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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #369; color: white">Coat of arms of the Holy See</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Holy_See_usual.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_the_Holy_See_usual.svg/180px-Emblem_of_the_Holy_See_usual.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_the_Holy_See_usual.svg/270px-Emblem_of_the_Holy_See_usual.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_the_Holy_See_usual.svg/360px-Emblem_of_the_Holy_See_usual.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="918" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A rendition of the coat of arms of the Holy See</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Adopted</th><td class="infobox-data">Late 14th century<sup id="cite_ref-Galbreath1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galbreath1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Araldica_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Araldica-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>coat of arms of the Holy See</b> combines two crossed keys and a tiara, used as the official emblem of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, and by extension the wider <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. These forms have origins attested from the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Galbreath1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galbreath1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MP_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The combination of one gold and one silver key is a somewhat later development.<sup id="cite_ref-MP_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Galbreath2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galbreath2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The coat of arms of the Holy See as an emblem was filed in 1996 at the <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Organization for Intellectual Property</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This coat of arms without shield is displayed on the front cover of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See_passports" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy See passports">Holy See passports</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An updated version is also shown on the Holy See's official website.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Updated compared to what? Also, stating it is updated seems to be WP:OR (a source has to clearly state this, we cannot make our ouwn conclusion) (November 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_background">Origins and background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_the_Holy_See&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins and background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_heraldry" title="Ecclesiastical heraldry">Ecclesiastical heraldry</a> had the same origin and developed contemporaneously with general heraldry, which had become general throughout England, France, Italy and Germany by the end of the 12th century. Ecclesiastical heraldry appears first in <a href="/wiki/Seal_(device)#Ecclesiastical_seals" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (device)">seals</a>, nearly all <a href="/wiki/Vesica_piscis" title="Vesica piscis">vesica</a>-shaped.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Pope Gregory IX</a> waged war against <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Frederick_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Frederick II">Emperor Frederick II</a> in 1228, papal troops were described by <a href="/wiki/Richard_of_San_Germano" title="Richard of San Germano">Richard of San Germano</a> as "bearing the sign of the keys" (<i>clavigeros hostes</i> or <i>clavesignati</i>). The keys appeared on their banners and were sewn onto their clothing over their breasts. The conflict is consequently called <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Keys" title="War of the Keys">War of the Keys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keys_and_their_arrangement">Keys and their arrangement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_the_Holy_See&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Keys and their arrangement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest <a href="/wiki/Blazon" title="Blazon">blazoning</a> of the arms of the Holy See is that found in <a href="/wiki/Froissart%27s_Chronicles" title="Froissart's Chronicles">Froissart's Chronicles</a> of 1353, which describes them as "gules two keys in saltire argent".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the beginning of the 14th century, the arms of the Holy See had shown this arrangement of two crossed keys, most often with a gold key in <a href="/wiki/Bend_(heraldry)" title="Bend (heraldry)">bend</a> and a silver in <a href="/wiki/Bend_sinister" class="mw-redirect" title="Bend sinister">bend sinister</a>, but sometimes with both keys or (gold), less often both keys silver, as described by Froissart.<sup id="cite_ref-MP_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MP-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The practice by which the gold key is placed in bend and the silver in bend sinister was slow in establishing itself,<sup id="cite_ref-Galbreath2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galbreath2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and only from the time of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_II" title="Pope Pius II">Pope Pius II</a> is it found with certainty. "The practice of placing a gold key in bend over another in bend sinister of silver is not found with any certainty before the time of Pius II (1458–64)".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1952–1953 the English Heraldry Society gave the blazon of the arms of the Holy See as "Gules a key <i>or</i> [("gold" or "yellow" in heraldic terminology)] in bend above a key <i>argent</i> [("silver" or "white" in heraldic terminology)] in bend sinister, both wards upwards, the bows united by a cord or, above the shield a tiara, its three crowns or [("gold")], the mitre argent [("silver")]".