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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>First siege</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_siege-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_siege" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_siege"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Second siege</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_siege-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_in_Przemyśl_under_siege" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_in_Przemyśl_under_siege"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Life in Przemyśl under siege</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_in_Przemyśl_under_siege-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mail_communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Siege of Przemyśl</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%84" title="حصار برزيميشل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حصار برزيميشل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Перамышльская аблога – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Перамышльская аблога" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%8A%D0%BB" title="Обсада на Пшемишъл – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Обсада на Пшемишъл" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obl%C3%A9h%C3%A1n%C3%AD_P%C5%99emy%C5%A1lu" title="Obléhání Přemyšlu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Obléhání Přemyšlu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belejringen_af_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Belejringen af Przemyśl – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Belejringen af Przemyśl" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belagerung_von_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Belagerung von Przemyśl – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Belagerung von Przemyśl" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asedio_de_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Asedio de Przemyśl – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Asedio de Przemyśl" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Siège de Przemyśl – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Siège de Przemyśl" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengepungan_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Pengepungan Przemyśl – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengepungan Przemyśl" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assedio_di_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Assedio di Przemyśl – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Assedio di Przemyśl" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%9C" title="המצור על פשמישל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המצור על פשמישל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl_m%C3%A1sodik_ostroma" title="Przemyśl második ostroma – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Przemyśl második ostroma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BB" title="Опсада на Пшемишл – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Опсада на Пшемишл" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belegering_van_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Belegering van Przemyśl – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Belegering van Przemyśl" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A7%E3%83%A0%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AB%E5%8C%85%E5%9B%B2%E6%88%A6" title="プシェムィシル包囲戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プシェムィシル包囲戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beleiringen_av_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Beleiringen av Przemyśl – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Beleiringen av Przemyśl" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_obl%C4%99%C5%BCenie_Twierdzy_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="II oblężenie Twierdzy Przemyśl – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="II oblężenie Twierdzy Przemyśl" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerco_de_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Cerco de Przemyśl – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cerco de Przemyśl" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asediul_Przemy%C5%9Blului" title="Asediul Przemyślului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Asediul Przemyślului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Перемышльская осада – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Перемышльская осада" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obliehanie_Przemy%C5%9Blu" title="Obliehanie Przemyślu – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Obliehanie Przemyślu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_za_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Bitka za Przemyśl – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bitka za Przemyśl" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Опсада Пшемисла – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Опсада Пшемисла" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Blin_piiritys" title="Przemyślin piiritys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Przemyślin piiritys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A4gringen_av_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Belägringen av Przemyśl – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Belägringen av Przemyśl" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Перемышль камалышы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Перемышль камалышы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E7%86%B1%E6%A2%85%E5%B8%8C%E7%88%BE%E5%9C%8D%E5%9F%8E%E6%88%B0" title="普熱梅希爾圍城戰 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="普熱梅希爾圍城戰" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1914–15 battle on the Eastern Front of World War I</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Battle of Przemyśl (disambiguation)">Battle of Przemyśl (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Siege of Przemyśl</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B8_1915_%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B8_1915_%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg/300px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B8_1915_%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B8_1915_%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg/450px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B8_1915_%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B8_1915_%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg/600px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B8_1915_%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2197" data-file-height="1996" /></a></span><br />Establishment of Russian power in Przemysl</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>16 September 1914 – 22 March 1915<sup id="cite_ref-TCD_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCD-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(6 months and 6 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Przemyśl">Przemyśl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Russian victory<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Full results</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">First Siege: Russians discontinue siege</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Second siege: Russian victory</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Russia_%281914-1917%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281914-1917%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Russia_%281914-1917%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281914-1917%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Russia_%281914-1917%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia_%281914-1917%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary"><img