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href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Pope" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Pope" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Title_and_etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title_and_etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Title and etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title_and_etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Position_within_the_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Position_within_the_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Position within the Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Position_within_the_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Christianity_(c._30–325)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Christianity_(c._30–325)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Early Christianity (c.<span> 30–325</span>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Christianity_(c._30–325)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nicaea_to_East–West_Schism_(325–1054)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nicaea_to_East–West_Schism_(325–1054)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Nicaea to East–West Schism (325–1054)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nicaea_to_East–West_Schism_(325–1054)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East–West_Schism_to_Reformation_(1054–1517)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East–West_Schism_to_Reformation_(1054–1517)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>East–West Schism to Reformation (1054–1517)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East–West_Schism_to_Reformation_(1054–1517)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reformation_to_present_(1517_to_today)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformation_to_present_(1517_to_today)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Reformation to present (1517 to today)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformation_to_present_(1517_to_today)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Christian_mentions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Christian_mentions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early Christian mentions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_Christian_mentions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early Christian mentions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_Christian_mentions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Church_Fathers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_Fathers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Church Fathers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_Fathers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_early_Christian_mentions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_early_Christian_mentions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Other early Christian mentions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_early_Christian_mentions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saint_Peter_and_the_origin_of_the_papal_office" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saint_Peter_and_the_origin_of_the_papal_office"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Saint Peter and the origin of the papal office</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saint_Peter_and_the_origin_of_the_papal_office-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Eliakim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Eliakim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>New Eliakim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Eliakim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election,_death_and_resignation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election,_death_and_resignation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Election, death and resignation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Election,_death_and_resignation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Election, death and resignation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Election,_death_and_resignation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resignation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resignation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Resignation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resignation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Titles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Titles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Titles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regnal_name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regnal_name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Regnal name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regnal_name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_list_of_titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_list_of_titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Official list of titles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_list_of_titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vicar_of_Jesus_Christ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vicar_of_Jesus_Christ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Vicar of Jesus Christ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vicar_of_Jesus_Christ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supreme_pontiff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supreme_pontiff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Supreme pontiff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supreme_pontiff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Servant_of_the_servants_of_God" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Servant_of_the_servants_of_God"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Servant of the servants of God</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Servant_of_the_servants_of_God-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patriarch_of_the_West" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patriarch_of_the_West"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Patriarch of the West</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patriarch_of_the_West-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Other titles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Signature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regalia_and_insignia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regalia_and_insignia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Regalia and insignia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regalia_and_insignia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regalia and insignia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regalia_and_insignia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Papal_garments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papal_garments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Papal garments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Papal_garments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status_and_authority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_and_authority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Status and authority</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Status_and_authority-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Status and authority subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Status_and_authority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Vatican_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Vatican_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>First Vatican Council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Vatican_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Vatican_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Vatican_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Second Vatican Council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Vatican_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_of_the_Holy_See" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_of_the_Holy_See"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Politics of the Holy See</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics_of_the_Holy_See-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics of the Holy See subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics_of_the_Holy_See-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Residence_and_jurisdiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residence_and_jurisdiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Residence and jurisdiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residence_and_jurisdiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Political role</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_position" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_position"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>International position</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_position-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Objections_to_the_papacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Objections_to_the_papacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Objections to the papacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Objections_to_the_papacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Objections to the papacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Objections_to_the_papacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orthodox,_Anglican_and_Old_Catholic_churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthodox,_Anglican_and_Old_Catholic_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Orthodox, Anglican and Old Catholic churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthodox,_Anglican_and_Old_Catholic_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestant_denominations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestant_denominations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Protestant denominations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestant_denominations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antipopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antipopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Antipopes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antipopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses_of_the_title_"Pope"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses_of_the_title_"Pope""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Other uses of the title "Pope"</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_uses_of_the_title_"Pope"-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other uses of the title "Pope" subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_uses_of_the_title_"Pope"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_Catholic_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Catholic_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>In the Catholic Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Catholic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Eastern_Churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Eastern_Churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>In the Eastern Churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Eastern_Churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_new_religious_movements_and_other_Christian-related_new_religious_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_new_religious_movements_and_other_Christian-related_new_religious_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>In new religious movements and other Christian-related new religious movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_new_religious_movements_and_other_Christian-related_new_religious_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lengths_of_papal_reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lengths_of_papal_reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Lengths of papal reign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lengths_of_papal_reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lengths of papal reign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lengths_of_papal_reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Longest-reigning_popes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Longest-reigning_popes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Longest-reigning popes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Longest-reigning_popes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shortest-reigning_popes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shortest-reigning_popes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Shortest-reigning popes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shortest-reigning_popes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 168 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-168" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">168 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pous" title="Pous – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pous" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papst" title="Papst – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Papst" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%AE%E1%88%9C_%E1%8D%93%E1%8D%93" title="የሮሜ ፓፓ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የሮሜ ፓፓ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA" title="पोप – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पोप" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81pa" title="Pāpa – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Pāpa" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="بابوية كاثوليكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بابوية كاثوليكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa" title="Papa – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Papa" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A6%DC%90%DC%A6%DC%90" title="ܦܐܦܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܦܐܦܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%BC%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%AB_%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BA" title="Հռոմի Պապ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հռոմի Պապ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa" title="Papa – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Papa" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa" title="Papa – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Papa" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa" title="Papa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Papa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa" title="Papa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Papa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE" title="پاپ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پاپ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA" title="পোপ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পোপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A0u-h%C3%B4ng" title="Kàu-hông – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kàu-hông" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Папа Рымскі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Папа Рымскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Папа – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Папа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa" title="Papa – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Papa" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Папа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Папа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popst" title="Popst – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Popst" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa" title="Papa – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Papa" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pab" title="Pab – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pab" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa" title="Papa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Papa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BF%C4%95" title="Рим попĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Рим попĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa" title="Papa – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Papa" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape%C5%BE" title="Papež – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Papež" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa" title="Papa – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Papa" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pab" title="Pab – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pab" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pave" title="Pave – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pave" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baapscht" title="Baapscht – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Baapscht" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papst" title="Papst – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Papst" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bam%C5%BE" title="Bamž – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Bamž" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paavst" title="Paavst – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paavst" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Πάπας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πάπας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa" title="Papa – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Papa" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa" title="Papa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Papa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papo" title="Papo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Papo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aita_santu" title="Aita santu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aita santu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE" title="پاپ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاپ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1vin" title="Pávin – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Pávin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape" title="Pape – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pape" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus" title="Paus – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Paus" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape" title="Pape – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Pape" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1pa" title="Pápa – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pápa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0pa" title="Pàpa – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pàpa" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa" title="Papa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Papa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kau-f%C3%B2ng" title="Kau-fòng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kau-fòng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%ED%99%A9" title="교황 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교황" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%BC%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BA" title="Հռոմի պապ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հռոմի պապ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA" title="पोप – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पोप" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bam%C5%BE" title="Bamž – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Bamž" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa" title="Papa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Papa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papo" title="Papo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Papo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa" title="Papa – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Papa" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_(Gereja_Katolik)" title="Paus (Gereja Katolik) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paus (Gereja Katolik)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa" title="Papa – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Papa" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1pa" title="Pápa – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Pápa" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1fi" title="Páfi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Páfi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa" title="Papa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Papa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A8" title="אפיפיור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אפיפיור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa" title="Papa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Papa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa" title="Papa – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Papa" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪೋಪ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪೋಪ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98" title="რომის პაპი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რომის პაპი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Папалық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Папалық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pab" title="Pab – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pab" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa" title="Papa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Papa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap" title="Pap – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pap" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa" title="Papa – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Papa" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Рим папасы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Рим папасы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%C3%A1s" title="Papás – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Papás" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B2" title="ພະສັນຕະປາປາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພະສັນຕະປາປາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa" title="Papa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Papa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romas_p%C4%81vests" title="Romas pāvests – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Romas pāvests" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poopst" title="Poopst – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Poopst" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popie%C5%BEius" title="Popiežius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Popiežius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus" title="Paus – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Paus" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1pa" title="Pápa – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Pápa" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape" title="Pape – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Pape" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa" title="Papa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Papa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1pa_(egyh%C3%A1zf%C5%91)" title="Pápa (egyházfő) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pápa (egyházfő)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Папа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Папа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa" title="Papa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Papa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA" title="മാർപ്പാപ്പ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാർപ്പാപ്പ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa" title="Papa – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Papa" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA" title="पोप – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पोप" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98" title="რომიშ პაპი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რომიშ პაპი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بابا الفاتيكان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بابا الفاتيكان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE" title="پاپ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پاپ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_(Katolik)" title="Paus (Katolik) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paus (Katolik)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_(Katolik_Roma)" title="Paus (Katolik Roma) – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Paus (Katolik Roma)" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1u-hu%C3%B2ng" title="Gáu-huòng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gáu-huòng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa" title="Papa – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Papa" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF" title="Пап – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Пап" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hueyiteopixcatlahtoani" title="Hueyiteopixcatlahtoani – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Hueyiteopixcatlahtoani" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus" title="Paus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus" title="Paus – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Paus" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA" title="पोप – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पोप" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%99%E7%9A%87" title="教皇 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="教皇" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa" title="Papa – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Papa" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Румера Папа – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Румера Папа" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paap" title="Paap – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Paap" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pave" title="Pave – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pave" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pave" title="Pave – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pave" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape" title="Pape – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Pape" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa" title="Papa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Papa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rim_Papasi" title="Rim Papasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rim Papasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AA" title="ਪੋਪ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੋਪ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%BE" title="پوپ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پوپ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa" title="Papa – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Papa" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE" title="پاپ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پاپ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puop" title="Puop – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Puop" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%94" title="សម្ដេចប៉ាប – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សម្ដេចប៉ាប" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape" title="Pape – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Pape" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop" title="Pop – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Pop" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paapst" title="Paapst – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Paapst" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papie%C5%BC" title="Papież – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Papież" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa" title="Papa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Papa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_Papas%C4%B1" title="Roma Papası – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Roma Papası" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%C4%83" title="Papă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Papă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa" title="Papa – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Papa" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1pa_(chakariq)" title="Pápa (chakariq) – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pápa (chakariq)" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Папа римскый – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Папа римскый" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Папство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Папство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Паапа – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Паапа" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="پاپائے روم – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="پاپائے روم" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paba" title="Paba – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Paba" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape" title="Pape – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pape" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa" title="Papa – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Papa" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa" title="Papa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Papa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9A" title="පාප්වහන්සේ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පාප්වහන්සේ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope" title="Pope – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pope" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1pe%C5%BE" title="Pápež – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pápež" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape%C5%BE" title="Papež – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Papež" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papjy%C5%BC" title="Papjyż – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Papjyż" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="پاپا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پاپا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Папа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Папа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa" title="Papa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Papa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paavi" title="Paavi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paavi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A5ve" title="Påve – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Påve" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa" title="Papa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Papa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88" title="திருத்தந்தை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திருத்தந்தை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Рим папасы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Рим папасы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D" title="పోప్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పోప్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2" title="พระสันตะปาปา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระสันตะปาปา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Поп – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Поп" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa" title="Papa – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Papa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop" title="Pop – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Pop" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Папа Римський – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Папа Римський" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%BE" title="پوپ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پوپ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%85_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%89" title="رىم پاپاسى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="رىم پاپاسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa" title="Papa – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Papa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A1o_ho%C3%A0ng" title="Giáo hoàng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giáo hoàng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paast_(Rooma)" title="Paast (Rooma) – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Paast (Rooma)" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A5pe" title="Påpe – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Påpe" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97" title="教宗 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="教宗" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus" title="Paus – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Paus" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa" title="Papa – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Papa" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97" title="教宗 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="教宗" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%98" title="פויבסט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פויבסט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3p%C3%B9" title="Pópù – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Pópù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97" title="教宗 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="教宗" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa" title="Papa – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Papa" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus" title="Paus – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Paus" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puop%C4%97%C5%BEios" title="Puopėžios – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Puopėžios" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97" title="教宗 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="教宗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus" title="Paus 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Head of the Catholic Church</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Papacy", "Papal", and "Roman pontiff" redirect here. For the historic state controlled by the pope, see <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>. For the pontiffs of ancient Rome, see <a href="/wiki/College_of_Pontiffs" title="College of Pontiffs">College of Pontiffs</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological list of incumbents, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a>. For the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Pope_of_the_Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church">Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pope_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pope (disambiguation)">Pope (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%"><div class="fn org" style="display:inline;font-size: 125%">Bishop of Rome</div><br /><i><div class="nickname" style="display:inline;font-family: serif; font-size: 130%;"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Pontifex maximus</i></span></div></i><br /><div class="nickname" style="display:inline;font-size: 115%">Pope</div><div style="display:inline;font-size: 125%"></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="font-weight: bold; text-transform: uppercase; font-size: 95%; line-height: 110%; color: white; background-color: #d42424;">Catholic</th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom: 0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Pope_Francis_(2021)_FXD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Portrait_of_Pope_Francis_%282021%29_FXD.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Pope_Francis_%282021%29_FXD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Portrait_of_Pope_Francis_%282021%29_FXD.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Pope_Francis_%282021%29_FXD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Portrait_of_Pope_Francis_%282021%29_FXD.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Pope_Francis_%282021%29_FXD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="991" data-file-height="1316" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> in 2021</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom: 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_Holy_See.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Coats of arms of the Holy See and Vatican City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Coat_of_arms_Holy_See.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_Holy_See.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Coat_of_arms_Holy_See.svg/225px-Coat_of_arms_Holy_See.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Coat_of_arms_Holy_See.svg/300px-Coat_of_arms_Holy_See.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Holy See (Emblem)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Incumbent:<br /><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/2013_papal_conclave" title="2013 papal conclave">since 13 March 2013</a></span></b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">Style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/His_Holiness" class="mw-redirect" title="His Holiness">His Holiness</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FADA5E;">Location</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_province" title="Ecclesiastical province">Ecclesiastical province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)#Episcopal_Conference_of_Italy,_including_San_Marino_and_Vatican_City_State" title="List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)">Ecclesiastical Province of Rome</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residence</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a> (Official papal residence)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domus_Sanctae_Marthae" title="Domus Sanctae Marthae">Domus Sanctae Marthae</a> (Current and preferred residence of Francis)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a>, Vatican City</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FADA5E;">Information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First holder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wilken_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilken-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Denomination</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">1st century</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diocese</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Rome</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cathedral</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Governance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FADA5E;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/index.htm">Holy Father</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-weight: normal; background-color: gold;"><span style="font-size:80%">Papal styles of</span><br /><b><span class="fn">Pope</span></b></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Franciscus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Coat_of_arms_of_Franciscus.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_Franciscus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Coat_of_arms_of_Franciscus.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Franciscus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Coat_of_arms_of_Franciscus.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Franciscus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="1190" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">Reference style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/His_Holiness" class="mw-redirect" title="His Holiness">His Holiness</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spoken style</th><td class="infobox-data">Your Holiness</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religious style</th><td class="infobox-data">Holy Father</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_ecclesiastical_titles" title="Category:Catholic ecclesiastical titles">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy of the<br />Catholic Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gesupietrochiave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Saint Peter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gesupietrochiave.jpg/150px-Gesupietrochiave.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gesupietrochiave.jpg/225px-Gesupietrochiave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gesupietrochiave.jpg/300px-Gesupietrochiave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_ecclesiastical_titles" title="Category:Catholic ecclesiastical titles">Ecclesiastical titles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">order of precedence</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Emeritus">Pope Emeritus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Vicar" title="Cardinal Vicar">Cardinal Vicar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown-cardinal" title="Crown-cardinal">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_the_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of the Church">Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_protector" title="Cardinal protector">Protector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderator_of_the_curia" title="Moderator of the curia">Moderator of the curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_His_Holiness" title="Chaplain of His Holiness">Chaplain of His Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_legate" title="Papal legate">Papal legate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_majordomo" title="Papal majordomo">Papal majordomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuncio" title="Nuncio">Apostolic nuncio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuncio" title="Nuncio">Apostolic delegate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Syndic" title="Apostolic Syndic">Apostolic Syndic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_visitor" title="Apostolic visitor">Apostolic visitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_vicariate" title="Apostolic vicariate">Vicar apostolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarch#Modern_Eastern_Catholic_churches" title="Exarch">Apostolic exarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_prefecture" title="Apostolic prefecture">Apostolic prefect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_to_the_papal_throne" title="Assistant to the papal throne">Assistant to the papal throne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy#Church_hierarchy" title="Eparchy">Eparch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch#Catholic_Church" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholicos" title="Catholicos">Catholicos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church#Emeritus" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop emeritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">Diocesan bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major archbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragan_bishop" title="Suffragan bishop">Suffragan bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">Titular bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">Coadjutor bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">Auxiliary bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prelate" title="Prelate">Prelate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provost_(religion)" title="Provost (religion)">Provost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiff" title="Pontiff">Pontiff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_prelate" title="Territorial prelate">Territorial prelate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_abbey" title="Territorial abbey">Territorial abbot</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Liturgical titles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acolyte" title="Acolyte">Acolyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consecrator" title="Consecrator">Consecrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reader_(liturgy)#CatholicLector" title="Reader (liturgy)">Lector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdeacon" title="Subdeacon">Subdeacon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Administrative and pastoral titles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auditor_(ecclesiastical)" title="Auditor (ecclesiastical)">Auditor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_brother#Catholicism" title="Religious brother">Brother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(ecclesiastical)" title="Chancellor (ecclesiastical)">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain" title="Chaplain">Chaplain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_chaplain#Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Military chaplain">Military chaplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_ordinariate" title="Military ordinariate">Military ordinary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coarb" title="Coarb">Coarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessor#Confession_of_sins" title="Confessor">Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultor" title="Consultor">Consultor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curate#Roman_Catholicism" title="Curate">Curate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archdeacon" title="Archdeacon">Archdeacon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defender_of_the_bond" title="Defender of the bond">Defender of the bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definitor" title="Definitor">Definitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_advocate" title="Devil's advocate">Devil's advocate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_administrator" title="Diocesan administrator">Diocesan administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_judge" title="Ecclesiastical judge">Ecclesiastical judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcist#Catholicism" title="Exorcist">Exorcist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Laity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lay_abbot" title="Lay abbot">Lay abbot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abthain" title="Abthain">Abthain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commendatory_abbot" title="Commendatory abbot">Commendatory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_cardinal" title="Lay cardinal">Lay cardinal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_(Catholic_Church)" title="Minister (Catholic Church)">Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_orders" title="Major orders">Major orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_orders" title="Minor orders">Minor orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monsignor" title="Monsignor">Monsignor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official#Ecclesiastical_judiciary" title="Official">Officialis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostiarius" title="Ostiarius">Ostiarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">Pastor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_pastor" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant pastor">Assistant pastor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatinus_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Palatinus in the Catholic Church">Palatinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_prelature" title="Personal prelature">Personal prelate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preacher" title="Preacher">Preacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefect#Ecclesiastical" title="Prefect">Prefect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyter" title="Presbyter">Presbyter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elder_(Christianity)#Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Elder (Christianity)">Elder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Principal (Catholic Church)">Principal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protonotary_apostolic" title="Protonotary apostolic">Protonotary apostolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Reverend" title="The Reverend">Reverend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint#Catholic_Church" title="Saint">Saint</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Blessed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Venerable" title="The Venerable">Venerable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">Seminarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicar" title="Vicar">Vicar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_vicar" title="Judicial vicar">Judicial vicar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicar_general" title="Vicar general">Vicar general</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_(Christianity)" title="Dean (Christianity)">Vicar forane</a> <ul><li>Sub-dean</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Consecrated and professed titles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_virgin" title="Consecrated virgin">Consecrated virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrector#Ecclesiastic_(Catholic)_titles" title="Corrector">Corrector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custos_(Franciscans)" title="Custos (Franciscans)">Custos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_(Christianity)#Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Dean (Christianity)">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master of novices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice#Roman_Catholicism" title="Novice">Novice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)" title="Rector (ecclesiastical)">Rector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_general_(Christianity)" title="Superior general (Christianity)">Superior general</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Additional titles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Service_of_Charity" title="Dicastery for the Service of Charity">Almoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_server" title="Altar server">Altar server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archimandrite" title="Archimandrite">Archimandrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archpriest" title="Archpriest">Archpriest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archdeacon" title="Archdeacon">Archdeacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_(title)" title="Canon (title)">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_General_of_the_Church" title="Captain General of the Church">Captain General of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorbishop" title="Chorbishop">Chorbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coarb" title="Coarb">Coarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissary_Apostolic" title="Commissary Apostolic">Commissary Apostolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custos_(under-sacristan)" title="Custos (under-sacristan)">Custos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Dataria" title="Apostolic Dataria">Datarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonfalonier_of_the_Church" title="Gonfalonier of the Church">Gonfalonier of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prelate_of_Honour_of_His_Holiness" title="Prelate of Honour of His Holiness">Honorary Prelate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_canon" title="Minor canon">Minor canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notarius" title="Notarius">Notarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostiarius" title="Ostiarius">Ostiarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peritus" title="Peritus">Peritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulator" title="Postulator">Postulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prebendary" title="Prebendary">Prebendary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precentor" title="Precentor">Precentor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-bishop" title="Prince-bishop">Prince-bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-abbot" title="Prince-abbot">Prince-abbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-primate" title="Prince-primate">Prince-primate</a></li> <li><a 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class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Church_hierarchy_sidebar" title="Template:Catholic Church hierarchy sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_Church_hierarchy_sidebar" title="Template talk:Catholic Church hierarchy sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_Church_hierarchy_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic Church hierarchy sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>pope</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">papa</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">πάππας</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">páppas</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'father')<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the <b>bishop of Rome</b> and the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Church#Catholic_Church" title="Head of the Church">visible head</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. He is also known as the <b>supreme pontiff</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Roman pontiff</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>sovereign pontiff</b>. From the eighth century until 1870, the pope was the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign" title="Sovereign">sovereign</a> or <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>, and since 1929 of the much smaller <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> state.<sup id="cite_ref-section880_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-section880-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reigning pope is <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/2013_papal_conclave" title="2013 papal conclave">elected on 13 March 2013</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From a Catholic viewpoint, the <a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_the_bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Primacy of the bishop of Rome">primacy of the bishop of Rome</a> is largely derived from his role as the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_successor" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic successor">apostolic successor</a> to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a>, to whom <a href="/wiki/Petrine_primacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrine primacy">primacy</a> was conferred by Jesus, who gave Peter the <a href="/wiki/Keys_of_Heaven" title="Keys of Heaven">Keys of Heaven</a> and the powers of "binding and loosing", naming him as the "rock" upon which the Church would be built. </p><p>While his office is called the <b>papacy</b>, the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_jurisdiction" title="Ecclesiastical jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">episcopal see</a> is called the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the Holy See that is the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_entity" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign entity">sovereign entity</a> under <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> headquartered in the distinctively independent Vatican City, a <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-state</a> which forms a geographical <a href="/wiki/Enclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclave">enclave</a> within the conurbation of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, established by the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a> in 1929 between <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a> and the Holy See to ensure its <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/temporal" class="extiw" title="wikt:temporal">temporal</a> and spiritual independence. The Holy See is recognized by its adherence at various levels to international organizations and by means of its diplomatic relations and political accords with many independent states. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Catholic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic tradition">Catholic tradition</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_see" title="Apostolic see">apostolic see</a> of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Rome</a> was founded by Saint Peter and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Paul">Saint Paul</a> in the first century. The papacy is one of the most enduring institutions in the world and has had a prominent part in <a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">human history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In ancient times, the popes helped spread Christianity and intervened to find resolutions in various doctrinal disputes.<sup id="cite_ref-World_History_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_History-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, they played a role of secular importance in Western Europe, often acting as arbitrators between Christian monarchs.<sup id="cite_ref-Faus_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faus-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Papal_Arbitration_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Papal_Arbitration-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian faith and doctrine</a>, modern popes are involved in <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">ecumenism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_dialogue" title="Interfaith dialogue">interfaith dialogue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_charities" title="Catholic charities">charitable work</a>, and the defence of human rights.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over time, the papacy accrued <a href="/wiki/Temporal_power_of_the_Holy_See" title="Temporal power of the Holy See">broad secular and political influence</a>, eventually rivalling those of territorial rulers. In recent centuries, the temporal authority of the papacy has declined and the office is now largely focused on religious matters.<sup id="cite_ref-World_History_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_History-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, papal claims of spiritual authority have been increasingly firmly expressed over time, culminating in 1870 with the proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_dogma" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic dogma">dogma</a> of <a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">papal infallibility</a> for rare occasions when the pope speaks <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Ex_cathedra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex cathedra">ex cathedra</a></i></span>—literally "from the <a href="/wiki/Chair_of_Saint_Peter" title="Chair of Saint Peter">chair (of Saint Peter)</a>"—to issue a formal definition of <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">faith</a> or morals.