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1978 book, <i>Heraldry in the Catholic Church</i>, Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Heim" title="Bruno Heim">Bruno Heim</a> described the same arrangement.<sup id="cite_ref-Heim_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heim-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sede_vacante"><i>Sede vacante</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_the_Holy_See&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sede vacante"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sede_vacante.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sede_vacante.svg/150px-Sede_vacante.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sede_vacante.svg/225px-Sede_vacante.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sede_vacante.svg/300px-Sede_vacante.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>The <i>sede vacante</i> emblem</figcaption></figure> <p>The gold key is placed in bend also in the <i><a href="/wiki/Sede_vacante" title="Sede vacante">sede vacante</a></i> emblem, with the tiara replaced by an <i><a href="/wiki/Umbraculum" title="Umbraculum">umbraculum</a></i> (umbrella) said to represent the absence of a pope and the temporary governance of the <a href="/wiki/Camerlengo_of_the_Holy_Roman_Church" title="Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church">Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church</a> over the temporal affairs of the Holy See,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the arms of the Papal States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tiara">Tiara</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_the_Holy_See&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tiara"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the end of Froissart's 14th century the <a href="/wiki/Papal_tiara" title="Papal tiara">papal tiara</a> was included in the coat of arms of the Holy See according to Galbreath<sup id="cite_ref-Galbreath1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galbreath1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Insegne e simboli: araldica pubblica e privata medievale e moderna</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Araldica_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Araldica-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Claudio Ceresa, on the other hand, says the earliest known evidence of its adoption dates from the following century, in the pontificate of <a href="/wiki/Martin_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin V">Martin V</a> (1417–1431).<sup id="cite_ref-Ceresa_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ceresa-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Papal_States_and_Vatican_City">Papal States and Vatican City</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_the_Holy_See&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Papal States and Vatican City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City" title="Coat of arms of Vatican City">Coat of arms of Vatican City</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Federico_and_Guidobaldo_da_Montefeltro.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Coat_of_arms_of_Federico_and_Guidobaldo_da_Montefeltro.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Federico_and_Guidobaldo_da_Montefeltro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Coat_of_arms_of_Federico_and_Guidobaldo_da_Montefeltro.svg/225px-Coat_of_arms_of_Federico_and_Guidobaldo_da_Montefeltro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Coat_of_arms_of_Federico_and_Guidobaldo_da_Montefeltro.svg/300px-Coat_of_arms_of_Federico_and_Guidobaldo_da_Montefeltro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="205" /></a><figcaption>The Montefeltro family arms with the addition of the papal insignia acquired by <a href="/wiki/Federico_da_Montefeltro" title="Federico da Montefeltro">Federico III</a> as <a href="/wiki/Gonfalonier_of_the_Church" title="Gonfalonier of the Church">Gonfalonier of the Church</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The distinction between the coat of arms of the papacy and that of the territory ruled by it dates back at least to the 16th century. Galbreath states: "From the 16th century on, this, the third coat of the Papacy — which may be blazoned <i>Gules a pair of keys crossed in saltire, one gold, one silver, tied gold, surmounted by a tiara silver, crowned gold</i> — is taken to represent the Papacy as distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This statement is quoted with approval by Heim.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The arms of the Papal States differed in having the <a href="/wiki/Umbraculum" title="Umbraculum">umbraculum</a> (the emblem of the Pope's temporal powers) in place of the tiara, and were incorporated as the first <a href="/wiki/Quartering_(heraldry)" title="Quartering (heraldry)">quartering</a> of the royal coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Kingdom of Italy</a> (1805–1814).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Charges_on_the_escutcheon">Charges on the escutcheon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_the_Holy_See&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Charges on the escutcheon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Claudio Ceresa says that the oldest known representation of the crossed keys beneath the papal tiara dates from the pontificate of Martin V (1417–1431), whose successor, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene IV">Eugene IV</a> (1431–1447), included it in the design of a silver coin.<sup id="cite_ref-Ceresa_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ceresa-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Galbreath and <i>Insegne e simboli: araldica pubblica e privata medievale e moderna</i> say it is attested from the previous century.