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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Life during the Interregnum</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Life_during_the_Interregnum-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Life during the Interregnum subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Life_during_the_Interregnum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jews_in_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jews_in_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Jews in England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jews_in_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radicals_vs_conservatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radicals_vs_conservatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Radicals vs conservatives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Radicals_vs_conservatives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Radicals vs conservatives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Radicals_vs_conservatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Levellers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levellers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Levellers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levellers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diggers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diggers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Diggers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diggers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_sects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_sects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Religious sects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_sects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Conservatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Historical analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_interregnum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_interregnum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Second interregnum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_interregnum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> 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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B4_(%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7)" title="فترة خلو العرش (إنجلترا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فترة خلو العرش (إنجلترا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interregno_ingl%C3%A9s" title="Interregno inglés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Interregno inglés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حکومت موقت انگلستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حکومت موقت انگلستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interr%C3%A8gne_anglais" title="Interrègne anglais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Interrègne anglais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%89%EA%B8%80%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C%EC%9D%98_%EA%B3%B5%EC%9C%84%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80" title="잉글랜드의 공위시대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="잉글랜드의 공위시대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interregnum_(Inggris)" title="Interregnum (Inggris) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Interregnum (Inggris)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interregno_inglese" title="Interregno inglese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Interregno inglese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempoh_Peralihan_England" title="Tempoh Peralihan England – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tempoh Peralihan England" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interregno_ingl%C3%AAs" title="Interregno inglês – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Interregno inglês" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Interregnum" title="English Interregnum – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="English Interregnum" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle%C5%A1ko_medvladje" title="Angleško medvladje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Angleško medvladje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5_(%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9)" title="ช่วงว่างระหว่างรัชกาล (อังกฤษ) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ช่วงว่างระหว่างรัชกาล (อังกฤษ)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetret_Devri_(%C4%B0ngiltere)" title="Fetret Devri (İngiltere) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fetret Devri (İngiltere)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">Periods</a> in <a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">English history</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left; padding-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"> </div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="text-align:left; padding-bottom:0;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Prehistoric Britain</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">until <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 43 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 43–410</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">410–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 7th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 449–1066</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="England in the High Middle Ages">Norman/Angevin</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1066–1216</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_late_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="England in the late Middle Ages">Plantagenet</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1216–1485</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1485–1603 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; padding-left: 2em;"><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><i>1558–1603</i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_period" title="Stuart period">Stuart</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1603–1714 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; padding-left: 2em;"><a href="/wiki/Jacobean_era" title="Jacobean era">Jacobean</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><i>1603–1625</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; padding-left: 2em;"><a href="/wiki/Caroline_era" title="Caroline era">Caroline</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><i>1625–1649</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; padding-left: 2em;">(<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Interregnum</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><i>1649–1660</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; padding-left: 2em;"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Restoration</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><i>1660–1714</i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1714–1837 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; padding-left: 2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regency_era" title="Regency era">Regency era</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><i>1811–1820</i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1837–1901</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1901–1914</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">First World War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1914–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_Britain" title="Interwar Britain">Interwar Britain</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1919–1939</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">Second World War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1939–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Post-war_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" title="Post-war Britain (1945–1979)">Post-war Britain (political)</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1945–1979</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_post-war_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" title="Social history of post-war Britain (1945–1979)">Post-war Britain (social)</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1945–1979</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>See also</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">Political history (1979–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">Social history (1979–present)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_English_history" title="Timeline of English history">Timeline</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periods_in_English_history" title="Template:Periods in English history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periods_in_English_history" title="Template talk:Periods in English history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periods_in_English_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periods in English history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Interregnum</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the period between the <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Charles_I" title="Execution of Charles I">execution of Charles I</a> on 30 January 1649 and the arrival of his son <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> in London on 29 May 1660, which marked the start of the <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Restoration</a>. During the Interregnum, England was under various forms of <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republican</a> government. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interregnum_(England)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a></div> <p>The politics of the period were dominated by the wishes of the <i><a href="/wiki/Grandee_(New_Model_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandee (New Model Army)">Grandees</a></i> (senior officers) of the <a href="/wiki/New_Model_Army" title="New Model Army">New Model Army</a> and their civilian supporters. They encouraged (or at least tolerated) several republican regimes. From 1649 until 1653 executive powers lay with the <a href="/wiki/English_Council_of_State" title="English Council of State">Council of State</a>, while legislative functions were carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Rump_Parliament" title="Rump Parliament">Rump Parliament</a>. </p><p>In 1653, the Grandees, with <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> leading these reformists, dismissed the Rump Parliament, replacing it with a Nominated Assembly (nicknamed the Parliament of Saints or <a href="/wiki/Barebone%27s_Parliament" title="Barebone's Parliament">Barebone's Parliament</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Barebone's Parliament was composed of 140 nominees, 129 from England and Wales, five from Scotland and six from Ireland. It proved to be as difficult for the executive to work with this Parliament as it had with the Rump Parliament, so after sitting for five months, members friendly to the Grandees engendered its dissolution on 12 December 1653. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Government" title="Instrument of Government">Instrument of Government</a></i> was adopted on 15 December 1653, Cromwell was installed as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Protector" title="Lord Protector">Lord Protector</a> on the following day.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Instrument of Government</i> granted <a href="/wiki/Executive_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive power">executive power</a> to the Lord Protector. Although this post was elective, not hereditary, it was to be held for life. It also created a one chamber Parliament with its members chosen from redrawn districts that ultimately favored the gentry and required the calling of triennial Parliaments, with each sitting for at least five months.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would also mark the permanent disenfranchisement of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholics">Roman Catholics</a> and all the participants of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">Irish Rebellion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1655, Cromwell dissolved the <a href="/wiki/First_Protectorate_Parliament" title="First Protectorate Parliament">first Protectorate Parliament</a>, ushering in a period of military <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_the_Major-Generals" title="Rule of the Major-Generals">Rule of the Major-Generals</a>. </p><p>The <i>Instrument of Government</i> was replaced in May 1657 by England's second, and last, codified constitution, the <a href="/wiki/Humble_Petition_and_Advice" title="Humble Petition and Advice">Humble Petition and Advice</a>. However Cromwell died the next year, and his nominated successor as Lord Protector, his son <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard</a>, proved unable to govern effectively as various political parties strove to gain power. </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a> came to an end in May 1659 when the Grandees recalled the Rump Parliament, which authorised a <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Safety_(England)" title="Committee of Safety (England)">Committee of Safety</a> to replace Richard's Council of State. This ushered in a period of unstable government, which did not come to an end until February 1660 when General <a href="/wiki/George_Monck,_1st_Duke_of_Albemarle" title="George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle">George Monck</a>, the English military governor of Scotland, marched to London at the head of his troops, and oversaw the <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">restoration of the monarchy</a> under Charles II. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_during_the_Interregnum">Life during the Interregnum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interregnum_(England)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Life during the Interregnum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the Parliamentarian victory in the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritan</a> views of the majority of Parliament and its supporters began to be imposed on the rest of the country. The Puritans advocated an austere lifestyle and restricted what they saw as the excesses of the previous regime. Most prominently, holidays such as Christmas and Easter were suppressed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurston1985_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurston1985-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pastimes such as the theatre and gambling were also banned. However, some forms of art that were thought to be "virtuous", such as opera, were encouraged. These changes are often credited to Cromwell, though they were introduced by the Commonwealth Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jews_in_England">Jews in England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interregnum_(England)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Jews in England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Resettlement_of_the_Jews_in_England" title="Resettlement of the Jews in England">Resettlement of the Jews in England</a></div> <p>Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Menasseh_Ben_Israel" title="Menasseh Ben Israel">Menasseh Ben Israel</a> met Cromwell in 1655 in order to discuss the admission of Jews into England. Cromwell did not agree to all the rights that Ben Israel requested, but the opening of Jewish <a href="/wiki/Synagogues" class="mw-redirect" title="Synagogues">synagogues</a> and burial grounds was tolerated under Cromwell's Protectorate. The Jewish faith was still not practised openly in England, since Cromwell's move had been controversial and many in England were still hostile toward Jews. Life for <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in England">Jews in England</a> improved in that they could no longer be <a href="/wiki/Prosecute" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosecute">prosecuted</a> if caught worshipping, yet <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> continued. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radicals_vs_conservatives">Radicals vs conservatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interregnum_(England)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Radicals vs conservatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parliament had, to a large degree, encouraged the radical political groups which emerged when the usual social controls broke down during the civil war. It had also unwittingly established a new political force when it set up the New Model Army. Not surprisingly, all these groups had their own hopes for the new Commonwealth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Levellers">Levellers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interregnum_(England)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Levellers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Led by <a href="/wiki/John_Lilburne" title="John Lilburne">John Lilburne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levellers" title="Levellers">Levellers</a> drew their main support from London and the New Model Army. In the 1649 <i><a href="/wiki/An_Agreement_of_the_People" title="An Agreement of the People">An Agreement of the People</a></i>, they asked for a more representative and accountable Parliament, to meet every two years; a reform of law so it would be available to and fair to all; and religious toleration. They wanted a more <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> society, although their proposed franchise did not extend to women or to the lowest orders of society. </p><p>Levellers saw the Rump Parliament as little better than the monarchy it had replaced, and they showed their displeasure in demonstrations, pamphlets and mutinies. While their numbers did not pose a serious threat to the government, they scared the Rump Parliament into action, and a <a href="/wiki/Treasons_Act_1649" title="Treasons Act 1649">Treasons Act</a> was passed against them in 1649. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diggers">Diggers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interregnum_(England)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Diggers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Led by <a href="/wiki/Gerrard_Winstanley" title="Gerrard Winstanley">Gerrard Winstanley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diggers" title="Diggers">Diggers</a> wanted an even more coercively equal society than the Levellers (in the sense of "equality of outcome", not "equality of opportunity" which the Levellers were closer to espousing). They advocated a lifestyle that bore many similarities to later understandings of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>, with communal ownership of land, and equality for males and females in law and education. They existed in only very small numbers and faced a very strong opposition, even from the Levellers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_sects">Religious sects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interregnum_(England)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Religious sects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Religion_during_the_Interregnum" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion during the Interregnum">Religion during the Interregnum</a></div> <p>The breakdown of religious uniformity and incomplete <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a> Settlement of 1646 enabled independent churches to flourish. The main sects of <a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">English Dissenters</a> were <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>, who advocated adult <a href="/wiki/Rebaptism" title="Rebaptism">rebaptism</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ranters" title="Ranters">Ranters</a>, who claimed that sin did not exist for the "chosen ones"; and <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Monarchists" title="Fifth Monarchists">Fifth Monarchy Men</a>, who opposed all "earthly" governments, believing they must prepare for God's kingdom on earth by establishing a "government of saints". </p><p>Despite greater toleration, extreme sects were opposed by the upper classes as they were seen as a threat to social order and property rights. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a> were also excluded from the toleration applied to the other groups. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservatives">Conservatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interregnum_(England)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Conservatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conservatives were still dominant in both <a href="/wiki/Central_government" title="Central government">central government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">local government</a>. In the former, the Rump Parliament was anxious not to offend the traditional ruling class whose support it needed for survival, so it opposed radical ideas. In the latter, that ruling class dominated through the influence of traditional regional gentry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_analysis">Historical analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interregnum_(England)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Historical analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Interregnum was a relatively short but important period in the history of the British Isles. There were several political experiments without any stable form of government emerging, largely because of the wide diversity in religious and political groups that had been allowed to flourish after the <a href="/wiki/Regicide" title="Regicide">regicide</a> of Charles I. </p><p>The Puritan movement had evolved as a rejection of both real and perceived "Catholicisation" of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>. When the Church of England was quickly <a href="/wiki/Established_church#Disestablishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Established church">disestablished</a> by the Commonwealth government, the question of what church to establish became a hotly debated subject. In the end, it was impossible to make all the political factions happy. During the Interregnum, Cromwell lost much of the support he had gained during the civil war. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Sexby" title="Edward Sexby">Edward Sexby</a>, previously a supporter of Cromwell's, felt disenfranchised by Cromwell's failure to abolish the <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a>. </p><p>In 1657, <a href="/wiki/Silius_Titus" title="Silius Titus">Silius Titus</a> called for Cromwell's assassination in a co-authored pamphlet <i><a href="/wiki/Killing_No_Murder" title="Killing No Murder">Killing No Murder</a></i> under the pseudonym of William Allen. Sexby was captured when he returned to England and attempted to carry out the assassination described in Titus' book. Cromwell coerced Sexby into confessing authorship of the pamphlet and then imprisoned him in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>, where Sexby was driven to insanity, dying there less than a year later. High taxes required by the large <a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">standing army</a>, kept due to the constant threats of Scottish and Irish rebellion, added to public resentment of Cromwell. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_interregnum">Second interregnum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interregnum_(England)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Second interregnum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the fall of <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> in 1688, an interregnum was declared and a <a href="/wiki/Convention_Parliament_(1689)" title="Convention Parliament (1689)">Convention Parliament</a> called to elect <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a> joint monarchs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interregnum_(England)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(literally meaning "between reign" in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBennett2016" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Martyn (2016). <i>Historical Dictionary of the British and Irish Civil Wars 1637–1660</i>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442262638" title="Special:BookSources/9781442262638"><bdi>9781442262638</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+British+and+Irish+Civil+Wars+1637%E2%80%931660&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781442262638&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Martyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterregnum+%28England%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/240140/Instrument-of-Government">"Instrument of Government"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Instrument+of+Government&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F240140%2FInstrument-of-Government&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterregnum+%28England%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Instrument-of-Government-England-1653">"Instrument of Government"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Instrument+of+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FInstrument-of-Government-England-1653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterregnum+%28England%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Instrument-of-Government-England-1653">"Instrument of Government"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Instrument+of+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FInstrument-of-Government-England-1653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterregnum+%28England%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurston1985-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurston1985_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDurston1985">Durston 1985</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Cromwell, Our Chief of Men</i> by <a href="/wiki/Lady_Antonia_Fraser" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Antonia Fraser">Lady Antonia Fraser</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7538-1331-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7538-1331-9">0-7538-1331-9</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interregnum_(England)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurston1985" class="citation cs2">Durston, Chris (1985), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/chris-durston/lords-misrule-puritan-war-christmas-1642-60">"Lords of Misrule: The Puritan War on Christmas 1642–60"</a>, <i>History Today</i>, vol. 35, History Today Ltd</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lords+of+Misrule%3A+The+Puritan+War+on+Christmas+1642%E2%80%9360&rft.btitle=History+Today&rft.pub=History+Today+Ltd&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Durston&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Fchris-durston%2Flords-misrule-puritan-war-christmas-1642-60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInterregnum+%28England%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interregnum_(England)&oldid=1235862252">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interregnum_(England)&oldid=1235862252</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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