alt="Austria-Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kusmanek_von_Burgneust%C3%A4dten" title="Hermann Kusmanek von Burgneustädten">Hermann Kusmanek</a></b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary"><img alt="Austria-Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Weizendorfer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Weizendorfer (page does not exist)">Karl Weizendorfer</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary"><img alt="Austria-Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arpad_Tamashi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arpad Tamashi (page does not exist)">Arpad Tamashi</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary"><img alt="Austria-Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Nickel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Nickel (page does not exist)">Wilhelm Nickel</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary"><img alt="Austria-Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Zeide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Zeide (page does not exist)">Rudolf Zeide</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary"><img alt="Austria-Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Veber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Veber (page does not exist)">Alfred Veber</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary"><img alt="Austria-Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Komm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Komm (page does not exist)">George Komm</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary"><img alt="Austria-Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Keltnecker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Keltnecker (page does not exist)">Arthur Keltnecker</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary"><img alt="Austria-Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Kloiber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Kloiber (page does not exist)">Friedrich Kloiber</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary"><img alt="Austria-Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Svetozar_Boroevi%C4%87" title="Svetozar Boroević">Svetozar Boroević</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Russia_%281914-1917%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281914-1917%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Russia_%281914-1917%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281914-1917%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Russia_%281914-1917%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia_%281914-1917%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Radko_Dimitriev" title="Radko Dimitriev">Radko Dimitriev</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Russia_%281914-1917%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281914-1917%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Russia_%281914-1917%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281914-1917%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Russia_%281914-1917%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia_%281914-1917%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Selivanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrei Selivanov">Andrei Selivanov</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary"><img alt="Austria-Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> Przemyśl fortress garrison</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Russia_%281914-1917%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281914-1917%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Russia_%281914-1917%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281914-1917%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Russia_%281914-1917%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia_%281914-1917%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/3rd_Army_(Russian_Empire)" title="3rd Army (Russian Empire)">3rd Army</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Russia_%281914-1917%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281914-1917%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Russia_%281914-1917%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281914-1917%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Russia_%281914-1917%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia_%281914-1917%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/11th_Army_(Russian_Empire)" title="11th Army (Russian Empire)">11th Army</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b>138,000 men:</b><br />93,000 soldiers<br />45,000 impressed levy<sup id="cite_ref-hsz1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hsz1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 300,000 men<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b>137,000</b><br />20,000 dead<br />120,000 captured (including wounded)<br />700 artillery pieces<sup id="cite_ref-hsz1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hsz1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />9 general captured</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 115,000 total casualties (20,000–40,000 casualties were sustained in the first few days of the siege.<sup id="cite_ref-hsz2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hsz2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Template:Campaignbox Eastern Front (World War I)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Eastern Front (World War I)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Eastern Front (World War I)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Front19407" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1914</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wierzbo%C5%82%C3%B3w_station" title="Battle of the Wierzbołów station">Wierzbołów</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_East_Prussia_(1914)" title="Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914)">1st East Prussia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stallup%C3%B6nen" title="Battle of Stallupönen">Stallupönen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_Of_Orlau-Frankenau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle Of Orlau-Frankenau (page does not exist)">Orlau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kaushen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Kaushen (page does not exist)">Kaushen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gross-Bresau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Gross-Bresau (page does not exist)">Gross-Bresau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gumbinnen" title="Battle of Gumbinnen">Gumbinnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg" title="Battle of Tannenberg">Tannenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abschwangen_massacre" title="Abschwangen massacre">Abschwangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="First Battle of the Masurian Lakes">1st Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_from_East_Prussia_during_World_War_I" title="Deportations from East Prussia during World War I">East Prussia war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Galicia" title="Battle of Galicia">Galicia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kra%C5%9Bnik" title="Battle of Kraśnik">1st Kraśnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Komar%C3%B3w_(1914)" title="Battle of Komarów (1914)">Komarow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Zolota_Lypa" title="Battle of the Zolota Lypa">Zolota Lypa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gnila_Lipa" title="Battle of Gnila Lipa">Gnila Lipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rawa" title="Battle of Rawa">Rawa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gorodek_(1914)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Gorodek (1914) (page does not exist)">Gorodek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halich-Lviv_offensive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halich-Lviv offensive (page does not exist)">Halich-Lviv offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Jaros%C5%82awice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Jarosławice (page does not exist)">Jarosławice</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%83_%D0%AF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86" class="extiw" title="ru:Бой у Ярославиц">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Eastern_Galicia_(1914%E2%80%931915)" title="Russian occupation of Eastern Galicia (1914–1915)">Galicia war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_August%C3%B3w_(1914)" title="Battle of Augustów (1914)">Augustów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osowiec_Fortress#First_German_Assault_(September_1914)" title="Osowiec Fortress">1st Osowiec</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Vistula_River" title="Battle of the Vistula River">1st Vistula River</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Laski_and_Anielin" title="Battle of Laski and Anielin"> Laski and Anielin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_San_river_(1914)" title="Battle of the San river (1914)">San River</a></b></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Przemyśl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mo%C5%82otk%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Mołotków">Mołotków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Russian_invasion_of_East_Prussia_(1914)" title="Second Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914)">2nd East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_(1914)" title="Battle of Łódź (1914)">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krak%C3%B3w_(1914)" title="Battle of Kraków (1914)">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krzywop%C5%82oty" title="Battle of Krzywopłoty">Krzywopłoty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Limanowa" title="Battle of Limanowa">Limanowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81owcz%C3%B3wek" title="Battle of Łowczówek">Łowczówek</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Four_Rivers" title="Battle of the Four Rivers">Bzura-Rawka</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Lupovsky_Pass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of the Lupovsky Pass (page does not exist)">Lupovsky Pass</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1915</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_C%C3%A2rlibaba" title="Battle of Cârlibaba">Cârlibaba</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Front">Carpathians</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rafajlowa" title="Battle of Rafajlowa">Rafajlowa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozevo_offensive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kozevo offensive (page does not exist)">Kozevo offensive</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE" class="extiw" title="ru:Битва под Козево">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Height_958" title="Battle for Height 958">Makivka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Humin-Bolim%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Humin-Bolimów">Humin-Bolimów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes">2nd Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Przasnysz" title="First Battle of Przasnysz">1st Przasnysz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81om%C5%BCa" title="Battle of Łomża">Łomża</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raid_on_Memel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raid on Memel (page does not exist)">Memel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_battle_at_Kalvarija" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter battle at Kalvarija">Kalvarija</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Vistula_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of the Vistula River">2nd Vistula River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osowiec_Fortress#Second_Battle_(February-March_1915)" title="Osowiec Fortress">2nd Osowiec</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_for_Courland_(1915)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle for Courland (1915) (page does not exist)">Courland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bolim%C3%B3w" title="Second Battle of Bolimów">2nd Bolimów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pakos%C5%82aw" title="Battle of Pakosław">Pakosław</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gorlice%E2%80%93Tarn%C3%B3w_offensive" title="Gorlice–Tarnów offensive">Gorlice–Tarnów offensive</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorlice_breakthrough" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorlice breakthrough">Gorlice breakthrough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Syniava" title="Battle of Syniava">Syniava</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Konary" title="Battle of Konary">Konary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_of_Rokitna" title="Charge of Rokitna">Rokitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tar%C5%82%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Tarłów">Tarłów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_of_the_Dead_Men" title="Attack of the Dead Men">3rd Osowiec</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skoropadsky%27s_attack_under_Kraupishken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skoropadsky's attack under Kraupishken (page does not exist)">Kraupishken</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Russia)" title="Great Retreat (Russia)">Great Retreat</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Narew_Offensive" title="Bug–Narew Offensive">Bug-Narew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_battle_of_Przasnysz" title="Second battle of Przasnysz">2nd Przasnysz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narew_Offensive" title="Narew Offensive">Narew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novogeorgievsk" title="Siege of Novogeorgievsk">Novogeorgievsk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Bug_offensive" title="Vistula–Bug offensive">Vistula-Bug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jastk%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Jastków">Jastków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga%E2%80%93Schaulen_offensive" title="Riga–Schaulen offensive">Riga-Schaulen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Riga_offensive" title="First Riga offensive">1st Riga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kovno" title="Siege of Kovno">Kovno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dniestr_and_Zolota_Lypa" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Dniestr and Zolota Lypa">Dniestr–Zolota Lypa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rasna" title="Battle of Rasna">Rasna</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_on_Grubeshov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="March on Grubeshov (page does not exist)">Grubeshov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polesie_offensive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polesie offensive (page does not exist)">Polesie offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Strypa_River" title="Battle of the Strypa River">Strypa offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prut_operation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prut