<sup id="cite_ref-Galbreath1_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galbreath1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Araldica_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Araldica-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keys">Keys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_the_Holy_See&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Keys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The keys refer to the promise of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> to Peter: "I will entrust to you the keys of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_heaven_(Gospel_of_Matthew)" title="Kingdom of heaven (Gospel of Matthew)">kingdom of heaven</a>. Whatever you declare bound on earth shall be bound in heaven; whatever you declare loosed on earth shall be loosed in heaven" (<a href="/wiki/Matthew_16:19" title="Matthew 16:19">Matthew 16:19</a>). They are a symbol of the power the Catholic Church believes that Christ gave to Saint Peter and his successors.<sup id="cite_ref-Montezemolo_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montezemolo-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gold key signifies that the power reaches to heaven and the silver key that it extends to all the faithful on earth, their interlacing indicates the linking between the two aspects of the power, and the handles of the key being at the base symbolize the power being in the hands of the pope.<sup id="cite_ref-Heim_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heim-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tiara_2">Tiara</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_the_Holy_See&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tiara"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While actual wearing of the papal tiara has been discontinued by <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_I" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul I">John Paul I</a> and his successors, it remains a papal heraldic symbol. A crown was added to the headgear of the Pope in 1130 to symbolize sovereignty over the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>. In 1301, <a href="/wiki/Boniface_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Boniface VIII">Boniface VIII</a>, at that time in conflict with <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip IV of France</a>, added a second crown to indicate that his spiritual authority was superior to any civil power. In 1342, <a href="/wiki/Benedict_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XII">Benedict XII</a> added a third crown to symbolize the superiority of papal religious authority over that of non-religious monarchs. The original significance of the three crowns was lost over time and they came to represent instead the pope's powers as <a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">priest</a>, ruler and <a href="/wiki/Magisterium" title="Magisterium">teacher</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Montezemolo_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montezemolo-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_the_Holy_See&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_coats_of_arms" title="Papal coats of arms">Papal coats of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City" title="Coat of arms of Vatican City">Coat of arms of Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Vatican_City" title="Flag of Vatican City">Flag of Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_and_Holy_See_passports" title="Vatican City and Holy See passports">Vatican City and Holy See passports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Holy_See" title="Foreign relations of the Holy See">Foreign relations of the Holy See</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_the_Holy_See&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Galbreath1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Galbreath1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Galbreath1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Galbreath1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Galbreath1_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"A red shield bearing two white crossed keys, and surmounted by the tiara, is to be seen in a window of <a href="/wiki/Bourges_Cathedral" title="Bourges Cathedral">Bourges Cathedral</a> accompanying the achievements of <a href="/wiki/Clement_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement VII">Antipopes Clement VII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antipope_Benedict_XIII" title="Antipope Benedict XIII">Benedict XIII</a>, and other examples of these tinctures are to be found in manuscripts dating from the time of the former of these antipopes and from that of <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas V">Nicholas V</a>, in a series of shields painted on the ceiling formerly in the church of San Simone at Spoleto (ca. 1400), in the 15th-century glass in the cathedrals of York and of Carpentras, in various 15th-century books of arms both English, German, and Italian, as well as in Martin Schrot's book of arms which is as late as 1581." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zLBnynmMp_oC&q=%22surmounted+by+the+tiara,+is+to+be+seen+in+a+window%22">Donald Lindsay Galbreath, <i>A Treatise on Ecclesiastical Heraldry</i> (W. Heffer and Sons, 1930)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Araldica-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Araldica_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Araldica_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Araldica_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBascapèPiazzoBorgia1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bascapè, Giacomo C.; Piazzo, Marcello Del; Borgia, Luigi (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w3QWAQAAIAAJ&q=Araldiche+della+Chiesa"><i>Insegne e simboli: araldica pubblica e privata medievale e moderna</i></a> (in Italian). Ministero per i beni culturali e ambientali, Ufficio centrale per i beni archivistici. p. 337. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7125-159-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7125-159-2"><bdi>978-88-7125-159-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insegne+e+simboli%3A+araldica+pubblica+e+privata+medievale+e+moderna&rft.pages=337&rft.pub=Ministero+per+i+beni+culturali+e+ambientali%2C+Ufficio+centrale+per+i+beni+archivistici&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-88-7125-159-2&rft.aulast=Bascap%C3%A8&rft.aufirst=Giacomo+C.