dynasty"</a>. <i>farhangsara.com</i>. 3 March 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.farhangsara.com/history_afshar.htm">the original</a> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=farhangsara.com&rft.atitle=Afshar+Dynasty&rft.date=2016-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.farhangsara.com%2Fhistory_afshar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2002-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen2002_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Nimwegen2002">Van Nimwegen 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen201731–34-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen201731–34_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Nimwegen201731–34_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Nimwegen2017">Van Nimwegen 2017</a>, pp. 31–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cuyt, F., Jacobs, T., Van Gelder, K., & Vermeir, R. (2017). De Staatse Barrière in de tweede helft van de 18de eeuw: een rustig en vredig bezit?.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalleson1883" class="citation book cs1">Malleson, George Bruce (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2YUBAAAAQAAJ&dq=forde+Chinsurah&pg=PA120"><i>The Decisive Battles of India: From 1746 to 1849 Inclusive</i></a>. W.H. Allen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decisive+Battles+of+India%3A+From+1746+to+1849+Inclusive&rft.pub=W.H.+Allen&rft.date=1883&rft.aulast=Malleson&rft.aufirst=George+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2YUBAAAAQAAJ%26dq%3Dforde%2BChinsurah%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEccles2006" class="citation web cs1">Eccles, William John (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/seven-years-war/">"Seven Years' War"</a>. <i>The Canadian Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Seven+Years%27+War&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Eccles&rft.aufirst=William+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fseven-years-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>E.g.</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.augustana.ca/files/group/797/New%20France%20-%20Economics,%20etc..pdf">Canada to Confederation p. 8: Barriers to Immigration</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326175948/https://www.augustana.ca/files/group/797/New%20France%20-%20Economics,%20etc..pdf">Archived</a> 26 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, mentioning the mother country's image of New France as an "Arctic wasteland with wild animals and savage Indians". <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> dismissed New France as "a few acres of snow", <i><a href="/wiki/Candide" title="Candide">Candide</a></i>, chap. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzabo2007432-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzabo2007432_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSzabo2007">Szabo (2007)</a>, p. 432.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kennedy" title="Paul Kennedy">Kennedy, Paul</a> (1976). <i>The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery</i> (new introduction ed.). London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-14609-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-14609-6"><bdi>978-0-684-14609-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+British+Naval+Mastery&rft.place=London&rft.edition=new+introduction&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-684-14609-6&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eric_Robson_1957-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eric_Robson_1957_134-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eric_Robson_1957_134-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Robson, "The Seven Years' War", in J O Lindsay, ed., <i>The New Cambridge Modern History</i> (1957) 7:465–486.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marston2001_90-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marston2001_90_135-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marston2001_90_135-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marston2001_90_135-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marston2001_90_135-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marston2001_90_135-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marston2001_90_135-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marston2001_90_135-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marston2001_90_135-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marston2001_90_135-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marston2001_90_135-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marston2001_90_135-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarston2001">Marston (2001)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1icUjZag24YC&pg=PA90">p. 90</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBled2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bled, Jean-Paul (2001). <i>Marie-Thérèse d'Autriche</i> (in French). Fayard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-213-60997-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-213-60997-3"><bdi>978-2-213-60997-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marie-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se+d%27Autriche&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-2-213-60997-3&rft.aulast=Bled&rft.aufirst=Jean-Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone200670–71-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone200670–71_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStone2006">Stone (2006)</a>, pp. 70–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarston200190–91-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarston200190–91_138-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarston200190–91_138-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarston2001">Marston (2001)</a>, pp. 90–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarston200284–85-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarston200284–85_139-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarston200284–85_139-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarston2002">Marston (2002)</a>, pp. 84–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarston200285–87-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarston200285–87_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarston2002">Marston (2002)</a>, pp. 85–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarston200286-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarston200286_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarston2002">Marston (2002)</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarston200287-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarston200287_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarston2002">Marston (2002)</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacLeod2008" class="citation book cs1">MacLeod, D. Peter (2008). <i>Northern Armageddon: The Battle of the Plains of Abraham</i>. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-412-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-412-4"><bdi>978-1-55365-412-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Armageddon%3A+The+Battle+of+the+Plains+of+Abraham&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=Douglas+%26+McIntyre&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-55365-412-4&rft.aulast=MacLeod&rft.aufirst=D.+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-os-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-os_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A structure of alliances with European powers, in which Britain had formed grand coalitions against <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon</a> ambitions in Europe.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGipson1950" class="citation journal cs1">Gipson, Lawrence Henry (1950). "The American Revolution as an Aftermath of the Great War for the Empire, 1754–1763". <i>Political Science Quarterly</i>. <b>65</b> (1): 86–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2144276">10.2307/2144276</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-3195">0032-3195</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2144276">2144276</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+American+Revolution+as+an+Aftermath+of+the+Great+War+for+the+Empire%2C+1754%E2%80%931763&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=86-104&rft.date=1950&rft.issn=0032-3195&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2144276%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2144276&rft.aulast=Gipson&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201785–87-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201785–87_146-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201785–87_146-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201785–87_146-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClodfelter2017">Clodfelter (2017)</a>, pp. 85–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017121–122-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017121–122_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClodfelter2017">Clodfelter (2017)</a>, pp. 121–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThackeray2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhyK19Yj0eu4CpgPA72_p._72]-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThackeray2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhyK19Yj0eu4CpgPA72_p._72]_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThackeray2001">Thackeray (2001)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hyK19Yj0eu4C&pg=PA72">p. 72</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: General and cited references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarl_Johan_AminoffPatrick_Bruun1994" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Carl Johan Aminoff; Patrick Bruun (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/urn:NBN:fi-fd2019-00022602"><i>Vardagsslit och sjuårskrig / upplevt och beskrivet av den nyländske dragonen Carl Johan Aminoff ; utgiven med kommentarer av Patrick Bruun.</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Skrifter_utgivna_av_Svenska_litteraturs%C3%A4llskapet_i_Finland" title="Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland">Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland</a> (in Swedish), Helsinki: <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Swedish_Literature_in_Finland" title="Society of Swedish Literature in Finland">Society of Swedish Literature in Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0039-6842">0039-6842</a>, <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113529938" class="extiw" title="d:Q113529938">Q113529938</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vardagsslit+och+sju%C3%A5rskrig+%2F+upplevt+och+beskrivet+av+den+nyl%C3%A4ndske+dragonen+Carl+Johan+Aminoff+%26%2359%3B+utgiven+med+kommentarer+av+Patrick+Bruun.&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.series=Skrifter+utgivna+av+Svenska+litteraturs%C3%A4llskapet+i+Finland&rft.pub=Society+of+Swedish+Literature+in+Finland&rft.date=1994&rft.issn=0039-6842&rft.au=Carl+Johan+Aminoff&rft.au=Patrick+Bruun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Furn.fi%2Furn%3ANBN%3Afi-fd2019-00022602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Anderson_(historian)" title="Fred Anderson (historian)">Anderson, Fred</a> (2006). <i>The War That Made America: A Short History of the French and Indian War</i>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-11775-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-11775-0"><bdi>978-1-101-11775-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+That+Made+America%3A+A+Short+History+of+the+French+and+Indian+War&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-101-11775-0&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2007" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Fred (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FFO2clqJCqMC"><i>Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766</i></a>. Vintage – <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-42539-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-42539-3"><bdi>978-0-307-42539-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crucible+of+War%3A+The+Seven+Years%27+War+and+the+Fate+of+Empire+in+British+North+America%2C+1754%E2%80%931766&rft.pub=Vintage+%E2%80%93+Random+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-307-42539-3&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFFO2clqJCqMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsprey1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Asprey" title="Robert B. Asprey">Asprey, Robert B.</a> (1986). <i>Frederick the Great: The Magnificent Enigma</i>. New York: Ticknor & Field. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89919-352-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89919-352-6"><bdi>978-0-89919-352-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frederick+the+Great%3A+The+Magnificent+Enigma&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ticknor+%26+Field&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-89919-352-6&rft.aulast=Asprey&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span> Popular biography.</li> <li>Baugh, Daniel. <i>The Global Seven Years War, 1754–1763</i> (Pearson Press, 2011) 660 pp; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-france.net/vol13reviews/vol13no5osman.pdf">online review in H-FRANCE</a>;</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Black_(historian)" title="Jeremy Black (historian)">Black, Jeremy</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wLm_swEACAAJ"><i>European Warfare, 1660–1815</i></a>. London: UCL Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-172-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-172-9"><bdi>978-1-85728-172-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Warfare%2C+1660%E2%80%931815&rft.place=London&rft.pub=UCL+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-85728-172-9&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwLm_swEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanning,_Tim" class="mw-redirect" title="Blanning, Tim">Blanning, Tim</a>. <i>Frederick the Great: King of Prussia</i> (2016). scholarly biography.