<sup id="cite_ref-World_History_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_History-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pope is considered one of the world's most powerful people due to the extensive diplomatic, cultural, and spiritual influence of his position on both 1.3<span class="nowrap"> </span>billion Catholics and those outside the Catholic faith,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and because he heads the world's largest non-government provider of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">health care</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Geopolitics_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geopolitics-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a vast network of charities. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Title_and_etymology">Title and etymology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pope_(title)" title="Pope (title)"><i>Pope</i> (title)</a></div> <p>The word <i><a href="/wiki/Pope_(title)" title="Pope (title)">pope</a></i> derives from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%AC%CF%80%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:πάππας">πάππας</a></span><i> (páppas)</i> 'father'. In the early centuries of Christianity, this title was applied, especially in the East, to all <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a><sup id="cite_ref-ODCC:Pope_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODCC:Pope-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other senior clergy, and later became reserved in the West to the bishop of Rome during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Pope Leo I</a> (440–461),<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a reservation made official only in the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest record of the use of the title of 'pope' was in regard to the by-then-deceased <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch of Alexandria">patriarch of Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Heraclas_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Heraclas of Alexandria">Heraclas</a> (232–248).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest recorded use of the title "pope" in English dates to the mid-10th century, when it was used in reference to the 7th century Roman <a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Pope Vitalian</a> in an Old English translation of <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a>'s <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Historia_ecclesiastica_gentis_Anglorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum">Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Position_within_the_Church">Position within the Church</h3></div> <p>The Catholic Church teaches that the pastoral office, the office of <a href="/wiki/Pastor#History" title="Pastor">shepherding</a> the Church, that was held by the apostles, as a group or "college" with <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a> as their head, is now held by their successors, the bishops, with the bishop of Rome (the pope) as their head.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus is derived another title by which the pope is known, that of "supreme pontiff". The Catholic Church teaches that Jesus personally appointed Peter as the visible head of the Church,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Catholic Church's dogmatic constitution <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Lumen_gentium" title="Lumen gentium">Lumen gentium</a></i></span> makes a clear distinction between apostles and bishops, presenting the latter as the successors of the former, with the pope as successor of Peter, in that he is head of the bishops as Peter was head of the apostles.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some historians argue against the notion that Peter was the first bishop of Rome, noting that the episcopal see in Rome can be traced back no earlier than the 3rd century.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Grady_146_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Grady_146-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The writings of <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Church_Father" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Father">Church Father</a> who wrote around 180 AD, reflect a belief that Peter "founded and organized" the Church at Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, Irenaeus was not the first to write of Peter's presence in the early Roman Church. The Church of Rome wrote in a letter to the Corinthians (which is traditionally attributed to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Clement of Rome</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 96</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-fn_2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn_2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> about the persecution of Christians in Rome as the "struggles in our time" and presented to the Corinthians its heroes, "first, the greatest and most just columns", the "good apostles" Peter and Paul.<sup id="cite_ref-Gröber,_510_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gröber,_510-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a> wrote shortly after Clement; in his letter from the city of Smyrna to the Romans, he said he would not command them as Peter and Paul did.<sup id="cite_ref-fn_3_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn_3-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given this and other evidence, such as Emperor Constantine's erection of the "Old St. Peter's Basilica" on the location of St. Peter's tomb, as held and given to him by Rome's Christian community, many scholars agree that Peter was martyred in Rome under <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>, although some scholars argue that he may have been martyred in Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although open to historical debate, first-century Christian communities may have had a group of presbyter-bishops functioning as guides of their local churches. Gradually, episcopal sees were established in metropolitan areas.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Grady_140_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Grady_140-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antioch may have developed such a structure before Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Grady_140_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Grady_140-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Rome, there were over time at various junctures rival claimants to be the rightful bishop, though again Irenaeus stressed the validity of one line of bishops from the time of St. Peter up to his contemporary <a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Pope Victor I</a> and listed them.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some writers claim that the emergence of a single bishop in Rome probably did not occur until the middle of the 2nd century. In their view, Linus, Cletus and Clement were possibly prominent presbyter-bishops, but not necessarily monarchical bishops.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Grady_146_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Grady_146-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Documents of the 1st century and early second century indicate that the bishop of Rome had some kind of pre-eminence and prominence in the Church as a whole, as even a letter from the bishop, or patriarch, of Antioch acknowledged the bishop of Rome as "a first among equals",<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the detail of what this meant is unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Christianity_(c._30–325)"><span id="Early_Christianity_.28c._30.E2.80.93325.29"></span>Early Christianity (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 30–325</span>)</h3></div> <p>Sources suggest that at first, the terms <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">episcopos</i></span> and <i>presbyter</i> were used interchangeably,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the consensus among scholars being that by the turn of the 1st and 2nd centuries, local congregations were led by bishops and presbyters, whose duties of office overlapped or were indistinguishable from one another.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2022)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> say that there was probably "no single 'monarchical' bishop in Rome before the middle of the 2nd century ... and likely later."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early Christian era, Rome and a few other cities had claims on the leadership of worldwide Church. <a href="/wiki/James_the_Just" class="mw-redirect" title="James the Just">James the Just</a>, known as "the brother of the Lord", served as head of the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> church, which is still honoured as the "Mother Church" in Orthodox tradition. <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> had been a center of Jewish learning and became a center of Christian learning. Rome had a large congregation early in the apostolic period whom Paul the Apostle addressed in his <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Epistle to the Romans</a>, and according to tradition Paul was martyred there.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1st century of the Church (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 30–130</span>), the Roman capital became recognized as a Christian center of exceptional importance. The church there, at the end of the century, wrote an epistle to the Church in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a> intervening in a major dispute, and apologizing for not having taken action earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are a few other references of that time to recognition of the <a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_the_Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Primacy of the Bishop of Rome">authoritative primacy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Roman See</a> outside of Rome. In the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Ravenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of Ravenna">Ravenna Document</a> of 13 October 2007, theologians chosen by the Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox Churches stated:<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Both sides agree that this canonical taxis was recognised by all in the era of the undivided Church. Further, they agree that Rome, as the Church that "presides in love" according to the phrase of St. Ignatius of Antioch (To the Romans, Prologue), occupied the first place in the taxis, and that the bishop of Rome was therefore the protos among the patriarchs. They disagree, however, on the interpretation of the historical evidence from this era regarding the prerogatives of the bishop of Rome as protos, a matter that was already understood in different ways in the first millennium.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Ravenna Document, 41</cite></div></blockquote> <p>In AD 195, Pope Victor I, in what is seen as an exercise of Roman authority over other churches, excommunicated the <a href="/wiki/Quartodecimans" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartodecimans">Quartodecimans</a> for observing Easter on the 14th of <a href="/wiki/Nisan" title="Nisan">Nisan</a>, the date of the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>, a tradition handed down by <a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John the Evangelist</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Easter_controversy" title="Easter controversy">Easter controversy</a>). Celebration of Easter on a Sunday, as insisted on by the pope, is the system that has prevailed (see <a href="/wiki/Computus" class="mw-redirect" title="Computus">computus</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nicaea_to_East–West_Schism_(325–1054)"><span id="Nicaea_to_East.E2.80.93West_Schism_.28325.E2.80.931054.29"></span>Nicaea to East–West Schism (325–1054)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Papacy_in_late_antiquity" title="Papacy in late antiquity">Papacy in late antiquity</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">Edict of Milan</a> in 313 granted freedom to all religions in the Roman Empire,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> beginning the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_the_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of the Church">Peace of the Church</a>. In 325, the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> condemned <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>, declaring <a href="/wiki/Trinitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitarianism">trinitarianism</a> dogmatic, and in its sixth canon recognized the special role of the Sees of Rome, Alexandria, and Antioch.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Great defenders of Trinitarian faith included the popes, especially <a href="/wiki/Pope_Liberius" title="Pope Liberius">Liberius</a>, who was exiled to <a href="/wiki/Veria" title="Veria">Berea</a> by <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a> for his Trinitarian faith,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Damasus_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Damasus I">Damasus I</a>, and several other bishops.<sup id="cite_ref-Alves_J._59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alves_J.-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 380, the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Thessalonica" title="Edict of Thessalonica">Edict of Thessalonica</a> declared <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene Christianity</a> to be the state religion of the empire, with the name "Catholic Christians" reserved for those who accepted that faith.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the civil power in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> controlled the church, and the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch of Constantinople">patriarch of Constantinople</a>, the capital, wielded much power,<sup id="cite_ref-GAETA_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GAETA-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>, the bishops of Rome were able to consolidate the influence and power they already possessed.<sup id="cite_ref-GAETA_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GAETA-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarian</a> tribes were converted to Arian Christianity or Nicene Christianity;<sup id="cite_ref-Le_Goff_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Le_Goff-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a>, king of the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, was the first important barbarian ruler to convert to the mainstream church rather than Arianism, allying himself with the papacy. Other tribes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a>, later abandoned Arianism in favour of the established church.<sup id="cite_ref-Le_Goff_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Le_Goff-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gregorythegreat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Gregorythegreat.jpg/170px-Gregorythegreat.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Gregorythegreat.jpg/255px-Gregorythegreat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Gregorythegreat.jpg/340px-Gregorythegreat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Gregory the Great (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 540–604</span>), in a painting by <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Saraceni" title="Carlo Saraceni">Carlo Saraceni</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1610</span>, Rome</figcaption></figure> <p>After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the pope served as a source of authority and continuity. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 540–604</span>) administered the church with strict reform. From an ancient senatorial family, Gregory worked with the stern judgement and discipline typical of ancient Roman rule. Theologically, he represents the shift from the classical to the medieval outlook; his popular writings are full of dramatic <a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">miracles</a>, potent <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angels</a>, ghosts, and the <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">approaching end of the world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurant1950517–551_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurant1950517–551-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gregory's successors were largely dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Exarch_of_Ravenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Exarch of Ravenna">exarch of Ravenna</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine emperor</a>'s representative in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a>. These humiliations, the weakening of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> in the face of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Muslim conquests</a>, and the inability of the emperor to protect the papal estates against the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>, made <a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_II" title="Pope Stephen II">Pope Stephen II</a> turn from Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a>. He appealed to the Franks to protect his lands. <a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin the Short</a> subdued the Lombards and donated Italian land to the papacy. When <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a> crowned <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> (800) as emperor, he established the precedent that, in Western Europe, no man would be emperor without being crowned by a pope.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurant1950517–551_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurant1950517–551-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The low point of the papacy was 867–1049.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurant1950chpt._4_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurant1950chpt._4-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This period includes the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Saeculum_obscurum" title="Saeculum obscurum">Saeculum obscurum</a></i></span>, the <a href="/wiki/Crescentii" title="Crescentii">Crescentii</a> era, and the <a href="/wiki/Tusculan_Papacy" title="Tusculan Papacy">Tusculan Papacy</a>. The papacy came under the control of vying political factions. Popes were variously imprisoned, starved, killed, and deposed by force. The family of a certain papal official<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2024)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> made and unmade popes for fifty years. The official's great-grandson, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XII" title="Pope John XII">Pope John XII</a>, held orgies of debauchery in the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Palace" title="Lateran Palace">Lateran Palace</a>. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Otto_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto I">Otto I</a> had John accused in an ecclesiastical court, which deposed him and elected a layman as <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VIII" title="Pope Leo VIII">Pope Leo VIII</a>. John mutilated the Imperial representatives in Rome and had himself reinstated as pope. <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy_(1048%E2%80%931257)" title="History of the papacy (1048–1257)">Conflict between the Emperor and the papacy</a> continued, and eventually dukes in league with the emperor were buying bishops and popes almost openly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurant1950chapter_4_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurant1950chapter_4-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1049, <a href="/wiki/Leo_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo IX">Leo IX</a> travelled to the major cities of Europe to deal with the church's moral problems firsthand, notably <a href="/wiki/Simony" title="Simony">simony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clerical_marriage" title="Clerical marriage">clerical marriage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">concubinage</a>. With his long journey, he restored the prestige of the papacy in Northern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurant1950chapter_4_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurant1950chapter_4-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 7th century, it became common for European monarchies and nobility to found churches and perform <a href="/wiki/Investiture" title="Investiture">investiture</a> or deposition of clergy in their states and fiefdoms, their personal interests causing corruption among the clergy.<sup id="cite_ref-H.G.B_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H.G.B-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Missão_Jovem_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Missão_Jovem-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This practice had become common because often the prelates and secular rulers were also participants in public life.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To combat this and other practices that had been seen as corrupting the Church between the years 900 and 1050, centres emerged promoting ecclesiastical reform, the most important being the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Cluny" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of Cluny">Abbey of Cluny</a>, which spread its ideals throughout Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Missão_Jovem_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Missão_Jovem-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reform movement gained strength with the election of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Pope Gregory VII</a> in 1073, who adopted a series of measures in the movement known as the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Reform" title="Gregorian Reform">Gregorian Reform</a>, in order to fight strongly against simony and the abuse of civil power and try to restore ecclesiastical discipline, including <a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy" title="Clerical celibacy">clerical celibacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alves_J._59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alves_J.-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This conflict between popes and secular autocratic rulers such as the Holy Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV</a> and King <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I of England</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Investiture_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Investiture controversy">Investiture controversy</a>, was only resolved in 1122, by the <a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_Worms" title="Concordat of Worms">Concordat of Worms</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_II" title="Pope Callixtus II">Pope Callixtus II</a> decreed that clerics were to be invested by clerical leaders, and temporal rulers by lay investiture.<sup id="cite_ref-H.G.B_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H.G.B-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III" title="Pope Alexander III">Pope Alexander III</a> began reforms that would lead to the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurant1950517–551_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurant1950517–551-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the beginning of the 7th century, <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic conquests</a> had succeeded in controlling much of the southern <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>, and represented a threat to Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1095, the Byzantine emperor, <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a>, asked for military aid from <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a> in the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Seljuq_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine–Seljuq wars">Byzantine–Seljuq wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Urban, at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Clermont" title="Council of Clermont">council of Clermont</a>, called the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a> to assist the Byzantine Empire to regain the old Christian territories, especially Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004140–141,_192_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004140–141,_192-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East–West_Schism_to_Reformation_(1054–1517)"><span id="East.E2.80.93West_Schism_to_Reformation_.281054.E2.80.931517.29"></span>East–West Schism to Reformation (1054–1517)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mediterranean1400.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Mediterranean1400.png/400px-Mediterranean1400.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Mediterranean1400.png/600px-Mediterranean1400.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Mediterranean1400.png/800px-Mediterranean1400.png 2x" data-file-width="1215" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption>A historical map of the Mediterranean states in 1400. The <a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> lasted from 1378 to 1417.</figcaption></figure> <p>With the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> and the Catholic Church split definitively in 1054. This fracture was caused more by political events than by <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_%E2%80%93_Catholic_theological_differences" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox – Catholic theological differences">slight divergences of creed</a>. Popes had galled the Byzantine emperors by siding with the king of the Franks, crowning a rival Roman emperor, appropriating the <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a>, and driving into Greek Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurant1950chapter_4_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurant1950chapter_4-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, popes struggled with monarchs over power.<sup id="cite_ref-World_History_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_History-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1309 to 1377, the pope resided not in Rome but in <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a> was notorious for greed and corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurant19573–25_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurant19573–25-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, the pope was effectively an ally of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a>, alienating France's enemies, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurant195726–57_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurant195726–57-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pope was understood to have the power to draw on the <a href="/wiki/Treasury_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Treasury of Merit">Treasury of Merit</a> built up by the saints and by Christ, so that he could grant <a href="/wiki/Indulgence" title="Indulgence">indulgences</a>, reducing one's time in <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">purgatory</a>. The concept that a monetary fine or donation accompanied contrition, confession, and prayer eventually gave way to the common assumption that indulgences depended on a simple monetary contribution. The popes condemned misunderstandings and abuses, but were too pressed for income to exercise effective control over indulgences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurant19573–25_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurant19573–25-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Popes also contended with the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">cardinals</a>, who sometimes attempted to assert the authority of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Ecumenical_Councils" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Ecumenical Councils">Catholic Ecumenical Councils</a> over the pope's. <a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a> holds that the supreme authority of the church lies with a General Council, not with the pope. Its foundations were laid early in the 13th century, and it culminated in the 15th century with <a href="/wiki/Jean_Gerson" title="Jean Gerson">Jean Gerson</a> as its leading spokesman. The failure of Conciliarism to gain broad acceptance after the 15th century is taken as a factor in the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various <a href="/wiki/Antipope" title="Antipope">Antipopes</a> challenged papal authority, especially during the <a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> (1378–1417). It came to a close when the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constance" title="Council of Constance">Council of Constance</a>, at the high point of Concilliarism, decided among the papal claimants. The Eastern Church continued to decline with the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire, undercutting Constantinople's claim to equality with Rome. Twice an Eastern emperor tried to force the Eastern Church to reunify with the West. First in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a> (1272–1274) and secondly in the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a> (1431–1449). Papal claims of superiority were a sticking point in reunification, which failed in any event. In the 15th century, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> captured <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and ended the Byzantine Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reformation_to_present_(1517_to_today)"><span id="Reformation_to_present_.281517_to_today.29"></span>Reformation to present (1517 to today)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Council_Trent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Council_Trent.jpg/220px-Council_Trent.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Council_Trent.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="224" /></a><figcaption>As part of the Catholic Reformation, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Pope Paul III</a> (1534–1549) initiated the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> (1545–1563), which established the triumph of the papacy over those who sought to reconcile with Protestants or oppose papal claims.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformers" title="Protestant Reformers">Protestant Reformers</a> criticized the papacy as corrupt and characterized the pope as the <a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">antichrist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popes instituted a <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a><sup id="cite_ref-World_History_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_History-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1560–1648), which addressed the challenges of the Protestant Reformation and instituted internal reforms. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Pope Paul III</a> initiated the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> (1545–1563), whose definitions of doctrine and whose reforms sealed the triumph of the papacy over elements in the church that sought conciliation with Protestants and opposed papal claims.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gradually forced to give up secular power to the increasingly assertive <a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe#Nations_rising" title="History of Europe">European nation states</a>, the popes focused on spiritual issues.<sup id="cite_ref-World_History_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_History-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1870, the <a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a> proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a> of <a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">papal infallibility</a> for the most solemn occasions when the pope speaks <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Ex_cathedra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex cathedra">ex cathedra</a></i></span> when issuing a definition of faith or morals.<sup id="cite_ref-World_History_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_History-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later the same year, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel II of Italy">Victor Emmanuel II of Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">seized Rome</a> from the pope's control and substantially completed the <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">unification of Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-World_History_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_History-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1929, the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> and the Holy See established <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> as an independent <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-state</a>, guaranteeing papal independence from secular rule.<sup id="cite_ref-World_History_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_History-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1950, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> defined the <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary</a> as dogma, the only time a pope has spoken <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ex cathedra</i></span> since papal infallibility was explicitly declared. The <a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Simon_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Primacy of Simon Peter">Primacy of St. Peter</a>, the controversial doctrinal basis of the pope's authority, continues to divide the eastern and western churches and to separate Protestants from Rome. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Christian_mentions">Early Christian mentions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">History of papal primacy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church_Fathers">Church Fathers</h3></div> <p>The writings of several Early Church fathers contain references to the authority and unique position held by the bishops of Rome, providing valuable insight into the recognition and significance of the papacy during the early Christian era.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sources attest to the acknowledgement of the bishop of Rome as an influential figure within the Church, with some emphasizing the importance of adherence to Rome's teachings and decisions. Such references served to establish the concept of papal primacy and have continued to inform Catholic theology and practice.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his letters, <a href="/wiki/Cyprian_of_Carthage" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprian of Carthage">Cyprian of Carthage</a> (<abbr>c.</abbr> 210 – 258 AD) recognized the bishop of Rome as the successor of St. Peter in his <i>Letter 55</i> (c. 251 AD), which is addressed to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Pope Cornelius</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and affirmed his unique authority in the early Christian Church.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Cornelius [the Bishop of Rome] was made bishop by the choice of God and of His Christ, by the favorable witness of almost all the clergy, by the votes of the people who were present, and by the assembly of ancient priests and good men. And he was made bishop when no one else had been made bishop before him when the position of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Fabian" title="Pope Fabian">Fabian</a>, that is to say, the position of Peter and the office of the bishop's chair, was vacant. But the position once has been filled by the will of God and that appointment has been ratified by the consent of us all, if anyone wants to be made bishop after that, it has to be done outside the church; if a man does not uphold the unity of the Church's unity, it is not possible for him to have the Church's ordination.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Cyprian of Carthage, Letter 55, 8.4</cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus_of_Lyons" class="mw-redirect" title="Irenaeus of Lyons">Irenaeus of Lyons</a> (<abbr>c.</abbr> 130 – c. 202 AD), a prominent Christian theologian of the second century, provided a list of early popes in his work <a href="/wiki/Against_Heresies_(Irenaeus)" title="Against Heresies (Irenaeus)"><i>Against Heresies III</i></a>. The list covers the period from Saint Peter to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Pope Eleutherius</a> who served from 174 to 189 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The blessed apostles [Peter and Paul], then, having founded and built up the Church [in Rome], committed into the hands of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a> the office of the episcopate. Of this Linus, Paul makes mention in the Epistles to Timothy. To him succeeded <a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a>; and after him, in the third place from the apostles, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Clement</a> was allotted the bishopric.<span class="nowrap"> </span>... To this Clement there succeeded <a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Eviristus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander</a> followed Evaristus; then, sixth from the apostles, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus</a> was appointed; after him, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telephorus</a>, who was gloriously martyred; then <a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a>; after him, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius</a>; then after him, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a> having succeeded Anicetus, Eleutherius does now, in the twelfth place from the apostles, hold the inheritance of the episcopate.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Irenaeus of Lyons, Against Heresies III, Chapter 3.2</cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a> (died c. 108/140 AD) wrote in his "<i>Epistle to the Romans"</i> that the church in Rome is "the church that presides over love".<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...the Church which is beloved and enlightened by the will of Him that wills all things which are according to the love of Jesus Christ our God, which also presides in the place of the region of the Romans, worthy of God, worthy of honour, worthy of the highest happiness, worthy of praise, worthy of obtaining her every desire, worthy of being deemed holy, and which presides over love, is named from Christ, and from the Father, which I also salute in the name of Jesus Christ, the Son of the Father: to those who are united, both according to the flesh and spirit, to every one of His commandments;</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Ignatius of Antioch, Epistle to Romans</cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> (354 – 430 AD), in his Letter 53, wrote a list of 38 popes from Saint Peter to Siricius. The order of this list differs from the lists of Irenaeus and the <a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a>. Augustine's list claims that Linus was succeeded by Clement and Clement was succeeded by Anacletus as in the list of <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>, while the other two lists switch the positions of Clement and Anacletus.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For if the lineal succession of bishops is to be taken into account, with how much more certainty and benefit to the Church do we reckon back till we reach Peter himself, to whom, as bearing in a figure the whole Church, the Lord said: Upon this rock will I build my Church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it! Matthew 16:18. The successor of Peter was Linus, and his successors in unbroken continuity were these:— Clement, Anacletus, Evaristus...</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Augustine of Hippo, Letter 53, Paragraph 2</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_early_Christian_mentions">Other early Christian mentions</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> (<abbr>c.</abbr> 260/265 – 339) mentions <a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a> as Saint Peter's successor and <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement</a> as the third bishop of Rome in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Church History</a>.</i> As recorded by Eusebius, Clement worked with <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Saint Paul</a> as his "co-laborer".<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As to the rest of his followers, Paul testifies that <a href="/wiki/Crescens" title="Crescens">Crescens</a> was sent to Gaul; but Linus, whom he mentions in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">Second Epistle to Timothy</a> as his companion at Rome, was Peter’s successor in the episcopate of the church there, as has already been shown. Clement also, who was appointed third bishop of the church at Rome, was, as Paul testifies, his co-laborer and fellow-soldier.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Eusebius of Caesarea, Church History, Book III, Chapter 4:9-10</cite></div></blockquote><p><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> (<abbr>c.</abbr> 155 – <abbr>c.</abbr> 220 AD) wrote in his work "<i>The Prescription Against Heretics</i>" about the authority of the church in Rome. In this work, Tertullian said that the Church in Rome has the authority of the Apostles because of its apostolic foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Since, moreover, you are close upon Italy, you have Rome, from which there comes even into our own hands the very authority (of apostles themselves). How happy is its church, on which apostles poured forth all their doctrine along with their blood! Where Peter endures a passion like his Lord's! Where Paul wins his crown in a death like John's where the Apostle John was first plunged, unhurt, into boiling oil, and thence remitted to his island-exile!</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Tertullian, The Prescription Against Heretics, Chapter 32</cite></div></blockquote> <p>According to the same book, <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a> was ordained by Saint Peter as the bishop of Rome. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For this is the manner in which the apostolic churches transmit their registers: as the church of Smyrna, which records that Polycarp was placed therein by John; as also the church of Rome, which makes Clement to have been ordained in like manner by Peter.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Tertullian, Prescription against Heretics, Chapter 32</cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Optatus" title="Optatus">Optatus</a> the bishop of <a href="/wiki/Mila_(city)" title="Mila (city)">Milevis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Numidia_(Roman_province)" title="Numidia (Roman province)">Numidia</a> (today's Algeria) and a contemporary of the <a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatist schism</a>, presents a detailed analysis of the origins, beliefs, and practices of the Donatists, as well as the events and debates surrounding the schism, in his book <i>The Schism of the Donatists</i> (367 A.D)<i>.</i> In the book, Optatus wrote about the position of the bishop of Rome in maintaining the unity of the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>You cannot deny that you are aware that in the city of Rome the episcopal chair was given first to Peter; the chair in which Peter sat, the same who was head—that is why he is also called Cephas [‘Rock’]—of all the apostles; the one chair in which unity is maintained by all.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Optatus, The Schism of the Donatists, 2:2</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Saint_Peter_and_the_origin_of_the_papal_office">Saint Peter and the origin of the papal office</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Simon_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Primacy of Simon Peter">Primacy of Simon Peter</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> teaches that, within the Christian community, the bishops as a body have succeeded to the body of the apostles (<i><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">apostolic succession</a></i>) and the bishop of Rome has succeeded to Saint Peter.<sup id="cite_ref-section880_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-section880-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scriptural texts proposed in support of Peter's special position in relation to the church include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_16" title="Matthew 16">Matthew 16</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I tell you, you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it. I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_22" title="Luke 22">Luke 22</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Simon, Simon, behold, Satan demanded to have you, that he might sift you like wheat, but I have prayed for you that your faith may not fail. And when you have turned again, strengthen your brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_21" title="John 21">John 21</a>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Feed my sheep.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote></li></ul> <p>The symbolic keys in the <a href="/wiki/Papal_coats_of_arms" title="Papal coats of arms">Papal coats of arms</a> are a reference to the phrase "<a href="/wiki/The_keys_of_the_kingdom_of_heaven" class="mw-redirect" title="The keys of the kingdom of heaven">the keys of the kingdom of heaven</a>" in the first of these texts. Some Protestant writers have maintained that the "rock" that Jesus speaks of in this text is Jesus himself or the faith expressed by Peter.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This idea is undermined by the Biblical usage of "Cephas", which is the masculine form of "rock" in <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a>, to describe Peter.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> comments that "the consensus of the great majority of scholars today is that the most obvious and traditional understanding should be construed, namely, that rock refers to the person of Peter".<sup id="cite_ref-britannicapeter_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannicapeter-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_Eliakim">New Eliakim</h2></div> <p>According to the Catholic Church, the pope is also the new <a href="/wiki/Eliakim,_son_of_Hilkiah" title="Eliakim, son of Hilkiah">Eliakim</a>, a figure in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> of the Bible who directed the affairs of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_court" title="Royal court">royal court</a>, managed the palace staff, and handled state affairs. <a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a> also describes him as having the key to the house of David, which symbolizes his authority and power.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo,_lunetta,_Zerubbabel_-_Abiud_-_Eliakim_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A painting of Eliakim in Sistine Chapel, Vatican City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Michelangelo%2C_lunetta%2C_Zerubbabel_-_Abiud_-_Eliakim_01.jpg/242px-Michelangelo%2C_lunetta%2C_Zerubbabel_-_Abiud_-_Eliakim_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="242" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Michelangelo%2C_lunetta%2C_Zerubbabel_-_Abiud_-_Eliakim_01.jpg/363px-Michelangelo%2C_lunetta%2C_Zerubbabel_-_Abiud_-_Eliakim_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Michelangelo%2C_lunetta%2C_Zerubbabel_-_Abiud_-_Eliakim_01.jpg/484px-Michelangelo%2C_lunetta%2C_Zerubbabel_-_Abiud_-_Eliakim_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption>A fresco of Eliakim in <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a>, Vatican City</figcaption></figure> <p>Both Matthew 16:18–19 and Isaiah 22:22 show similarities between Eliakim and Peter getting keys which symbolize power. Eliakim gets the power to close and open, while Peter gets the power to bind and loose. According to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah</a>, Eliakim receives the keys and power to close and open. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I will place the key of the House of David on his shoulder; what he opens, no one will shut, what he shuts, no one will open.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Isaiah, 22:22</cite></div></blockquote> <p>According to the book of Matthew, Peter also gets keys and power to bind and loose. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Matthew, 16:19</cite></div></blockquote> <p>In the Books of Isaiah 22:3 and Matthew 16:18, both Eliakim and Peter are compared to an object. Eliakim to a peg (a structure that is driven into a wall or other structure to provide support and stability) while Peter to a rock. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And I will fasten him like a peg in a secure place, and he will become a throne of honor to his father's house.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Isaiah, 22:23</cite></div></blockquote> <p>In Matthew 16:18 Peter was compared to a rock. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And I tell you, you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it <sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Matthew, 16:18</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election,_death_and_resignation"><span id="Election.2C_death_and_resignation"></span>Election, death and resignation</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election">Election</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">Papal conclave</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Handing_the_Keys_to_St._Peter_by_Pietro_Perugino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Christ_Handing_the_Keys_to_St._Peter_by_Pietro_Perugino.jpg/220px-Christ_Handing_the_Keys_to_St._Peter_by_Pietro_Perugino.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Christ_Handing_the_Keys_to_St._Peter_by_Pietro_Perugino.jpg/330px-Christ_Handing_the_Keys_to_St._Peter_by_Pietro_Perugino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Christ_Handing_the_Keys_to_St._Peter_by_Pietro_Perugino.jpg/440px-Christ_Handing_the_Keys_to_St._Peter_by_Pietro_Perugino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Delivery_of_the_Keys_(Perugino)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delivery of the Keys (Perugino)">Delivery of the Keys</a></i> painted by <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Perugino" title="Pietro Perugino">Pietro Perugino</a> (1492)</figcaption></figure> <p>The pope was originally chosen by those senior clergymen resident in and near Rome. In 1059, the electorate was restricted to the cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, and the individual votes of all cardinal electors were made equal in 1179. The electors are now limited to those who have not reached 80 on the day before the death or resignation of a pope.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Paul_II1996Introduction_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Paul_II1996Introduction-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pope does not need to be a cardinal elector or indeed a cardinal; since the pope is the bishop of Rome, only those who can be ordained a bishop can be elected, which means that any male baptized Catholic is eligible. The last to be elected when not yet a bishop was <a href="/wiki/Gregory_XVI" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory XVI">Gregory XVI</a> in 1831, the last to be elected when not even a priest was <a href="/wiki/Leo_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo X">Leo X</a> in 1513, and the last to be elected when not a cardinal was <a href="/wiki/Urban_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban VI">Urban VI</a> in 1378.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If someone who is not a bishop is elected, he must be given episcopal ordination before the election is announced to the people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Paul_II199688–89_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Paul_II199688–89-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a> was convened on 7 May 1274, to regulate the election of the pope. This Council decreed that the cardinal electors must meet within ten days of the pope's death, and that they must remain in seclusion until a pope has been elected; this was prompted by the three-year <i><a href="/wiki/Sede_vacante" title="Sede vacante">sede vacante</a></i> following the death of <a href="/wiki/Clement_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement IV">Clement IV</a> in 1268. By the mid-16th century, the electoral process had evolved into its present form, allowing for variation in the time between the death of the pope and the meeting of the cardinal electors.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, the vote was conducted by <a href="/wiki/Acclamation_(Papal_elections)" class="mw-redirect" title="Acclamation (Papal elections)">acclamation</a>, by selection (by committee), or by plenary vote. Acclamation was the simplest procedure, consisting entirely of a voice vote. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Konklave_Konzilsgebaude_Konstanz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Konklave_Konzilsgebaude_Konstanz.jpg/220px-Konklave_Konzilsgebaude_Konstanz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Konklave_Konzilsgebaude_Konstanz.jpg/330px-Konklave_Konzilsgebaude_Konstanz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Konklave_Konzilsgebaude_Konstanz.jpg/440px-Konklave_Konzilsgebaude_Konstanz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption>The conclave in <a href="/wiki/Konstanz" title="Konstanz">Konstanz</a> where <a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_V" title="Pope Martin V">Pope Martin V</a> was elected</figcaption></figure> <p>Since 1878, the election of the pope has taken place in the <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a>, in a sequestered meeting called a "<a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">conclave</a>" (so called because the cardinal electors are theoretically locked in, <i>cum clave</i>, i.e., with key, until they elect a new pope). Three cardinals are chosen by lot to collect the votes of absent cardinal electors (by reason of illness), three are chosen by lot to count the votes, and three are chosen by lot to review the count of the votes. The ballots are distributed and each cardinal elector writes the name of his choice on it and pledges aloud that he is voting for "one whom under God I think ought to be elected" before folding and depositing his vote on a plate atop a large chalice placed on the altar. For the <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave,_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal conclave, 2005">Papal conclave, 2005</a>, a special urn was used for this purpose instead of a chalice and plate. The plate is then used to drop the ballot into the chalice, making it difficult for electors to insert multiple ballots. Before being read, the ballots are counted while still folded; if the number of ballots does not match the number of electors, the ballots are burned unopened and a new vote is held. Otherwise, each ballot is read aloud by the presiding Cardinal, who pierces the ballot with a needle and thread, stringing all the ballots together and tying the ends of the thread to ensure accuracy and honesty. Balloting continues until someone is elected by a two-thirds majority. (With the promulgation of <i><a href="/wiki/Universi_Dominici_Gregis" class="mw-redirect" title="Universi Dominici Gregis">Universi Dominici Gregis</a></i> in 1996, a simple majority after a deadlock of twelve days was allowed, but this was revoked by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> by <i><a href="/wiki/Motu_proprio" title="Motu proprio">motu proprio</a></i> in 2007.) </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Habemus_Papam_1415.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Habemus_Papam_1415.jpg/220px-Habemus_Papam_1415.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Habemus_Papam_1415.jpg/330px-Habemus_Papam_1415.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Habemus_Papam_1415.jpg/440px-Habemus_Papam_1415.jpg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>The formal declaration of "<a href="/wiki/Habemus_Papam" class="mw-redirect" title="Habemus Papam">Habemus Papam</a>" after the election of Pope Martin V</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the most prominent aspects of the papal election process is the means by which the results of a ballot are announced to the world. Once the ballots are counted and bound together, they are burned in a special stove erected in the Sistine Chapel, with the smoke escaping through a small chimney visible from <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter's Square">Saint Peter's Square</a>. The ballots from an unsuccessful vote are burned along with a chemical compound to create black smoke, or <i><a href="/wiki/Fumata_nera" class="mw-redirect" title="Fumata nera">fumata nera</a></i>. (Traditionally, wet straw was used to produce the black smoke, but this was not completely reliable. The chemical compound is more reliable than the straw.) When a vote is successful, the ballots are burned alone, sending white smoke (<i><a href="/wiki/Fumata_bianca" class="mw-redirect" title="Fumata bianca">fumata bianca</a></i>) through the chimney and announcing to the world the election of a new pope.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting with the Papal conclave, 2005,<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Church_bell" title="Church bell">church bells</a> are also rung as a signal that a new pope has been chosen.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_College_of_Cardinals" title="Dean of the College of Cardinals">dean of the College of Cardinals</a> then asks two solemn questions of the man who has been elected. First he asks, "Do you freely accept your election as supreme pontiff?" If he replies with the word <i>"Accepto"</i>, his reign begins at that instant. In practice, any cardinal who intends not to accept will explicitly state this <i>before</i> he receives a sufficient number of votes to become pope.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dean asks next, "By what name shall you be called?" The new pope announces the <a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">regnal name</a> he has chosen. If the dean himself is elected pope, the vice dean performs this task.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new pope is led to the <a href="/wiki/Room_of_Tears" title="Room of Tears">Room of Tears</a>, a dressing room where three sets of white papal vestments (<i>immantatio</i>) await in three sizes.