&rft.au=Piazzo%2C+Marcello+Del&rft.au=Borgia%2C+Luigi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw3QWAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DAraldiche%2Bdella%2BChiesa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+the+Holy+See" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MP-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MP_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MP_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MP_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"From the beginning of the 14th century, the two crossed keys constitute the arms of the papacy. The field of the shield is generally gules (red) and the cord is azure (blue). Most often the key placed in bend is gold and the one placed in bend sinister is silver; sometimes they are both gold, or, less often, silver" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7VDcmDeLuV4C&pg=PA891">Michel Pastoureau, "Keys" in Philippe Levillain, <i>The Papacy: An Encyclopedia</i></a> (Routledge 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415922302" title="Special:BookSources/9780415922302">9780415922302</a>), vol. 2, p. 891).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galbreath2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Galbreath2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Galbreath2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zLBnynmMp_oC&q=%22present+usage+of+placing+a+gold+key%22">Donald Lindsay Galbreath, <i>A Treatise on Ecclesiastical Heraldry</i> (W. Heffer and Sons, 1930), p. 9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/documents/insigne/sp_ss_scv_stemma-bandiera-sigillo_en.html">"Holy See: Coat of Arms – State of Vatican City: Flag, Coat of Arms and Seal"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epass.vatican.va/VistaInsiemeFolder.pdf">"Passport Brochure: Holy See & Vatican City State"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en.html">"The Holy See"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Holy+See&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fvatican%2Fen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+the+Holy+See" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/etc/designs/vatican/library/clientlibs/themes/homepage_popes/images/icona.png">Homepage icon</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Arthur Charles Fox-Davies in <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i> (1910) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ecclesiastical Heraldry"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Ecclesiastical_Heraldry">"Ecclesiastical Heraldry" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1913.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ecclesiastical+Heraldry&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+the+Holy+See" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140224021607/http://oce.catholic.com/oce/browse-page-scans.php?id=dc013cb5997fb53cc04095551d3b9e33">"Scanned reproduction of the article, with illustrations"</a>. <i>catholic.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oce.catholic.com/oce/browse-page-scans.php?id=dc013cb5997fb53cc04095551d3b9e33">the original</a> on 24 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=catholic.com&rft.atitle=Scanned+reproduction+of+the+article%2C+with+illustrations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foce.catholic.com%2Foce%2Fbrowse-page-scans.php%3Fid%3Ddc013cb5997fb53cc04095551d3b9e33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+the+Holy+See" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._A._Loud2016" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Graham_Loud" title="Graham Loud">G. A. Loud</a> (2016), "The Papal 'Crusade' against Frederick II in 1228–1230", in Michel Balard (ed.), <i>The Papacy and the Crusades</i>, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Papal+%E2%80%98Crusade%E2%80%99+against+Frederick+II+in+1228%E2%80%931230&rft.btitle=The+Papacy+and+the+Crusades&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.au=G.+A.+Loud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+the+Holy+See" class="Z3988"></span>, pp. 92, 98; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrett_Edward_Whalen2019" class="citation cs2">Brett Edward Whalen (2019), <i>The Two Powers: The Papacy, the Empire, and the Struggle for Sovereignty in the Thirteenth Century</i>, University of Pennsylvania Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Two+Powers%3A+The+Papacy%2C+the+Empire%2C+and+the+Struggle+for+Sovereignty+in+the+Thirteenth+Century&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Brett+Edward+Whalen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+the+Holy+See" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">""Froissart, in his Chronicles referring to the events of the year 1383, is the first to blazon the arms of the Church: faisait Vevesque de Mordwich porter devant lui les armes de l'Eglise, la bannière de St. Pierre, de gueules à deux clefs d'argent en sautoir, comme Gonfanonnier du Pape Urbain." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zLBnynmMp_oC&q=%22is+the+first+to+blazon+the+arms+of+the+Church%22">Donald Lindsay gules, <i>A Treatise on Ecclesiastical Heraldry</i> (W. Heffer and Sons, 1930)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.catholicherald.co.uk/article/1st-june-1956/4/the-sovereign-pontiff-has-the-oldest-coat-of-arms">John A. Goodall, "The Sovereign Pontiff has the oldest coat of arms" in <i>The Catholic Herald</i>, 1 June 1956</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l4weAQAAMAAJ&q=%22key+or+in+bend+above%22">The Heraldry Society, <i>Coat of Arms</i> 1952–53, vol. 2, p. 254</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heim-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heim_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heim_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"The symbolism of the keys is brought out in an ingenious and interpretative fashion by heraldic art. One of the keys