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browning,_Reed" class="mw-redirect" title="Browning, Reed">Browning, Reed</a>. "The Duke of Newcastle and the Financing of the Seven Years' War". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Economic_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Economic History">Journal of Economic History</a></i> 31#2 (1971): 344–377. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2117049">2117049</a>.</li> <li>Browning, Reed. <i>The Duke of Newcastle</i> (<a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>, 1975).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter1971" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Alice Clare (1971). <i>The Dutch Republic in Europe in the Seven Years' War</i>. MacMillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+Republic+in+Europe+in+the+Seven+Years%27+War&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Alice+Clare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Charters, Erica. <i>Disease, War, and the Imperial State: The Welfare of the British Armed Forces During the Seven Years' War</i> (University of Chicago Press, 2014).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Clark" title="Christopher Clark">Clark, Christopher</a> (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ironkingdomrised00chri"><i>Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947</i></a></span>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Belknap_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Belknap Press">Belknap Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03196-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03196-8"><bdi>978-0-674-03196-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+Kingdom%3A+The+Rise+and+Downfall+of+Prussia%2C+1600%E2%80%931947&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03196-8&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fironkingdomrised00chri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClodfelter2017" class="citation book cs1">Clodfelter, M. (2017). <i>Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015</i> (4th ed.). Jefferson, NC: <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7470-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7470-7"><bdi>978-0-7864-7470-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Armed+Conflicts%3A+A+Statistical+Encyclopedia+of+Casualty+and+Other+Figures%2C+1492%E2%80%932015&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-7470-7&rft.aulast=Clodfelter&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbett2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julian_Corbett" title="Julian Corbett">Corbett, Julian S.</a> (2011) [1907]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUlwCwAAQBAJ"><i>England in the Seven Years' War: A Study in Combined Strategy</i></a>. (2 vols.). Pickle Partners. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908902-43-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-908902-43-6"><bdi>978-1-908902-43-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England+in+the+Seven+Years%27+War%3A+A+Study+in+Combined+Strategy&rft.pub=Pickle+Partners&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-908902-43-6&rft.aulast=Corbett&rft.aufirst=Julian+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZUlwCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span> (Its focus is on naval history.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreveld1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_van_Creveld" title="Martin van Creveld">Creveld, Martin van</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x6zCMnmr8-EC"><i>Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21730-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21730-9"><bdi>978-0-521-21730-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supplying+War%3A+Logistics+from+Wallenstein+to+Patton&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-521-21730-9&rft.aulast=Creveld&rft.aufirst=Martin+van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx6zCMnmr8-EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Crouch, Christian Ayne. <i>Nobility Lost: French and Canadian Martial Cultures, Indians, and the End of New France</i>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2014.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Royal_Military_Chronicle1812" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DRMJAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Royal Military Chronicle</i></a>. Vol. V. London: J. Davis. 1812.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Military+Chronicle&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+Davis&rft.date=1812&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDRMJAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodge1998" class="citation book cs1">Dodge, Edward J. (1998). <i>Relief Is Greatly Wanted: The Battle of Fort William Henry</i>. Bowie, MD: Heritage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7884-0932-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7884-0932-5"><bdi>978-0-7884-0932-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39400729">39400729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relief+Is+Greatly+Wanted%3A+The+Battle+of+Fort+William+Henry&rft.place=Bowie%2C+MD&rft.pub=Heritage+Books&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39400729&rft.isbn=978-0-7884-0932-5&rft.aulast=Dodge&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanley2012" class="citation book cs1">Danley, Mark (2012). <i>The Seven Years' War: Global Views (History of Warfare)</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004234086" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004234086"><bdi>978-9004234086</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seven+Years%27+War%3A+Global+Views+%28History+of+Warfare%29&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-9004234086&rft.aulast=Danley&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dorn, Walter L. <i>Competition for Empire, 1740–1763</i> (1940) focus on diplomacy <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/competitionforem00dornrich">free to borrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duffy,_Christopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Duffy, Christopher">Duffy, Christopher</a>. <i>Instrument of War: The Austrian Army in the Seven Years War</i> (2000); <i>By Force of Arms: The Austrian Army in the Seven Years War, Vol II</i> (2008)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDull2007" class="citation book cs1">Dull, Jonathan R. (2007). <i>The French Navy and the Seven Years' War</i>. University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6024-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6024-5"><bdi>978-0-8032-6024-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Navy+and+the+Seven+Years%27+War&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-6024-5&rft.aulast=Dull&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDull2009" class="citation book cs1">Dull, Jonathan R. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4ns-VTh45SMC"><i>The Age of the Ship of the Line: the British and French navies, 1650–1851</i></a>. University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1930-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1930-4"><bdi>978-0-8032-1930-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+the+Ship+of+the+Line%3A+the+British+and+French+navies%2C+1650%E2%80%931851&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-1930-4&rft.aulast=Dull&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4ns-VTh45SMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFFish2003">Fish, Shirley <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ROGYubVVtVIC">When Britain ruled the Philippines, 1762–1764: the story of the 18th-century British invasion of the Philippines during the Seven Years' War</a></i>. 1st Books Library, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4107-1069-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4107-1069-7">978-1-4107-1069-7</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler2005" class="citation book cs1">Fowler, William H. (2005). <i>Empires at War: The Seven Years' War and the Struggle for North America</i>. Vancouver, BC: Douglas & McIntyre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55365-096-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-55365-096-4"><bdi>1-55365-096-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+at+War%3A+The+Seven+Years%27+War+and+the+Struggle+for+North+America&rft.place=Vancouver%2C+BC&rft.pub=Douglas+%26+McIntyre&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-55365-096-4&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiggonet1968" class="citation journal cs1">Higgonet, Patrice Louis-René (March 1968). "The Origins of the Seven Years' War". <i>The Journal of Modern History</i>. <b>40</b>. Journal of Modern History, 40.1: 57–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F240165">10.1086/240165</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144559966">144559966</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+the+Seven+Years%27+War&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=57-90&rft.date=1968-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F240165&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144559966%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Higgonet&rft.aufirst=Patrice+Louis-Ren%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHochedlinger2003" class="citation book cs1">Hochedlinger, Michael (2003). <i>Austria's Wars of Emergence, 1683–1797</i>. London: Longwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-29084-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-29084-8"><bdi>0-582-29084-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Austria%27s+Wars+of+Emergence%2C+1683%E2%80%931797&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longwood&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-582-29084-8&rft.aulast=Hochedlinger&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Katcher, Philip. <i>Armies of the American Wars 1753-1815</i> (Osprey Publishing, 1975).</li> <li>Kaplan, Herbert. <i>Russia and the Outbreak of the Seven Years' War</i> (University of California Press, 1968).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keay,_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Keay, John">Keay, John</a>. <i>The Honourable Company: A History of the English East India Company</i>. HarperCollins, 1993.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohn2000" class="citation book cs1">Kohn, George C. (2000). <i>Seven Years War in Dictionary of Wars</i>. Facts on File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4157-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4157-2"><bdi>978-0-8160-4157-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seven+Years+War+in+Dictionary+of+Wars&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-4157-2&rft.aulast=Kohn&rft.aufirst=George+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuvaas1999" class="citation book cs1">Luvaas, Jay (1999). <i>Frederick the Great on the Art of War</i>. Boston: Da Capo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80908-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80908-8"><bdi>978-0-306-80908-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frederick+the+Great+on+the+Art+of+War&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Da+Capo&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80908-8&rft.aulast=Luvaas&rft.aufirst=Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>McLynn, Frank. <i>1759: The Year Britain Became Master of the World</i>. (Jonathan Cape, 2004). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-224-06245-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-224-06245-X">0-224-06245-X</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahan2011" class="citation book cs1">Mahan, Alexander J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UzJ8CgAAQBAJ"><i>Maria Theresa of Austria</i></a>. 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ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-101-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-101-5"><bdi>978-1-59884-101-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wars+of+the+Americas%3A+a+chronology+of+armed+conflict+in+the+New+World%2C+1492+to+the+present&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-101-5&rft.aulast=Marley&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDkgGVTOr2EsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarston2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Marston_(historian)" title="Daniel Marston (historian)">Marston, Daniel</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1icUjZag24YC"><i>The Seven Years' War</i></a>. Essential Histories. Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-343-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-343-9"><bdi>978-1-57958-343-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seven+Years%27+War&rft.series=Essential+Histories&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-57958-343-9&rft.aulast=Marston&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1icUjZag24YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarston2002" class="citation book cs1">Marston, Daniel (2002). <i>The French and Indian War</i>. Essential Histories. Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-456-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-456-6"><bdi>1-84176-456-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+and+Indian+War&rft.series=Essential+Histories&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-84176-456-6&rft.aulast=Marston&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Middleton, Richard. <i>Bells of Victory: The Pitt-Newcastle Ministry & the Conduct of the Seven Years' War</i> (1985), 251 pp.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitford2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Mitford" title="Nancy Mitford">Mitford, Nancy</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cRt0rz7jqmoC"><i>Frederick the Great</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/New_York_Review_Books" title="New York Review Books">New York Review Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59017-642-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59017-642-9"><bdi>978-1-59017-642-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frederick+the+Great&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+Review+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-59017-642-9&rft.aulast=Mitford&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcRt0rz7jqmoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Nester, William R. <i>The French and Indian War and the Conquest of New France</i> (University of Oklahoma Press, 2014).