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Donning the appropriate vestments and reemerging into the Sistine Chapel, the new pope is given the "<a href="/wiki/Fisherman%27s_Ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisherman's Ring">Fisherman's Ring</a>" by the <a href="/wiki/Camerlengo_of_the_Holy_Roman_Church" title="Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church">camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pope assumes a place of honour as the rest of the cardinals wait in turn to offer their first "obedience" (<i>adoratio</i>) and to receive his blessing.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_protodeacon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal protodeacon">cardinal protodeacon</a> announces from a balcony over <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Square" title="St. Peter's Square">St. Peter's Square</a> the following proclamation: <i>Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum! <a href="/wiki/Habemus_Papam" class="mw-redirect" title="Habemus Papam">Habemus Papam</a>!</i> ("I announce to you a great joy! We have a pope!"). He announces the new pope's <a href="/wiki/Christian_name" title="Christian name">Christian name</a> along with his newly chosen regnal name.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until 1978, the pope's election was followed in a few days by the <a href="/wiki/Papal_coronation" title="Papal coronation">papal coronation</a>, which started with a procession with great pomp and circumstance from the Sistine Chapel to <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>, with the newly elected pope borne in the <i><a href="/wiki/Sedia_gestatoria" title="Sedia gestatoria">sedia gestatoria</a></i>. After a solemn <a href="/wiki/Papal_Mass" title="Papal Mass">Papal Mass</a>, the new pope was crowned with the <i><a href="/wiki/Papal_tiara" title="Papal tiara">triregnum</a></i> (papal tiara) and he gave for the first time as pope the famous blessing <i><a href="/wiki/Urbi_et_Orbi" title="Urbi et Orbi">Urbi et Orbi</a></i> ("to the City [Rome] and to the World"). Another renowned part of the coronation was the lighting of a bundle of <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a> at the top of a gilded pole, which would flare brightly for a moment and then promptly extinguish, as he said, <i><a href="/wiki/Sic_transit_gloria_mundi" title="Sic transit gloria mundi">Sic transit gloria mundi</a></i> ("Thus passes worldly glory"). A similar warning against papal <a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">hubris</a> made on this occasion was the traditional exclamation, <i>"Annos Petri non-videbis"</i>, reminding the newly crowned pope that he would not live to see his rule lasting as long as that of St. Peter. According to tradition, he headed the church for 35 years and has thus far been the longest-reigning pope in the history of the Catholic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> term, <i>sede vacante</i> ("while the see is vacant"),<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> refers to a papal <a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">interregnum</a>, the period between the death or resignation of a pope and the election of his successor. From this term is derived the term <a href="/wiki/Sedevacantism" title="Sedevacantism">sedevacantism</a>, which designates a category of dissident Catholics who maintain that there is no canonically and legitimately elected pope, and that there is therefore a <i>sede vacante</i>. For centuries, starting from 1378 onwards, those elected to the papacy were predominantly Italians. Prior to the election of the Polish-born John Paul II in 1978, the last non-Italian was <a href="/wiki/Adrian_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrian VI">Adrian VI</a> of the Netherlands, elected in 1522. John Paul II was followed by election of the German-born <a href="/wiki/Benedict_XVI" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a>, who was in turn followed by Argentine-born <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a>, the first non-European after 1272 years and the first Latin American (albeit of Italian ancestry).<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_John_Paul_II_funeral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Pope_John_Paul_II_funeral.jpg/220px-Pope_John_Paul_II_funeral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Pope_John_Paul_II_funeral.jpg/330px-Pope_John_Paul_II_funeral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Pope_John_Paul_II_funeral.jpg/440px-Pope_John_Paul_II_funeral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1654" /></a><figcaption>Funeral of <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> at the Vatican in April 2005, presided over by Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, the future Pope Benedict XVI</figcaption></figure> <p>The current regulations regarding a papal interregnum—that is, a <i>sede vacante</i> ("vacant seat")—were promulgated by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> in his 1996 document <i>Universi Dominici Gregis</i>. During the <i>sede vacante</i> period, the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a> is collectively responsible for the government of the Church and of the Vatican itself, under the direction of the Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church. Canon law specifically forbids the cardinals from introducing any innovation in the government of the Church during the vacancy of the Holy See. Any decision that requires the assent of the pope has to wait until the new pope has been elected and accepts office.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent centuries, when a pope was judged to have died, it was reportedly traditional for the cardinal camerlengo to confirm the death ceremonially by gently tapping the pope's head thrice with a silver hammer, calling his birth name each time.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was not done on the deaths of popes <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_I" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul I">John Paul I</a><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and John Paul II.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cardinal camerlengo retrieves the <a href="/wiki/Ring_of_the_Fisherman" title="Ring of the Fisherman">Ring of the Fisherman</a> and cuts it in two in the presence of the cardinals. The pope's seals are defaced, to keep them from ever being used again, and his <a href="/wiki/Papal_Apartments" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Apartments">personal apartment</a> is sealed.<sup id="cite_ref-Global_Catholic_Network_{{!}}_EWTN_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global_Catholic_Network_{{!}}_EWTN-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The body <a href="/wiki/Lies_in_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Lies in state">lies in state</a> for several days before being interred in the <a href="/wiki/Crypt" title="Crypt">crypt</a> of a leading church or cathedral; all popes who have died in the 20th and 21st centuries have been interred in St. Peter's Basilica. A nine-day period of <a href="/wiki/Mourning" title="Mourning">mourning</a> (<i>novendialis</i>) follows the interment.<sup id="cite_ref-Global_Catholic_Network_{{!}}_EWTN_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global_Catholic_Network_{{!}}_EWTN-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resignation">Resignation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Papal_resignation" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal resignation">Papal resignation</a></div> <p>It is highly unusual for a pope to resign.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> states, "If it happens that the Roman Pontiff resigns his office, it is required for validity that the resignation is made freely and properly manifested but not that it is accepted by anyone." <a href="/wiki/Benedict_XVI" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a>, who vacated the Holy See on 28 February 2013, was the most recent to do so, and the first since <a href="/wiki/Gregory_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory XII">Gregory XII</a>'s resignation in 1415.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Titles">Titles</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-weight: normal; background-color: #F7D79C;"><span style="font-size:80%">Styles of</span><br /><b><span class="fn">The Pope</span></b></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/60px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/90px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/120px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">Reference style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/His_Holiness" class="mw-redirect" title="His Holiness">His Holiness</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spoken style</th><td class="infobox-data">Your Holiness</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religious style</th><td class="infobox-data">Holy Father</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Posthumous style</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>See <a href="/wiki/Canonization#Since_1983" title="Canonization">here</a></i></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regnal_name">Regnal name</h3></div> <p>Popes adopt a new name on their accession, known as <a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">papal name</a>, in Italian and Latin. Currently, after a new pope is elected and accepts the election, he is asked, "By what name shall you be called?" The new pope chooses the name by which he will be known from that point on. The senior cardinal deacon, or cardinal protodeacon, then appears on the balcony of Saint Peter's to proclaim the new pope by his birth name, and announce his papal name in Latin. It's customary when referring to popes to translate the regnal name into all local languages. For example, the current pope bears the papal name Papa Franciscus in Latin and Papa Francesco in Italian, but Papa Francisco in his native Spanish, Pope Francis in English, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_list_of_titles">Official list of titles</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Papal_titles" title="Papal titles">Papal titles</a></div> <p>The official list of titles of the pope, in the order in which they are given in the <i><a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></i>, is: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vicar_of_Christ" title="Vicar of Christ">Vicar of Jesus Christ</a>, Successor of the Prince of the Apostles, <a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Supreme Pontiff</a> of the Universal Church, <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_the_West" title="Patriarch of the West">Patriarch of the West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a> of Italy, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Archbishop and Metropolitan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_in_Italy#Ecclesiastical_Province_of_Rome" title="List of Catholic dioceses in Italy">Roman Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereigns_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereigns of Vatican City State">Sovereign</a> of the Vatican City State, <a href="/wiki/Servant_of_the_servants_of_God" title="Servant of the servants of God">Servant of the servants of God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The best-known title, that of "pope", does not appear in the official list, but is commonly used in the titles of documents, and appears, in abbreviated form, in their signatures. Thus <a href="/wiki/Paul_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul VI">Paul VI</a> signed as "Paulus PP. VI", the "PP." standing for "<i>papa pontifex</i>" ("pope and pontiff").<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The title "pope" was from the early 3rd century an honorific designation used for <i>any</i> bishop in the West.<sup id="cite_ref-ODCC:Pope_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODCC:Pope-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the East, it was used only for the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Alexandria">bishop of Alexandria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODCC:Pope_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODCC:Pope-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a> (d. 304) is the first bishop of Rome shown in sources to have had the title "pope" used of him. From the 6th century, the imperial chancery of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> normally reserved this designation for the bishop of Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-ODCC:Pope_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODCC:Pope-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the early 6th century, it began to be confined in the West to the bishop of Rome, a practice that was firmly in place by the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-ODCC:Pope_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODCC:Pope-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a>, where the title "pope" is used also of the bishop of Alexandria, the bishop of Rome is often referred to as the "pope of Rome", regardless of whether the speaker or writer is in communion with Rome or not.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vicar_of_Jesus_Christ">Vicar of Jesus Christ</h3></div> <p>"Vicar of Jesus Christ" (<i>Vicarius Iesu Christi</i>) is one of the official titles of the pope given in the <i>Annuario Pontificio</i>. It is commonly used in the slightly abbreviated form "vicar of Christ" (<i>vicarius Christi</i>). While it is only one of the terms with which the pope is referred to as "vicar", it is "more expressive of his supreme headship of the Church on Earth, which he bears in virtue of the commission of Christ and with vicarial power derived from him", a vicarial power believed to have been conferred on Saint Peter when Christ said to him: "Feed my lambs...Feed my sheep".<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-New_Advent_–_Vicar_of_Christ_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Advent_–_Vicar_of_Christ-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first record of the application of this title to a bishop of Rome appears in a synod of 495 with reference to <a href="/wiki/Gelasius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Macbrien_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macbrien-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But at that time, and down to the 9th century, other bishops too referred to themselves as vicars of Christ, and for another four centuries this description was sometimes used of kings and even judges,<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it had been used in the 5th and 6th centuries to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperor">Byzantine emperor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-New_Commentary_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Commentary-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earlier still, in the 3rd century, <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> used "vicar of Christ" to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sent by Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its use specifically for the pope appears in the 13th century in connection with the reforms of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-New_Commentary_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Commentary-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as can be observed already in his 1199 letter to <a href="/wiki/Leo_I,_King_of_Armenia" title="Leo I, King of Armenia">Leo I, King of Armenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other historians suggest that this title was already used in this way in association with the pontificate of <a href="/wiki/Eugene_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene III">Eugene III</a> (1145–1153).<sup id="cite_ref-Macbrien_152-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macbrien-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This title "vicar of Christ" is thus not used of the pope alone and has been used of all bishops since the early centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Second Vatican Council referred to all bishops as "vicars and ambassadors of Christ",<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this description of the bishops was repeated by John Paul II in his encyclical <i>Ut unum sint,</i> 95. The difference is that the other bishops are vicars of Christ for their own local churches, the pope is vicar of Christ for the whole Church.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On at least one occasion the title "vicar of God" (a reference to Christ as God) was used of the pope.<sup id="cite_ref-New_Advent_–_Vicar_of_Christ_151-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Advent_–_Vicar_of_Christ-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The title "vicar of Peter" (<i>vicarius Petri</i>) is used only of the pope, not of other bishops. Variations of it include: "Vicar of the Prince of the Apostles" (<i>Vicarius Principis Apostolorum</i>) and "Vicar of the Apostolic See" (<i>Vicarius Sedis Apostolicae</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-New_Advent_–_Vicar_of_Christ_151-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Advent_–_Vicar_of_Christ-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a> described <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Pope Gregory II</a> as vicar of Peter in the oath of fealty that he took in 722.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In today's <a href="/wiki/Roman_Missal" title="Roman Missal">Roman Missal</a>, the description "vicar of Peter" is found also in the <a href="/wiki/Collect" title="Collect">collect</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a> for a saint who was a pope.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supreme_pontiff">Supreme pontiff</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benedictus_XVI_Pont_Max_Pontif_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Benedictus_XVI_Pont_Max_Pontif_I.jpg/220px-Benedictus_XVI_Pont_Max_Pontif_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Benedictus_XVI_Pont_Max_Pontif_I.jpg/330px-Benedictus_XVI_Pont_Max_Pontif_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Benedictus_XVI_Pont_Max_Pontif_I.jpg/440px-Benedictus_XVI_Pont_Max_Pontif_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Entrance to <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>, with inscription "Benedictus XVI Pont(ifex) Max(imus) Anno Domini MMV Pont(ificatus) I.", i.e., "<a href="/wiki/Benedict_XVI" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a>, Pontifex Maximus, in the year of Our Lord 2005, the first year of his pontificate."</figcaption></figure> <p>The term "<a href="/wiki/Pontiff" title="Pontiff">pontiff</a>" is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">pontifex</i>, which literally means "bridge builder" (<i>pons</i> + <i>facere</i>) and which designated a member of the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Pontiffs" title="College of Pontiffs">principal college of priests</a> in pagan Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Latin word was translated into ancient Greek variously: as <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">ἱεροδιδάσκαλος</span>, Ancient Greek: <span lang="grc">ἱερονόμος</span>, Ancient Greek: <span lang="grc">ἱεροφύλαξ</span>, Ancient Greek: <span lang="grc">ἱεροφάντης</span> (<a href="/wiki/Hierophant" title="Hierophant">hierophant</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-smithpontifex_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithpontifex-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Ancient Greek: <span lang="grc">ἀρχιερεύς</span> (<a href="/wiki/Archiereus" class="mw-redirect" title="Archiereus">archiereus</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_priest" title="High priest">high priest</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-L&S_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L&S-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The head of the college was known as the Latin: <i lang="la">Pontifex Maximus</i> (the greatest pontiff).<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Christian use, <i>pontifex</i> appears in the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> translation of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> to indicate the <a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel" title="High Priest of Israel">High Priest of Israel</a> (in the original <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>, <span title="Koinē Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀρχιερεύς</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term came to be applied to any Christian bishop,<sup id="cite_ref-New_Advent_–_Pope_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Advent_–_Pope-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but since the 11th century commonly refers specifically to the bishop of Rome,<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who is more strictly called the "Roman Pontiff". The use of the term to refer to bishops in general is reflected in the terms "<a href="/wiki/Roman_Pontifical" title="Roman Pontifical">Roman Pontifical</a>" (a book containing rites reserved for bishops, such as <a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">confirmation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordination</a>), and "pontificals" (the insignia of bishops).<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Annuario Pontificio</i> lists as one of the official titles of the pope that of "Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church" (Latin: <i lang="la">Summus Pontifex Ecclesiae Universalis</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also commonly called the supreme pontiff or the sovereign pontiff (Latin: <i lang="la">summus pontifex</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Pontifex Maximus</i>, similar in meaning to <i>Summus Pontifex</i>, is a title commonly found in inscriptions on papal buildings, paintings, statues and coins, usually abbreviated as "Pont. Max" or "P.M." The office of Pontifex Maximus, or head of the College of Pontiffs, was held by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> and thereafter, by the Roman emperors, until <a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a> (375–383) relinquished it.<sup id="cite_ref-smithpontifex_166-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithpontifex-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tertullian, when he had become a <a href="/wiki/Montanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Montanist">Montanist</a>, used the title derisively of either the pope or the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Carthage" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Carthage">bishop of Carthage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODCC:PM_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODCC:PM-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The popes began to use this title regularly only in the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-ODCC:PM_178-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODCC:PM-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Servant_of_the_servants_of_God">Servant of the servants of God</h3></div> <p>Although the description "servant of the servants of God" (Latin: <i lang="la">servus servorum Dei</i>) was also used by other Church leaders, including <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a>, it was first used extensively as a papal title by <a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory the Great">Gregory the Great</a>, reportedly as a lesson in humility for the patriarch of Constantinople, <a href="/wiki/John_the_Faster" class="mw-redirect" title="John the Faster">John the Faster</a>, who had assumed the title "<a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">ecumenical patriarch</a>". It became reserved for the pope in the 12th century and is used in <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bulls</a> and similar important papal documents.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patriarch_of_the_West">Patriarch of the West</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_the_West" title="Patriarch of the West">Patriarch of the West</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">Pentarchy</a></div> <p>From 1863 to 2005, and again in 2024, the <i>Annuario Pontificio</i> also included the title "<a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_the_West" title="Patriarch of the West">patriarch of the West</a>". This title was first used by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodore_I" title="Pope Theodore I">Pope Theodore I</a> in 642, and was only used occasionally. Indeed, it did not begin to appear in the pontifical yearbook until 1863. On 22 March 2006, the Vatican released a statement explaining this omission on the grounds of expressing a "historical and theological reality" and of "being useful to ecumenical dialogue". The title patriarch of the West symbolized the pope's special relationship with, and jurisdiction over, the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>—and the omission of the title neither symbolizes in any way a change in this relationship, nor distorts the relationship between the Holy See and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Churches">Eastern Churches</a>, as solemnly proclaimed by the Second Vatican Council.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Patriarch of the West" was reintroduced to the pope's list of titles in the 2024 edition of the Annuario Pontifico. The Vatican has not made any statements explaining why the title has been brought back into use.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_titles">Other titles</h3></div> <p>Other titles commonly used are "<a href="/wiki/His_Holiness" class="mw-redirect" title="His Holiness">His Holiness</a>" (either used alone or as an honorific prefix as in "His Holiness Pope Francis"; and as "Your Holiness" as a form of address), "Holy Father". In Spanish and Italian, "<i>Beatísimo/Beatissimo Padre</i>" (Most Blessed Father) is often used in preference to "<i>Santísimo/Santissimo Padre</i>" (Most Holy Father). In the medieval period, "<i><a href="/wiki/Dominus_Apostolicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominus Apostolicus">Dominus Apostolicus</a></i>" ("the Apostolic Lord") was also used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signature">Signature</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FirmaPapaFrancisco.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The signature of Pope Francis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/FirmaPapaFrancisco.svg/200px-FirmaPapaFrancisco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/FirmaPapaFrancisco.svg/300px-FirmaPapaFrancisco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/FirmaPapaFrancisco.svg/400px-FirmaPapaFrancisco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="180" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The signature of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_Benedict_XVI_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The signature of Pope Benedict XVI" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pope_Benedict_XVI_Signature.svg/200px-Pope_Benedict_XVI_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pope_Benedict_XVI_Signature.svg/300px-Pope_Benedict_XVI_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pope_Benedict_XVI_Signature.svg/400px-Pope_Benedict_XVI_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="99" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The signature of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> during his pontificate</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Pope Francis signs some documents with his name alone, either in Latin ("Franciscus", as in an <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclical</a> dated 29 June 2013)<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or in another language.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other documents he signs in accordance with the tradition of using Latin only and including the abbreviated form "PP.", for the Latin <i>Papa</i> ("Pope").<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popes who have an ordinal numeral in their name traditionally place the abbreviation "PP." before the ordinal numeral, as in "Benedictus PP. XVI" (Pope Benedict XVI), except in papal bulls of canonization and decrees of ecumenical councils, which a pope signs with the formula, "Ego N. Episcopus Ecclesiae catholicae", without the numeral, as in "Ego Benedictus Episcopus Ecclesiae catholicae" (I, Benedict, Bishop of the Catholic Church). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regalia_and_insignia">Regalia and insignia</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Papal_regalia_and_insignia" title="Papal regalia and insignia">Papal regalia and insignia</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_the_Fisherman" title="Ring of the Fisherman">Ring of the Fisherman</a>, a gold or gilt ring decorated with a depiction of St. Peter in a boat casting his net, with the pope's name around it.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Umbraculum" title="Umbraculum">Umbraculum</a></i> (better known in the Italian form <i>ombrellino</i>) is a canopy or umbrella consisting of alternating red and gold stripes, which used to be carried above the pope in processions.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sedia_gestatoria" title="Sedia gestatoria">Sedia gestatoria</a></i>, a mobile throne carried by twelve <a href="/wiki/Footmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Footmen">footmen</a> (<i>palafrenieri</i>) in red uniforms, accompanied by two attendants bearing <i><a href="/wiki/Flabella" class="mw-redirect" title="Flabella">flabella</a></i> (fans made of white ostrich feathers), and sometimes a large <a href="/wiki/Baldachin" title="Baldachin">canopy</a>, carried by eight attendants. The use of the <i>flabella</i> was discontinued by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul I</a>. The use of the <i>sedia gestatoria</i> was discontinued by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_Holy_See.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Coat_of_arms_Holy_See.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_Holy_See.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Coat_of_arms_Holy_See.svg/255px-Coat_of_arms_Holy_See.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Coat_of_arms_Holy_See.svg/340px-Coat_of_arms_Holy_See.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> of the Holy See. That of the State of Vatican City is the same except that the positions of the gold and silver keys are interchanged.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a>, each pope has his own personal coat of arms. Though unique for each pope, the arms have for several centuries been traditionally accompanied by two keys in <a href="/wiki/Saltire" title="Saltire">saltire</a> (i.e., crossed over one another so as to form an <i>X</i>) behind the <a href="/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)" title="Escutcheon (heraldry)">escutcheon</a> (shield) (one silver key and one gold key, tied with a red cord), and above them a silver <i>triregnum</i> with three gold crowns and red <i>infulae</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lappet" title="Lappet">lappets</a>—two strips of fabric hanging from the back of the triregnum which fall over the neck and shoulders when worn). This is <a href="/wiki/Blazon" title="Blazon">blazoned</a>: "two keys in saltire or and argent, interlacing in the rings or, beneath a tiara argent, crowned or". The 21st century has seen departures from this tradition. In 2005, Pope Benedict XVI, while maintaining the crossed keys behind the shield, omitted the papal tiara from his personal coat of arms, replacing it with a <a href="/wiki/Mitre" title="Mitre">mitre</a> with three horizontal lines. Beneath the shield he added the pallium, a papal symbol of authority more ancient than the tiara, the use of which is also granted to metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">archbishops</a> as a sign of communion with the See of Rome. Although the tiara was omitted in the pope's personal coat of arms, the coat of arms of the Holy See, which includes the tiara, remained unaltered. In 2013, Pope Francis maintained the mitre that replaced the tiara, but omitted the pallium. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Flag" title="Flag">flag</a> most frequently associated with the pope is the yellow and white <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Vatican_City" title="Flag of Vatican City">flag of Vatican City</a>, with the arms of the Holy See (blazoned: "Gules, two keys in saltire or and argent, interlacing in the rings or, beneath a tiara argent, crowned or") on the right-hand side (the "fly") in the white half of the flag (the left-hand side—the "hoist"—is yellow). The pope's escucheon does not appear on the flag. This flag was first adopted in 1808, whereas the previous flag had been red and gold. Although Pope Benedict XVI replaced the triregnum with a mitre on his personal coat of arms, it has been retained on the flag.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papal_garments">Papal garments</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a> (reigned 1566–1572), is often credited with having originated the custom whereby the pope wears white, by continuing after his election to wear the white <a href="/wiki/Religious_habit" title="Religious habit">habit</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominican order">Dominican order</a>. In reality, the basic papal attire was white long before. The earliest document that describes it as such is the <i>Ordo XIII</i>, a book of ceremonies compiled in about 1274. Later books of ceremonies describe the pope as wearing a red mantle, <a href="/wiki/Mozzetta" title="Mozzetta">mozzetta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camauro" title="Camauro">camauro</a> and shoes, and a white <a href="/wiki/Cassock" title="Cassock">cassock</a> and stockings.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many contemporary portraits of 15th and 16th-century predecessors of Pius V show them wearing a white cassock similar to his.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status_and_authority">Status and authority</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pope&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Vatican_Council">First Vatican Council</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Papal_supremacy" title="Papal supremacy">Papal supremacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_for_Papal_Infallibility_page_131_Christ_in_His_Church_by_Lucas_Caspar_Businger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Illustration_for_Papal_Infallibility_page_131_Christ_in_His_Church_by_Lucas_Caspar_Businger.jpg/220px-Illustration_for_Papal_Infallibility_page_131_Christ_in_His_Church_by_Lucas_Caspar_Businger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Illustration_for_Papal_Infallibility_page_131_Christ_in_His_Church_by_Lucas_Caspar_Businger.jpg/330px-Illustration_for_Papal_Infallibility_page_131_Christ_in_His_Church_by_Lucas_Caspar_Businger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Illustration_for_Papal_Infallibility_page_131_Christ_in_His_Church_by_Lucas_Caspar_Businger.jpg/440px-Illustration_for_Papal_Infallibility_page_131_Christ_in_His_Church_by_Lucas_Caspar_Businger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption>1881 illustration depicting papal infallibility</figcaption></figure><p>The status and authority of the pope in the Catholic Church was dogmatically defined by the First Vatican Council on 18 July 1870. In its Dogmatic Constitution of the Church of Christ, the council established the following canons:<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><blockquote><p>If anyone says that the blessed Apostle Peter was not established by the Lord Christ as the chief of all the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve apostles">apostles</a>, and the visible head of the whole <a href="/wiki/Church_militant_and_church_triumphant" class="mw-redirect" title="Church militant and church triumphant">militant Church</a>, or, that the same received great honour but did not receive from the same our Lord Jesus Christ directly and immediately the primacy in true and proper jurisdiction: let him be <a href="/wiki/Anathema" title="Anathema">anathema</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If anyone says that it is not from the institution of Christ the Lord Himself, or by divine right that the blessed Peter has perpetual successors in the primacy over the universal Church, or that the Roman Pontiff is not the successor of blessed Peter in the same primacy, let him be anathema.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If anyone thus speaks, that the Roman pontiff has only the office of inspection or direction, but not the full and supreme power of jurisdiction over the universal Church, not only in things which pertain to faith and morals, but also in those which pertain to the discipline and government of the Church spread over the whole world; or, that he possesses only the more important parts, but not the whole plenitude of this supreme power; or that this power of his is not ordinary and immediate, or over the churches altogether and individually, and over the pastors and the faithful altogether and individually: let him be anathema.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> We, adhering faithfully to the tradition received from the beginning of the Christian faith, to the glory of God, our Saviour, the elevation of the Catholic religion and the salvation of Christian peoples, with the approbation of the sacred Council, teach and explain that the dogma has been divinely revealed: that the Roman Pontiff, when he speaks ex cathedra, that is, when carrying out the duty of the pastor and teacher of all Christians by his supreme apostolic authority he defines a doctrine of faith or morals to be held by the universal Church, through the divine assistance promised him in blessed Peter, operates with that infallibility with which the divine Redeemer wished that His church be instructed in defining doctrine on faith and morals; and so such definitions of the Roman Pontiff from himself, but not from the consensus of the Church, are unalterable. But if anyone presumes to contradict this definition of Ours, which may God forbid: let him be anathema.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Vatican_Council">Second Vatican Council</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GestatorialChair1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ee/GestatorialChair1.jpg/220px-GestatorialChair1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ee/GestatorialChair1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a>, wearing the traditional 1877 <a href="/wiki/Papal_tiara" title="Papal tiara">Papal tiara</a>, is carried through St. Peter's Basilica on a <i><a href="/wiki/Sedia_gestatoria" title="Sedia gestatoria">sedia gestatoria</a></i> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1955</span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In its Dogmatic Constitution on the Church (1964), the Second Vatican Council declared: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Among the principal duties of bishops the <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">preaching of the Gospel</a> occupies an eminent place. For bishops are preachers of the faith, who lead new disciples to Christ, and they are authentic teachers, that is, teachers endowed with the authority of Christ, who preach to the people committed to them the faith they must believe and put into practice, and by the light of the Holy Spirit illustrate that faith. They bring forth from the treasury of Revelation new things and old, making it bear fruit and vigilantly warding off any errors that threaten their flock. Bishops, teaching in communion with the Roman Pontiff, are to be respected by all as witnesses to divine and Catholic truth. In matters of faith and morals, the bishops speak in the name of Christ and the faithful are to accept their teaching and adhere to it with a religious assent. This religious submission of mind and will must be shown in a special way to the authentic <a href="/wiki/Magisterium" title="Magisterium">magisterium</a> of the Roman Pontiff, even when he is not speaking ex cathedra; that is, it must be shown so that his supreme magisterium is acknowledged with reverence, the judgments made by him are sincerely adhered to, according to his manifest mind and will. His mind and will in the matter may be known either from the character of the documents, from his frequent repetition of the same doctrine, or from his manner of speaking. ... this infallibility with which the Divine Redeemer willed His Church to be endowed in defining doctrine of faith and morals, extends as far as the deposit of Revelation extends, which must be religiously guarded and faithfully expounded. And this is the infallibility which the Roman Pontiff, the head of the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Bishops" title="College of Bishops">College of Bishops</a>, enjoys in virtue of his office, when, as the supreme shepherd and teacher of all the faithful, who confirms his brethren in their faith, by a definitive act he proclaims a doctrine of faith or morals. And therefore his definitions, of themselves, and not from the consent of the Church, are justly styled irreformable, since they are pronounced with the assistance of the Holy Spirit, promised to him in blessed Peter, and therefore they need no approval of others, nor do they allow an appeal to any other judgment. For then the Roman Pontiff is not pronouncing judgment as a private person, but as the supreme teacher of the universal Church, in whom the <a href="/wiki/Charism" class="mw-redirect" title="Charism">charism</a> of infallibility of the Church itself is individually present, he is expounding or defending a doctrine of Catholic faith. The infallibility promised to the Church resides also in the body of Bishops, when that body exercises the supreme magisterium with the successor of Peter. To these definitions the assent of the Church can never be wanting, on account of the activity of that same Holy Spirit, by which the whole flock of Christ is preserved and progresses in unity of faith.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>On 11 October 2012, on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the opening of the Second Vatican Council 60 prominent theologians, (including <a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%BCng" title="Hans Küng">Hans Küng</a>), put out a Declaration, stating that the intention of Vatican II to balance authority in the Church has not been realized. "Many of the key insights of Vatican II have not at all, or only partially, been implemented... A principal source of present-day stagnation lies in misunderstanding and abuse affecting the exercise of authority in our Church."<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics_of_the_Holy_See">Politics of the Holy See</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City"><img alt="Vatican City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/105px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1137" data-file-height="1266" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Vatican_City" title="Category:Vatican City">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><big><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></big></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vatican City">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Rome" title="Duchy of Rome">Duchy of Rome</a> (554–751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Pepin" title="Donation of Pepin">Donation of Pepin</a> (750s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> (754–1870) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annates" title="Annates">Annates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_Borders" title="Congregation for Borders">Congregation for Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Statute_for_the_Secular_Government_of_the_States_of_the_Church" title="Fundamental Statute for the Secular Government of the States of the Church">Fundamental Statute for the Secular Government of the States of the Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a> (1870)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_in_the_Vatican" title="Prisoner in the Vatican">Prisoner in the Vatican</a>" (1870–1929) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Question">Roman Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Guarantees" title="Law of Guarantees">Law of Guarantees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> (1929–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Governorate of Vatican City State">Governorate of Vatican City State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Vatican_employee_sex_scandal" title="2010 Vatican employee sex scandal">2010 Vatican employee sex scandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church_since_1962" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Catholic Church since 1962">History of the Catholic Church since 1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Papacy">History of the Papacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Historical_Institutes" title="Roman Historical Institutes">Roman Historical Institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_during_the_Savoyard_Era_1870%E2%80%931929" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican during the Savoyard Era 1870–1929">Savoyard Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatileaks_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatileaks scandal">Vatileaks scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Historical_Museum" title="Vatican Historical Museum">Vatican Historical Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City during World War II</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Vatican_City" title="Law of Vatican City">Law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Law_of_Vatican_City_State" title="Fundamental Law of Vatican City State">Fundamental Law of Vatican City State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Vatican_City" title="Capital punishment in Vatican City">Capital punishment in Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Vatican_City" title="Crime in Vatican City">Crime in Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_the_Holy_See" title="Legal status of the Holy See">Legal status of the Holy See</a> <ul><li>(<i><a href="/wiki/Alperin_v._Vatican_Bank" title="Alperin v. Vatican Bank">Alperin v. Vatican Bank</a></i>)</li> <li>(<i><a href="/wiki/Doe_v._Holy_See" title="Doe v. Holy See">Doe v. Holy See</a></i>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_power_of_the_Holy_See" title="Temporal power of the Holy See">Temporal power of the Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribunal_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribunal of Vatican City State">Tribunal of Vatican City State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pastor_Bonus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastor Bonus">Apostolic Constitution <i>Pastor Bonus</i></a></span></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Vatican_City" title="LGBTQ rights in Vatican City">LGBTQ rights in Vatican City</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vatican_City" title="Politics of Vatican City">Politics and government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Apostolic_Archive" title="Vatican Apostolic Archive">Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Vatican_Lay_Workers" title="Association of Vatican Lay Workers">Association of Vatican Lay Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_for_Vatican_City_State" title="Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State">Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Pontifical_Commission_for_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State">President</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Pontifical_Commission_for_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State">President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bertello" title="Giuseppe Bertello">Giuseppe Bertello</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Commission">Pontifical Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat for Communications">Secretariat for Communications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i> (Vatican City newspaper)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_della_Domenica" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Osservatore della Domenica">L'Osservatore della Domenica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Vatican_City" title="List of newspapers in Vatican City">List of newspapers in Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio_lawsuit" title="Vatican Radio lawsuit">Vatican Radio lawsuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Information_Service" title="Vatican Information Service">Vatican Information Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.va" title=".va">.va (Vatican City internet sites)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Vatican Publishing House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_State_(Holy_See)" title="Secretariat of State (Holy See)">Secretariat of State</a> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Secretary</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parolin" title="Pietro Parolin">Pietro Parolin</a></div></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabric_of_Saint_Peter" title="Fabric of Saint Peter">Fabric of Saint Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Holy_See" title="Foreign relations of the Holy See">Foreign relations of the Holy See</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_apocrisiarius" title="Papal apocrisiarius">Papal apocrisiarius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Governorate of Vatican City State">Governorate of Vatican City State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Vatican_City" title="Governor of Vatican City">Governor of Vatican City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camerlengo_of_the_Holy_Roman_Church" title="Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church"><i>Camerlengo</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Chamberlain)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_College_of_Cardinals" title="Dean of the College of Cardinals">Dean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicar_General_for_the_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicar General for the Vatican City State">Vical General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Vatican_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Cassation (Vatican City)">Court of Cassation</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">President: <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Mamberti" title="Dominique Mamberti">Dominique Mamberti</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_(Vatican_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeals (Vatican City)">Court of Appeals</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">President: Pio Vito Pinto</div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribunale_of_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribunale of Vatican City">Tribunale</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">President: G. di Sanguinetto</div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_in_Vatican_City" title="Military in Vatican City">Military in Vatican City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Gendarmerie_of_Vatican_City" title="Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City">Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Firefighters_of_the_Vatican_City_State" title="Corps of Firefighters of the Vatican City State">Corps of Firefighters of the Vatican City State</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">Papacy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popemobile" title="Popemobile">Popemobile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Diocese of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universi_Dominici_Gregis" class="mw-redirect" title="Universi Dominici Gregis">Universi Dominici Gregis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">Papal conclave</a> (Papal elections) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Universi_Dominici_gregis" title="Universi Dominici gregis">Universi Dominici gregis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Recent conclaves <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_1978_papal_conclave" title="October 1978 papal conclave">1978 <span style="font-size:85%;">(Oct)</span></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2005_papal_conclave" title="2005 papal conclave">2005</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2013_papal_conclave" title="2013 papal conclave">2013</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_household" title="Papal household">Papal household</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_Gentleman" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Gentleman">Papal Gentleman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefecture_of_the_Pontifical_Household" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefecture of the Pontifical Household">Prefecture of the Pontifical Household</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Holy_See" title="Foreign relations of the Holy See">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Section_for_Relations_with_States_(Roman_Curia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Section for Relations with States (Roman Curia)">Section for Relations with States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">Concordats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateral_foreign_policy_of_the_Holy_See" title="Multilateral foreign policy of the Holy See">Multilateral foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_the_Holy_See" title="Legal status of the Holy See">Status in international law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_for_Relations_with_States_(Roman_Curia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Section for Relations with States (Roman Curia)">Section for Relations with States (Roman Curia)</a> <dl><dd>Secretary for Relations with States: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gallagher_(bishop)" title="Paul Gallagher (bishop)">Paul Gallagher</a></dd> <dd>Undersecretaries for Relations with States: <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Camilleri_(prelate)" title="Antoine Camilleri (prelate)">Antoine Camilleri</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Holy_See" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See">List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_the_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Holy_See" title="List of heads of the diplomatic missions of the Holy See">Nuncios</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_and_Holy_See_passports" title="Vatican City and Holy See passports">Vatican City and Holy See passports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Vatican_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Vatican citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Vatican_City" title="Visa policy of Vatican City">Visa policy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_and_the_United_Nations" title="Holy See and the United Nations">The Holy See and the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="Holy See–Italy relations">Holy See–Italy relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Holy See–United States relations">Holy See–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Holy See–Israel relations">Holy See–Israel relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy See–Palestine relations">Holy See–Palestine relations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Vatican_City" title="Economy of Vatican City">Economy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Works_of_Religion" title="Institute for the Works of Religion">Institute for the Works of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Vatican_City" title="Telephone numbers in Vatican City">Telephone numbers in Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Vatican_City" title="Tourism in Vatican City">Tourism in Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Vatican_City" title="Transport in Vatican City">Transport in Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Vatican City">Rail transport in Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_the_Economy_(Holy_See)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat for the Economy (Holy See)">Secretariat for the Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Information_Authority_(Vatican_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial Information Authority (Vatican City)">Financial Information Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_the_Patrimony_of_the_Apostolic_See" title="Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See">Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefecture_for_the_Economic_Affairs_of_the_Holy_See" title="Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See">Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_euro_coins" title="Vatican euro coins">Vatican euro coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_lira" title="Vatican lira">Vatican lira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties of the Holy See</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Symbols</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Vatican_City" title="Flag of Vatican City">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_Papacy" title="List of flags of the Papacy">List of Papal flags</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Anthem" title="Pontifical Anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City" title="Coat of arms of Vatican City">Coat of arms of Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/00120" class="mw-redirect" title="00120">00120</a> (Vatican <a href="/wiki/Postal_code" title="Postal code">postcode</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_tiara" title="Papal tiara">Papal tiara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_coronation" title="Papal coronation">Papal coronation</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican City culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vatican_City" title="Music of Vatican City">Music of Vatican City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_Choir" title="Sistine Chapel Choir">Sistine Chapel Choir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Vatican_City" title="Languages of Vatican City">Languages of Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vatican_City" title="Women in Vatican City">Women in Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Christmas_Tree" title="Vatican Christmas Tree">Vatican Christmas Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Vatican_City" title="Sport in Vatican City">Sport in Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_Concert_to_Commemorate_the_Shoah" title="Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah">Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Vatican_City" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City">Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Vatican_City" title="Public holidays in Vatican City">Public holidays in Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Pontifical Academy of Sciences">Pontifical Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Academy_of_Social_Sciences" title="Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences">Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Vatican" title="The Story of the Vatican">The Story of the Vatican</a></i>, 1941 documentary</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Buildings/geography</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_nunciature" title="Apostolic nunciature">Apostolic nunciature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore">Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borgia_Apartments" title="Borgia Apartments">Borgia Apartments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bramante_Staircase" title="Bramante Staircase">Bramante Staircase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domus_Sanctae_Marthae" title="Domus Sanctae Marthae">Domus Sanctae Marthae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountains_of_St._Peter%27s_Square" title="Fountains of St. Peter's Square">Fountains of St. Peter's Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Vatican_City" title="Gardens of Vatican City">Gardens of Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Vatican_City" title="Geography of Vatican City">Geography of Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Tower" title="Gregorian Tower">Gregorian Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mater_Ecclesiae_(monastery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mater Ecclesiae (monastery)">Mater Ecclesiae (monastery)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Royal_Stuarts" title="Monument to the Royal Stuarts">Monument to the Royal Stuarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Holy_Office" title="Palace of the Holy Office">Palace of the Holy Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzi_Pontifici" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzi Pontifici">Palazzi Pontifici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_Apartments" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Apartments">Papal Apartments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter's Basilica">Saint Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter's Square">Saint Peter's Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_tomb" title="Saint Peter's tomb">Saint Peter's tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateran Basilica">Lateran Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Palace" title="Lateran Palace">Lateran Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonine_City" title="Leonine City">Leonine City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccoline_Chapel" title="Niccoline Chapel">Niccoline Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_tombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal tombs">Papal tombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_tombs_in_Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Papal tombs in Old St. Peter's Basilica">Papal tombs in Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_VI_Audience_Hall" title="Paul VI Audience Hall">Paul VI Audience Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Julii" title="Tomb of the Julii">Tomb of the Julii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_John%27s_Tower_(Vatican_City)" title="Saint John's Tower (Vatican City)">Torre San Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scala_Regia_(Vatican)" title="Scala Regia (Vatican)">Scala Regia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_della_Conciliazione" title="Via della Conciliazione">Via della Conciliazione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Climate_Forest" title="Vatican Climate Forest">Vatican Climate Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_Heliport" title="Vatican City Heliport">Vatican Heliport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Hill" title="Vatican Hill">Vatican Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Necropolis" title="Vatican Necropolis">Vatican Necropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_Concert_to_Commemorate_the_Shoah" title="Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah">Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Vatican_City" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City">Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Vatican_City" title="Public holidays in Vatican City">Public holidays in Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Secret_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Secret Archives">Vatican Secret Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Baldachin" title="St. Peter's Baldachin">St. Peter's Baldachin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sala_Regia_(Vatican)" title="Sala Regia (Vatican)">Sala Regia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pellegrino_in_Vaticano" title="San Pellegrino in Vaticano">San Pellegrino in Vaticano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Anna_dei_Palafrenieri" title="Sant'Anna dei Palafrenieri">Sant'Anna dei Palafrenieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Piet%C3%A0_in_Camposanto_dei_Teutonici" title="Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici">Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Advanced_Technology_Telescope" title="Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope">Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Observatory" title="Vatican Observatory">Vatican Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Pharmacy" title="Vatican Pharmacy">Vatican Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Palatina" title="Bibliotheca Palatina">Bibliotheca Palatina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappella_Giulia" title="Cappella Giulia">Cappella Giulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappella_Paolina" title="Cappella Paolina">Cappella Paolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Cardinal Secretary of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casina_Pio_IV" title="Casina Pio IV">Casina Pio IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circus_of_Nero" title="Circus of Nero">Circus of Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptoris_Mater_Chapel" title="Redemptoris Mater Chapel">Redemptoris Mater Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_Martin_and_Sebastian_of_the_Swiss" class="mw-redirect" title="Saints Martin and Sebastian of the Swiss">Saints Martin and Sebastian of the Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Stefano_degli_Abissini" title="Santo Stefano degli Abissini">Santo Stefano degli Abissini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Stefano_degli_Ungheresi" title="Santo Stefano degli Ungheresi">Santo Stefano degli Ungheresi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Cemetery" title="Teutonic Cemetery">Teutonic Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortile_del_Belvedere" title="Cortile del Belvedere">Cortile del Belvedere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passetto_di_Borgo" title="Passetto di Borgo">Passetto di Borgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Pellegrino" title="Porta San Pellegrino">Porta San Pellegrino</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Gallery_of_Maps" title="Vatican Gallery of Maps">Vatican Gallery of Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_of_Sistine_Chapel_ceiling" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallery of Sistine Chapel ceiling">Gallery of Sistine Chapel ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_of_Modern_Religious_Art,_Vatican_Museums" class="mw-redirect" title="Collection of Modern Religious Art, Vatican Museums">Collection of Modern Religious Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Rooms" title="Raphael Rooms">Raphael Rooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptoris_Mater_Chapel" title="Redemptoris Mater Chapel">Redemptoris Mater Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_the_Sistine_Chapel_frescoes" title="Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes">Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_ceiling" title="Sistine Chapel ceiling">Sistine Chapel ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Judgment_(Michelangelo)" title="The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)"><i>The Last Judgment</i> by Michelangelo</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Vatican City-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vatican_City_sidebar" title="Template:Vatican City sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vatican_City_sidebar" title="Template talk:Vatican City sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vatican_City_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vatican City sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Pope_Pius_VII_and_Cardinal_Caprara_by_Jacques-Louis_David.