is of gold (<a href="/wiki/Or_(heraldry)" title="Or (heraldry)">or</a>), the other of silver (<a href="/wiki/Argent" title="Argent">argent</a>). The golden key, which points upwards on the <a href="/wiki/Dexter_and_sinister" title="Dexter and sinister">dexter</a> side, signifies the power that extends even to Heaven. The silver key, which must point up to the <a href="/wiki/Dexter_and_sinister" title="Dexter and sinister">sinister</a> side, symbolizes the power over all the faithful on earth. The two are often linked by a cordon <a href="/wiki/Gules_(heraldry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gules (heraldry)">Gules</a> as a sign of the union of the two powers. The handles are turned downwards, for they are in the hand of the Pope, Christ's lieutenant on earth. The wards point upwards, for the power of binding and loosing engages Heaven itself." Bruno Bernhard Heim, <i>Heraldry in the Catholic Church: Its Origin, Customs and Laws</i> (Van Duren 1978 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780391008731" title="Special:BookSources/9780391008731">9780391008731</a>), p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuruge2010" class="citation book cs1">Guruge, Anura (16 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B5JVthemvvwC&q=Coat+of+arms+Holy+See&pg=PA64"><i>The Next Pope</i></a>. Anura Guruge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780615353722" title="Special:BookSources/9780615353722"><bdi>9780615353722</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2019</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Next+Pope&rft.pub=Anura+Guruge&rft.date=2010-02-16&rft.isbn=9780615353722&rft.aulast=Guruge&rft.aufirst=Anura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB5JVthemvvwC%26q%3DCoat%2Bof%2Barms%2BHoly%2BSee%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+the+Holy+See" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ceresa-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ceresa_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ceresa_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lucisullest.it/dett_news_print.php?id=3823">Claudio Ceresa, "Una sintesi di simboli ispirati alla Scrittura"</a> on <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i>, 10 August 2008 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130218091006/http://www.lucisullest.it/dett_news_print.php?id=3823">Archived</a> 18 February 2013 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Galbreath 1930, p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heim 1978, p. 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archivi.beniculturali.it/dga/uploads/documents/Sussidi/8_SussXI_t_745_1064.pdf">Giacomo P. Bascapè, Marcello Del Piazzo, <i>Insegne e simboli. Araldica pubblica e privata medievale e moderna. Parte Terza: Araldica Napoleonica in Italia</i> (Ministero per i beni culturali e ambientali, 1983), p. 770</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heraldica.org/topics/pope.htm">"Papal Heraldry"</a>. <i>www.heraldica.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.heraldica.org&rft.atitle=Papal+Heraldry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldica.org%2Ftopics%2Fpope.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+the+Holy+See" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Montezemolo-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Montezemolo_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Montezemolo_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/elezione/stemma-benedict-xvi_en.html">"Andrea Cordero Lanza di Montezemolo, "Coat of Arms of His Holiness Benedict XVI"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>vatican.va</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vatican.va&rft.atitle=Andrea+Cordero+Lanza+di+Montezemolo%2C+%22Coat+of+Arms+of+His+Holiness+Benedict+XVI%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fbenedict_xvi%2Felezione%2Fstemma-benedict-xvi_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoat+of+arms+of+the+Holy+See" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_the_Holy_See&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Donald L. Galbreath: <i>Papal Heraldry</i>. Cambridge, 1930; Heffer and Sons.</li> <li>Bruno Bernhard Heim: <i>Heraldry in the Catholic Church: Its Origins, Customs and Laws</i>. Gerrards Cross: Van Duren, 1978.</li> <li>Baron du Roure de Paulin: <i>L'Héraldique Ecclésiastique</i>. Paris, 1911; H. Daragon.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_the_Holy_See&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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See">Holy See</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">Full communion</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></b> as <a href="/wiki/Bishop_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop in the Catholic Church">bishop</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Diocese of Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">Primacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">History</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vatican_City(index,_outline)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">index</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enclaved" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclaved">Enclaved</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a>, 1929</li></ul></li> <li>along with <a href="/wiki/Extraterritoriality" title="Extraterritoriality">extraterritorial</a> <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">properties of the Holy See</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Headquarters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_apartments" title="Papal apartments">Papal apartments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cathedra" title="Cathedra">cathedra</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Major basilica">Major basilicas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore">Basilica of Saint Mary Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Paul_Outside_the_Walls" title="Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls">Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papal_titles" title="Papal