</li> <li>Pocock, Tom. <i>Battle for Empire: the very first World War 1756–1763</i> (1998).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedman2014" class="citation book cs1">Redman, Herbert J. 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McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7669-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7669-5"><bdi>978-0-7864-7669-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frederick+the+Great+and+the+Seven+Years%27+War%2C+1756%E2%80%931763&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-7669-5&rft.aulast=Redman&rft.aufirst=Herbert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP_q2BQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Robson, Martin. <i>A History of the Royal Navy: The Seven Years War</i> (IB Tauris, 2015).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodger2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_A._M._Rodger" title="Nicholas A. M. Rodger">Rodger, N. A. M.</a> (2006). <i>Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain 1649–1815</i>. W.W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32847-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32847-9"><bdi>978-0-393-32847-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Command+of+the+Ocean%3A+A+Naval+History+of+Britain+1649%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32847-9&rft.aulast=Rodger&rft.aufirst=N.+A.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Schumann, Matt, and Karl W. Schweizer. <i>The Seven Years War: A Transatlantic History</i>. (Routledge, 2012).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchweizer1989" class="citation book cs1">Schweizer, Karl W. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rfacoIz38n0C"><i>England, Prussia, and the Seven Years War: Studies in Alliance Policies and Diplomacy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88946-465-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88946-465-0"><bdi>978-0-88946-465-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England%2C+Prussia%2C+and+the+Seven+Years+War%3A+Studies+in+Alliance+Policies+and+Diplomacy&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-88946-465-0&rft.aulast=Schweizer&rft.aufirst=Karl+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrfacoIz38n0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith,_Digby_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Smith, Digby George">Smith, Digby George</a>. <i>Armies of the Seven Years' War: Commanders, Equipment, Uniforms and Strategies of the 'First World War'</i> (2012).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeelman2012" class="citation book cs1">Speelman, P.J. (2012). Danley, M.H.; Speelman, P.J. (eds.). <i>The Seven Years' War: Global Views</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23408-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23408-6"><bdi>978-90-04-23408-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seven+Years%27+War%3A+Global+Views&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-23408-6&rft.aulast=Speelman&rft.aufirst=P.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2006" class="citation book cs1">Stone, David (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ok7iVsgiNmAC"><i>A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya</i></a>. New York: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98502-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98502-8"><bdi>978-0-275-98502-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+Russia%3A+From+Ivan+the+Terrible+to+the+War+in+Chechnya&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-275-98502-8&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dok7iVsgiNmAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Syrett, David. <i>Shipping and Military Power in the Seven Year War, 1756–1763: The Sails of Victory</i> (2005)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzabo2007" class="citation book cs1">Szabo, Franz A.J. (2007). <i>The Seven Years' War in Europe 1756–1763</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-29272-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-29272-7"><bdi>978-0-582-29272-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seven+Years%27+War+in+Europe+1756%E2%80%931763&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-582-29272-7&rft.aulast=Szabo&rft.aufirst=Franz+A.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2008" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Peter H. (2008). "Prussia as a Fiscal-Military State, 1640–1806". In Storrs, Christopher (ed.). <i>The Fiscal-Military State in Eighteenth-Century Europe: Essays in honour of P.G.M. Dickson</i>. Surrey: Ashgate. pp. 95–125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5814-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5814-6"><bdi>978-0-7546-5814-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prussia+as+a+Fiscal-Military+State%2C+1640%E2%80%931806&rft.btitle=The+Fiscal-Military+State+in+Eighteenth-Century+Europe%3A+Essays+in+honour+of+P.G.M.+Dickson&rft.place=Surrey&rft.pages=95-125&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-5814-6&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Nimwegen2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Van Nimwegen, Olaf (2002). <i>De Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden als grote mogendheid: Buitenlandse politiek en oorlogvoering in de eerste helft van de achttiende eeuw en in het bijzonder tijdens de Oostenrijkse Successieoorlog (1740–1748)</i> (in Dutch). De Bataafsche Leeuw. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6707-540-X" title="Special:BookSources/90-6707-540-X"><bdi>90-6707-540-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Republiek+der+Verenigde+Nederlanden+als+grote+mogendheid%3A+Buitenlandse+politiek+en+oorlogvoering+in+de+eerste+helft+van+de+achttiende+eeuw+en+in+het+bijzonder+tijdens+de+Oostenrijkse+Successieoorlog+%281740%E2%80%931748%29&rft.pub=De+Bataafsche+Leeuw&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=90-6707-540-X&rft.aulast=Van+Nimwegen&rft.aufirst=Olaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_languages">Other languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFüssel2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Füssel, Marian (2010). <i>Der Siebenjährige Krieg. Ein Weltkrieg im 18. Jahrhundert</i> (in German). München: Beck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-60695-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-60695-3"><bdi>978-3-406-60695-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Siebenj%C3%A4hrige+Krieg.+Ein+Weltkrieg+im+18.