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Portrait_of_Pope_Pius_VII_and_Cardinal_Caprara_by_Jacques-Louis_David.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_Pope_Pius_VII_and_Cardinal_Caprara_by_Jacques-Louis_David.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Portrait_of_Pope_Pius_VII_and_Cardinal_Caprara_by_Jacques-Louis_David.jpg/255px-Portrait_of_Pope_Pius_VII_and_Cardinal_Caprara_by_Jacques-Louis_David.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Portrait_of_Pope_Pius_VII_and_Cardinal_Caprara_by_Jacques-Louis_David.jpg/340px-Portrait_of_Pope_Pius_VII_and_Cardinal_Caprara_by_Jacques-Louis_David.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="1475" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a>, bishop of Rome, seated, and <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">Cardinal</a> Caprara</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Residence_and_jurisdiction">Residence and jurisdiction</h3></div> <p>The pope's <a href="/wiki/Cathedra" title="Cathedra">official seat</a> is in the <a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a>, considered the cathedral of the Diocese of Rome, and his official residence is the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a>. He also possesses <a href="/wiki/Papal_Palace_of_Castel_Gandolfo" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo">a summer residence</a> at <a href="/wiki/Castel_Gandolfo" title="Castel Gandolfo">Castel Gandolfo</a>, situated on the site of the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Alba_Longa" title="Alba Longa">Alba Longa</a>. </p><p>The names "Holy See" and "<a href="/wiki/Apostolic_See" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic See">Apostolic See</a>" are ecclesiastical terminology for the <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_jurisdiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinary jurisdiction">ordinary jurisdiction</a> of the bishop of Rome (including the Roman Curia); the pope's various honours, powers, and privileges within the Catholic Church and the international community derive from his Episcopate of Rome in lineal succession from the Saint Peter, one of the twelve apostles.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, Rome has traditionally occupied a central position in the Catholic Church, although this is not necessarily so. The pope derives his pontificate from being the bishop of Rome but is not required to live there; according to the Latin formula <i>ubi Papa, ibi Curia</i>, wherever the pope resides is the central government of the Church. As such, between 1309 and 1378, the popes lived in Avignon, France,<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a period often called the "Babylonian captivity" in allusion to the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Biblical</a> narrative of Jews of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> living as captives in <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>. </p><p>Although the pope is the diocesan bishop of Rome, he delegates most of the day-to-day work of leading the diocese to the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_vicar" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal vicar">cardinal vicar</a>, who assures direct episcopal oversight of the diocese's pastoral needs, not in his own name but in that of the pope. The most recent cardinal vicar was <a href="/wiki/Angelo_De_Donatis" title="Angelo De Donatis">Angelo De Donatis</a>, who served from 2017 until 2024. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_role">Political role</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vatican_City" title="Politics of Vatican City">Politics of Vatican City</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Sovereign of the Vatican City State</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_(2001%E2%80%932023).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg/240px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282001%E2%80%932023%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1165" data-file-height="1295" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Coat of arms of the Vatican</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Incumbent</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Style</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/His_Holiness" class="mw-redirect" title="His Holiness">His Holiness</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First Sovereign</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data">11 February 1929</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vaticanstate.va/">vaticanstate<wbr />.va</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PapalPolitics2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/PapalPolitics2.JPG/170px-PapalPolitics2.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/PapalPolitics2.JPG/255px-PapalPolitics2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/PapalPolitics2.JPG/340px-PapalPolitics2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="646" /></a><figcaption><i>Antichristus</i>, a woodcut by Lucas Cranach of the pope using the temporal power to grant authority to a generously contributing ruler</figcaption></figure> <p>Though the progressive <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> in the 4th century did not confer upon bishops civil authority within the state, the gradual withdrawal of imperial authority during the 5th century left the pope the senior imperial civilian official in Rome, as bishops were increasingly directing civil affairs in other cities of the Western Empire. This status as a secular and civil ruler was vividly displayed by Pope Leo I's confrontation with <a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a> in 452. The first expansion of papal rule outside of Rome came in 728 with the <a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Sutri" title="Donation of Sutri">Donation of Sutri</a>, which in turn was substantially increased in 754, when the Frankish ruler <a href="/wiki/Pippin_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Pippin the Younger">Pippin the Younger</a> gave to the pope the land from his conquest of the Lombards. The pope may have utilized the forged <a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Constantine" title="Donation of Constantine">Donation of Constantine</a> to gain this land, which formed the core of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>. This document, accepted as genuine until the 15th century, states that Constantine the Great placed the entire Western Empire of Rome under papal rule. In 800, Pope Leo III <a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">crowned</a> the Frankish ruler Charlemagne as <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a>, a major step toward establishing what later became known as the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>; from that date onward the popes claimed the prerogative to crown the emperor, though the right fell into disuse after the coronation of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> in 1530. <a href="/wiki/Pius_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius VII">Pius VII</a> was present at the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronation of Napoleon I">coronation of Napoleon I</a> in 1804 but did not actually perform the crowning. As mentioned above, the pope's sovereignty over the Papal States ended in 1870 with their annexation by Italy. </p><p>Popes like <a href="/wiki/Alexander_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander VI">Alexander VI</a>, an ambitious if spectacularly corrupt politician, and <a href="/wiki/Julius_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius II">Julius II</a>, a formidable general and statesman, were not afraid to use power to achieve their own ends, which included increasing the power of the papacy. This political and temporal authority was demonstrated through the papal role in the Holy Roman Empire (especially prominent during periods of contention with the emperors, such as during the pontificates of Pope Gregory VII and Pope Alexander III). </p><p>Papal bulls, <a href="/wiki/Interdict" title="Interdict">interdict</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a> (or the threat thereof) have been used many times to exercise papal power. The bull <i><a href="/wiki/Laudabiliter" title="Laudabiliter">Laudabiliter</a></i> in 1155 authorized King <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II of England</a> to invade Ireland. In 1207, <a href="/wiki/Innocent_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Innocent III">Innocent III</a> placed England under interdict until <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">King John</a> made his kingdom a <a href="/wiki/Fiefdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiefdom">fiefdom</a> to the pope, complete with yearly <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a>, saying, "we offer and freely yield...to our lord Pope Innocent III and his catholic successors, the whole kingdom of England and the whole kingdom of Ireland with all their rights and appurtenences for the remission of our sins".<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bull <i><a href="/wiki/Inter_caetera" title="Inter caetera">Inter caetera</a></i> in 1493 led to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a> in 1494, which divided the world into areas of Spanish and Portuguese rule. The bull <i><a href="/wiki/Regnans_in_Excelsis" title="Regnans in Excelsis">Regnans in Excelsis</a></i> in 1570 excommunicated Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I of England</a> and declared that all her subjects were released from allegiance to her. The bull <i><a href="/wiki/Inter_gravissimas" title="Inter gravissimas">Inter gravissimas</a></i> in 1582 established the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent decades, although the papacy has become less directly involved in politics, popes have nevertheless retained significant political influence. They have also served as mediators, with the support of the Catholic establishment.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Paul II, a native of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, was regarded as influential in the fall of Communism in Eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also <a href="/wiki/Papal_mediation_in_the_Beagle_conflict" title="Papal mediation in the Beagle conflict">mediated the Beagle conflict</a> between Argentina and Chile, two predominantly Catholic countries.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 21st century, Francis played a role in brokering the 2015 <a href="/wiki/Cuban_thaw" title="Cuban thaw">improvement in relations</a> between the United States and Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_position">International position</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Holy_See" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See">List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See</a></div> <p>Under international law, a serving <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> has <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_immunity" title="Sovereign immunity">sovereign immunity</a> from the jurisdiction of the courts of other countries, though not from that of international tribunals.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This immunity is sometimes loosely referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_immunity" title="Diplomatic immunity">diplomatic immunity</a>", which is, strictly speaking, the immunity enjoyed by the <i>diplomatic representatives</i> of a head of state. International law treats the Holy See, essentially the central government of the Catholic Church, as the juridical equal of a state. It is distinct from the state of Vatican City, existing for many centuries before the foundation of the latter. (It is common for publications and news media to use "the Vatican", "Vatican City", and even "Rome" as <a href="/wiki/Metonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Metonym">metonyms</a> for the Holy See.) Most countries of the world maintain the same form of diplomatic relations with the Holy See that they entertain with other states. Even countries without those diplomatic relations participate in international organizations of which the Holy See is a full member. </p><p>It is as head of the state-equivalent worldwide religious jurisdiction of the Holy See (not of the territory of Vatican City) that the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Justice_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Justice Department">U.S. Justice Department</a> ruled that the pope enjoys head-of-state immunity.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This head-of-state immunity, recognized by the United States, must be distinguished from that envisaged under the United States' <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Sovereign_Immunities_Act" title="Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act">Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act</a> of 1976, which, while recognizing the basic immunity of foreign governments from being sued in American courts, lays down nine exceptions, including commercial activity and actions in the United States by agents or employees of the foreign governments. It was in relation to the latter that, in November 2008, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Court of Appeals">United States Court of Appeals</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a> decided that a case over <a href="/wiki/Catholic_sex_abuse_cases" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic sex abuse cases">sexual abuse by Catholic priests</a> could proceed, provided the plaintiffs could prove that the bishops accused of negligent supervision were acting as employees or agents of the Holy See and were following official Holy See policy.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2010, there was press coverage in Britain concerning a proposed plan by <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a> campaigners and a prominent <a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">barrister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Robertson" title="Geoffrey Robertson">Geoffrey Robertson</a>, to have Pope Benedict XVI arrested and prosecuted in the UK for alleged offences, dating from several decades before, in failing to take appropriate action regarding Catholic sex abuse cases and concerning their disputing his immunity from prosecution in that country.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was generally dismissed as "unrealistic and spurious".<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another barrister said that it was a "matter of embarrassment that a senior British lawyer would want to allow himself to be associated with such a silly idea".<sup id="cite_ref-Zenit_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zenit-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sovereign immunity does not apply to disputes relating to commercial transactions, and governmental units of the Holy See can face trial in foreign commercial courts. The first such trial to take place in the English courts is likely to occur in 2022 or 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph-20220806_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-20220806-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-littletonchambers-20220726_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-littletonchambers-20220726-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Objections_to_the_papacy">Objections to the papacy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antichrist1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Antichrist1.jpg/170px-Antichrist1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Antichrist1.jpg/255px-Antichrist1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Antichrist1.jpg/340px-Antichrist1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption><i>Antichristus</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Lucas Cranach the Elder</a>, from Luther's 1521 <i>Passionary of the Christ and Antichrist</i>. The pope is signing and selling <a href="/wiki/Indulgence" title="Indulgence">indulgences</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The pope's claim to authority is either disputed or rejected outright by other churches, for various reasons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthodox,_Anglican_and_Old_Catholic_churches"><span id="Orthodox.2C_Anglican_and_Old_Catholic_churches"></span>Orthodox, Anglican and Old Catholic churches</h3></div> <p>Other traditional Christian churches (<a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox Church">Oriental Orthodox Church</a>, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholic_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Catholic churches">Independent Catholic churches</a>, etc.) accept the doctrine of Apostolic succession and, to varying extents, papal claims to a primacy of honour, while generally rejecting the pope as the successor to Peter in any other sense than that of other bishops. Primacy is regarded as a consequence of the pope's position as bishop of the original capital city of the Roman Empire, a definition explicitly spelled out in the 28th canon of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a>. These churches see no foundation to papal claims of <i>universal immediate jurisdiction</i>, or to claims of papal infallibility. Several of these churches refer to such claims as <i><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">ultramontanism</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protestant_denominations">Protestant denominations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism (Christianity)</a></div> <p>In 1973, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops' <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Ecumenical_and_Interreligious_Affairs" title="Committee on Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs">Committee on Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs</a> and the USA National Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_World_Federation" title="Lutheran World Federation">Lutheran World Federation</a> in the official <a href="/wiki/Catholic%E2%80%93Lutheran_dialogue" title="Catholic–Lutheran dialogue">Catholic–Lutheran dialogue</a> included this passage in a larger statement on papal primacy: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In calling the pope the "Antichrist", the early <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a> stood in a <a href="/wiki/Antichrist#Pre-Reformation_Western_Church_accusers" title="Antichrist">tradition that reached back into the eleventh century</a>. Not only dissidents and <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">heretics</a> but even saints had called the bishop of Rome the "Antichrist" when they wished to castigate his <a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_power" title="Abuse of power">abuse of power</a>. What Lutherans understood as a <a href="/wiki/Papal_supremacy" title="Papal supremacy">papal claim to unlimited authority</a> <a href="/wiki/Temporal_power_(papal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal power (papal)">over everything and everyone</a> reminded them of the <a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">apocalyptic imagery</a> of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_11" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel 11">Daniel 11</a>, a passage that even prior to the Reformation had been applied to the pope as the Antichrist of the <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">last days</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> denominations of Christianity reject the claims of Petrine primacy of honour, Petrine primacy of jurisdiction, and papal infallibility. These denominations vary from rejecting the legitimacy of the pope's claim to authority, to believing that the pope is the Antichrist<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from 1 John 2:18, the <a href="/wiki/Man_of_Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Man of Sin">Man of Sin</a> from 2 Thessalonians 2:3–12,<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">Beast out of the Earth</a> from Revelation 13:11–18.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChristWashingFeet.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/ChristWashingFeet.JPG/170px-ChristWashingFeet.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/ChristWashingFeet.JPG/255px-ChristWashingFeet.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/ChristWashingFeet.JPG/340px-ChristWashingFeet.JPG 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption><i>Christus</i>, by Lucas Cranach. This woodcut of John 13:14–17 is from <i>Passionary of the Christ and Antichrist</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cranach shows Jesus kissing Peter's foot during the footwashing. This stands in contrast to the opposing woodcut, where the pope demands others kiss his foot.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PopeKissing_Feet.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/PopeKissing_Feet.JPG/170px-PopeKissing_Feet.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/PopeKissing_Feet.JPG/255px-PopeKissing_Feet.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/PopeKissing_Feet.JPG/340px-PopeKissing_Feet.JPG 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption><i>Antichristus</i>, by the Lutheran <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Lucas Cranach the Elder</a>. This woodcut of the traditional practice of kissing the pope's foot is from <i>Passionary of the Christ and Antichrist</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>This sweeping rejection is held by, among others, some denominations of Lutherans: <a href="/wiki/Confessional_Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessional Lutheran">Confessional Lutherans</a> hold that the pope is the Antichrist, stating that this article of faith is part of a <i>quia</i> ("because") rather than <i>quatenus</i> ("insofar as") subscription to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a>. In 1932, one of these Confessional churches, the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church%E2%80%93Missouri_Synod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod">Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod</a> (LCMS), adopted <i>A Brief Statement of the Doctrinal Position of the Missouri Synod</i>, which a small number of Lutheran church bodies now hold. The <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Churches_of_the_Reformation" title="Lutheran Churches of the Reformation">Lutheran Churches of the Reformation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Concordia_Lutheran_Conference" title="Concordia Lutheran Conference">Concordia Lutheran Conference</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Lutheran_Confession" title="Church of the Lutheran Confession">Church of the Lutheran Confession</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Illinois Lutheran Conference<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all hold to the <i>Brief Statement</i>, which the LCMS places on its website.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod</a> (WELS), another Confessional Lutheran church that declares the Papacy to be the Antichrist, released its own statement, the "Statement on the Antichrist", in 1959. The WELS still holds to this statement.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, Protestants objected to the papacy's claim of temporal power over all secular governments, including territorial claims in Italy,<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the papacy's complex relationship with secular states such as the Roman and Byzantine empires, and the autocratic character of the papal office.<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a> these objections both contributed to and are products of the Protestant Reformation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antipopes">Antipopes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Antipope" title="Antipope">Antipope</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a></div> <p>Groups sometimes form around antipopes, who claim the Pontificate without being canonically and properly elected to it. Traditionally, this term was reserved for claimants with a significant following of cardinals or other clergy. The existence of an antipope is usually due either to doctrinal controversy within the Church (<a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a>) or to confusion as to who is the legitimate pope at the time (schism). Briefly in the 15th century, three separate lines of popes claimed authenticity.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses_of_the_title_"Pope""><span id="Other_uses_of_the_title_.22Pope.22"></span>Other uses of the title "Pope"</h2></div> <p>In the earlier centuries of Christianity, the title "Pope", meaning "father", had been used by all bishops. Some popes used the term and others did not. Eventually, the title became associated especially with the bishop of Rome. In a few cases, the term is used for other Christian clerical authorities. In English, Catholic priests are still addressed as "father", but the term "pope" is reserved for the head of the church hierarchy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Catholic_Church">In the Catholic Church</h3></div> <p>"Black Pope" is a name that was popularly, but unofficially, given to the <a href="/wiki/Superior_general_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Superior general of the Society of Jesus">superior general of the Society of Jesus</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits'</a> importance within the Church. This name, based on the black colour of his cassock, was used to suggest a parallel between him and the "White Pope" (since the time of <a href="/wiki/Pius_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius V">Pius V</a> the popes dress in white) and the cardinal prefect of the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Evangelization_of_Peoples" title="Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples">Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples</a> (formerly called the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith), whose red cardinal's cassock gave him the name of the "Red Pope" in view of the authority over all territories that were not considered in some way Catholic. In the present time this cardinal has power over mission territories for Catholicism, essentially the Churches of Africa and Asia,<sup id="cite_ref-Magister_235-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magister-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in the past his competence extended also to all lands where Protestants or Eastern Christianity was dominant. Some remnants of this situation remain, with the result that, for instance, New Zealand is still in the care of this Congregation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Eastern_Churches">In the Eastern Churches</h3></div> <p>Since the papacy of Heraclas in the 3rd century, the bishop of Alexandria in both the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria</a> continues to be called "pope", the former being called "Coptic pope" or, more properly, "<a href="/wiki/Pope_of_the_Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church">Pope and Patriarch of All Africa on the Holy Orthodox and Apostolic Throne of Saint Mark the Evangelist and Holy Apostle</a>" and the latter called "<a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchs_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Alexandria">Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and All Africa</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgarian Orthodox Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Church" title="Macedonian Orthodox Church">Macedonian Orthodox Church</a>, it is not unusual for a village priest to be called a "pope" ("поп" <i>pop</i>). This is different from the words used for the head of the Catholic Church (Bulgarian "папа" <i>papa</i>, Russian "папа римский" <i>papa rimskiy</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_new_religious_movements_and_other_Christian-related_new_religious_movements">In new religious movements and other Christian-related new religious movements</h3></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movements</a> within Christianity, especially those that have <a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">disassociated themselves from the Catholic Church</a> yet retain a Catholic hierarchical framework, have used the designation "pope" for a founder or current leader. Examples include the African <a href="/wiki/Legio_Maria" title="Legio Maria">Legio Maria</a> Church and the European <a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian Catholic Church</a> in Spain. The <a href="/wiki/Cao_Dai" class="mw-redirect" title="Cao Dai">Cao Dai</a>, a Vietnamese faith that duplicates the Catholic hierarchy, is similarly headed by a pope. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lengths_of_papal_reign">Lengths of papal reign</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Longest-reigning_popes">Longest-reigning popes</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Popepiusix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Popepiusix.jpg/170px-Popepiusix.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Popepiusix.jpg/255px-Popepiusix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Popepiusix.jpg/340px-Popepiusix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="813" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a>, the pope with the longest verifiable reign</figcaption></figure> <p>The longest papal reigns of those whose reign lengths can be determined from contemporary historical data are the following: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 30</span>–64/68): c. 34 – c. 38 years (Around 12,000–14,000 days)<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Bl. Pius IX</a> (1846–1878): 31 years, 7 months and 23 days (11,560 days)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">St. John Paul II</a> (1978–2005): 26 years, 5 months and 18 days (9,665 days)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a> (1878–1903): 25 years, 5 months and 1 day (9,281 days)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pius VI</a> (1775–1799): 24 years, 6 months and 15 days (8,962 days)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_I" title="Pope Adrian I">Adrian I</a> (772–795): 23 years, 10 months and 25 days (8,729 days)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pius VII</a> (1800–1823): 23 years, 5 months and 7 days (8,560 days)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III" title="Pope Alexander III">Alexander III</a> (1159–1181): 21 years, 11 months and 24 days (8,029 days)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">St. Sylvester I</a> (314–335): 21 years, 11 months and 1 day (8,005 days)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">St. Leo I</a> (440–461): 21 years, 1 month, and 13 days (7,713 days)</li></ol> <p>During the Western Schism, <a href="/wiki/Avignon_Pope_Benedict_XIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Avignon Pope Benedict XIII">Avignon Pope Benedict XIII</a> (1394–1423) ruled for 28 years, 7 months and 12 days, which would place him third in the above list. Since he is regarded as an <a href="/wiki/Anti-pope" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-pope">anti-pope</a>, he is not included there. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shortest-reigning_popes">Shortest-reigning popes</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urban_VII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Urban_VII.jpg/170px-Urban_VII.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Urban_VII.jpg/255px-Urban_VII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Urban_VII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VII" title="Pope Urban VII">Pope Urban VII</a>, the shortest-reigning pope</figcaption></figure> <p>There have been a number of popes whose reign lasted about a month or less. In the following list the number of calendar days includes partial days. Thus, for example, if a pope's reign commenced on 1 August and he died on 2 August, this counts as reigning for two calendar days. </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VII" title="Pope Urban VII">Urban VII</a> (15–27 September 1590): reigned for 13 calendar days, died before <a href="/wiki/Papal_coronation" title="Papal coronation">coronation</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VI" title="Pope Boniface VI">Boniface VI</a> (April 896): reigned for 16 calendar days</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_IV" title="Pope Celestine IV">Celestine IV</a> (25 October – 10 November 1241): reigned for 17 calendar days, died before coronation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodore_II" title="Pope Theodore II">Theodore II</a> (December 897): reigned for 20 calendar days</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sisinnius" title="Pope Sisinnius">Sisinnius</a> (15 January – 4 February 708): reigned for 21 calendar days</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_II" title="Pope Marcellus II">Marcellus II</a> (9 April – 1 May 1555): reigned for 23 calendar days</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_II" title="Pope Damasus II">Damasus II</a> (17 July – 9 August 1048): reigned for 24 calendar days</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_III" title="Pope Pius III">Pius III</a> (22 September – 18 October 1503) and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XI" title="Pope Leo XI">Leo XI</a> (1–27 April 1605): both reigned for 27 calendar days</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_V" title="Pope Benedict V">Benedict V</a> (22 May – 23 June 964): reigned for 33 calendar days</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Bl. John Paul I</a> (26 August – 28 September 1978): reigned for 34 calendar days</li></ol> <p><a href="/wiki/Pope-elect_Stephen" title="Pope-elect Stephen">Stephen</a> (23–26 March 752) died of stroke three days after his election, and before his <a href="/wiki/Consecration" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">consecration</a> as a bishop. He is not recognized as a valid pope, but was added to the lists of popes in the 15th century as <i>Stephen II</i>, causing difficulties in enumerating later popes named Stephen. The Holy See's <i>Annuario Pontificio</i>, in its <a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">list of popes</a> and antipopes, attaches a footnote to its mention of Pope Stephen II: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>On the death of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a> the Roman priest Stephen was elected; but, since four days later he died, before his <i><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_consecration" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal consecration">consecratio</a></i>, which according to the <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon law (Catholic Church)">canon law</a> of the time was the true commencement of his pontificate, his name is not registered in the <i>Liber Pontificalis</i> nor in other lists of the popes.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Published every year by the Roman Curia, the <i>Annuario Pontificio</i> attaches no consecutive numbers to the popes, stating that it is impossible to decide which side represented at various times the legitimate succession, in particular regarding Pope Leo VIII, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_V" title="Pope Benedict V">Pope Benedict V</a> and some mid-11th-century popes.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishops in the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Vatican City-related articles">Index of Vatican City-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legends_surrounding_the_papacy" title="Legends surrounding the papacy">Legends surrounding the papacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canonized_popes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of canonized popes">List of canonized popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Christian_leaders" title="List of current Christian leaders">List of current Christian leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_inauguration" title="Papal inauguration">Papal inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">Papal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_slippers" title="Papal slippers">Papal slippers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_the_Popes" title="Prophecy of the Popes">Prophecy of the Popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_of_the_Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church">Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Night" title="Pope Night">Pope Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes_who_died_violently" title="List of popes who died violently">List of popes who died violently</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Joan" title="Pope Joan">Pope Joan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadaver_Synod" title="Cadaver Synod">Cadaver Synod</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Catholic ecclesiology, Jesus Christ is the "invisible head" of the Church, while the Pope is the "visible head".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></i></span> or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">summus pontifex</a></i></span> in Latin</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Romanus pontifex</i></span> in Latin</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The papacy was an influence in regulating the <a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">colonization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>. See <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inter_caetera" title="Inter caetera">Inter caetera</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Continuing in that same undertaking, this Council is resolved to declare and proclaim before all men the doctrine concerning bishops, the successors of the apostles, who together with the successor of Peter, the Vicar of Christ, the visible Head of the whole Church, govern the house of the living God."<sup id="cite_ref-quote_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quote-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"From an historical perspective, there is no conclusive documentary evidence from the first century or the early decades of the second century of the exercise of, or even the claim to, a primacy of the Roman bishop or to a connection with Peter, although documents from this period accord the church at Rome some kind of pre‑eminence";<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "The see of Rome, whose prominence was associated with the deaths of Peter and Paul, became the principal center in matters concerning the universal Church".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same writer quotes with approval the words of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Joseph Ratzinger</a>: "In Phanar, on 25 July 1976, when <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Athenagoras_I_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Athenagoras I of Constantinople">Patriarch Athenegoras</a> addressed <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">the visiting pope</a> as Peter's successor, the first in honor among us, and the presider over charity, this great church leader was expressing the essential content of the declarations of the primacy of the first millennium".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Wilken-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilken_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilken, p. 281. "Some (Christian communities) had been founded by Peter, the disciple Jesus designated as the founder of his church.<span class="nowrap"> </span>... Once the position was institutionalized, historians looked back and recognized Peter as the first Pope of the Christian church in Rome."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12260a.htm">"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Pope"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Advent" title="New Advent">New Advent</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Advent&rft.atitle=CATHOLIC+ENCYCLOPEDIA%3A+The+Pope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F12260a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevillain2002" class="citation book cs1">Levillain, Philippe (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JTj4wAEACAAJ"><i>The Papacy: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 1227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92228-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92228-9"><bdi>978-0-415-92228-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papacy%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=1227&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-92228-9&rft.aulast=Levillain&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJTj4wAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-section880-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-section880_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-section880_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/_P2A.HTM#PZ">"Christ's Faithful – Hierarchy, Laity, Consecrated Life: The episcopal college and its head, the pope"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a></i>. Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 1993. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303075200/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/_P2A.HTM#PZ">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.atitle=Christ%27s+Faithful+%E2%80%93+Hierarchy%2C+Laity%2C+Consecrated+Life%3A+The+episcopal+college+and+its+head%2C+the+pope&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG0015%2F_P2A.HTM%23PZ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/in-bidens-visit-with-the-pope-a-page-from-reagans-playbook-170077">"In Biden's visit with the pope, a page from Reagan's playbook?"</a>. <i>theconversation.com</i>. 27 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220507183342/https://theconversation.com/in-bidens-visit-with-the-pope-a-page-from-reagans-playbook-170077">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theconversation.com&rft.atitle=In+Biden%27s+visit+with+the+pope%2C+a+page+from+Reagan%27s+playbook%3F&rft.date=2021-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fin-bidens-visit-with-the-pope-a-page-from-reagans-playbook-170077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130315070123/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_VATICAN_POPE?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2013-03-13-14-10-46">"News from The Associated Press"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_VATICAN_POPE?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2013-03-13-14-10-46">the original</a> on 15 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=News+from+The+Associated+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhosted.ap.org%2Fdynamic%2Fstories%2FE%2FEU_VATICAN_POPE%3FSITE%3DAP%26SECTION%3DHOME%26TEMPLATE%3DDEFAULT%26CTIME%3D2013-03-13-14-10-46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/holy%20see">"Definition of Holy See"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118222107/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Holy%20See">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+Holy+See&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fholy%2520see&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collins, Roger. "Introduction". <i>Keepers of the Keys of Heaven: A History of the Papacy</i>. Basic Books. 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01195-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01195-7">978-0-465-01195-7</a>. "One of the most enduring and influential of all human institutions,<span class="nowrap"> </span>... No one who seeks to make sense of modern issues within Christendom – or, indeed, world history – can neglect the vital shaping role of the popes."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_History-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-World_History_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_History_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_History_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_History_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_History_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_History_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_History_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_History_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_History_12-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wetterau, Bruce. World history. New York: Henry Holt & Co. 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faus-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Faus_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faus, José Ignacio Gonzáles. "<i>Autoridade da Verdade – Momentos Obscuros do Magistério Eclesiástico</i>". Chapter 8: <i>Os papas repartem terras</i>, pp. 64–65 and chapter 6: <i>O papa tem poder temporal absoluto</i>, pp. 49–55. Edições Loyola. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-15-01750-4" title="Special:BookSources/85-15-01750-4">85-15-01750-4</a>. Although Faus is deeply critical of the temporal power of the popes ("Once again this highlights one of the greatest drawbacks of the political status of Peter's successors" – p. 64), he also admits a positive secular role on the part of the popes ("We cannot deny that papal interventions of this kind prevented more than one war in Europe" – p. 65).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Papal_Arbitration-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Papal_Arbitration_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarrett,_Bede1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jarrett, Bede (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Papal Arbitration"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Papal_Arbitration">"Papal Arbitration" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Papal+Arbitration&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Jarrett%2C+Bede&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>História das Religiões. Crenças e práticas religiosas do século XII aos nossos dias</i>. Grandes Livros da Religião. Editora Folio. 2008. pp. 89, 156–157. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-413-2489-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-413-2489-3">978-84-413-2489-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050504134930/https://www.ewtn.com/library/HUMANITY/VATMOD.HTM">"The Role of the Vatican in the Modern World"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ewtn.com/library/HUMANITY/VATMOD.HTM">the original</a> on 4 May 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+the+Vatican+in+the+Modern+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2FHUMANITY%2FVATMOD.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/powerful-people/#tab:overall/">"The World's Most Powerful People"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121230133410/http://www.forbes.com/powerful-people/#tab:overall/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+Most+Powerful+People&rft.date=2014-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fpowerful-people%2F%23tab%3Aoverall%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/powerful-people/">"The World's Most Powerful People"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121230133410/http://www.forbes.com/powerful-people/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+Most+Powerful+People&rft.date=2013-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fpowerful-people%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/powerful-people/list/">"The World's Most Powerful People"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225092237/https://www.forbes.com/powerful-people/list/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+Most+Powerful+People&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fpowerful-people%2Flist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geopolitics-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Geopolitics_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgnew2010" class="citation journal cs1">Agnew, John (12 February 2010). "Deus Vult: The Geopolitics of Catholic Church". <i>Geopolitics</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 39–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14650040903420388">10.1080/14650040903420388</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1465-0045">1465-0045</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144793259">144793259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geopolitics&rft.atitle=Deus+Vult%3A+The+Geopolitics+of+Catholic+Church&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-61&rft.date=2010-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144793259%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1465-0045&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14650040903420388&rft.aulast=Agnew&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODCC:Pope-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODCC:Pope_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODCC:Pope_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODCC:Pope_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODCC:Pope_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODCC:Pope_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Pope", <i>Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i>, Oxford University Press, 2005, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280290-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pope&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280290-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asimov, Isaac (1967) <i>The Roman Empire</i>, Houghton Mifflin: Boston, p. 236</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElwell2001" class="citation book cs1">Elwell, Walter A. (2001). <i>Evangelical Dictionary of Theology</i>. Baker Academic. p. 888. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2075-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2075-9"><bdi>978-0-8010-2075-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evangelical+Dictionary+of+Theology&rft.pages=888&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-2075-9&rft.aulast=Elwell&rft.aufirst=Walter+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreerGavin_Lewis2004" class="citation book cs1">Greer, Thomas H.; Gavin Lewis (2004). <i>A Brief History of the Western World</i>. Cengage Learning. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-534-64236-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-534-64236-5"><bdi>978-0-534-64236-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Western+World&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-534-64236-5&rft.aulast=Greer&rft.aufirst=Thomas+H.&rft.au=Gavin+Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazza2004" class="citation book cs1">Mazza, Enrico (2004). <i>The Eucharistic Prayers of the Roman Rite</i>. Liturgical Press. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-6078-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-6078-2"><bdi>978-0-8146-6078-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eucharistic+Prayers+of+the+Roman+Rite&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-6078-2&rft.aulast=Mazza&rft.aufirst=Enrico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Malley2009" class="citation book cs1">O'Malley, John W. (2009). <i>A History of the Popes</i>. Government Institutes. p. xv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58051-227-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58051-227-5"><bdi>978-1-58051-227-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Popes&rft.pages=xv&rft.pub=Government+Institutes&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-58051-227-5&rft.aulast=O%27Malley&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchatz1996" class="citation book cs1">Schatz, Klaus (1996). <i>Papal Primacy</i>. Liturgical Press. pp. 28–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5522-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5522-1"><bdi>978-0-8146-5522-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papal+Primacy&rft.pages=28-29&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-5522-1&rft.aulast=Schatz&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eusebius, <i>Historia Ecclesiastica</i> Book VII, chapter 7.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"pope, n.1". Oxford English Dictionary Online. September 2011. Oxford University Press. 21 November 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p123a9p4.htm">"Catechism of the Catholic Church – Christ's Faithful – Hierarchy, Laity, Consecrated Life"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100906142233/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p123a9p4.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church+%E2%80%93+Christ%27s+Faithful+%E2%80%93+Hierarchy%2C+Laity%2C+Consecrated+Life&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fccc_css%2Farchive%2Fcatechism%2Fp123a9p4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-quote-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-quote_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Lumen Gentium, Pope Paul VI 1964, Chapter 3)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html">"<i>Lumen gentium</i>, 22"</a>. Vatican.va. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140906031754/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lumen+gentium%2C+22&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fhist_councils%2Fii_vatican_council%2Fdocuments%2Fvat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Grady_146-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-O'Grady_146_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Grady_146_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Grady1997" class="citation book cs1">O'Grady, John (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romancatholicchu0000ogra/page/146"><i>The Catholic church: its origins and nature</i></a>. Paulist Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romancatholicchu0000ogra/page/146">146</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3740-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3740-4"><bdi>978-0-8091-3740-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+church%3A+its+origins+and+nature&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-3740-4&rft.aulast=O%27Grady&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromancatholicchu0000ogra%2Fpage%2F146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson1957" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, J (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neweusebiusdocum00euse/page/114"><i>A New Eusebius</i></a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neweusebiusdocum00euse/page/114">114</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-281-00802-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-281-00802-5"><bdi>978-0-281-00802-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Eusebius&rft.pages=114&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=978-0-281-00802-5&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fneweusebiusdocum00euse%2Fpage%2F114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn_2-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn_2_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1010.htm">"Letter to the Corinthians (Clement)"</a>. <i>Catholic Encyclopedia: The Fathers of the Church</i>. New Advent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191125012820/http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1010.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Letter+to+the+Corinthians+%28Clement%29&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia%3A+The+Fathers+of+the+Church&rft.pub=New+Advent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F1010.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gröber,_510-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gröber,_510_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gröber, 510</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn_3-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn_3_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crossroadsinitiative.com/library_article/244/Letter_of_Ignatius_of_Antioch_to_the_Romans.html">"Letter of Ignatius of Antioch to the Romans"</a>. Crossroads Initiative. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708205615/http://www.crossroadsinitiative.com/library_article/244/Letter_of_Ignatius_of_Antioch_to_the_Romans.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+of+Ignatius+of+Antioch+to+the+Romans&rft.pub=Crossroads+Initiative&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crossroadsinitiative.com%2Flibrary_article%2F244%2FLetter_of_Ignatius_of_Antioch_to_the_Romans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor,_Daniel_William2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">O'Connor, Daniel William (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/453832/Saint-Peter-the-Apostle/5632/Tradition-of-Peter-in-Rome">"Saint Peter the Apostle"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190106221941/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Peter-the-Apostle">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2013</span>. <q>[M]any scholars<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...> accept Rome as the location of the martyrdom and the reign of Nero as the time.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saint+Peter+the+Apostle&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.date=2013&rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+Daniel+William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F453832%2FSaint-Peter-the-Apostle%2F5632%2FTradition-of-Peter-in-Rome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Zeitschr. fur Kirchengesch.</i> (in German), 1901, pp. 1 sqq., 161 sqq</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zeitschr.+fur+Kirchengesch.&rft.pages=1+sqq.%2C+161+sqq&rft.date=1901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Secrets of the 12 Disciples</i>, <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a>, transmitted on 23 March 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Grady_140-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-O'Grady_140_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Grady_140_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Grady1997" class="citation book cs1">O'Grady, John (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romancatholicchu0000ogra/page/140"><i>The Catholic church: its origins and nature</i></a>. Paulist Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romancatholicchu0000ogra/page/140">140</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3740-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3740-4"><bdi>978-0-8091-3740-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+church%3A+its+origins+and+nature&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-3740-4&rft.aulast=O%27Grady&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromancatholicchu0000ogra%2Fpage%2F140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson1957" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, J (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neweusebiusdocum00euse/page/114"><i>A New Eusebius</i></a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neweusebiusdocum00euse/page/114">114–115</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-281-00802-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-281-00802-5"><bdi>978-0-281-00802-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Eusebius&rft.pages=114-115&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=978-0-281-00802-5&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fneweusebiusdocum00euse%2Fpage%2F114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Early Christian Church</i> by Chadwick</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith8523">Emmanuel Clapsis, Papal Primacy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081203104411/http://www.goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith8523">Archived</a> 3 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, extract from <i>Orthodoxy in Conversation</i> (2000), p. 110)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Clapsis, p. 102)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Clapsis, p. 113)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i>, 1997 edition revised 2005, p. 211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Cambridge History of Christianity</i>, volume 1, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Cambridge History of Christianity</i>, volume 1, 2006, p. 418</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Paul-the-Apostle">"Saint Paul the Apostle | Biography & Facts"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150430191730/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/447019/Saint-Paul-the-Apostle/259968/Life">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Saint+Paul+the+Apostle+%7C+Biography+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FSaint-Paul-the-Apostle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chadwick, Henry, <i>Oxford History of Christianity</i>, Oxford University Press, quote: "Towards the latter part of the 1st century, Rome's presiding cleric, named Clement, wrote on behalf of his church to remonstrate with the Corinthian Christians who had ejected clergy without either financial or charismatic endowment in favor of a fresh lot; Clement apologized not for intervening but for not having acted sooner. Moreover, during the 2nd century the Roman community's leadership was evident in its generous alms to poorer churches. About 165, they erected monuments to their martyred apostles, to Peter in a necropolis on the Vatican Hill, to Paul on the road to Ostia, at the traditional sites of their burial. Roman bishops were already conscious of being custodians of the authentic tradition of true interpretation of the apostolic writings. In the conflict with Gnosticism Rome played a decisive role, and likewise in the deep division in Asia Minor created by the claims of the Montanist prophets."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianunity.va/content/unitacristiani/en/dialoghi/sezione-orientale/chiese-ortodosse-di-tradizione-bizantina/commissione-mista-internazionale-per-il-dialogo-teologico-tra-la/documenti-di-dialogo/testo-in-inglese.html">"Ravenna Document | Ecclesiological and Canonical Consequences of the Sacramental Nature of the Church. Ecclesial Communion, Conciliarity and Authority"</a>. <i>ChristianuUnity.va</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ChristianuUnity.va&rft.atitle=Ravenna+Document+%7C+Ecclesiological+and+Canonical+Consequences+of+the+Sacramental+Nature+of+the+Church.+Ecclesial+Communion%2C+Conciliarity+and+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianunity.va%2Fcontent%2Funitacristiani%2Fen%2Fdialoghi%2Fsezione-orientale%2Fchiese-ortodosse-di-tradizione-bizantina%2Fcommissione-mista-internazionale-per-il-dialogo-teologico-tra-la%2Fdocumenti-di-dialogo%2Ftesto-in-inglese.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davidson, Ivor (2005). <i>The Birth of the Church</i>. Monarch. p. 341. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85424-658-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85424-658-5">1-85424-658-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Let the ancient customs in Egypt, Libya and Pentapolis prevail, that the Bishop of Alexandria has jurisdiction over them all, since a similar arrangement is the custom for the Bishop of Rome. Likewise let the churches in Antioch and the other provinces retain their privileges" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php/nicaea-325-canons">Canons of the Council of Nicaea</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120215233640/http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php/nicaea-325-canons">Archived</a> 15 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapman,_Henry_Palmer1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chapman, Henry Palmer (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope Liberius"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_Liberius">"Pope Liberius" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pope+Liberius&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Chapman%2C+Henry+Palmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alves_J.-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alves_J._59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alves_J._59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alves J. <i>Os Santos de Cada Dia</i> (10 edição). Editora Paulinas. pp. 296, 696, 736. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-356-0648-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-356-0648-5">978-85-356-0648-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/theodcodeXVI.html">Theodosian Code</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070227120555/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/theodcodeXVI.html">Archived</a> 27 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> XVI.i.2, Medieval Sourcebook: Banning of Other Religions by Paul Halsall, June 1997, Fordham University, retrieved 4 September 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilken, Robert (2004). "Christianity". in Hitchcock, Susan Tyler; Esposito, John. Geography of Religion. National Geographic Society. p. 286. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7922-7317-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7922-7317-6">0-7922-7317-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GAETA-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GAETA_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GAETA_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaeta, Franco; Villani, Pasquale. <i>Corso di Storia, per le scuole medie superiori</i>. Milão. Editora Principato. 1986.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Le_Goff-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Le_Goff_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Le_Goff_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Le Goff, Jacques (2000). <i>Medieval Civilization</i>. Barnes & Noble. pp. 14, 21. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-17566-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-17566-0">0-631-17566-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurant1950517–551-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurant1950517–551_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurant1950517–551_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurant1950517–551_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDurant1950">Durant 1950</a>, pp. 517–551.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurant1950chpt._4-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurant1950chpt._4_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDurant1950">Durant 1950</a>, chpt. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurant1950chapter_4-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurant1950chapter_4_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurant1950chapter_4_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurant1950chapter_4_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDurant1950">Durant 1950</a>, chapter 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H.G.B-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H.G.B_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H.G.B_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>História Global Brasil e Geral</i>. pp. 101, 130, 149, 151, 159. Volume one. Gilberto Cotrim. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-02-05256-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-02-05256-7">978-85-02-05256-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Missão_Jovem-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Missão_Jovem_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Missão_Jovem_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pime.org.br/missaojovem/mjhistdaigrejareforma.htm">Movimentos de Rennovação e Reforma</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120116233149/http://www.pime.org.br/missaojovem/mjhistdaigrejareforma.htm">Archived</a> 16 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 1 October 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/feudalismo/feudalismo.php">"Feudalismo"</a>. Portalsaofrancisco.com.br. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130204210934/http://www.portalsaofrancisco.com.br/alfa/feudalismo/feudalismo.php">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Feudalismo&rft.pub=Portalsaofrancisco.com.br&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portalsaofrancisco.com.br%2Falfa%2Ffeudalismo%2Ffeudalismo.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vidmar, John (2005). <i>The Catholic Church Through the Ages</i>. Paulist Press. p. 94. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-4234-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8091-4234-1">0-8091-4234-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riley-Smith, Jonathan (1997). <i>The First Crusaders</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 6. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-00308-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-00308-0">978-0-511-00308-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004140–141,_192-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter2004140–141,_192_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBokenkotter2004">Bokenkotter 2004</a>, pp. 140–141, 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurant19573–25-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurant19573–25_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurant19573–25_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDurant1957">Durant 1957</a>, pp. 3–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurant195726–57-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurant195726–57_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDurant1957">Durant 1957</a>, pp. 26–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Conciliar theory". Cross, FL, ed. <i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Fall-of-Constantinople-1453">"Fall of Constantinople | Summary"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819143934/https://www.britannica.com/event/Fall-of-Constantinople-1453">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Fall+of+Constantinople+%7C+Summary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FFall-of-Constantinople-1453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyer2009" class="citation book cs1">Boyer, Paul (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FyTeW7vQ8K4C&pg=PA61"><i>When Time Shall be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 61; cf. pp. 62, 274. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02861-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02861-6"><bdi>978-0-674-02861-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819074246/https://books.google.com/books?id=FyTeW7vQ8K4C&pg=PA61">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Time+Shall+be+No+More%3A+Prophecy+Belief+in+Modern+American+Culture&rft.pages=61%3B+cf.+pp.+62%2C+274&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02861-6&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFyTeW7vQ8K4C%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2004" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Mark U. Jr. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=toXLsJ28BvAC&pg=PA90"><i>Printing, Propaganda and Martin Luther</i></a>. Fortress Press. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-1399-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-1399-1"><bdi>978-1-4514-1399-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210319004016/https://books.google.com/books?id=toXLsJ28BvAC&pg=PA90">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Printing%2C+Propaganda+and+Martin+Luther&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-1399-1&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Mark+U.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtoXLsJ28BvAC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillerbrand2004" class="citation book cs1">Hillerbrand, Hans J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/EncyclopediaOfProtestantismByHansJ.Hillerbrand"><i>Encyclopedia Of Protestantism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0203484312" title="Special:BookSources/0203484312"><bdi>0203484312</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Of+Protestantism&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0203484312&rft.aulast=Hillerbrand&rft.aufirst=Hans+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FEncyclopediaOfProtestantismByHansJ.Hillerbrand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborne1967" class="citation book cs1">Osborne, John (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1lMOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA301"><i>Luther</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 301. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210319005301/https://books.google.com/books?id=1lMOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA301">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luther&rft.pages=301&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Osborne&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1lMOAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Counter-Reformation". Cross, FL, ed., <i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchfathers.org/authority-of-the-pope">"Authority of the Pope"</a>. <i>Church Fathers</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329114125/https://www.churchfathers.org/authority-of-the-pope">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Church+Fathers&rft.atitle=Authority+of+the+Pope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchfathers.org%2Fauthority-of-the-pope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholic.com/tract/the-authority-of-the-pope-part-i">"What the Early Church Believed: The Authority of the Pope"</a>. <i>Catholic Answers</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329114127/https://www.catholic.com/tract/the-authority-of-the-pope-part-i">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Answers&rft.atitle=What+the+Early+Church+Believed%3A+The+Authority+of+the+Pope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.com%2Ftract%2Fthe-authority-of-the-pope-part-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilken2012" class="citation book cs1">Wilken, Robert Louis (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iW1-JImrwQUC"><i>The First Thousand Years: A Global History of Christianity</i></a>. Yale University Press. pp. 47–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11884-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11884-1"><bdi>978-0-300-11884-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221105004338/https://books.google.com/books?id=iW1-JImrwQUC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Thousand+Years%3A+A+Global+History+of+Christianity&rft.pages=47-48&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11884-1&rft.aulast=Wilken&rft.aufirst=Robert+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiW1-JImrwQUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartago)1984" class="citation book cs1">Cartago), Cipriano (Santo, Obispo de (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7lZZBPSo9t4C&dq=Cornelius+was+made+bishop+by+the+choice+of+God+and+of+His+Christ&pg=PA38"><i>The Letters of St. Cyprian of Carthage</i></a>. Paulist Press. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-0369-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-0369-0"><bdi>978-0-8091-0369-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230816180323/https://books.google.com/books?id=7lZZBPSo9t4C&dq=Cornelius+was+made+bishop+by+the+choice+of+God+and+of+His+Christ&pg=PA38">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+St.+Cyprian+of+Carthage&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-0369-0&rft.aulast=Cartago%29&rft.aufirst=Cipriano+%28Santo%2C+Obispo+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7lZZBPSo9t4C%26dq%3DCornelius%2Bwas%2Bmade%2Bbishop%2Bby%2Bthe%2Bchoice%2Bof%2BGod%2Band%2Bof%2BHis%2BChrist%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1880" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, George Park (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=46UvAAAAYAAJ&dq=Cornelius+was+made+bishop+by+the+choice+of+God+and+of+His+Christ&pg=PA147"><i>Discussions in History and Theology</i></a>. Scribner. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7905-4033-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7905-4033-7"><bdi>978-0-7905-4033-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230816180326/https://books.google.com/books?id=46UvAAAAYAAJ&dq=Cornelius+was+made+bishop+by+the+choice+of+God+and+of+His+Christ&pg=PA147">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discussions+in+History+and+Theology&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1880&rft.isbn=978-0-7905-4033-7&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=George+Park&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D46UvAAAAYAAJ%26dq%3DCornelius%2Bwas%2Bmade%2Bbishop%2Bby%2Bthe%2Bchoice%2Bof%2BGod%2Band%2Bof%2BHis%2BChrist%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt284z4s.75">"Cyprian and Other Bishops at the Council of Carthage to Stephen"</a>, <i>Letters (1–81) (The Fathers of the Church, Volume 51)</i>, Catholic University of America Press, pp. 265–268, 1 April 2010, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt284z4s.75">10.2307/j.ctt284z4s.75</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Letters+%281%E2%80%9381%29+%28The+Fathers+of+the+Church%2C+Volume+51%29&rft.atitle=Cyprian+and+Other+Bishops+at+the+Council+of+Carthage+to+Stephen&rft.pages=265-268&rft.date=2010-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt284z4s.75&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt284z4s.75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103303.htm">"Church Fathers: Against Heresies, III.3 (St. Irenaeus)"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230301132956/https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103303.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=Church+Fathers%3A+Against+Heresies%2C+III.3+%28St.+Irenaeus%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F0103303.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrenaeus" class="citation book cs1">Irenaeus. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_I/IRENAEUS/Against_Heresies:_Book_III/Chapter_III."><i>Ante-Nicene Fathers Vol. I, Against Heresies: Book III</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322101510/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_I/IRENAEUS/Against_Heresies:_Book_III/Chapter_III.">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ante-Nicene+Fathers+Vol.+I%2C+Against+Heresies%3A+Book+III&rft.au=Irenaeus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FAnte-Nicene_Fathers%2FVolume_I%2FIRENAEUS%2FAgainst_Heresies%3A_Book_III%2FChapter_III.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvb936zj.10">"Ignatius to the Romans"</a>, <i>Ignatius of Antioch</i>, 1517 Media, pp. 163–192, 18 May 2016, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvb936zj.10">10.2307/j.ctvb936zj.10</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ignatius+of+Antioch&rft.atitle=Ignatius+to+the+Romans&rft.pages=163-192&rft.date=2016-05-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvb936zj.10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvb936zj.10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0107.htm">"Church Fathers: Epistle to the Romans (St. Ignatius)"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191207015123/http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0107.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=Church+Fathers%3A+Epistle+to+the+Romans+%28St.+Ignatius%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F0107.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1102053.htm">"Church Fathers: Letter 53 (St. Augustine)"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328120223/https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1102053.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=Church+Fathers%3A+Letter+53+%28St.+Augustine%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F1102053.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal" class="citation book cs1">al, Philip Schaff et. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers:_Series_II/Volume_I/Church_History_of_Eusebius/Book_III/Chapter_4"><i>Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II/Volume I/Church History of Eusebius/Book III</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230429231156/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers:_Series_II/Volume_I/Church_History_of_Eusebius/Book_III/Chapter_4">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nicene+and+Post-Nicene+Fathers%3A+Series+II%2FVolume+I%2FChurch+History+of+Eusebius%2FBook+III&rft.aulast=al&rft.aufirst=Philip+Schaff+et&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FNicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers%3A_Series_II%2FVolume_I%2FChurch_History_of_Eusebius%2FBook_III%2FChapter_4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0311.htm">"Church Fathers: The Prescription Against Heretics (Tertullian)"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317095638/https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0311.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=Church+Fathers%3A+The+Prescription+Against+Heretics+%28Tertullian%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F0311.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11262b.htm">"Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Optatus"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230227193524/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11262b.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia%3A+St.+Optatus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F11262b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholic.com/tract/peters-roman-residency">"What the Early Church Believed: Peter's Roman Residency"</a>. <i>Catholic Answers</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409143654/https://www.catholic.com/tract/peters-roman-residency">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Answers&rft.atitle=What+the+Early+Church+Believed%3A+Peter%27s+Roman+Residency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.com%2Ftract%2Fpeters-roman-residency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Matthew+16:18">Matthew 16:18–19</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Luke+22:31">Luke 22:31–32</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/John+21:17">John 21:17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLightfoot" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lightfoot" title="John Lightfoot">Lightfoot, John</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studylight.org/com/jlc/view.cgi?book=mt&chapter=16&verse=18#Mt16_18">"Commentary on Matthew 16:18"</a>. <i>Commentary on the Gospels</i>. StudyLight.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514155559/http://www.studylight.org/com/jlc/view.cgi?book=mt&chapter=16&verse=18#Mt16_18">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2013</span>. <q>It is readily answered by the Papists, that "Peter was the rock." But let them tell me why Matthew used not the same word in Greek, if our Saviour used the same word in Syriac. If he had intimated that the church should be built upon Peter, it had been plainer and more agreeable to be the vulgar idiom to have said, "Thou art Peter, and upon thee I will build my church.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commentary+on+the+Gospels&rft.atitle=Commentary+on+Matthew+16%3A18&rft.aulast=Lightfoot&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.studylight.org%2Fcom%2Fjlc%2Fview.cgi%3Fbook%3Dmt%26chapter%3D16%26verse%3D18%23Mt16_18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Thomas_Robertson" title="Archibald Thomas Robertson">Robertson, Archibald Thomas</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studylight.org/com/rwp/view.cgi?book=mt&chapter=16&verse=18">"Commentary on Matthew 16:18"</a>. <i>Word Pictures of the New Testament</i>. StudyLight.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514160409/http://www.studylight.org/com/rwp/view.cgi?book=mt&chapter=16&verse=18">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Word+Pictures+of+the+New+Testament&rft.atitle=Commentary+on+Matthew+16%3A18&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Archibald+Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.studylight.org%2Fcom%2Frwp%2Fview.cgi%3Fbook%3Dmt%26chapter%3D16%26verse%3D18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Gill_(theologian)" title="John Gill (theologian)">Gill, John</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studylight.org/com/geb/view.cgi?book=mt&chapter=016&verse=018">"Commentary on Matthew 16:18"</a>. <i>Exposition of the Whole Bible</i>. StudyLight.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514160249/http://www.studylight.org/com/geb/view.cgi?book=mt&chapter=016&verse=018">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2013</span>. <q>by the rock, is meant, either the confession of faith made by Peter; not the act, nor form, but the matter of it, it containing the prime articles of Christianity, and which are as immoveable as a rock; or rather Christ himself, who points, as it were, with his finger to himself, and whom Peter had made such a glorious confession of; and who was prefigured by the rock the Israelites drank water out of in the wilderness; and is comparable to any rock for height, shelter, strength, firmness, and duration; and is the one and only foundation of his church and people, and on whom their security, salvation, and happiness entirely depend.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Exposition+of+the+Whole+Bible&rft.atitle=Commentary+on+Matthew+16%3A18&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.studylight.org%2Fcom%2Fgeb%2Fview.cgi%3Fbook%3Dmt%26chapter%3D016%26verse%3D018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesley" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">Wesley, John</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/wesley/notes.i.ii.xviii.html">"Commentary on Matthew 16:18"</a>. <i>Wesley's Notes on the Bible</i>. <a href="/wiki/Christian_Classics_Ethereal_Library" title="Christian Classics Ethereal Library">Christian Classics Ethereal Library</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113154746/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/wesley/notes.i.ii.xviii.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2013</span>. <q>On this rock – Alluding to his name, which signifies a rock, namely, the faith which thou hast now professed; I will build my Church – But perhaps when our Lord uttered these words, he pointed to himself, in like manner as when he said, Destroy this temple, John 2:19; meaning the temple of his body. And it is certain, that as he is spoken of in Scripture, as the only foundation of the Church, so this is that which the apostles and evangelists laid in their preaching. It is in respect of laying this, that the names of the twelve apostles (not of St. Peter only) were equally inscribed on the twelve foundations of the city of God, Revelation 21:14. The gates of here – As gates and walls were the strength of cities, and as courts of judicature were held in their gates, this phrase properly signifies the power and policy of Satan and his instruments. Shall not prevail against it – Not against the Church universal, so as to destroy it. And they never did. There hath been a small remnant in all ages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wesley%27s+Notes+on+the+Bible&rft.atitle=Commentary+on+Matthew+16%3A18&rft.aulast=Wesley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fwesley%2Fnotes.i.ii.xviii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScofield" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._I._Scofield" title="C. I. Scofield">Scofield, C. I</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://studylight.org/com/srn/view.cgi?book=mt&chapter=16&verse=18#Mt16_18">"Commentary on Matthew 16:18"</a>. <i>Scofield's Reference Notes</i>. 1917 edition. StudyLight.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514155311/http://www.studylight.org/com/srn/view.cgi?book=mt&chapter=16&verse=18#Mt16_18">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2013</span>. <q>There is the Greek a play upon the words, "thou art Peter petros – literally 'a little rock', and upon this rock Petra I will build my church." He does not promise to build His church upon Peter, but upon Himself, as Peter is careful to tell us (1 Peter 2:4–9).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scofield%27s+Reference+Notes&rft.atitle=Commentary+on+Matthew+16%3A18&rft.aulast=Scofield&rft.aufirst=C.+I&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstudylight.org%2Fcom%2Fsrn%2Fview.cgi%3Fbook%3Dmt%26chapter%3D16%26verse%3D18%23Mt16_18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henry" title="Matthew Henry">Henry, Matthew</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studylight.org/com/mhm/view.cgi?book=mt&chapter=16&verse=18#Mt16_18">"Commentary on Matthew 16:18"</a>. <i>Matthew Henry's Complete Commentary on the Bible</i>. StudyLight.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514163042/http://www.studylight.org/com/mhm/view.cgi?book=mt&chapter=16&verse=18#Mt16_18">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2013</span>. <q>First, Some by this rock understand Peter himself as an apostle, the chief, though not the prince, of the twelve, senior among them, but not superior over them. The church is built upon the foundation of the apostles, Ephesians 2:20. The first stones of that building were laid in and by their ministry; hence their names are said to be written in the foundations of the new Jerusalem, Revelation 21:14... First, Some by this rock understand Peter himself as an apostle, the chief, though not the prince, of the twelve, senior among them, but not superior over them. The church is built upon the foundation of the apostles, Ephesians 2:20. The first stones of that building were laid in and by their ministry; hence their names are said to be written in the foundations of the new Jerusalem, Revelation 21:14. ... Thirdly, Others by this rock understand this confession which Peter made of Christ, and this comes all to one with understanding it of Christ himself. It was a good confession which Peter witnessed, Thou art the Christ, the Son of the living God; the rest concurred with him in it. "Now", saith Christ, "this is that great truth upon which I will build my church." 1. Take away this truth itself, and the universal church falls to the ground. If Christ be not the Son of God, Christianity is a cheat, and the church is a mere chimera; our preaching is vain, your faith is vain, and you are yet in your sins, 1 Corinthians 15:14–17. If Jesus be not the Christ, those that own him are not of the church, but deceivers and deceived. 2. Take away the faith and confession of this truth from any particular church, and it ceases to be a part of Christ's church, and relapses to the state and character of infidelity. This is articulus stantis et cadentis ecclesia – that article, with the admission or the denial of which the church either rises or falls; "the main hinge on which the door of salvation turns;" those who let go this, do not hold the foundation; and though they may call themselves Christians, they give themselves the lie; for the church is a sacred society, incorporated upon the certainty and assurance of this great truth; and great it is, and has prevailed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Matthew+Henry%27s+Complete+Commentary+on+the+Bible&rft.atitle=Commentary+on+Matthew+16%3A18&rft.aulast=Henry&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.studylight.org%2Fcom%2Fmhm%2Fview.cgi%3Fbook%3Dmt%26chapter%3D16%26verse%3D18%23Mt16_18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/john/1-42.htm">John 1:42</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140116071436/http://biblehub.com/john/1-42.htm">Archived</a> 16 January 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Bible Hub.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Cephas">"Cephas"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140116070946/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Cephas">Archived</a> 16 January 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Dictionary.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.behindthename.com/name/cephas">"Cephas"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140116085745/http://www.behindthename.com/name/cephas">Archived</a> 16 January 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Behind the Name.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannicapeter-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannicapeter_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor,_Daniel_William2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">O'Connor, Daniel William (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/453832/Saint-Peter-the-Apostle">"Saint Peter the Apostle"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130328083026/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/453832/Saint-Peter-the-Apostle">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saint+Peter+the+Apostle&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.date=2013&rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+Daniel+William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F453832%2FSaint-Peter-the-Apostle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholic.com/magazine/online-edition/where-is-the-papacy-in-the-old-testament">"Where Is the Papacy in the Old Testament?"</a>. <i>Catholic Answers</i>. 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230316042825/https://www.catholic.com/magazine/online-edition/where-is-the-papacy-in-the-old-testament">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Answers&rft.atitle=Where+Is+the+Papacy+in+the+Old+Testament%3F&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.com%2Fmagazine%2Fonline-edition%2Fwhere-is-the-papacy-in-the-old-testament&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Isaiah+22:22">Isaiah 22:22</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Matthew+16:19">Matthew 16:19</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Isaiah+22:23">Isaiah 22:23</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Matthew+16:18">Matthew 16:18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Paul_II1996Introduction-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Paul_II1996Introduction_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohn_Paul_II1996">John Paul II 1996</a>, p. Introduction.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://religionnews.com/2013/03/03/everything-you-need-to-know-about-popes-and-conclaves/">"Popes and conclaves: everything you need to know"</a>. 3 March 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170715213743/http://religionnews.com/2013/03/03/everything-you-need-to-know-about-popes-and-conclaves/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Popes+and+conclaves%3A+everything+you+need+to+know&rft.date=2013-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freligionnews.com%2F2013%2F03%2F03%2Feverything-you-need-to-know-about-popes-and-conclaves%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Paul_II199688–89-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Paul_II199688–89_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohn_Paul_II1996">John Paul II 1996</a>, pp. 88–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2009" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Joseph Francis (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jLrn2Nx-g2YC&q=lyons+ii"><i>The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church: A History</i></a>. Liturgical Press. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5376-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-5376-0"><bdi>978-0-8146-5376-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230816180825/https://books.google.com/books?id=jLrn2Nx-g2YC&q=lyons+ii">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecumenical+Councils+of+the+Catholic+Church%3A+A+History&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-5376-0&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjLrn2Nx-g2YC%26q%3Dlyons%2Bii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEffron2013" class="citation web cs1">Effron, Lauren (March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/white-smoke-pope-black-smoke-nope-conclave-smoke/story?id=18719208">"White Smoke, Pope; Black Smoke, Nope: How Conclave Smoke Gets Its Color"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806114812/https://abcnews.go.com/International/white-smoke-pope-black-smoke-nope-conclave-smoke/story?id=18719208">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=White+Smoke%2C+Pope%3B+Black+Smoke%2C+Nope%3A+How+Conclave+Smoke+Gets+Its+Color&rft.date=2013-03&rft.aulast=Effron&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2Fwhite-smoke-pope-black-smoke-nope-conclave-smoke%2Fstory%3Fid%3D18719208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130505172837/http://press.catholica.va/news_services/bulletin/news/30611.php?index=30611&lang=en">"Press Conference on the Tenth General Congregations of the College of Cardinals (11 March) and Regarding Events of the Coming Days: Tenth and Last General Congregation"</a>. Holy See Press Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.catholica.va/news_services/bulletin/news/30611.php?index=30611&lang=en">the original</a> on 5 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+Conference+on+the+Tenth+General+Congregations+of+the+College+of+Cardinals+%2811+March%29+and+Regarding+Events+of+the+Coming+Days%3A+Tenth+and+Last+General+Congregation&rft.pub=Holy+See+Press+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.catholica.va%2Fnews_services%2Fbulletin%2Fnews%2F30611.php%3Findex%3D30611%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/archive/vatican-bells-will-also-announce-election-new-pope">"Vatican: Bells Will Also Announce Election of New Pope".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725041252/https://www.voanews.com/archive/vatican-bells-will-also-announce-election-new-pope">Archived</a> 25 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>voanews.com.</i> 30 October 2009. Retrieved 24 July 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/all-things-catholic/quick-course-conclave-101">"A quick course in 'Conclave 101'"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725041252/https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/all-things-catholic/quick-course-conclave-101">Archived</a> 25 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Ncronline.com.</i> 15 February 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas J. Reese SJ, <i>Inside The Vatican: The Politics and Organization of the Catholic Church</i>, Harvard University Press (1996), p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Menachery George, Vatican Adventure <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/menachery/html/GeorgeMenachery.htm">http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/menachery/html/GeorgeMenachery.htm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171214041643/http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/menachery/html/GeorgeMenachery.htm">Archived</a> 14 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncregister.com/news/what-does-cardinal-sodano-s-departure-as-dean-of-the-college-of-cardinals-mean">"What Does Cardinal Sodano's Departure as Dean of the College of Cardinals Mean?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210713162738/https://www.ncregister.com/news/what-does-cardinal-sodano-s-departure-as-dean-of-the-college-of-cardinals-mean">Archived</a> 13 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>ncregister.com.</i> 27 December 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/02/world/europe/papal-transition-traditional-path-sharply-defined.html">"Papal Transition: Traditional Path Sharply Defined"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725041252/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/02/world/europe/papal-transition-traditional-path-sharply-defined.html">Archived</a> 25 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>nytimes.com</i>. 2 April 2005. Retrieved 24 July 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatholic_Online" class="citation web cs1">Catholic Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=4697">"The Ring of the Fisherman"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725041252/https://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=4697">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ring+of+the+Fisherman&rft.au=Catholic+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Fview.php%3Fid%3D4697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americamagazine.org/papal-transition#afterelection">"Papal Transition"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725041252/https://www.americamagazine.org/papal-transition#afterelection">Archived</a> 25 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>americamagazine.org.</i> 24 January 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christiantoday.com/article/the.process.of.electing.the.new.pope/2492.htm">"The Process of Electing the New Pope"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725041253/https://www.christiantoday.com/article/the.process.of.electing.the.new.pope/2492.htm">Archived</a> 25 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>christianitytoday.com</i>. 5 April 2005. Retrieved 25 July 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ap. Const. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_22021996_universi-dominici-gregis_en.html">Universi Dominici Gregis, No. 89</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120408114224/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_22021996_universi-dominici-gregis_en.html">Archived</a> 8 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">St <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>, speaking of the honours paid to bishops in his time, mentions the <i>absides gradatae</i> (<a href="/wiki/Apse" title="Apse">Apses</a> with steps, a reference to the seating arrangement for the presbyters in the apse of the church, with the bishop in the middle (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LTb6zWm5PMcC&pg=PA186">William Smith, Samuel Cheetham, <i>Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Christian Antiquities</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819142844/https://books.google.com/books?id=LTb6zWm5PMcC&pg=PA186">Archived</a> 19 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, "elevated stalls" in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/2512021/Letters-of-Augustine-of-Hippo">Sparrow-Simpson translation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305055309/https://www.scribd.com/doc/2512021/Letters-of-Augustine-of-Hippo">Archived</a> 5 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (p. 83), and appearing as "thrones ascended by flights of steps" in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf101.vii.1.XXIII.html">the Cunningham translation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628213136/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf101.vii.1.XXIII.html">Archived</a> 28 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>), and <i><a href="/wiki/Cathedra" title="Cathedra">cathedrae</a> velatae</i> (canopied thrones, appearing as "canopied pulpits" in both those translations) – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.g.">oogle.com/books?id=_Ms7AAAAcAAJ Letter 203 in the old arrangement</a>, 23 in the chronological rearrangement</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ablative_absolute" class="mw-redirect" title="Ablative absolute">Ablative absolute</a>, equivalent to a temporal clause</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-21777141">"Profile: Pope Francis"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 1 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180719070821/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-21777141">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Pope+Francis&rft.date=2017-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-21777141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher" class="citation news cs1">Fisher, Max. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/03/13/sorry-jorge-mario-bergoglio-is-not-the-first-non-european-pope/?noredirect=on">"Sorry, Jorge Mario Bergoglio is not the first non-European pope"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210718063026/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/03/13/sorry-jorge-mario-bergoglio-is-not-the-first-non-european-pope/?noredirect=on">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Sorry%2C+Jorge+Mario+Bergoglio+is+not+the+first+non-European+pope&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2013%2F03%2F13%2Fsorry-jorge-mario-bergoglio-is-not-the-first-non-european-pope%2F%3Fnoredirect%3Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_22021996_universi-dominici-gregis.html">"John Paul II. <i>Universi Dominici Gregis</i>, Chapter 1"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191122152903/https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_22021996_universi-dominici-gregis.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Paul+II.+Universi+Dominici+Gregis%2C+Chapter+1.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fjohn-paul-ii%2Fen%2Fapost_constitutions%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_apc_22021996_universi-dominici-gregis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snopes.com/religion/hammer.asp">"Hammer Time"</a>. <i>Snopes.com</i>. 5 April 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230816180916/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/hammer-time/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Snopes.com&rft.atitle=Hammer+Time&rft.date=2005-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Freligion%2Fhammer.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sullivan, George E. <i>Pope John Paul II: The People's Pope</i>. Boston: Walker & Company, 1984.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050406020745/http://www.time.com/time/covers/1101050411/path.html">"<i>The Path to a New Pontiff</i> Retrieved: 2010-03-29"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. 3 April 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/covers/1101050411/path.html">the original</a> on 6 April 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Path+to+a+New+Pontiff+Retrieved%3A+2010-03-29&rft.date=2005-04-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fcovers%2F1101050411%2Fpath.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Global_Catholic_Network_{{!}}_EWTN-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Global_Catholic_Network_{{!}}_EWTN_139-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global_Catholic_Network_{{!}}_EWTN_139-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/holysee/interregnum">"Global Catholic Network | EWTN"</a>. <i>ewtn.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200115040946/https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/holysee/interregnum">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ewtn.com&rft.atitle=Global+Catholic+Network+%7C+EWTN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Fcatholicism%2Fholysee%2Finterregnum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As the reign of the pope has conventionally been from election until death, papal resignation is an uncommon event. Before the 21st century, only five popes unambiguously resigned with historical certainty, all between the 10th and 15th centuries.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_P16.HTM">"Code of Canon Law – IntraText"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200516193905/http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_P16.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Code+of+Canon+Law+%E2%80%93+IntraText&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG1104%2F_P16.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown,_Andrew2013" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Andrew (11 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/feb/11/benedict-placehold-pope-weakened-church">"Benedict, the placeholder pope who leaves a battered, weakened church"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130301180614/http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/feb/11/benedict-placehold-pope-weakened-church">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Benedict%2C+the+placeholder+pope+who+leaves+a+battered%2C+weakened+church&rft.date=2013-02-11&rft.au=Brown%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2013%2Ffeb%2F11%2Fbenedict-placehold-pope-weakened-church&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Annuario Pontificio</i>, published annually by Libreria Editrice Vaticana, p. 23. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-209-8722-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-209-8722-0">978-88-209-8722-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahan,_Thomas_Joseph1907" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Shahan, Thomas Joseph (1907). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ecclesiastical Abbreviations"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Ecclesiastical_Abbreviations">"Ecclesiastical Abbreviations" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ecclesiastical+Abbreviations&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1907&rft.au=Shahan%2C+Thomas+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/469994/pope">"Pope"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130612233836/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/469994/pope">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pope&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F469994%2Fpope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdriano_Cappelli" class="citation web cs1">Adriano Cappelli. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inkunabeln.ub.uni-koeln.de/vdibDevelop/handapparat/nachs_w/cappelli/cappelli.html">"Lexicon Abbreviaturarum"</a>. p. 283. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130725080258/http://inkunabeln.ub.uni-koeln.de/vdibDevelop/handapparat/nachs_w/cappelli/cappelli.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lexicon+Abbreviaturarum&rft.pages=283&rft.au=Adriano+Cappelli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finkunabeln.ub.uni-koeln.de%2FvdibDevelop%2Fhandapparat%2Fnachs_w%2Fcappelli%2Fcappelli.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111210050234/http://www.ndl.go.jp/incunabula/e/glossary/glo_11.html">"Contractions and Abbreviations"</a>. Ndl.go.jp. 4 August 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndl.go.jp/incunabula/e/glossary/glo_11.html">the original</a> on 10 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contractions+and+Abbreviations&rft.pub=Ndl.go.jp&rft.date=2005-08-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndl.go.jp%2Fincunabula%2Fe%2Fglossary%2Fglo_11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/Papa+Pontifex">"What Does PP Stand For?"</a>. Acronyms.thefreedictionary.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111130042409/http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/Papa+Pontifex">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Does+PP+Stand+For%3F&rft.pub=Acronyms.thefreedictionary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facronyms.thefreedictionary.com%2FPapa%2BPontifex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/pope">"pope | Definition, Title, & List of Popes"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170711193542/https://www.britannica.com/topic/pope">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=pope+%7C+Definition%2C+Title%2C+%26+List+of+Popes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fpope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2021:16–17&version=nrsv">John 21:16–17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_Advent_–_Vicar_of_Christ-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-New_Advent_–_Vicar_of_Christ_151-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_Advent_–_Vicar_of_Christ_151-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_Advent_–_Vicar_of_Christ_151-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFanning,_William_Henry_Windsor1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fanning, William Henry Windsor (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Vicar of Christ"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Vicar_of_Christ">"Vicar of Christ" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vicar+of+Christ&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Fanning%2C+William+Henry+Windsor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macbrien-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Macbrien_152-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macbrien_152-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McBrien, Richard P. <i>Os Papas. Os Pontífices de São Pedro a João Paulo II</i> (original title: <i>Lives of the Popes. The Pontiffs from St. Peter to John Paul II</i> 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-065303-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-065303-5">0-06-065303-5</a>), pp. 37, 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i> (Oxford University Press 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3">978-0-19-280290-3</a>), article <i>Vicar of Christ</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_Commentary-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-New_Commentary_154-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_Commentary_154-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBealCoridenGreen2002" class="citation book cs1">Beal, John P.; Coriden, James A.; Green, Thomas J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JKgZEjvB5cEC&pg=PA432"><i>New Commentary on the Code of Canon Law</i></a>. Paulist Press. p. 432. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4066-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4066-4"><bdi>978-0-8091-4066-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210319004236/https://books.google.com/books?id=JKgZEjvB5cEC&pg=PA432">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Commentary+on+the+Code+of+Canon+Law&rft.pages=432&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-4066-4&rft.aulast=Beal&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft.au=Coriden%2C+James+A.&rft.au=Green%2C+Thomas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJKgZEjvB5cEC%26pg%3DPA432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0311.htm">"Prescription against Heretics (Chapter 28)"</a>. <i>Catholic Encyclopedia: The Fathers of the Church</i>. New Advent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121017062415/http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0311.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prescription+against+Heretics+%28Chapter+28%29&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia%3A+The+Fathers+of+the+Church&rft.pub=New+Advent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F0311.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0403.htm">"On the Veiling of Virgins (Chapter 1)"</a>. <i>Catholic Encyclopedia: The Fathers of the Church</i>. New Advent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130520080041/http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0403.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Veiling+of+Virgins+%28Chapter+1%29&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia%3A+The+Fathers+of+the+Church&rft.pub=New+Advent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F0403.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2016:7–14&version=nrsv">John 16:7–14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faus, José Ignacio Gonzáles. "<i>Autoridade da Verdade – Momentos Obscuros do Magistério Eclesiástico</i>" (Edições Loyola. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-15-01750-4" title="Special:BookSources/85-15-01750-4">85-15-01750-4</a>), p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUntener,_KenPicken,_Elizabeth2007" class="citation book cs1">Untener, Ken; Picken, Elizabeth (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7bjDsZHPiSYC&pg=PA264"><i>The Practical Prophet: Pastoral Writings</i></a>. New York: Paulist Press. p. 264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4429-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4429-7"><bdi>978-0-8091-4429-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210319005223/https://books.google.com/books?id=7bjDsZHPiSYC&pg=PA264">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Practical+Prophet%3A+Pastoral+Writings&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-4429-7&rft.au=Untener%2C+Ken&rft.au=Picken%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7bjDsZHPiSYC%26pg%3DPA264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html">"Second Vatican Council, Dogmatic Constitution <i>Lumen gentium</i>, 27"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140906031754/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Second+Vatican+Council%2C+Dogmatic+Constitution+Lumen+gentium%2C+27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fhist_councils%2Fii_vatican_council%2Fdocuments%2Fvat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw1979" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Russell B. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vJ78Vd4O9d4C&pg=PA991"><i>Church & State: A Novel of Politics and Power</i></a>. Huntington, Ind: Our Sunday Visitor. p. 991. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87973-669-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87973-669-9"><bdi>978-0-87973-669-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526034011/http://books.google.com/books?id=vJ78Vd4O9d4C&pg=PA991">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+%26+State%3A+A+Novel+of+Politics+and+Power&rft.place=Huntington%2C+Ind&rft.pages=991&rft.pub=Our+Sunday+Visitor&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-87973-669-9&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Russell+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvJ78Vd4O9d4C%26pg%3DPA991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/boniface1.html">"Medieval Sourcebook"</a>. Fordham.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111127185446/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/boniface1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medieval+Sourcebook&rft.pub=Fordham.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fsource%2Fboniface1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clerus.org/bibliaclerusonline/en/end.htm#cml">"<i>Missale Romanum</i>, Vatican City, 2008, p. 928"</a>. Clerus.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111130050255/http://www.clerus.org/bibliaclerusonline/en/end.htm#cml">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Missale+Romanum%2C+Vatican+City%2C+2008%2C+p.+928&rft.pub=Clerus.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clerus.org%2Fbibliaclerusonline%2Fen%2Fend.htm%23cml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/469745/pontifex">"Pontifex"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130613003622/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/469745/pontifex">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pontifex&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F469745%2Fpontifex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The bridge making has been interpreted in terms of "one who smoothes the way for the gods and to the gods" (Van Haeperen, Françoise, 2002. <i>Le collège pontifical: 3ème s. a. C. – 4ème s. p. C.</i> in series <i> Études de Philologie, d'Archéologie et d'Histoire Anciennes</i>, no. 39. (Brussels: Brepols) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-74461-49-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-74461-49-2">90-74461-49-2</a>, reviewed in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/2003/2003-10-16.html">Bryn Mawr Classical review, 2003</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031107152321/http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/2003/2003-10-16.html">Archived</a> 7 November 2003 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smithpontifex-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smithpontifex_166-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smithpontifex_166-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1875" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">Smith, William</a>, ed. (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Pontifex.html">"Pontifex"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Antiquities" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities</a></i>. London: J. Murray. pp. 939–942.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pontifex&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Antiquities&rft.place=London&rft.pages=939-942&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1875&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2Fsecondary%2FSMIGRA%2A%2FPontifex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-L&S-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-L&S_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddellScott" class="citation book cs1">Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130521153349/http://perseus.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.8:10:135.LSJ"><i>A Greek English Lexicon</i></a>. Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://perseus.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.8:10:135.LSJ">the original</a> on 21 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2013</span> – via perseus.uchicago.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Greek+English+Lexicon&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fperseus.uchicago.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fphilologic%2Fgetobject.pl%3Fc.8%3A10%3A135.LSJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> 23.1.2 and 32.22.5; <i>Corpus Inscriptionum Atticarum</i> 3.43, 3.428 und 3.458</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Translated literally into Greek as <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">ἀρχιερεὺς μέγιστος</span> (greatest high priest) in <i>Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum</i> 2.2696 and 3.346; <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> <i>Numa</i> 9.4 – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://perseus.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.8:10:135.LSJ">Liddell and Scott: ἀρχιερεύς</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130521153349/http://perseus.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.8:10:135.LSJ">Archived</a> 21 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There are 35 instances of the use of this term in the Vulgate: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2015:11&version=nrsv">Mark 15:11</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%207:45&version=nrsv">John 7:45</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2011:47&version=nrsv">11:47</a>,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2011:49&version=nrsv">11:49</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2011:51&version=nrsv">11:51</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2011:57&version=nrsv">11:57</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2018:3&version=nrsv">18:3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2018:10&version=nrsv">18:10</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2018:13&version=nrsv">18:13</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2018:15–16&version=nrsv">18:15–16</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2018:22&version=nrsv">18:22</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2018:24&version=nrsv">18:24</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2018:26&version=nrsv">18:26</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2018:35&version=nrsv">18:35</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2019:6&version=nrsv">19:6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2019:15&version=nrsv">19:15</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2019:21&version=nrsv">19:21</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%202:17&version=nrsv">Hebrews 2:17</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%203:1&version=nrsv">3:1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%204:14–15&version=nrsv">4:14–15</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%205:1&version=nrsv">5:1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%205:5&version=nrsv">5:5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%205:10&version=nrsv">5:10</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%206:20&version=nrsv">6:20</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%207:26&version=nrsv">7:26</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%208:1&version=nrsv">8:1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%208:3&version=nrsv">8:3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%209:7&version=nrsv">9:7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%209:11&version=nrsv">9:11</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%209:25&version=nrsv">9:25</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%2013:11&version=nrsv">13:11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_Advent_–_Pope-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-New_Advent_–_Pope_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyce,_G._H.1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Joyce, G. H. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope">"Pope" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pope&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Joyce%2C+G.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Pontiff">"Dictionary definition"</a>. Dictionary.reference.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101122162728/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pontiff">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dictionary+definition&rft.pub=Dictionary.reference.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2FPontiff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130427091618/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/pontifical">"pontifical"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries</i>. Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/pontifical">the original</a> on 27 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=pontifical&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fpontifical&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Annuario Pontificio 2008 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-209-8021-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-209-8021-4">978-88-209-8021-4</a>), p. 23*</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdeleyeAcquah-Dadzie1999" class="citation book cs1">Adeleye, Gabriel; <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Acquah-Dadzie" title="Kofi Acquah-Dadzie">Acquah-Dadzie, Kofi</a> (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worlddictionaryo00adel_0"><i>World Dictionary of Foreign Expressions: A Resource for Readers and Writers</i></a></span>. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worlddictionaryo00adel_0/page/375">375</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86516-423-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86516-423-9"><bdi>978-0-86516-423-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Dictionary+of+Foreign+Expressions%3A+A+Resource+for+Readers+and+Writers&rft.pages=375&rft.pub=Bolchazy-Carducci+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-86516-423-9&rft.aulast=Adeleye&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft.au=Acquah-Dadzie%2C+Kofi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworlddictionaryo00adel_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/242251/Gratian">"Gratian"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130318124237/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/242251/Gratian">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gratian&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F242251%2FGratian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/pn-po/pontifex/maximus.html">Pontifex Maximus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130303013139/http://www.livius.org/pn-po/pontifex/maximus.html">Archived</a> 3 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Livius.org article by Jona Lendering retrieved 15 August 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODCC:PM-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODCC:PM_178-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODCC:PM_178-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i> (Oxford University Press 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3">978-0-19-280290-3</a>), article <i>Pontifex Maximus</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeehan,_Andrew_Brennan1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Meehan, Andrew Brennan (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Servus servorum Dei"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Servus_servorum_Dei">"Servus servorum Dei" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Servus+servorum+Dei&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Meehan%2C+Andrew+Brennan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/general-docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_20060322_patriarca-occidente_fr.html">"Communiqué concernant la suppression du titre "Patriarche d'Occident" dans l'Annuaire pontifical 2006"</a>. Vatican.va. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303075224/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/general-docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_20060322_patriarca-occidente_fr.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Communiqu%C3%A9+concernant+la+suppression+du+titre+%22Patriarche+d%27Occident%22+dans+l%27Annuaire+pontifical+2006&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fpontifical_councils%2Fchrstuni%2Fgeneral-docs%2Frc_pc_chrstuni_doc_20060322_patriarca-occidente_fr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/why-is-pope-francis-embracing-the">"Why is Pope Francis embracing the patriarchy (of the West)?"</a>. The Pillar. 10 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+is+Pope+Francis+embracing+the+patriarchy+%28of+the+West%29%3F&rft.date=2024-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pillarcatholic.com%2Fp%2Fwhy-is-pope-francis-embracing-the&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20130629_enciclica-lumen-fidei.html">"Encyclical letter <i>Lumen fidei</i>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210115115142/http://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20130629_enciclica-lumen-fidei.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclical+letter+Lumen+fidei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Ffrancesco%2Fen%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fpapa-francesco_20130629_enciclica-lumen-fidei.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Examples are "Francesco" in the frontispiece of the 2013 <i><a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></i> published in Italian shortly after his election (<i>Annuario Pontificio 2013</i>, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-209-9070-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-209-9070-1">978-88-209-9070-1</a>) and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/it/letters/2014/documents/papa-francesco_20140401_cardinale-baldisseri.html">a letter in Italian dated 1 April 2014</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224141237/http://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/it/letters/2014/documents/papa-francesco_20140401_cardinale-baldisseri.html">Archived</a> 24 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01022a.htm">"Catholic Encyclopedia:<i>Ecclesiastical Abbreviations</i>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140707080820/http://newadvent.org/cathen/01022a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia%3AEcclesiastical+Abbreviations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F01022a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/dictionary/index.cfm?id=36109">"Dictionary : Ring of the Fisherman"</a>. <i>catholicculture.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328120435/https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/dictionary/index.cfm?id=36109">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=catholicculture.org&rft.atitle=Dictionary+%3A+Ring+of+the+Fisherman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicculture.org%2Fculture%2Flibrary%2Fdictionary%2Findex.cfm%3Fid%3D36109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://educalingo.com/en/dic-en/umbraculum">"Umbraculum – Definition and synonyms of umbraculum in the English dictionary"</a>. <i>educalingo.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210319005244/https://educalingo.com/en/dic-en/umbraculum">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=educalingo.com&rft.atitle=Umbraculum+%E2%80%93+Definition+and+synonyms+of+umbraculum+in+the+English+dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feducalingo.com%2Fen%2Fdic-en%2Fumbraculum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fsspx.news/en/news-events/news/vatican-possible-return-sedia-gestatoria-56887">"Vatican: The Possible Return of the Sedia Gestatoria"</a>. <i>Society of Saint Pius X</i>. 2 April 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200922052644/https://fsspx.news/en/news-events/news/vatican-possible-return-sedia-gestatoria-56887">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Society+of+Saint+Pius+X&rft.atitle=Vatican%3A+The+Possible+Return+of+the+Sedia+Gestatoria&rft.date=2020-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffsspx.news%2Fen%2Fnews-events%2Fnews%2Fvatican-possible-return-sedia-gestatoria-56887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fotw.info/flags/va).html">"Vatican City (Holy See) – The Keys and Coat of Arms"</a>. Fotw.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100923005401/https://www.fotw.info/flags/va).html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vatican+City+%28Holy+See%29+%E2%80%93+The+Keys+and+Coat+of+Arms&rft.pub=Fotw.net&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fotw.info%2Fflags%2Fva%29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/elezione/documents/stemma-benedict-xvi.html">"The Vatican (Holy See)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200226173537/http://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/elezione/documents/stemma-benedict-xvi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Vatican+%28Holy+See%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fbenedict-xvi%2Fen%2Felezione%2Fdocuments%2Fstemma-benedict-xvi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBagliani2013" class="citation news cs1">Bagliani, Agostino Paravicini (21 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140817001848/http://www.osservatoreromano.va/en/news/from-red-to-white">"From red to white"</a>. <i>Osservatore Romano</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osservatoreromano.va/en/news/from-red-to-white">the original</a> on 17 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Osservatore+Romano&rft.atitle=From+red+to+white&rft.date=2013-08-21&rft.aulast=Bagliani&rft.aufirst=Agostino+Paravicini&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osservatoreromano.va%2Fen%2Fnews%2Ffrom-red-to-white&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=18897">"Vatican newspaper examines history of red, white papal garb"</a>. <i>Catholic Culture</i>. 2 September 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141224101919/http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=18897">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Culture&rft.atitle=Vatican+newspaper+examines+history+of+red%2C+white+papal+garb&rft.date=2013-09-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicculture.org%2Fnews%2Fheadlines%2Findex.cfm%3Fstoryid%3D18897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare the portrait reproduced in the article on Pius V with those in the articles on his immediate predecessors <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IV" title="Pope Pius IV">Pope Pius IV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV" title="Pope Paul IV">Pope Paul IV</a> and in the articles on <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_III" title="Pope Julius III">Pope Julius III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Pope Paul III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_VI" title="Pope Adrian VI">Pope Adrian VI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Pope Julius II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_II" title="Pope Pius II">Pope Pius II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III" title="Pope Callixtus III">Pope Callixtus III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Pope Nicholas V</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV" title="Pope Eugene IV">Pope Eugene IV</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The texts of these canons are given in <a href="/wiki/Enchiridion_symbolorum,_definitionum_et_declarationum_de_rebus_fidei_et_morum" title="Enchiridion symbolorum, definitionum et declarationum de rebus fidei et morum">Denzinger</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catho.org/9.php?d=byj#dez">Latin original</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080203190611/http://catho.org/9.php?d=byj#dez">Archived</a> 3 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://denzinger.patristica.net/">English translation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423150303/http://denzinger.patristica.net/">Archived</a> 23 April 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Denzinger 3055 (old numbering, 1823)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Denzinger 3058 (old numbering, 1825)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Denzinger 3064 (old numbering, 1831)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Denzinger 3073–3075 (old numbering, 1839–1840)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html">"<i>Lumen gentium</i>, 25"</a>. Vatican.va. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140906031754/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lumen+gentium%2C+25&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fhist_councils%2Fii_vatican_council%2Fdocuments%2Fvat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchauthority.org/index.asp">"the Jubilee Declaration"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121015022156/http://www.churchauthority.org/index.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=the+Jubilee+Declaration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchauthority.org%2Findex.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see <a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/innIII-policies.html">Medieval Sourcebook</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140814182618/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/innIII-policies.html">Archived</a> 14 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tera-3.ul.cs.cmu.edu/cgi-bin/getImage.pl?target=/data/www/NASD/4a7f1db4-5792-415c-be79-266f41eef20a/009/499/PTIFF/00000673.tif&rs=2">selection from <i>Concordia Cyclopedia</i>: Roman Catholic Church, History of</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716144949/http://tera-3.ul.cs.cmu.edu/cgi-bin/getImage.pl?target=%2Fdata%2Fwww%2FNASD%2F4a7f1db4-5792-415c-be79-266f41eef20a%2F009%2F499%2FPTIFF%2F00000673.tif&rs=2">Archived</a> 16 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrnes2019" class="citation web cs1">Byrnes, Timothy (26 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/responses/the-enduring-power-of-the-papacy-pope-francis-and-international-relations">"The Enduring Power of the Papacy: Pope Francis and International Relations"</a>. <i>Berkley Center for Religion, Peace and World Affairs</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230321072013/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/responses/the-enduring-power-of-the-papacy-pope-francis-and-international-relations">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Berkley+Center+for+Religion%2C+Peace+and+World+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Enduring+Power+of+the+Papacy%3A+Pope+Francis+and+International+Relations&rft.date=2019-11-26&rft.aulast=Byrnes&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fberkleycenter.georgetown.edu%2Fresponses%2Fthe-enduring-power-of-the-papacy-pope-francis-and-international-relations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToosi2016" class="citation web cs1">Toosi, Nahal (18 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2016/02/pope-francis-presidential-race-219448">"The pope flashes his political passions"</a>. <i>Politico</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205205116/http://www.politico.com/story/2016/02/pope-francis-presidential-race-219448">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=The+pope+flashes+his+political+passions&rft.date=2016-02-18&rft.aulast=Toosi&rft.aufirst=Nahal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2016%2F02%2Fpope-francis-presidential-race-219448&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudt2006" class="citation book cs1">Judt, Tony (2006). <i>Postwar: a history of Europe since 1945</i>. New York: Penguin Books. pp. 584–595. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303775-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303775-0"><bdi>978-0-14-303775-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postwar%3A+a+history+of+Europe+since+1945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=584-595&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-14-303775-0&rft.aulast=Judt&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersen1984" class="citation news cs1">Andersen, Martin (19 October 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/10/19/chile-argentina-sign-protocol-on-beagle/f8e5a9db-f01c-4a5a-9691-f91861c095eb/">"Chile, Argentina Sign Protocol on Beagle"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151202084736/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/10/19/chile-argentina-sign-protocol-on-beagle/f8e5a9db-f01c-4a5a-9691-f91861c095eb/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Chile%2C+Argentina+Sign+Protocol+on+Beagle&rft.date=1984-10-19&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Andersen&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1984%2F10%2F19%2Fchile-argentina-sign-protocol-on-beagle%2Ff8e5a9db-f01c-4a5a-9691-f91861c095eb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooper2014" class="citation news cs1">Hooper, John (17 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/17/us-cuba-pope-franicis-key-roles">"Pope Francis and the Vatican played key roles in US-Cuba thaw, leaders reveal"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230614201740/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/17/us-cuba-pope-franicis-key-roles">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Pope+Francis+and+the+Vatican+played+key+roles+in+US-Cuba+thaw%2C+leaders+reveal&rft.date=2014-12-17&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Hooper&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Fdec%2F17%2Fus-cuba-pope-franicis-key-roles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandler2014" class="citation web cs1">Chandler, Adam (17 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/12/pope-francis-birthday-cuba-deal-castro-obama-letter/383854/">"How the Pope Helped Bring the United States and Cuba Together"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230128060208/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/12/pope-francis-birthday-cuba-deal-castro-obama-letter/383854/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=How+the+Pope+Helped+Bring+the+United+States+and+Cuba+Together&rft.date=2014-12-17&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2014%2F12%2Fpope-francis-birthday-cuba-deal-castro-obama-letter%2F383854%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDworkinIliopoulos" class="citation web cs1">Dworkin, Anthony; Iliopoulos, Katherine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110809081228/http://www.crimesofwar.org/commentary/the-icc-bashir-and-the-immunity-of-heads-of-state/">"The International Criminal Court, Bashir, and the Immunity of Heads of State"</a>. Crimesofwar.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crimesofwar.org/commentary/the-icc-bashir-and-the-immunity-of-heads-of-state/">the original</a> on 9 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+International+Criminal+Court%2C+Bashir%2C+and+the+Immunity+of+Heads+of+State&rft.pub=Crimesofwar.org&rft.aulast=Dworkin&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Iliopoulos%2C+Katherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crimesofwar.org%2Fcommentary%2Fthe-icc-bashir-and-the-immunity-of-heads-of-state%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimbeye2004" class="citation book cs1">Simbeye, Yitiha (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fZNZ7r4hYL8C"><i>Immunity and International Criminal Law</i></a>. Ashgate. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754624332" title="Special:BookSources/9780754624332"><bdi>9780754624332</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728141538/https://books.google.com/books?id=fZNZ7r4hYL8C">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immunity+and+International+Criminal+Law&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780754624332&rft.aulast=Simbeye&rft.aufirst=Yitiha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfZNZ7r4hYL8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110128045143/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,169909,00.html">"U.S. Says Pope Immune From Molestation Lawsuit"</a>. Fox News. 20 September 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,169909,00.html">the original</a> on 28 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Says+Pope+Immune+From+Molestation+Lawsuit&rft.pub=Fox+News&rft.date=2005-09-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2F0%2C2933%2C169909%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2010" class="citation web cs1">Allen, John L. (21 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncronline.org/news/autonomy-bishops-and-suing-vatican">"The autonomy of bishops, and suing the Vatican"</a>. <i>National Catholic Review</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100524063006/http://ncronline.org/news/autonomy-bishops-and-suing-vatican">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Catholic+Review&rft.atitle=The+autonomy+of+bishops%2C+and+suing+the+Vatican&rft.date=2010-05-21&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fncronline.org%2Fnews%2Fautonomy-bishops-and-suing-vatican&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKiggan2008" class="citation web cs1">McKiggan, John (27 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160822014429/http://www.sexualabuseclaimsblog.com/2008/11/vatican_can_be_sued_for_priest_sexual_abuse_us_court_of_appeals.html">"Vatican Can Be Sued For Priest Sexual Abuse: U.S. Court of Appeals"</a>. <i>Sexual Abuse Claims Blog</i>. McKiggan Hebert Lawyers. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sexualabuseclaimsblog.com/2008/11/vatican_can_be_sued_for_priest_sexual_abuse_us_court_of_appeals.html">the original</a> on 22 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sexual+Abuse+Claims+Blog&rft.atitle=Vatican+Can+Be+Sued+For+Priest+Sexual+Abuse%3A+U.S.+Court+of+Appeals&rft.date=2008-11-27&rft.aulast=McKiggan&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sexualabuseclaimsblog.com%2F2008%2F11%2Fvatican_can_be_sued_for_priest_sexual_abuse_us_court_of_appeals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinfield2010" class="citation news cs1">Winfield, Nicole (30 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/religion/2010-03-30-catholic-abuse_N.htm">"Vatican offers 3 reasons it's not liable in U.S. abuse case"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130413232009/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/religion/2010-03-30-catholic-abuse_N.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Vatican+offers+3+reasons+it%27s+not+liable+in+U.S.+abuse+case&rft.date=2010-03-30&rft.aulast=Winfield&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Freligion%2F2010-03-30-catholic-abuse_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorne2010" class="citation news cs1">Horne, Mark (10 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140423111338/http://old.richarddawkins.net/articles/5415">"Richard Dawkins calls for arrest of Pope Benedict XVI"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.richarddawkins.net/articles/5415">the original</a> on 23 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2013</span> – via Richard Dawkins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Richard+Dawkins+calls+for+arrest+of+Pope+Benedict+XVI&rft.date=2010-04-10&rft.aulast=Horne&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.richarddawkins.net%2Farticles%2F5415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2010" class="citation news cs1">Roberts, Ivor (13 April 2010). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/article2475567.ece">"Is the Holy See above the law?"</a></span>. <i>The Times</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150223011623/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/article2475567.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Is+the+Holy+See+above+the+law%3F&rft.date=2010-04-13&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Ivor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Ftto%2Fnews%2Farticle2475567.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zenit-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zenit_218-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPentin2010" class="citation news cs1">Pentin, Edward (15 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100420025614/http://www.zenit.org/article-28914?l=english">"Arrest the Pope?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zenit_News_Agency" title="Zenit News Agency">Zenit News Agency</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zenit.org/article-28914?l=english">the original</a> on 20 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Arrest+the+Pope%3F&rft.date=2010-04-15&rft.aulast=Pentin&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzenit.org%2Farticle-28914%3Fl%3Denglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph-20220806-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-telegraph-20220806_219-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHymas2022" class="citation news cs1">Hymas, Charles (6 August 2022). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2022/08/06/vaticans-124m-property-case-heard-uk-trial-century/">"Vatican's £124m property case to be heard in UK in 'trial of the century'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a></span>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220808002346/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2022/08/06/vaticans-124m-property-case-heard-uk-trial-century/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Vatican%27s+%C2%A3124m+property+case+to+be+heard+in+UK+in+%27trial+of+the+century%27&rft.date=2022-08-06&rft.aulast=Hymas&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fworld-news%2F2022%2F08%2F06%2Fvaticans-124m-property-case-heard-uk-trial-century%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-littletonchambers-20220726-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-littletonchambers-20220726_220-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://littletonchambers.com/court-of-appeal-sets-aside-stay-of-proceedings-in-vatican-london-property-dispute/">"Court of Appeal sets aside stay of proceedings in Vatican London property dispute"</a>. <i>Littleton Chambers</i>. 26 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220813002807/https://littletonchambers.com/court-of-appeal-sets-aside-stay-of-proceedings-in-vatican-london-property-dispute/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Littleton+Chambers&rft.atitle=Court+of+Appeal+sets+aside+stay+of+proceedings+in+Vatican+London+property+dispute&rft.date=2022-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flittletonchambers.com%2Fcourt-of-appeal-sets-aside-stay-of-proceedings-in-vatican-london-property-dispute%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usccb.org/beliefs-and-teachings/ecumenical-and-interreligious/ecumenical/lutheran/attitudes-papal-primacy.cfm">"Differing Attitudes Toward Papal Primacy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181218054544/http://www.usccb.org/beliefs-and-teachings/ecumenical-and-interreligious/ecumenical/lutheran/attitudes-papal-primacy.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Differing+Attitudes+Toward+Papal+Primacy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usccb.org%2Fbeliefs-and-teachings%2Fecumenical-and-interreligious%2Fecumenical%2Flutheran%2Fattitudes-papal-primacy.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Therefore, on the basis of a renewed study of the pertinent Scriptures we reaffirm the statement of the Lutheran Confessions, that 'the Pope is the very Antichrist'" from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wels.net/about-wels/doctrinal-statements/antichrist">Statement on the Antichrist</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130222233710/http://www.wels.net/about-wels/doctrinal-statements/antichrist">Archived</a> 22 February 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod</a>, also <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ianpaisley.org/antichrist.asp">Ian Paisley, The Pope is the Antichrist</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170916080636/http://www.ianpaisley.org/antichrist.asp">Archived</a> 16 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Kretzmann's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kretzmannproject.org/EP_MINOR/2TH_2.htm"><i>Popular Commentary</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070912222729/http://www.kretzmannproject.org/EP_MINOR/2TH_2.htm">Archived</a> 12 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2 Thessalonians chapter two and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wlsessays.net/files/JeskeThessalonians.pdf">An Exegesis of 2 Thessalonians 2:1–10</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140321144249/http://www.wlsessays.net/files/JeskeThessalonians.pdf">Archived</a> 21 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Mark Jeske</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See See Kretzmann's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kretzmannproject.org/REV/REV_13.htm"><i>Popular Commentary</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070912222710/http://www.kretzmannproject.org/REV/REV_13.htm">Archived</a> 12 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Revelation Chapter 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NMQ_Ar84DCcC">Passional Christi und Antichristi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190719171303/https://books.google.com/books?id=NMQ_Ar84DCcC">Archived</a> 19 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Full view on Google Books</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190121115032/http://www.lcrusa.org/a-brief-statement-of-doctrinal-position.html">"Brief Statement of the Doctrinal Position of the Missouri Synod"</a>. Lutheran Churches of the Reformation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcrusa.org/a-brief-statement-of-doctrinal-position.html">the original</a> on 21 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brief+Statement+of+the+Doctrinal+Position+of+the+Missouri+Synod&rft.pub=Lutheran+Churches+of+the+Reformation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcrusa.org%2Fa-brief-statement-of-doctrinal-position.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.concordialutheranconf.com/doctrine/1932-2.cfm">"Brief Statement of the Doctrinal Position of the Missouri Synod in the By-Gone Days of Its Orthodoxy (1932): Still by God's Grace the Scriptural Position of the Concordia Lutheran Conference"</a>. Concordia Lutheran Conference. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151203092955/http://www.concordialutheranconf.com/doctrine/1932-2.cfm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brief+Statement+of+the+Doctrinal+Position+of+the+Missouri+Synod+in+the+By-Gone+Days+of+Its+Orthodoxy+%281932%29%3A+Still+by+God%27s+Grace+the+Scriptural+Position+of+the+Concordia+Lutheran+Conference&rft.pub=Concordia+Lutheran+Conference&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.concordialutheranconf.com%2Fdoctrine%2F1932-2.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clclutheran.org/2011/12/the-brief-statement-of-1932/">"The Brief Statement of 1932"</a>. Church of the Lutheran Confession. 10 December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200813000702/http://clclutheran.org/2011/12/the-brief-statement-of-1932/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Brief+Statement+of+1932&rft.pub=Church+of+the+Lutheran+Confession&rft.date=2011-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclclutheran.org%2F2011%2F12%2Fthe-brief-statement-of-1932%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070819173407/http://www.illinoislutheranconference.org/our-solid-foundation/doctrinal-position-of-the-ilc.lwp/odyframe.htm">"Doctrinal Position"</a>. The Illinois Lutheran Conference. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.illinoislutheranconference.org/our-solid-foundation/doctrinal-position-of-the-ilc.lwp/odyframe.htm">the original</a> on 19 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Doctrinal+Position&rft.pub=The+Illinois+Lutheran+Conference&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.illinoislutheranconference.org%2Four-solid-foundation%2Fdoctrinal-position-of-the-ilc.lwp%2Fodyframe.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lcms.org/page.aspx?pid=415">"Doctrinal Position – The Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115074152/http://lcms.org/page.aspx?pid=415">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Doctrinal+Position+%E2%80%93+The+Lutheran+Church+%E2%80%93+Missouri+Synod&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lcms.org%2Fpage.aspx%3Fpid%3D415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wels.net/about-wels/what-we-believe/doctrinal-statements/antichrist/">"Antichrist"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161117214757/https://wels.net/about-wels/what-we-believe/doctrinal-statements/antichrist/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antichrist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwels.net%2Fabout-wels%2Fwhat-we-believe%2Fdoctrinal-statements%2Fantichrist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zr3lGJei6fkC">Baltimore Catechism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919114345/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zr3lGJei6fkC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r#PPA168,M1">Archived</a> 19 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on the temporal power of the pope over governments and Innocent III's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/innIII-policies.html">Letter to the prefect Acerbius and the nobles of Tuscany</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140814182618/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/innIII-policies.html">Archived</a> 14 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. For objection to this, see the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concordiacyclope009499mbp">Concordia Cyclopedia</a>, pp. 564, 750.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Luther, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookofconcord.com/smalcald.html#article4">Smalcald Articles, Article four</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010210703/http://www.bookofconcord.com/smalcald.html#article4">Archived</a> 10 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see <a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Papal Schism</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Magister-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Magister_235-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chiesa.espressonline.it/dettaglio.jsp?id=7049&eng=ylink">Sandro Magister</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060621082856/http://www.chiesa.espressonline.it/dettaglio.jsp?id=7049">Archived</a> 21 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Espresso Online.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patriarchateofalexandria.com/index.php?lang=en">"The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and All Africa"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130705151714/http://www.patriarchateofalexandria.com/index.php?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Orthodox+Patriarchate+of+Alexandria+and+All+Africa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patriarchateofalexandria.com%2Findex.php%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cnewsliveenglish.com/news/19843/saint-peter-the-first-pope-sm">"Saint Peter : The First Pope (Successors of Peter - Part 1)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430072444/https://cnewsliveenglish.com/news/19843/saint-peter-the-first-pope-sm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saint+Peter+%3A+The+First+Pope+%28Successors+of+Peter+-+Part+1%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcnewsliveenglish.com%2Fnews%2F19843%2Fsaint-peter-the-first-pope-sm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Annuario Pontificio 2012 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2012 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-209-8722-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-209-8722-0">978-88-209-8722-0</a>), p. 11*</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Annuario Pontificio 2012</i> (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2012 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-209-8722-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-209-8722-0">978-88-209-8722-0</a>), p. 12*</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry2002" class="citation book cs1">Barry, Rev. Msgr. John F. (2002). <i>One Faith, One Lord: A Study of Basic Catholic Belief</i>. New York: William H. Sadlier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8215-2207-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8215-2207-3"><bdi>978-0-8215-2207-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Faith%2C+One+Lord%3A+A+Study+of+Basic+Catholic+Belief&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=William+H.+Sadlier&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8215-2207-3&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=Rev.+Msgr.+John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBokenkotter2004" class="citation book cs1">Bokenkotter, Thomas (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00boke"><i>A Concise History of the Catholic Church</i></a>. New York: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-50584-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-50584-0"><bdi>978-0-385-50584-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-385-50584-0&rft.aulast=Bokenkotter&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconcisehistoryof00boke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1990" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Chadwick_(theologian)" title="Henry Chadwick (theologian)">Chadwick, Henry</a> (1990). "The Early Christian Community". In John McManners (ed.). <i>The Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822928-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822928-5"><bdi>978-0-19-822928-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Early+Christian+Community&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Illustrated+History+of+Christianity&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-19-822928-5&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eamon_Duffy" title="Eamon Duffy">Duffy, Eamon</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saintssinnershis00duff"><i>Saints and Sinners, a History of the Popes</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07332-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07332-4"><bdi>978-0-300-07332-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saints+and+Sinners%2C+a+History+of+the+Popes&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-300-07332-4&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Eamon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaintssinnershis00duff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurant1950" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Will_Durant" title="Will Durant">Durant, William James</a> (1950). <a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="The Age of Faith"><i>The Story of Civilization</i></a>. Vol. IV. The Age of Faith: A History of Medieval Civilization – Christian, Islamic, and Judaic – from Constantine to Dante, A.D. 325–1300. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-01200-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-01200-7"><bdi>978-0-671-01200-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Civilization&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=978-0-671-01200-7&rft.aulast=Durant&rft.aufirst=William+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurant1957" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Will_Durant" title="Will Durant">Durant, William James</a> (1957). <a href="/wiki/The_Reformation_(Story_of_Civilization)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Reformation (Story of Civilization)"><i>The Story of Civilization</i></a>. Vol. VI. The Reformation. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-61050-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-61050-0"><bdi>978-0-671-61050-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Civilization&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=978-0-671-61050-0&rft.aulast=Durant&rft.aufirst=William+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranzenDolan,_John1969" class="citation book cs1">Franzen, August; Dolan, John (1969). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofchurch0000fran"><i>A History of the Church</i></a></span>. Herder and Herder.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Church&rft.pub=Herder+and+Herder&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Franzen&rft.aufirst=August&rft.au=Dolan%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofchurch0000fran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranfield1987" class="citation book cs1">Granfield, Patrick (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limitsofpapacy00gran"><i>The Limits of the Papacy: Authority and Autonomy in the Church</i></a>. New York: Crossroad. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8245-0839-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8245-0839-5"><bdi>978-0-8245-0839-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Limits+of+the+Papacy%3A+Authority+and+Autonomy+in+the+Church&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crossroad&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8245-0839-5&rft.aulast=Granfield&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flimitsofpapacy00gran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrisar1912" class="citation book cs1">Grisar, Hartmann (1912). <i>History of Rome and the Popes in the Middle Ages</i>. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11025456">11025456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Rome+and+the+Popes+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Kegan+Paul%2C+Trench%2C+Tr%C3%BCbner&rft.date=1912&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11025456&rft.aulast=Grisar&rft.aufirst=Hartmann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Paul_II1996" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II, Pope</a> (22 February 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_22021996_universi-dominici-gregis_en.html">"Universi Dominici Gregis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Vatican Publishing House</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120408114224/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_22021996_universi-dominici-gregis_en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universi+Dominici+Gregis&rft.pub=Vatican+Publishing+House&rft.date=1996-02-22&rft.aulast=John+Paul+II&rft.aufirst=Pope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fjohn_paul_ii%2Fapost_constitutions%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_apc_22021996_universi-dominici-gregis_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly1986" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, J. N. (1986). <i>Oxford Dictionary of the Popes</i>. Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-190935-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-190935-1"><bdi>978-0-19-190935-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Popes&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-19-190935-1&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=J.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerr1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Kerr_(bishop)" title="William Kerr (bishop)">Kerr, William Shaw</a> (1950). <i>A Handbook on the Papacy</i>. London: Marshall, Morgan & Scott. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51018118">51018118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+on+the+Papacy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Marshall%2C+Morgan+%26+Scott&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51018118&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=William+Shaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKüng2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%BCng" title="Hans Küng">Küng, Hans</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catholicchurch00sama"><i>The Catholic Church: A Short History</i></a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-6762-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-6762-3"><bdi>978-0-8129-6762-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Church%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-6762-3&rft.aulast=K%C3%BCng&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcatholicchurch00sama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoomis,_Louise_Ropes2006" class="citation book cs1">Loomis, Louise Ropes (2006) [1916]. <i>The Book of the Popes (Liber Pontificalis): To the Pontificate of Gregory I</i>. Merchantville, New Jersey: Evolution Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-889758-86-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-889758-86-2"><bdi>978-1-889758-86-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+the+Popes+%28Liber+Pontificalis%29%3A+To+the+Pontificate+of+Gregory+I&rft.place=Merchantville%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Evolution+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-889758-86-2&rft.au=Loomis%2C+Louise+Ropes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNobleStrauss,_Barry2005" class="citation book cs1">Noble, Thomas; Strauss, Barry (2005). <i>Western Civilization</i>. Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-43277-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-43277-6"><bdi>978-0-618-43277-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Civilization&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-618-43277-6&rft.aulast=Noble&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Strauss%2C+Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrlandis1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Orlandis" title="José Orlandis">Orlandis, José</a> (1993). <i>A Short History of the Catholic Church</i>. Scepter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85182-125-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85182-125-9"><bdi>978-1-85182-125-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pub=Scepter&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-85182-125-9&rft.aulast=Orlandis&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPastor1891–1930" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Pastor" title="Ludwig von Pastor">Pastor, Ludwig von</a> (1891–1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historypopesfro01antrgoog"><i>The History of the Popes, from the Close of the Middle Ages: Drawn from the Secret Archives of the Vatican and Other Original Sources</i></a>. London: J. Hodges. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/270566224">270566224</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Popes%2C+from+the+Close+of+the+Middle+Ages%3A+Drawn+from+the+Secret+Archives+of+the+Vatican+and+Other+Original+Sources&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+Hodges&rft.date=1891%2F1930&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F270566224&rft.aulast=Pastor&rft.aufirst=Ludwig+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorypopesfro01antrgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh1908" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_Walsh" title="James Joseph Walsh">Walsh, James Joseph</a> (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FltHAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Popes and Science: The History of the Papal Relations to Science During the Middle Ages and Down to Our Own Time</i></a>. New York: Fordham University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/08015255">08015255</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125022025/https://books.google.com/books?id=FltHAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Popes+and+Science%3A+The+History+of+the+Papal+Relations+to+Science+During+the+Middle+Ages+and+Down+to+Our+Own+Time&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=1908&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F08015255&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=James+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFltHAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrusher1959" class="citation book cs1">Brusher, Joseph S. (1959). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/popesthroughages00brus"><i>Popes Through the Ages</i></a></span>. Princeton, N.J: Van Nostrand. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/742355324">742355324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popes+Through+the+Ages&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J&rft.pub=Van+Nostrand&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F742355324&rft.aulast=Brusher&rft.aufirst=Joseph+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpopesthroughages00brus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamberlin1969" class="citation book cs1">Chamberlin, E. R. (1969). <i>The Bad Popes</i>. New York: Dial Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/647415773">647415773</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bad+Popes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dial+Press&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F647415773&rft.aulast=Chamberlin&rft.aufirst=E.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDollison1994" class="citation book cs1">Dollison, John (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/popepourri00doll"><i>Pope-pourri</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-88615-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-88615-8"><bdi>978-0-671-88615-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pope-pourri&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-671-88615-8&rft.aulast=Dollison&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpopepourri00doll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaxwell-Stuart1997" class="citation book cs1">Maxwell-Stuart, P. G. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chronicleofpopes00maxw"><i>Chronicle of the Popes: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Papacy from St. Peter to the Present</i></a>. London: Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-01798-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-01798-2"><bdi>978-0-500-01798-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronicle+of+the+Popes%3A+The+Reign-by-Reign+Record+of+the+Papacy+from+St.+Peter+to+the+Present&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-500-01798-2&rft.aulast=Maxwell-Stuart&rft.aufirst=P.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchronicleofpopes00maxw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorwich2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Julius_Norwich" title="John Julius Norwich">Norwich, John Julius</a> (2011). <i>The Popes: A History</i>. London: Chatto & Windus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-8290-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-8290-8"><bdi>978-0-7011-8290-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Popes%3A+A+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7011-8290-8&rft.aulast=Norwich&rft.aufirst=John+Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">1913 <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i></a> article <b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope">Pope</a></b>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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Popes in Latin and modern languages</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/index.htm">The Holy See – The Holy Father</a> – website for the past and present Holy Fathers (since <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111006060757/http://www.catholic.com/tracts/origins-of-peter-as-pope">Origins of Peter as Pope</a> (archived 6 October 2011)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111030153010/http://www.catholic.com/tracts/the-authority-of-the-pope-part-i">The Authority of the Pope: Part I</a> (archived 30 October 2011)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111021035634/http://www.catholic.com/tracts/the-authority-of-the-pope-part-ii">The Authority of the Pope: Part II</a> (archived 21 October 2011)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Popes" title="Template talk:Popes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Popes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Popes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Popes_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Popes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes_(graphical)" title="List of popes (graphical)">graphical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canonised_popes" title="List of canonised popes">canonised</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">Papal names</a></li> <li>Tombs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extant_papal_tombs" title="List of extant papal tombs">extant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-extant_papal_tombs" title="List of non-extant papal tombs">non-extant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipope" title="Antipope">Antipope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Pope emeritus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_renunciation" title="Papal renunciation">papal resignation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope-elect_Stephen" title="Pope-elect Stephen">Pope-elect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">1st–4th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Evaristus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Eleutherius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I" title="Pope Callixtus I">Callixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_I" title="Pope Urban I">Urban I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pontian" title="Pope Pontian">Pontian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anterus" title="Pope Anterus">Anterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Fabian" title="Pope Fabian">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I" title="Pope Lucius I">Lucius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I" title="Pope Stephen I">Stephen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II" title="Pope Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eutychian" title="Pope Eutychian">Eutychian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I" title="Pope Marcellus I">Marcellus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eusebius" title="Pope Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark" title="Pope Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Julius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Liberius" title="Pope Liberius">Liberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Siricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_I" title="Pope Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">5th–8th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Innocent I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Zosimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Boniface I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Celestine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III" title="Pope Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Hilarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simplicius" title="Pope Simplicius">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Felix III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_II" title="Pope Anastasius II">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Hormisdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I" title="Pope John I">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Felix IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_II" title="Pope Boniface II">Boniface II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_II" title="Pope John II">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I" title="Pope Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Silverius" title="Pope Silverius">Silverius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vigilius" title="Pope Vigilius">Vigilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pelagius_I" title="Pope Pelagius I">Pelagius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_III" title="Pope John III">John III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_I" title="Pope Benedict I">Benedict I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pelagius_II" title="Pope Pelagius II">Pelagius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sabinian" title="Pope Sabinian">Sabinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_III" title="Pope Boniface III">Boniface III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_I" title="Pope Adeodatus I">Adeodatus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_V" title="Pope Boniface V">Boniface V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_I" title="Pope Honorius I">Honorius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Severinus" title="Pope Severinus">Severinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IV" title="Pope John IV">John IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodore_I" title="Pope Theodore I">Theodore I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Martin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I" title="Pope Eugene I">Eugene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Vitalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_II" title="Pope Adeodatus II">Adeodatus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Donus" title="Pope Donus">Donus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_II" title="Pope Leo II">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Benedict II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_V" title="Pope John V">John V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Conon" title="Pope Conon">Conon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Sergius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VI" title="Pope John VI">John VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VII" title="Pope John VII">John VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sisinnius" title="Pope Sisinnius">Sisinnius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Constantine" title="Pope Constantine">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_II" title="Pope Stephen II">Stephen II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_III" title="Pope Stephen III">Stephen III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_I" title="Pope Adrian I">Adrian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">9th–12th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Paschal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_II" title="Pope Eugene II">Eugene II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Valentine" title="Pope Valentine">Valentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IV" title="Pope Gregory IV">Gregory IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_II" title="Pope Sergius II">Sergius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_III" title="Pope Benedict III">Benedict III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_II" title="Pope Adrian II">Adrian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VIII" title="Pope John VIII">John VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marinus_I" title="Pope Marinus I">Marinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_III" title="Pope Adrian III">Adrian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_V" title="Pope Stephen V">Stephen V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Formosus" title="Pope Formosus">Formosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VI" title="Pope Boniface VI">Boniface VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VI" title="Pope Stephen VI">Stephen VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Romanus" title="Pope Romanus">Romanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodore_II" title="Pope Theodore II">Theodore II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IX" title="Pope John IX">John IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_IV" title="Pope Benedict IV">Benedict IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_V" title="Pope Leo V">Leo V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_III" title="Pope Sergius III">Sergius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_III" title="Pope Anastasius III">Anastasius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lando" title="Pope Lando">Lando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_X" title="Pope John X">John X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VI" title="Pope Leo VI">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VII" title="Pope Stephen VII">Stephen VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XI" title="Pope John XI">John XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VII" title="Pope Leo VII">Leo VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VIII" title="Pope Stephen VIII">Stephen VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marinus_II" title="Pope Marinus II">Marinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_II" title="Pope Agapetus II">Agapetus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XII" title="Pope John XII">John XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_V" title="Pope Benedict V">Benedict V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VIII" title="Pope Leo VIII">Leo VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIII" title="Pope John XIII">John XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VI" title="Pope Benedict VI">Benedict VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VII" title="Pope Benedict VII">Benedict VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIV" title="Pope John XIV">John XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XV" title="Pope John XV">John XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_V" title="Pope Gregory V">Gregory V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_II" title="Pope Sylvester II">Sylvester II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVII" title="Pope John XVII">John XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVIII" title="Pope John XVIII">John XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_IV" title="Pope Sergius IV">Sergius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VIII" title="Pope Benedict VIII">Benedict VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIX" title="Pope John XIX">John XIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_IX" title="Pope Benedict IX">Benedict IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_III" title="Pope Sylvester III">Sylvester III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VI" title="Pope Gregory VI">Gregory VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_II" title="Pope Clement II">Clement II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_II" title="Pope Damasus II">Damasus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_II" title="Pope Victor II">Victor II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IX" title="Pope Stephen IX">Stephen IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_II" title="Pope Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_II" title="Pope Alexander II">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_III" title="Pope Victor III">Victor III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_II" title="Pope Paschal II">Paschal II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_II" title="Pope Gelasius II">Gelasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_II" title="Pope Callixtus II">Callixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_II" title="Pope Honorius II">Honorius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_II" title="Pope Innocent II">Innocent II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_II" title="Pope Celestine II">Celestine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_II" title="Pope Lucius II">Lucius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_III" title="Pope Eugene III">Eugene III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_IV" title="Pope Anastasius IV">Anastasius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_IV" title="Pope Adrian IV">Adrian IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III" title="Pope Alexander III">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_III" title="Pope Lucius III">Lucius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_III" title="Pope Urban III">Urban III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VIII" title="Pope Gregory VIII">Gregory VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_III" title="Pope Clement III">Clement III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_III" title="Pope Celestine III">Celestine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Innocent III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">13th–16th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_III" title="Pope Honorius III">Honorius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Gregory IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_IV" title="Pope Celestine IV">Celestine IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IV" title="Pope Innocent IV">Innocent IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_IV" title="Pope Alexander IV">Alexander IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_IV" title="Pope Urban IV">Urban IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_IV" title="Pope Clement IV">Clement IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X" title="Pope Gregory X">Gregory X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_V" title="Pope Innocent V">Innocent V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_V" title="Pope Adrian V">Adrian V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXI" title="Pope John XXI">John XXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_III" title="Pope Nicholas III">Nicholas III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_IV" title="Pope Martin IV">Martin IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_IV" title="Pope Honorius IV">Honorius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_IV" title="Pope Nicholas IV">Nicholas IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XI" title="Pope Benedict XI">Benedict XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXII" title="Pope John XXII">John XXII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XII" title="Pope Benedict XII">Benedict XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI" title="Pope Clement VI">Clement VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VI" title="Pope Innocent VI">Innocent VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_V" title="Pope Urban V">Urban V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XI" title="Pope Gregory XI">Gregory XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VI" title="Pope Urban VI">Urban VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IX" title="Pope Boniface IX">Boniface IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VII" title="Pope Innocent VII">Innocent VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XII" title="Pope Gregory XII">Gregory XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_V" title="Pope Martin V">Martin V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV" title="Pope Eugene IV">Eugene IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Nicholas V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III" title="Pope Callixtus III">Callixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_II" title="Pope Pius II">Pius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_II" title="Pope Paul II">Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV" title="Pope Sixtus IV">Sixtus IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII" title="Pope Innocent VIII">Innocent VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_III" title="Pope Pius III">Pius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_VI" title="Pope Adrian VI">Adrian VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Clement VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Paul III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_III" title="Pope Julius III">Julius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_II" title="Pope Marcellus II">Marcellus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV" title="Pope Paul IV">Paul IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IV" title="Pope Pius IV">Pius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII" title="Pope Gregory XIII">Gregory XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V" title="Pope Sixtus V">Sixtus V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VII" title="Pope Urban VII">Urban VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIV" title="Pope Gregory XIV">Gregory XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IX" title="Pope Innocent IX">Innocent IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VIII" title="Pope Clement VIII">Clement VIII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">17th–21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XI" title="Pope Leo XI">Leo XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_V" title="Pope Paul V">Paul V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XV" title="Pope Gregory XV">Gregory XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VIII" title="Pope Urban VIII">Urban VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_X" title="Pope Innocent X">Innocent X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VII" title="Pope Alexander VII">Alexander VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_IX" title="Pope Clement IX">Clement IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_X" title="Pope Clement X">Clement X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VIII" title="Pope Alexander VIII">Alexander VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XII" title="Pope Innocent XII">Innocent XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XI" title="Pope Clement XI">Clement XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XIII" title="Pope Innocent XIII">Innocent XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIII" title="Pope Benedict XIII">Benedict XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XII" title="Pope Clement XII">Clement XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIII" title="Pope Clement XIII">Clement XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIV" title="Pope Clement XIV">Clement XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XII" title="Pope Leo XII">Leo XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VIII" title="Pope Pius VIII">Pius VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XVI" title="Pope Gregory XVI">Gregory XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV" title="Pope Benedict XV">Benedict XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pius XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papal_selection_before_1059" title="Papal selection before 1059">Antiquity and Early<br /> Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_selection_before_1059#During_the_Roman_Empire" title="Papal selection before 1059">During the Roman Empire</a> (until 493) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_of_Rome_under_Constantine_the_Great" title="Bishops of Rome under Constantine the Great">Under Constantine</a> (312–337)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Papacy" title="Ostrogothic Papacy">Ostrogothic Papacy</a> (493–537)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Papacy" title="Byzantine Papacy">Byzantine Papacy</a> (537–752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_Papacy" title="Frankish Papacy">Frankish Papacy</a> (756–857)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saeculum_obscurum" title="Saeculum obscurum">Saeculum obscurum</a></i> (904–964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescentii" title="Crescentii">Crescentii era</a> (974–1012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">High and Late<br />Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tusculan_Papacy" title="Tusculan Papacy">Tusculan Papacy</a> (1012–1044 / 1048)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy_(1048%E2%80%931257)" title="History of the papacy (1048–1257)">Conflicts with the HRE</a> (1048–1257)</li> <li>Wandering Papacy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viterbo_Papacy" title="Viterbo Papacy">Viterbo</a>, 1257–1281</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orvieto_Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Orvieto Papacy">Orvieto</a>, 1262–1297</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perugia_Papacy" title="Perugia Papacy">Perugia</a>, 1228–1304</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a> (1309–1378)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> (1378–1417)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Early Modern and<br /> Modern Era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Papacy" title="Renaissance Papacy">Renaissance Papacy</a> (1417–1534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_Papacy" title="Reformation Papacy">Reformation Papacy</a> (1534–1585)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque Papacy">Baroque Papacy</a> (1585–1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church#Baroque,_Enlightenment_and_revolutions" title="History of the Catholic Church">Age of Enlightenment</a> (c. 1640–1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popes_during_the_Age_of_Revolution" title="Popes during the Age of Revolution">Revolutionary Papacy</a> (1775–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Question">Roman Question</a> (1870–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> (1929–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican City in World War II">World War II</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Cold War</a> (1945–1991)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Popes" title="Category:Popes">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Papacy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Papacy" title="Template:Papacy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Papacy" title="Template talk:Papacy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Papacy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Papacy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Papacy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Papacy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop in the Catholic Church">bishop</a> of <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Rome</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Holy_See(Full_communion)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">Full communion</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></b> as <a href="/wiki/Bishop_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop in the Catholic Church">bishop</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Diocese of Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">Primacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">History</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vatican_City(index,_outline)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">index</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enclaved" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclaved">Enclaved</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a>, 1929</li></ul></li> <li>along with <a href="/wiki/Extraterritoriality" title="Extraterritoriality">extraterritorial</a> <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">properties of the Holy See</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Headquarters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_apartments" title="Papal apartments">Papal apartments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cathedra" title="Cathedra">cathedra</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Major basilica">Major basilicas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore">Basilica of Saint Mary Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Paul_Outside_the_Walls" title="Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls">Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papal_titles" title="Papal titles">Titles</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">Papal names</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_(style)" title="Holiness (style)">His Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">Bishop of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicar_of_Christ" title="Vicar of Christ">Vicar of Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Successor_of_the_Prince_of_the_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Successor of the Prince of the Apostles">Successor of the Prince of the Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus#Catholic_Church_use_of_the_title" title="Pontifex maximus">Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_the_West" title="Patriarch of the West">Patriarch of the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Primate of Italy">Primate of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop_and_Metropolitan_of_the_Roman_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province">Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_of_the_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign of the Vatican City State">Sovereign of the Vatican City State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servant_of_the_servants_of_God" title="Servant of the servants of God">Servant of the servants of God</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_coats_of_arms" title="Papal coats of arms">Coats of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Holy_See" title="Coat of arms of the Holy See">Coat of arms of the Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_cross" title="Papal cross">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keys_of_Heaven" title="Keys of Heaven">Keys of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_regalia_and_insignia" title="Papal regalia and insignia">Regalia and insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rota_(papal_signature)" title="Rota (papal signature)">Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbraculum" title="Umbraculum">Umbraculum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Proclamations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_constitution" title="Apostolic constitution">Apostolic constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Bull</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_bulls" title="List of papal bulls">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">Encyclical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_exhortation" title="Apostolic exhortation">Apostolic exhortation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_letter" title="Ecclesiastical letter">Ecclesiastical letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdict" title="Interdict">Interdict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_arbitration" title="Papal arbitration">Arbitration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_deposing_power" title="Papal deposing power">Deposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_blessing" title="Apostolic blessing">Blessing</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Episcopal_blessing" title="Episcopal blessing">Pontifical</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Urbi_et_Orbi" title="Urbi et Orbi">Urbi et Orbi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">Conclave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="List of papal elections">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_coronation" title="Papal coronation">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_consistory" title="Papal consistory">Consistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_diplomatics" title="Papal diplomatics">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_inauguration" title="Papal inauguration">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_Mass" title="Papal Mass">Mass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_High_Mass" title="Pontifical High Mass">High Mass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_travel" title="Papal travel">Travel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_vestments" title="Pontifical vestments">Vestments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camauro" title="Camauro">Camauro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falda" title="Falda">Falda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_fanon" title="Papal fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_ferula" title="Papal ferula">Ferula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flabellum" title="Flabellum">Flabellum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cope" title="Cope">Mantle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre" title="Mitre">Mitre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozzetta" title="Mozzetta">Mozzetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallium" title="Pallium">Pallium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_the_Fisherman" title="Ring of the Fisherman">Ring of the Fisherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_shoes" title="Papal shoes">Shoes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_slippers" title="Papal slippers">Slippers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-cinctorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-cinctorium">Sub-cinctorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_tiara" title="Papal tiara">Tiara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_papal_tiaras_in_existence" title="List of papal tiaras in existence">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zucchetto" title="Zucchetto">Zucchetto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Transportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popemobile" title="Popemobile">Popemobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedia_gestatoria" title="Sedia gestatoria">Sedia gestatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_One" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd One">Shepherd One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papal_household" title="Papal household">Household</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camerlengo_of_the_Holy_Roman_Church" title="Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church">Camerlengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commanders_of_the_Pontifical_Swiss_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="List of commanders of the Pontifical Swiss Guard">Commander</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_His_Holiness" title="Chaplain of His Holiness">Chaplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatinus_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Palatinus in the Catholic Church">Palatinus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_majordomo" title="Papal majordomo">Papal majordomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_gentleman" title="Papal gentleman">Gentlemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Preacher" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Preacher">Preacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefecture_of_the_Papal_household" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefecture of the Papal household">Prefect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prelate_of_Honour_of_His_Holiness" title="Prelate of Honour of His Holiness">Prelate of Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_assistant_to_the_Papal_throne" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince assistant to the Papal throne">Prince assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theologian_of_the_Pontifical_Household" title="Theologian of the Pontifical Household">Theologian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Staff</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">cardinals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_cardinals" title="List of current cardinals">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Camera" title="Apostolic Camera">Apostolic Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_commission" title="Pontifical commission">Commissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_for_Vatican_City_State" title="Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State">for Vatican City State</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_council" title="Pontifical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_(Roman_Curia)" title="Congregation (Roman Curia)">Congregations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappella_Giulia" title="Cappella Giulia">Cappella Giulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_Choir" title="Sistine Chapel Choir">Sistine Chapel Choir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_nobility" title="Papal nobility">Papal nobility</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Black_nobility" title="Black nobility">Black</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Orders of chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_academy" title="Pontifical academy">Pontifical academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_university" title="Pontifical university">Pontifical university</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_universities_in_Rome" title="Pontifical universities in Rome">in Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Colleges" title="Roman Colleges">Pontifical colleges in Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Roman_Major_Seminary" title="Pontifical Roman Major Seminary">Major Seminary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papabile" title="Papabile">Papabile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canonised_popes" title="List of canonised popes">Canonised popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legends_surrounding_the_papacy" title="Legends surrounding the papacy">Legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes_by_country" title="List of popes by country">Popes by nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sexually_active_popes" title="List of sexually active popes">Sexually active popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipope" title="Antipope">Antipope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template talk:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Catholic_Church_articles" title="Index of Catholic Church articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Outline of the Catholic Church">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Glossary of the Catholic Church">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholics" title="Lists of Catholics">Lists of Catholics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">Legal</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Petrine primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Primacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Schism (1054)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Schism (1378)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Protestant">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic tradition">Tradition</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_on_the_body" title="Catholic theology on the body">Body and soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">Divine grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li>Official Bible <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Communitas perfecta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystici_Corporis_Christi" title="Mystici Corporis Christi">Mystici Corporis Christi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Three states</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">In canon law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">Mariology of the popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Mariology of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Moral theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalism (Catholic)">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Science and the Catholic Church">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint (Catholic)">Saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Organisation<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Laity</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">Precedence</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">By country</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_living_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of living cardinals">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Advisers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)" title="List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)">Diocese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">Episcopal conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy#Church_hierarchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">Diocesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">Coadjutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">Titular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Emeritus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_(Catholic_Church)" title="Parish (Catholic Church)">Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Religious</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_general_(Christianity)" title="Superior general (Christianity)">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior, Prioress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_brother" title="Religious brother">Brother</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_sister" title="Religious sister">Sister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_nun" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">Novice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croatian and Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Georgia" title="Catholic Church in Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_liturgical_rites" title="Alexandrian liturgical rites">Alexandrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Marian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_artists" title="List of Catholic artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_writers" title="List of Catholic writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholic_church_buildings" title="Lists of Catholic church buildings">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">Altarpieces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_music" title="Category:Catholic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Distinctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilisation</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_media" title="Category:Catholic media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Media" title="Vatican Media">Vatican Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vatican Polyglot Press</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Religious orders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">institutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">societies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumptionists" title="Assumptionists">Assumptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Annonciades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Basil_the_Great" title="Order of Saint Basil the Great">Basilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehemites" title="Bethlehemites">Bethlehemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Blue nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldoleses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillians" title="Camillians">Camillians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Clarisses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptionists" title="Conceptionists">Conceptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross">Crosiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymites" title="Hieronymites">Hieronymites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Minims" title="Order of Minims">Minims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivetans" title="Olivetans">Olivetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Oratorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piarists" title="Piarists">Piarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptoristines" title="Redemptoristines">Redemptoristines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servite_Order" title="Servite Order">Servites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatines" title="Theatines">Theatines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Visitation_of_Holy_Mary" title="Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary">Visitandines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Associations<br />of the faithful</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confraternity" title="Confraternity">Confraternities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_lay_organisations" title="Catholic lay organisations">Lay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Marian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_youth_work" title="Catholic youth work">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Movement_of_Christian_Workers" title="World Movement of Christian Workers">Workers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_order" title="Third order">Third orders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Dominic" title="Third Order of Saint Dominic">Saint Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_Carmelites" title="Lay Carmelites">Lay Carmelites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Order_of_Discalced_Carmelites" title="Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites">Discalced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Saint Francis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)#International" title="Military order (religious society)">Military orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimcap" title="Fimcap">Fimcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charismatic_Renewal" title="Catholic Charismatic Renewal">Charismatic Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communion_and_Liberation" title="Communion and Liberation">Communion and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sant%27Egidio" title="Community of Sant'Egidio">Sant'Egidio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focolare_Movement" title="Focolare Movement">Focolare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Catholic_Knights" title="International Alliance of Catholic Knights">International Alliance of Catholic Knights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Catholic_Conference_of_Scouting" title="International Catholic Conference of Scouting">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocatechumenal_Way" title="Neocatechumenal Way">Neocatechumenal Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenstatt_Apostolic_Movement" title="Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement">Schoenstatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_charities" title="Catholic charities">Charities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_to_the_Church_in_Need" title="Aid to the Church in Need">Aid to the Church in Need</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritas_Internationalis" title="Caritas Internationalis">Caritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charities_USA" title="Catholic Charities USA">Catholic Charities USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Home_Missions" title="Catholic Home Missions">Home Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Relief_Services" title="Catholic Relief Services">Relief Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIDSE" title="CIDSE">CIDSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Christi" title="Pax Christi">Pax Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul" title="Society of Saint Vincent de Paul">Society of Saint Vincent de Paul</a><br /></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_higher_education" title="Catholic higher education">Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Church" title="Category:Catholic Church">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vatican_City_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff200"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vatican_City_topics" title="Template:Vatican City topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vatican_City_topics" title="Template talk:Vatican City topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vatican_City_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vatican City topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vatican_City_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff200;hlist"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pope</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereigns_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereigns of Vatican City State">List of sovereigns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicar_General_for_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicar General for Vatican City">Vicar General for Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City#History" title="Vatican City">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_in_the_Vatican" title="Prisoner in the Vatican">Prisoner in the Vatican</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circus_of_Nero" title="Circus of Nero">Circus of Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_tombs_in_Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Papal tombs in Old St. Peter's Basilica">Papal tombs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonine_City" title="Leonine City">Leonine City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortile_del_Belvedere" title="Cortile del Belvedere">Cortile del Belvedere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Stefano_degli_Ungheresi" title="Santo Stefano degli Ungheresi">Santo Stefano degli Ungheresi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borgo_Nuovo_(Rome)" title="Borgo Nuovo (Rome)">Borgo Nuovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borgo_Vecchio_(Rome)" title="Borgo Vecchio (Rome)">Borgo Vecchio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_Scossacavalli" title="Piazza Scossacavalli">Piazza Scossacavalli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Vatican_City" title="Geography of Vatican City">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Major basilica">Major basilica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="St._Peter&#039;s_Basilica" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chair_of_Saint_Peter" title="Chair of Saint Peter">Chair of Saint Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Baldachin" title="St. Peter's Baldachin">St. Peter's Baldachin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_(Michelangelo)" title="Pietà (Michelangelo)">Pietà</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Necropolis" title="Vatican Necropolis">Vatican Necropolis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_tomb" title="Saint Peter's tomb">Saint Peter's tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extant_papal_tombs" title="List of extant papal tombs">Papal tombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Julii" title="Tomb of the Julii">Tomb of the Julii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Grottoes" title="Vatican Grottoes">Vatican Grottoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Royal_Stuarts" title="Monument to the Royal Stuarts">Monument to the Royal Stuarts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Redemptoris_Mater_Chapel" title="Redemptoris Mater Chapel">Redemptoris Mater Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borgia_Apartments" title="Borgia Apartments">Borgia Apartments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_Hall" title="Clementine Hall">Clementine Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_apartments" title="Papal apartments">Papal apartments</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stufetta_del_cardinal_Bibbiena" title="Stufetta del cardinal Bibbiena">Stufetta del cardinal Bibbiena</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappella_Paolina" title="Cappella Paolina">Cappella Paolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Rooms" title="Raphael Rooms">Raphael Rooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccoline_Chapel" title="Niccoline Chapel">Niccoline Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sala_Regia_(Vatican)" title="Sala Regia (Vatican)">Sala Regia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scala_Regia_(Vatican)" title="Scala Regia (Vatican)">Scala Regia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Judgment_(Michelangelo)" title="The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)">altarpiece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_ceiling" title="Sistine Chapel ceiling">ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_of_Tears" title="Room of Tears">Room of Tears</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Historical_Museum" title="Vatican Historical Museum">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinacoteca_Vaticana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinacoteca Vaticana">Paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_of_Modern_and_Contemporary_Art,_Vatican_Museums" title="Collection of Modern and Contemporary Art, Vatican Museums">Modern and Contemporary Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums#Pio-Clementino_Museum" title="Vatican Museums">Pio-Clementino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums#Chiaramonti_Museum" title="Vatican Museums">Chiaramonti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums#Gregoriano_Etrusco_Museum" title="Vatican Museums">Gregoriano Etrusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums#Gregoriano_Egiziano_Museum" title="Vatican Museums">Gregoriano Egiziano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Pio_Cristiano" title="Museo Pio Cristiano">Pio Cristiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anima_Mundi,_Vatican_City" title="Anima Mundi, Vatican City">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bramante_Staircase" title="Bramante Staircase">Bramante Staircase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Gallery_of_Maps" title="Vatican Gallery of Maps">Maps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Tower" title="Gregorian Tower">Gregorian Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casina_Pio_IV" title="Casina Pio IV">Casina Pio IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Anna_dei_Palafrenieri" title="Sant'Anna dei Palafrenieri">Sant'Anna dei Palafrenieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domus_Sanctae_Marthae" title="Domus Sanctae Marthae">Domus Sanctae Marthae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domus_Sanctae_Marthae" title="Domus Sanctae Marthae">Holy Spirit Chapel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Vatican_City" title="Gardens of Vatican City">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Piet%C3%A0_in_Camposanto_dei_Teutonici" title="Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici">Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collegio_Teutonico" title="Collegio Teutonico">Collegio Teutonico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Cemetery" title="Teutonic