titles">Titles</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">Papal names</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_(style)" title="Holiness (style)">His Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">Bishop of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicar_of_Christ" title="Vicar of Christ">Vicar of Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Successor_of_the_Prince_of_the_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Successor of the Prince of the Apostles">Successor of the Prince of the Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus#Catholic_Church_use_of_the_title" title="Pontifex maximus">Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_the_West" title="Patriarch of the West">Patriarch of the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Primate of Italy">Primate of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop_and_Metropolitan_of_the_Roman_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province">Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_of_the_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign of the Vatican City State">Sovereign of the Vatican City State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servant_of_the_servants_of_God" title="Servant of the servants of God">Servant of the servants of God</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_coats_of_arms" title="Papal coats of arms">Coats of arms</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coat of arms of the Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_cross" title="Papal cross">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keys_of_Heaven" title="Keys of Heaven">Keys of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_regalia_and_insignia" title="Papal regalia and insignia">Regalia and insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rota_(papal_signature)" title="Rota (papal signature)">Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbraculum" title="Umbraculum">Umbraculum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Proclamations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_constitution" title="Apostolic constitution">Apostolic constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Bull</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_bulls" title="List of papal bulls">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">Encyclical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_exhortation" title="Apostolic exhortation">Apostolic exhortation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_letter" title="Ecclesiastical letter">Ecclesiastical letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdict" title="Interdict">Interdict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_arbitration" title="Papal arbitration">Arbitration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_deposing_power" title="Papal deposing power">Deposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_blessing" title="Apostolic blessing">Blessing</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Episcopal_blessing" title="Episcopal blessing">Pontifical</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Urbi_et_Orbi" title="Urbi et Orbi">Urbi et Orbi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">Conclave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="List of papal elections">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_coronation" title="Papal coronation">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_consistory" title="Papal consistory">Consistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_diplomatics" title="Papal diplomatics">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_inauguration" title="Papal inauguration">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_Mass" title="Papal Mass">Mass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_High_Mass" title="Pontifical High Mass">High Mass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_travel" title="Papal travel">Travel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_vestments" title="Pontifical vestments">Vestments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camauro" title="Camauro">Camauro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falda" title="Falda">Falda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_fanon" title="Papal fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_ferula" title="Papal ferula">Ferula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flabellum" title="Flabellum">Flabellum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cope" title="Cope">Mantle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre" title="Mitre">Mitre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozzetta" title="Mozzetta">Mozzetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallium" title="Pallium">Pallium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_the_Fisherman" title="Ring of the Fisherman">Ring of the Fisherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_shoes" title="Papal shoes">Shoes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_slippers" title="Papal slippers">Slippers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-cinctorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-cinctorium">Sub-cinctorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_tiara" title="Papal tiara">Tiara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_tiaras_in_existence" title="List of papal tiaras in existence">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zucchetto" title="Zucchetto">Zucchetto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Transportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popemobile" title="Popemobile">Popemobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedia_gestatoria" title="Sedia gestatoria">Sedia gestatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_One" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd One">Shepherd One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papal_household" title="Papal household">Household</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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