+Jahrhundert&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=Beck&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-406-60695-3&rft.aulast=F%C3%BCssel&rft.aufirst=Marian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcía_Arenas2004" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">García Arenas, Mar (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/1369/1/RHM_22_14.pdf">"El periplo ibérico del general Dumouriez: Una aproximación a las relaciones diplomáticas hispano-portuguesas (1765–1767)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Revista de Historia Moderna</i> (in Spanish). <b>22</b>. Universidad de Alicante: 403–430. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14198%2FRHM2004.22.14">10.14198/RHM2004.22.14</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0212-5862">0212-5862</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+Historia+Moderna&rft.atitle=El+periplo+ib%C3%A9rico+del+general+Dumouriez%3A+Una+aproximaci%C3%B3n+a+las+relaciones+diplom%C3%A1ticas+hispano-portuguesas+%281765%E2%80%931767%29&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=403-430&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14198%2FRHM2004.22.14&rft.issn=0212-5862&rft.aulast=Garc%C3%ADa+Arenas&rft.aufirst=Mar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frua.ua.es%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F10045%2F1369%2F1%2FRHM_22_14.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerrage1904" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Terrage, Marc de Villiers du (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lesderniresann00vill"><i>Les dernières années de la Louisiane française</i></a> (in French). E. Guilmoto.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+derni%C3%A8res+ann%C3%A9es+de+la+Louisiane+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.pub=E.+Guilmoto&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Terrage&rft.aufirst=Marc+de+Villiers+du&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flesderniresann00vill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Joseph,_7th_Prince_of_Ligne" title="Charles-Joseph, 7th Prince of Ligne">de Ligne, Charles-Joseph, Prince</a>, <i>Mon Journal de la guerre de Sept Ans</i>. Textes inédits introduits, établis et annotés par Jeroom Vercruysse et Bruno Colson <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> (Paris, Editions Honoré Champion, 2008) (L'Âge des Lumières, 44).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Nimwegen2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Van Nimwegen, Olaf (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.nl/BookInfo/GetSample?guid=ba27d457-29d7-4f5d-a694-0212d1a1e6cd"><i>De Nederlandse Burgeroorlog 1748–1815</i></a> (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Prometheus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9035144293" title="Special:BookSources/978-9035144293"><bdi>978-9035144293</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Nederlandse+Burgeroorlog+1748%E2%80%931815&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Prometheus&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-9035144293&rft.aulast=Van+Nimwegen&rft.aufirst=Olaf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibris.nl%2FBookInfo%2FGetSample%3Fguid%3Dba27d457-29d7-4f5d-a694-0212d1a1e6cd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span> (Sample of book used.)</li> <li>Cuyt, F., Jacobs, T., Van Gelder, K., & Vermeir, R. (2017). De Staatse Barrière in de tweede helft van de 18de eeuw: een rustig en vredig bezit?.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiction">Fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThackeray2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Makepeace_Thackeray" title="William Makepeace Thackeray">Thackeray, William M.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hyK19Yj0eu4C"><i>The Luck of Barry Lyndon</i></a>. Giunti. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-09-02093-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-09-02093-1"><bdi>978-88-09-02093-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Luck+of+Barry+Lyndon&rft.pub=Giunti&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-88-09-02093-1&rft.aulast=Thackeray&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhyK19Yj0eu4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seven_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Seven_Years%27_War" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/FRENCH_ARMY.htm">The French Army 1600–1900</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/QuebecHistory/encyclopedia/SevenYearsWar-FrenchandIndianWar-TheWaroftheConquest.htm">Events and the participants in the Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ns1763.ca/remem/7yw-timeline-w.html">Seven Years' War timeline</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131221124712/http://ns1763.ca/remem/7yw-timeline-w.html">Archived</a> 21 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/7years.html">Memorial University of Newfoundland's page about the war</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kronoskaf.com/syw/">Kronoskaf.com: Seven Years' War Knowledge Base</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://1759.ccbn-nbc.gc.ca">1759: From the Warpath to the Plains of Abraham Virtual Exhibition.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/QuebecHistory/encyclopedia/SevenYearsWar-FrenchandIndianWar-TheWaroftheConquest.htm">The Seven Years' War in Canada</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100706060814/http://www.civilization.ca/cwm/exhibitions/gallery1/clash_e.shtml">Clash of Empires and The Battle of the Plains of Abraham – The Canadian War Museum</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Seven Years' War"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Seven_Years%27_War">"Seven Years' War" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 715–723.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Seven+Years%27+War&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=715-723&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeven+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span> Includes several battle maps.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Treaties_of_the_Seven_Years&#039;_War_(1754/1756–1763)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #b0c4de;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Seven_Years%27_War_treaties" title="Template:Seven Years' War treaties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Seven_Years%27_War_treaties" title="Template talk:Seven Years' War treaties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Seven_Years%27_War_treaties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Seven Years' War treaties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Treaties_of_the_Seven_Years&#039;_War_(1754/1756–1763)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Treaties of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Seven Years' War</a> (1754/1756–1763)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="display: table; margin: 0 auto;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Revolution" title="Diplomatic Revolution">Diplomatic Revolution</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Prussian_Alliance_(1756)" title="Anglo-Prussian Alliance (1756)">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles_(1756)" title="Treaty of Versailles (1756)">1st Versailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles_(1757)" title="Treaty