Cemetery">Teutonic Cemetery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mater_Ecclesiae_Monastery" title="Mater Ecclesiae Monastery">Mater Ecclesiae Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Egidio_in_Borgo" title="Sant'Egidio in Borgo">Sant'Egidio in Borgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Martino_e_Sebastiano_degli_Svizzeri" title="Santi Martino e Sebastiano degli Svizzeri">Santi Martino e Sebastiano degli Svizzeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_VI_Audience_Hall" title="Paul VI Audience Hall">Paul VI Audience Hall</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Resurrection_(Fazzini)" title="The Resurrection (Fazzini)">The Resurrection</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passetto_di_Borgo" title="Passetto di Borgo">Passetto di Borgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pellegrino_in_Vaticano" title="San Pellegrino in Vaticano">San Pellegrino in Vaticano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Square" title="St. Peter's Square">St. Peter's Square</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Via_della_Conciliazione" title="Via della Conciliazione">Via della Conciliazione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountains_of_St._Peter%27s_Square" title="Fountains of St. Peter's Square">Fountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Pellegrino" title="Porta San Pellegrino">Porta San Pellegrino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricciolo_d%27Italia" title="Ricciolo d'Italia">Ricciolo d'Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_John%27s_Tower_(Vatican_City)" title="Saint John's Tower (Vatican City)">Saint John's Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Stefano_degli_Abissini" title="Santo Stefano degli Abissini">Santo Stefano degli Abissini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Pharmacy" title="Vatican Pharmacy">Vatican Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Hill" title="Vatican Hill">Vatican Hill</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vatican_City" title="Politics of Vatican City">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Holy_See" title="Foreign relations of the Holy See">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicar_General_for_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicar General for Vatican City">Vicar General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Vatican_City" title="Law of Vatican City">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Vatican_City" title="Crime in Vatican City">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Law_of_Vatican_City_State" title="Fundamental Law of Vatican City State">Fundamental Law</a></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Cardinal Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parolin" title="Pietro Parolin">Pietro Parolin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vatican_City#Executive" title="Politics of Vatican City">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Camera" title="Apostolic Camera">Apostolic Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_commission" title="Pontifical commission">Commissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_for_Vatican_City_State" title="Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State">For Vatican City State</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_council" title="Pontifical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_(Roman_Curia)" title="Congregation (Roman Curia)">Congregations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_in_Vatican_City" title="Military in Vatican City">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Gendarmerie_of_Vatican_City" title="Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City">Corps of Gendarmerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Firefighters_of_the_Vatican_City_State" title="Corps of Firefighters of the Vatican City State">Corps of Firefighters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Vatican_City" title="Economy of Vatican City">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Works_of_Religion" title="Institute for the Works of Religion">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_euro_coins" title="Vatican euro coins">Vatican euro coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City#Communications" title="Vatican City">Communications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.va" title=".va">.va [Internet domain]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poste_Vaticane" title="Poste Vaticane">Poste Vaticane</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Vatican_City" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City">Postage stamps and postal history</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_the_Economy" title="Secretariat for the Economy">Secretariat for the Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Vatican_City" title="Tourism in Vatican City">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Vatican_City" title="Transport in Vatican City">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_Heliport" title="Vatican City Heliport">Heliport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Railway" title="Vatican Railway">Rail</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City#Culture" title="Vatican City">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Pontifical Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Advanced_Technology_Telescope" title="Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope">AT telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Observatory" title="Vatican Observatory">observatory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Vatican_City" title="Architecture of Vatican City">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archives_in_Vatican_City" title="List of archives in Vatican City">Archives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Apostolic_Archive" title="Vatican Apostolic Archive">Apostolic Archive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Climate_Forest" title="Vatican Climate Forest">Climate Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City#Demographics" title="Vatican City">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Vatican_City" title="Languages of Vatican City">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Library</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Film_Library" title="Vatican Film Library">film</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vatican_City" title="Music of Vatican City">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_Choir" title="Sistine Chapel Choir">Sistine Chapel Choir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philatelic_and_Numismatic_Office_of_the_Vatican_City_State" title="Philatelic and Numismatic Office of the Vatican City State">Philatelic and Numismatic Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Vatican_City" title="Public holidays in Vatican City">Public holidays</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Media" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_Vatican_City" title="Category:Mass media in Vatican City">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Information_Service" title="Vatican Information Service">Vatican Information Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Media" title="Vatican Media">Vatican Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News_App" title="Vatican News App">Vatican News App</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Publishing_House" title="Vatican Publishing House">Vatican Publishing House</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope2you" title="Pope2you">Pope2you</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Vatican City">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Anthem" title="Pontifical Anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City" title="Coat of arms of Vatican City">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Vatican_City" title="Flag of Vatican City">Flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Amateur_Sports_Association" title="Vatican Amateur Sports Association">Amateur Sports Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_cricket_team" title="Vatican City cricket team">Cricket team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_national_football_team" title="Vatican City national football team">National football team</a> (Men)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_women%27s_national_football_team" title="Vatican City women's national football team">National football team</a> (Women)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Athletics" title="Vatican Athletics">Vatican Athletics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#fff200;hlist"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Holy_See" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holy_See" title="Template:Holy See"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holy_See" title="Template talk:Holy See"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holy_See" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holy See"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Holy_See" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_see" title="Apostolic see">Apostolic</a> <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">episcopal see</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a> as <a href="/wiki/Bishop_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop in the Catholic Church">bishop</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Diocese of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty and government</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_the_Holy_See" title="Legal status of the Holy See">Sovereign judicial entity</a> under <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_see" title="Apostolic see">Apostolic see</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Primacy of Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">History of papal primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrimony_of_Saint_Peter" title="Patrimony of Saint Peter">Patrimony of Saint Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Palace" title="Lateran Palace">Lateran Palace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Museum" title="Lateran Museum">Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Rome" title="Duchy of Rome">Duchy of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Sutri" title="Donation of Sutri">Donation of Sutri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Pepin" title="Donation of Pepin">Donation of Pepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_power_of_the_Holy_See" title="Temporal power of the Holy See">Temporal power</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popes_during_the_Age_of_Revolution" title="Popes during the Age of Revolution">Age of Revolution</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_in_the_Vatican" title="Prisoner in the Vatican">Prisoner in the Vatican</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_during_the_Savoyard_era_(1870%E2%80%931929)" title="Vatican during the Savoyard era (1870–1929)">Savoyard era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican City in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Warsaw Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereign<br />judicial entity</a><br /><small>under<br /><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international<br />law</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_the_Holy_See" title="Legal status of the Holy See">Legal status</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Official" title="Official">Officials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Cardinal Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parolin" title="Pietro Parolin">Pietro Parolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_living_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of living cardinals">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Advisers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">Governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_State_(Holy_See)" title="Secretariat of State (Holy See)">Secretariat of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">Papal conclave</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vatican_City" title="Politics of Vatican City">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Camera" title="Apostolic Camera">Apostolic Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_commission" title="Pontifical commission">Commissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_for_Vatican_City_State" title="Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State">For Vatican City State</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_council" title="Pontifical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_(Roman_Curia)" title="Congregation (Roman Curia)">Congregations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Holy_See" title="Foreign relations of the Holy See">Foreign affairs</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Multilateral_foreign_policy_of_the_Holy_See" title="Multilateral foreign policy of the Holy See">Multilateral policy</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Section_for_Relations_with_States_(Roman_Curia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Section for Relations with States (Roman Curia)">Section for Relations with States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_to_the_Holy_See" title="List of diplomatic missions to the Holy See">To the Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Holy_See" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See">Of the Holy See</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_the_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Holy_See" title="List of heads of the diplomatic missions of the Holy See">Heads</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="Holy See–Italy relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_and_the_United_Nations" title="Holy See and the United Nations">United Nations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Observer_of_the_Holy_See_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the United Nations">Permanent Observer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Observer_of_the_Holy_See_to_the_United_Nations_in_Geneva" title="Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the United Nations in Geneva">in Geneva</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Holy See–European Union relations">European Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Observer_of_the_Holy_See_to_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the Council of Europe">Permanent Observer to the Council of Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_nunciature" title="Apostolic nunciature">Apostolic nunciature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuncio" title="Nuncio">Nuncio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Treaties of the Holy See">Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">Concordats</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Diocese<br />of Rome</a><br /><small>with <a href="/wiki/Universal_jurisdiction" title="Universal jurisdiction">universal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">full communion</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">Papal primacy</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Synods" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church#Ordinary_general_assemblies" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Ordinary general assemblies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church#Extraordinary_general_assemblies" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Extraordinary general assemblies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church#Special_assemblies" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Special assemblies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Province_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastical Province of Rome">Ecclesiastical<br />province of Rome</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Apostolic_vicariate" title="Apostolic vicariate">Vicariate</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Vicar" title="Cardinal Vicar">Rome</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Vicar_General_for_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicar General for Vatican City">Vatican City</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suburbicarian_diocese" title="Suburbicarian diocese">Suburbicarian sees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Ostia" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Ostia">Ostia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Velletri-Segni" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Velletri-Segni">Velletri-Segni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Porto-Santa_Rufina" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Porto-Santa Rufina">Porto-Santa Rufina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Frascati" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Frascati">Frascati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Palestrina" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Palestrina">Palestrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Albano" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Albano">Albano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Suburbicarian_Diocese_of_Sabina-Poggio_Mirteto" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Sabina-Poggio Mirteto">Sabina-Poggio Mirteto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_abbey" title="Territorial abbey">Territorial abbeys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Abbey_of_Montecassino" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial Abbey of Montecassino">Montecassino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint_Scholastica,_Subiaco" title="Abbey of Saint Scholastica, Subiaco">Subiaco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suffragan_diocese" title="Suffragan diocese">Suffragan dioceses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Gaeta" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gaeta">Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Anagni-Alatri" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Anagni-Alatri">Anagni-Alatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Civita_Castellana" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Civita Castellana">Civita Castellana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Civitavecchia-Tarquinia" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Civitavecchia-Tarquinia">Civitavecchia-Tarquinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Frosinone-Veroli-Ferentino" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Frosinone-Veroli-Ferentino">Frosinone-Veroli-Ferentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno">Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Rieti" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Rieti">Rieti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo">Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tivoli" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Tivoli">Tivoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Viterbo" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Viterbo">Viterbo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a><br /><small>including<br /><a href="/wiki/Extraterritoriality" title="Extraterritoriality">extra-<br />territoriality</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Inside<br /><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Major basilica">Major basilicas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore">Basilica of Saint Mary Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Paul_Outside_the_Walls" title="Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls">Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Palace" title="Lateran Palace">Lateran Palace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Lateran_University" title="Pontifical Lateran University">Lateran University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scala_Sancta" title="Scala Sancta">Scala Sancta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancta_Sanctorum_(Lateran,_Rome)" title="Sancta Sanctorum (Lateran, Rome)">Sancta Sanctorum</a></li> <li>Adjoining buildings</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_San_Callisto" title="Palazzo San Callisto">Palace of Saint Callixtus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianicolo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gianicolo">Gianicolo</a> Hill area <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Urban_University" title="Pontifical Urban University">Pontifical Urban University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_North_American_College" title="Pontifical North American College">Pontifical North American College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambino_Ges%C3%B9_Hospital" title="Bambino Gesù Hospital">Bambino Gesù Hospital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Cancelleria" title="Palazzo della Cancelleria">Palazzo della Cancelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_di_Propaganda_Fide" title="Palazzo di Propaganda Fide">Palace of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Holy_Office" title="Palace of the Holy Office">Palace of the Holy Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_dei_Convertendi" title="Palazzo dei Convertendi">Palace of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palazzo_Pio_(Borgo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palazzo Pio (Borgo) (page does not exist)">Palazzo Pio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Maffei_Marescotti" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Maffei Marescotti">Palace of the Vicariate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Roman_Major_Seminary" title="Pontifical Roman Major Seminary">Pontifical Minor Roman Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegio_Teutonico" title="Collegio Teutonico">Collegio Teutonico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Cemetery" title="Teutonic Cemetery">Teutonic Cemetery</a></li></ul></li> <li>Benedictine monastery</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontifical_Oratory_of_San_Paolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontifical Oratory of San Paolo (page does not exist)">Pontifical Oratory of San Paolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beda_College" title="Beda College">Beda College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_VI_Audience_Hall" title="Paul VI Audience Hall">Paul VI Audience Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Non-extraterritorial" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Non-<br />extraterritorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Palace of the <a href="/wiki/Santi_Apostoli,_Rome" title="Santi Apostoli, Rome">Holy Apostles</a></li> <li>Palace of <a href="/wiki/San_Carlo_ai_Catinari" title="San Carlo ai Catinari">San Carlo ai Catinari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collegio_Bellarmino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collegio Bellarmino (page does not exist)">Collegio Bellarmino</a></li> <li>Archaeological Institute</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Oriental_Institute" title="Pontifical Oriental Institute">Pontifical Oriental Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Lombard_Seminary" title="Pontifical Lombard Seminary">Pontifical Lombard Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegium_Russicum" title="Collegium Russicum">Russian College</a></li> <li>Two Palaces of <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Apollinare_alle_Terme_Neroniane-Alessandrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sant'Apollinare alle Terme Neroniane-Alessandrine">Sant'Apollinare</a></li> <li>House of Retreat for the Clergy of Saints John and Paul <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nympheum_of_Nero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nympheum of Nero (page does not exist)">Nympheum of Nero</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Outside<br />Rome</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_Palace_of_Castel_Gandolfo" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo">Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo</a> <ul><li>Papal farm</li> <li>Gardens of the Villa Cybo</li> <li>Villa <a href="/wiki/Barberini" class="mw-redirect" title="Barberini">Barberini</a></li> <li>Adjacent gardens</li></ul></li> <li>Summer estate of <a href="/wiki/Pontificio_Collegio_Urbano_de_Propaganda_Fide" title="Pontificio Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide">Pontificio Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a> antennae area of <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_di_Galeria" class="extiw" title="it:Santa Maria di Galeria">Santa Maria di Galeria</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Non-extraterritorial" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Non-<br />extraterritorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Holy_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of the Holy House">Basilica of the Holy House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Francis_of_Assisi" title="Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi">Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Anthony_of_Padua" title="Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua">Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_household" title="Papal household">Papal household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter%27s_Pence" title="Peter's Pence">Peter's Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Penitentiary" title="Apostolic Penitentiary">Apostolic Penitentiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Signatura" title="Apostolic Signatura">Apostolic Signatura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Latin_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latin_Church_footer" title="Template:Latin Church footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latin_Church_footer" title="Template talk:Latin Church footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latin_Church_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latin Church footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Latin_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchates</a><br />(by <a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">order of precedence</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Rome</a> ('<a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_the_West" title="Patriarch of the West">Patriarch of the West</a>'): <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a> (with <i><a href="/wiki/Cathedra" title="Cathedra">cathedra</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a>)<br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pierbattista_Pizzaballa" title="Pierbattista Pizzaballa">Pierbattista Pizzaballa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_the_East_Indies" title="Patriarchate of the East Indies">East Indies</a>: <a href="/wiki/Filipe_Neri_Ferr%C3%A3o" title="Filipe Neri Ferrão">Filipe Neri Ferrão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Lisbon" title="Patriarchate of Lisbon">Lisbon</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rui_Val%C3%A9rio" title="Rui Valério">Rui Valério</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Venice" title="Patriarchate of Venice">Venice</a>: <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Moraglia" title="Francesco Moraglia">Francesco Moraglia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Carthage" title="Archdiocese of Carthage">Carthage</a> (?−1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Latin Patriarchate of Alexandria">Alexandria</a> (1276–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Latin Patriarchate of Antioch">Antioch</a> (1098–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (1204–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_the_West_Indies" title="Patriarchate of the West Indies">West Indies</a> (1524–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Aquileia" title="Patriarchate of Aquileia">Aquileia</a> (560–1751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Ethiopia" title="Latin Patriarchate of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> (1555–1663)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Grado" title="Patriarch of Grado">Grado</a> (560–1451)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church#History" title="Latin Church">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_primacy" title="Papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Historical development</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Martyrs_of_the_Church_of_Rome" title="First Martyrs of the Church of Rome">First Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_African_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early African church">Early African church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_see" title="Apostolic see">Apostolic sees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Siracusa" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Siracusa">Syracuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Malta" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Malta">Malta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Milan" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan">Milan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Fathers">Church Fathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Pope Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_use_of_Latin" title="Liturgical use of Latin">Liturgical use of Latin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Liturgical rites</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ranking_of_liturgical_days_in_the_Roman_Rite" title="Ranking of liturgical days in the Roman Rite">Liturgical days</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Rite of Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Mass of Paul VI</a> (Ordinary form)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraordinary form">Extraordinary form</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire Use</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_order_liturgical_rite" title="Catholic order liturgical rite">Orders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedictine_Rite" title="Benedictine Rite">Benedictine Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelite_Rite" title="Carmelite Rite">Carmelite Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthusian Rite">Carthusian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercian_Rite" title="Cistercian Rite">Cistercian Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Rite" title="Dominican Rite">Dominican Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbertine_Rite" title="Norbertine Rite">Norbertine Rite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:10em">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Rite" title="African Rite">African Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileian_Rite" title="Aquileian Rite">Aquileian Rite</a></li> <li>British <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Rite" title="Celtic Rite">Celtic Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Rite" title="Durham Rite">Durham Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_Hereford" title="Use of Hereford">Hereford Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_Sarum" title="Use of Sarum">Sarum Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_York" title="Use of York">York Use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallican_Rite" title="Gallican Rite">Gallican Rite</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missa_sicca" title="Missa sicca">Missa Nautica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missa_sicca" title="Missa sicca">Missa sicca</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missa_sicca" title="Missa sicca">Missa Venatoria</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Tridentine_Mass" title="Pre-Tridentine Mass">Pre-Tridentine Mass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_cross" title="Latin cross">Latin cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church_in_the_Middle_East" title="Latin Church in the Middle East">Latin Church in the Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Middle_Ages)" title="Latins (Middle Ages)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Church in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_titular_sees" title="List of Catholic titular sees">Titular sees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_the_Latin_Bishops_of_the_Arab_Regions" title="Conference of the Latin Bishops of the Arab Regions">Conference of the Latin Bishops of the Arab Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li>* also <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church#Latin_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Latin_Church" title="Category:Latin Church">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Patriarchates_in_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Patriarchates_in_Christianity" title="Template:Patriarchates in Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Patriarchates_in_Christianity" title="Template talk:Patriarchates in Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Patriarchates_in_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Patriarchates in Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Patriarchates_in_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchates</a> in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Traditional ecclesiastical jurisdictions of <a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">primates</a> in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, sorted according to earliest <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">apostolic</a> legacy and branched where multiple denominational claimants:<br /> <b>bold blue</b> = <b><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></b>, <span style="color:#000040;">light blue</span> = <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, <span style="color:#808000;"><b>bold/</b>light green</span> = <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy"><span style="color:#808000;">Oriental Orthodoxy</span></a>, <i>italic blue = <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br />Christianity</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Antiquity</a>)<br /><span class="nobold">(30–325/476)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">Pentarchy</a><br /><span class="nobold">(five<br /><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_See" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic See">apostolic<br />sees</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Patriarch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Rome</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st cent.</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></b> (since <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st cent.</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Patriarch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Constantinople</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">451</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople</a> (since 330)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople">Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople</a></b> (1204–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople"><span style="color:#808000;">Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople</span></a> (since 1461)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Antioch" title="Patriarch of Antioch">Patriarch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Antioch" title="Church of Antioch">Antioch</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st cent.</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Antioch_and_All_the_East" title="Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East"><span style="color:#808000;">Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch</span></a></b> (since 518)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholicosate_of_Cilicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Catholicosate of Cilicia"><span style="color:#808000;">Armenian Catholicosate of Cilicia</span></a></b> (since 1058)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch">Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch</a> (since 519)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Maronite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch">Maronite Patriarchate</a></b> (since 685)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch</a></b> (since 1668)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Catholic_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Melkite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch">Melkite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch</a></b> (since 1724)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Latin Patriarchate of Antioch">Latin Patriarchate of Antioch</a></b> (1099–1964)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian Catholic Church</a></b> (since 1740)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch of Alexandria">Patriarch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Alexandria" title="Church of Alexandria">Alexandria</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st cent.</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria">Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria</a> (since <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">451</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pope_of_the_Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria"><span style="color:#808000;">Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria</span></a></b> (since <a href="/wiki/451" title="451">451</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Latin Patriarchate of Alexandria">Latin Patriarchate of Alexandria</a></b> (1219–1964)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Coptic Catholic Patriarchate of Alexandria">Coptic Catholic Patriarchate of Alexandria</a></b> (since 1824)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem">Patriarch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">451</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem</a> (since 451)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem"><span style="color:#808000;">Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem</span></a> (since 638)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem</a></b> (since 1099)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_patriarchs,_archbishops_and_bishops_of_Carthage" class="mw-redirect" title="List of patriarchs, archbishops and bishops of Carthage">Patriarch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Carthage" title="Archdiocese of Carthage">Carthage</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_2nd_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the 2nd century">2nd cent.</a>–1076)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Carthage#Titular_see_of_Carthage" title="Archdiocese of Carthage">Latin Catholic titular episcopate</a></b> (1518–1964)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Tunis" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tunis">Archbishop of Tunis</a></b> (since 1884)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_the_Church_of_the_East" title="Patriarch of the Church of the East">Patriarch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Province_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Seleucia-Ctesiphon</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(280–1552)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Patriarchate_of_Baghdad" title="Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Baghdad">Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Baghdad</a></b> (since 1553)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_patriarchs_of_the_Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="List of patriarchs of the Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East Patriarchate of Seleucia-Ctesiphon</a></i> (since 1830)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East Patriarchate of Seleucia-Ctesiphon</a></i> (since 1968)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> <span class="nobold">(301)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catholicos_of_All_Armenians" title="Catholicos of All Armenians"><span style="color:#808000;">Catholicos of All Armenians (Patriarch of Etchmiadzin)</span></a></b> (since 301)</li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholicosate_of_Cilicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Catholicosate of Cilicia"><span style="color:#808000;">Armenian Catholicosate of Cilicia</span></a></b> (since 1058)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem"><span style="color:#808000;">Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem</span></a> (since 638)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople"><span style="color:#808000;">Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople</span></a> (since 1461)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Cilicia" title="Patriarchate of Cilicia">Patriarchate of Cilicia</a></b> (since 1742)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(476–1517)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Aquileia" title="Patriarchate of Aquileia">Patriarchate of Aquileia</a></b> (568–1751)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Grado" title="Patriarch of Grado">Patriarchate of Grado</a></b> (725–1451)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Patriarchate of Bulgaria</a> (since 919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Patriarchate of Georgia</a> (since 1010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Patriarchate_of_Pe%C4%87" title="Serbian Patriarchate of Peć">Serbian Orthodox Patriarchate of Peć</a> (since 1346)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Venice" title="Patriarchate of Venice">Patriarchate of Venice</a></b> (since 1451)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Early Modern era</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(1517–1789) </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_the_West_Indies" title="Patriarchate of the West Indies">Patriarchate of the West Indies</a></b> (since 1524)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Ethiopia" title="Latin Patriarchate of Ethiopia">Latin Patriarchate of Ethiopia</a></b> (1555–1663)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_the_East_Indies" title="Patriarchate of the East Indies">Patriarchate of the East Indies</a></b> (since 1572)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Patriarchate of Moscow</a> (since 1589)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Lisbon" title="Patriarchate of Lisbon">Patriarchate of Lisbon</a></b> (since 1716)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Late Modern era</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(since 1789)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Patriarchate of Romania</a> (since 1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abunas_of_Ethiopia" title="List of abunas of Ethiopia"><span style="color:#808000;">Ethiopian Orthodox Patriarchate of Ethiopia</span></a> (since 1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_%E2%80%93_Kyiv_Patriarchate" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate">Patriarchate of Kyiv</a> (1992–2018; since 2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abunas_of_Eritrea" title="List of abunas of Eritrea"><span style="color:#808000;">Eritrean Orthodox Patriarchate of Eritrea</span></a> (since 1994)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Throne" title="Apostolic Throne">Apostolic Throne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">Episcopal see</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Europe" title="Template:Heads of state and government of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Heads of state and government of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state and government of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_and_government_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Heads of state and government of Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Heads<br />of state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">UN members  <br />and observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Albania" title="President of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Armenia" title="President of Armenia">Armenia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Austria" title="President of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Azerbaijan" title="President of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Belarus" title="President of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Bulgaria" title="President of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Croatia" title="President of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Cyprus" title="President of Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="President of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Estonia" title="President of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Finland" title="President of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Georgia" title="President of Georgia">Georgia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Greece" title="President of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holy See (Vatican City)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Hungary" title="President of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iceland" title="President of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Kazakhstan" title="President of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Latvia" title="President of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Lithuania" title="President of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Malta" title="President of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Moldova" title="President of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Monaco" title="Monarchy of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Montenegro" title="President of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_North_Macedonia" title="President of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Portugal" title="President of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Romania" title="President of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">Russian Federation</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captains_Regent" title="Captains Regent">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Serbia" title="President of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Slovakia" title="President of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Slovenia" title="President of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Princes_and_Grand_Masters_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Princes and Grand Masters of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Council (Switzerland)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">Turkey</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ukraine" title="President of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">Partially recognised<sup>2</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Abkhazia" title="President of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Kosovo" title="President of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="President of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Ossetia" title="President of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">Unrecognised states<sup>3</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Transnistria" title="President of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Heads of<br />government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">UN members  <br />and observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania" title="Prime Minister of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Andorra" title="List of heads of government of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Armenia" title="Prime Minister of Armenia">Armenia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Austria" title="Chancellor of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Azerbaijan" title="Prime Minister of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belarus" title="Prime Minister of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belgium" title="Prime Minister of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Council_of_Ministers_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bulgaria" title="Prime Minister of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Croatia" title="Prime Minister of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Cyprus" title="President of Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Prime Minister of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Denmark" title="Prime Minister of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Estonia" title="Prime Minister of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Finland" title="Prime Minister of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Georgia" title="Prime Minister of Georgia">Georgia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Greece" title="Prime Minister of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_for_Vatican_City_State" title="Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State">Holy See (Vatican City)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Hungary" title="Prime Minister of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iceland" title="Prime Minister of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kazakhstan" title="Prime Minister of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Latvia" title="Prime Minister of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Liechtenstein" title="List of heads of government of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Lithuania" title="Prime Minister of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Luxembourg" title="List of prime ministers of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malta" title="Prime Minister of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Moldova" title="Prime Minister of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_(Monaco)" title="Minister of State (Monaco)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Montenegro" title="Prime Minister of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_North_Macedonia" title="Prime Minister of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Norway" title="Prime Minister of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Poland" title="Prime Minister of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Portugal" title="Prime Minister of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Prime Minister of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Russian Federation</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captains_Regent" title="Captains Regent">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Serbia" title="Prime Minister of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Slovakia" title="Prime Minister of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Slovenia" title="Prime Minister of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Princes_and_Grand_Masters_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Princes and Grand Masters of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sweden" title="Prime Minister of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Council (Switzerland)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">Turkey</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ukraine" title="Prime Minister of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">Partially recognised<sup>2</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Abkhazia" title="Prime Minister of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kosovo" title="Prime Minister of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Prime Minister of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_South_Ossetia" title="Prime Minister of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.3em;">Unrecognised states<sup>3</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Transnistria" title="Prime Minister of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1. Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on geographical definition.</li> <li>2. Recognised by at least one United Nations member.</li> <li>3. Not recognised by any United Nations members.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Investiture_Controversy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Investiture_Controversy" title="Template:Investiture Controversy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Investiture_Controversy" title="Template talk:Investiture Controversy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Investiture_Controversy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Investiture Controversy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Investiture_Controversy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atto_(archbishop_of_Milan)" title="Atto (archbishop of Milan)">Atto (archbishop of Milan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_II" title="Pope Callixtus II">Pope Callixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipope_Clement_III" title="Antipope Clement III">Antipope Clement III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlembald" title="Erlembald">Erlembald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotofredo_da_Castiglione" title="Gotofredo da Castiglione">Gotofredo da Castiglione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Pope Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_da_Velate" title="Guido da Velate">Guido da Velate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Tuscany" title="Matilda of Tuscany">Matilda of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_II" title="Pope Paschal II">Pope Paschal II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_of_Rheinfelden" title="Rudolf of Rheinfelden">Rudolf of Rheinfelden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Documents<br />and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_Worms" title="Concordat of Worms">Concordat of Worms</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dictatus_papae" title="Dictatus papae">Dictatus papae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Constantine" title="Donation of Constantine">Donation of Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">Excommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Langensalza_(1075)" title="Battle of Langensalza (1075)">First Battle of Langensalza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="First Council of the Lateran">First Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_nomine_Domini" title="In nomine Domini">In nomine Domini</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxon_revolt_of_1077%E2%80%931088" title="Saxon revolt of 1077–1088">Saxon revolt of 1077–1088</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Reform" title="Gregorian Reform">Gregorian Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Norman conquest of southern Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1084)" title="Sack of Rome (1084)">Sack of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_to_Canossa" title="Road to Canossa">Walk to Canossa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_and_state_in_medieval_Europe" title="Church and state in medieval Europe">Church and state in medieval Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy" title="Clerical celibacy">Clerical celibacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dominium_mundi" title="Dominium mundi">Dominium mundi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture" title="Investiture">Investiture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Papacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Pepin" title="Donation of Pepin">Donation of Pepin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simony" title="Simony">Simony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Libellus_de_imperatoria_potestate_in_urbe_Roma" title="Libellus de imperatoria potestate in urbe Roma">Libellus de imperatoria potestate in urbe Roma</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Holy_See_%282%29.svg/29px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Holy_See_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Holy_See_%282%29.svg/38px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Holy_See_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="425" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/19px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19546#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19546#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19546#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/137124612">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/540752/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4044561-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Popes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85104870">United States</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Catholic Church. Pope"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80009898">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11975974j">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11975974j">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569669">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="papežové"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph123939&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX525846">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007259536505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/series/33678007-ec08-4b84-94fb-c4c5b6441a7b">MusicBrainz series</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pope&oldid=1259242670">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pope&oldid=1259242670</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:30s_establishments_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Category:30s establishments in the Roman Empire">30s establishments in the Roman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Popes" title="Category:Popes">Popes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ecclesiastical_titles" title="Category:Ecclesiastical titles">Ecclesiastical titles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Episcopacy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Category:Episcopacy in the Catholic Church">Episcopacy in the Catholic Church</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Holy_See" title="Category:Holy See">Holy See</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religious_leadership_roles" title="Category:Religious leadership roles">Religious leadership roles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pentarchy" title="Category:Pentarchy">Pentarchy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heads_of_state" title="Category:Heads of state">Heads of state</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_ecclesiastical_titles" title="Category:Catholic ecclesiastical titles">Catholic ecclesiastical titles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_politics" title="Category:Religion and politics">Religion and politics</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1913_Catholic_Encyclopedia_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference">Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic 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