of Versailles (1757)">2nd Versailles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint_Petersburg_(1762)" title="Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1762)">Saint Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hamburg_(1762)" title="Treaty of Hamburg (1762)">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1762)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762)">Fontainebleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hubertusburg" title="Treaty of Hubertusburg">Hubertusburg</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #b0c4de; font-weight: bold; font-size: x-small;"><div>Campaigns: <a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Seven_Years%27_War:_European" title="Template:Campaignbox Seven Years' War: European">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_French_and_Indian_War" title="Template:Campaignbox French and Indian War">America</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armed_conflicts_involving_Russia_(including_Tsarist,_Imperial_and_Soviet_times)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_conflicts" title="Template:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_conflicts" title="Template talk:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_conflicts_involving_Russia_(including_Tsarist,_Imperial_and_Soviet_times)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Armed conflicts involving <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> times)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Russia" title="Military history of Russia">Military history of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Military history of the Russian Empire">Military history of the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military history of the Soviet Union">Military history of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Military history of the Russian Federation">Military history of the Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">Post-Soviet conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Armed Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists by opponent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars">Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Crimean_Wars" title="Russo-Crimean Wars">Russo-Crimean Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-Finnish_wars" title="Soviet-Finnish wars">Soviet-Finnish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Kazan_Wars" title="Russo-Kazan Wars">Russo-Kazan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_Wars" title="Russo-Persian Wars">Russo-Persian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_armed_conflicts_involving_Poland_against_Russia" title="List of armed conflicts involving Poland against Russia">Russo-Polish Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_Russia_and_Sweden" title="List of wars between Russia and Sweden">Russo-Swedish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russo-Turkish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Russo-Turkish wars">Russo-Turkish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_Russia_and_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wars between Russia and Ukraine">Russo-Ukrainian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Russia" title="List of wars involving Russia">List of wars involving Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of wars involving the Soviet Union">List of wars involving the Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of battles involving the Russian Federation">List of battles involving the Russian Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Bolotnikov" title="Uprising of Bolotnikov">Uprising of Bolotnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razin%27s_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Razin's Rebellion">Razin's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulavin_Rebellion" title="Bulavin Rebellion">Bulavin Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pugachev%27s_Rebellion" title="Pugachev's Rebellion">Pugachev's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decembrist_revolt" title="Decembrist revolt">Decembrist revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">Coup attempt (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">1993 Russian constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Dagestan">War of Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">Insurgency in the North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group_rebellion" title="Wagner Group rebellion">Wagner Group rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tsardom of<br />Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Crimean_Wars" title="Russo-Crimean Wars">Russo-Crimean Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Kazan_Wars" title="Russo-Kazan Wars">Russo-Kazan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1554%E2%80%931557)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)">Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberia" title="Russian conquest of Siberia">Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1568%E2%80%931570)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)">Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1590%E2%80%931595)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)">Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Muscovite_War_(1605%E2%80%931618)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)">Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">Time of Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_War" title="Ingrian War">Ingrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_War" title="Smolensk War">Smolensk War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1651%E2%80%931653)" title="Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)">Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%931667)" title="Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)">Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)" title="Deluge (history)">Deluge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Northern War">Second Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1676%E2%80%931681)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)">Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1686%E2%80%931700)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)">Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th–19th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1710%E2%80%931711)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)">Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1722%E2%80%931723)" title="Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)">Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a> (1733–1738)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Russian%E2%80%93Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%931739)" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)">Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a> (1740–1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1741%E2%80%931743)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)">Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)">Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Confederation" title="Bar Confederation">Bar Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%931792)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)">Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1788%E2%80%931790)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)">Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Russian_War_of_1792" title="Polish–Russian War of 1792">Russo-Polish War (1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_North_America" title="Russian colonization of North America">Russian colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">Kościuszko Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Expedition_of_1796" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Expedition of 1796">Russo-Persian War (1796)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">War of the Second Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">Anglo-Russian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">War of the Fifth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Seventh_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Seventh Coalition">War of the Seventh Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_the_Caucasus" title="Russian conquest of the Caucasus">Russian conquest of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_War" title="Caucasian War">Caucasian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Circassian_War" title="Russo-Circassian War">Russo-Circassian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murid_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Murid War">Murid War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1828%E2%80%931829)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)">Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_War" title="Åland War">Åland War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Annexation" title="Amur Annexation">Amur Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Central_Asia" title="Russian conquest of Central Asia">Russian conquest of Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Bukhara" title="Russian conquest of Bukhara">Russian conquest of Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_campaign_of_1873" title="Khivan campaign of 1873">Khivan campaign of 1873</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Russian invasion of Manchuria">Russian invasion of Manchuria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Tabriz" title="Russian occupation of Tabriz">Russian occupation of Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_Soviet_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine">1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alash_Autonomy" title="Alash Autonomy">Kazakhstan Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sochi_conflict" title="Sochi conflict">Sochi conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimosodat" title="Heimosodat">Heimosodat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_westward_offensive_of_1918%E2%80%931919" title="Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919">Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Lithuanian–Soviet War">Lithuanian–Soviet War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)">Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Azerbaijan" title="Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan">Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Armenia" title="Red Army invasion of Armenia">Red Army invasion of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_intervention_in_Mongolia" title="Soviet intervention in Mongolia">Red Army intervention in Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Karelian_uprising" title="East Karelian uprising">East Karelian uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmachi_movement" title="Basmachi movement">Central Asian Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urtatagai_conflict_(1925%E2%80%931926)" title="Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)">Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_conflict_(1929)" title="Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)">Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)">Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1930)" title="Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)">Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_uprising_of_1932&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chechen uprising of 1932 (page does not exist)">Chechen uprising of 1932</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_1932_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Восстание в Чечне 1932 года">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Xinjiang" title="Soviet invasion of Xinjiang">Soviet invasion of Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_rebellion_in_Xinjiang_(1937)" title="Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937)">Xinjiang War (1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Latvia_in_1940" title="Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940">Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front (World War II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1944)" title="Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)">Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_Latvia_in_1944" title="Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944">Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army#Soviet_Union" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Guerrilla war in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)">Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_incident" title="Vlora incident">Vlora incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_OMON_assaults_on_Lithuanian_border_posts" title="Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts">Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia_war_(1991%E2%80%931992)" title="South Ossetia war (1991–1992)">South Ossetia war (1991–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Georgian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">Tajikistani Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Dagestan">War of Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">War in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Intervention in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Libya_campaign" title="Western Libya campaign">Western Libya campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Kazakh_unrest" title="2022 Kazakh unrest">Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Winter" title="Russian Winter">Russian Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">Sphere of influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4054839-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85120422">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Guerre de Sept ans (1756-1763)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941570g">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Guerre de Sept ans (1756-1763)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941570g">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00571280">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="sedmiletá válka (1756-1763)"><a rel="nofollow" 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