operation (page does not exist)">Prut</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rovno_offensive" title="Rovno offensive">Rovno</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vilno-Dvinsk_offensive" title="Vilno-Dvinsk offensive">Vilno</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battles_of_Death_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battles of Death Island (page does not exist)">Death Island</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/n%C4%81ves_sala" class="extiw" title="lv:nāves sala">lv</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smorgon" title="Battle of Smorgon">Smorgon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Zurvno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Zurvno (page does not exist)">Zurnvo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Plakanciema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Plakanciema (page does not exist)">Plakanciema</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plakanciema_kauja" class="extiw" title="lv:Plakanciema kauja">lv</a>]</span></li></ul> <dl><dt>1916</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_January_offensive,_1916&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian January offensive, 1916 (page does not exist)">January offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ustechko_(1916)" title="Battle of Ustechko (1916)">Ustechko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Naroch_offensive" title="Lake Naroch offensive">Lake Naroch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Kekava" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Kekava">1st Kekava</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_in_Stolovichy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle in Stolovichy (page does not exist)">Stolovichy</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_offensive" title="Brusilov offensive">Brusilov offensive</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lutsk" title="Battle of Lutsk">Lutsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamorni%C8%9Ba_border_clash" title="Mamornița border clash">Mamornița</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kostiuchn%C3%B3wka" title="Battle of Kostiuchnówka">Kostiuchnówka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Brusilov_offensive" title="Second Brusilov offensive">2nd part</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berestechko_(1916)" title="Battle of Berestechko (1916)">Berestechko</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kowel" title="Battle of Kowel">Kowel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Kekava" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Kekava">2nd Kekava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baranovichi_offensive" title="Baranovichi offensive">Baranovichi offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Misa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of the Misa (page does not exist)">Misa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asemasota_Missejoella" class="extiw" title="fi:Asemasota Missejoella">fi</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Schmarden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Schmarden (page does not exist)">Schmarden</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmardenin_taistelu" class="extiw" title="fi:Schmardenin taistelu">fi</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lysonia_Hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Lysonia Hill (page does not exist)">Lysonia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="uk:Бої за гору Лисоня">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_campaign_(1916)" title="Romanian campaign (1916)">Romanian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Battles" title="Christmas Battles">Christmas Battles</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1917</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toboly" title="Battle of Toboly">Toboly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerensky_offensive" title="Kerensky offensive">Kerensky offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zboriv_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Zboriv (1917)">Zboriv</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Days" title="July Days">July Days</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarnopol_offensive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarnopol offensive (page does not exist)">Tarnopol offensive</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarnopol-Offensive" class="extiw" title="de:Tarnopol-Offensive">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krechowce" title="Battle of Krechowce">Krechowce</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_in_Krevo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation in Krevo (page does not exist)">Krevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_campaign_(1917)" title="Romanian campaign (1917)">Romanian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_offensive_(1917)" title="Riga offensive (1917)">2nd Riga</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Little_Jugla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Little Jugla (page does not exist)">Jugla</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauja_pie_Maz%C4%81s_Juglas" class="extiw" title="lv:Kauja pie Mazās Juglas">lv</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornilov_affair" title="Kornilov affair">Kornilov affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Albion" title="Operation Albion"><i>Albion</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zhmerynka" title="Battle of Zhmerynka">Zhmerynka</a> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>1918</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_military_intervention_in_Bessarabia" title="Romanian military intervention in Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bobruysk_(1918)" title="Battle of Bobruysk (1918)">Bobruysk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rara%C5%84cza" title="Battle of Rarańcza">Rarańcza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag" title="Operation Faustschlag"><i>Faustschlag</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Keila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Keila (page does not exist)">Keila</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keila_lahing_(1918)" class="extiw" title="et:Keila lahing (1918)">et</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pskov_(1918)" title="Battle of Pskov (1918)">Pskov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Berdychiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Berdychiv (page does not exist)">Battle of Berdychiv</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%96%D0%B2_(1918)" class="extiw" title="uk:Бій за Бердичів (1918)">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_for_Kamianets-Podilskyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle for Kamianets-Podilskyi (page does not exist)">Battle for Kamianets-Podilskyi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%27%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_(1918)" class="extiw" title="uk:Бій за Кам'янець-Подільський (1918)">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Battle_of_Irpin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Battle of Irpin (page does not exist)">The Battle of Irpin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B9_(1918)" class="extiw" title="uk:Ірпінський бій (1918)">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clashes_outside_of_Narva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clashes outside of Narva (page does not exist)">Narva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bakhmach" title="Battle of Bakhmach">Bakhmach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lozova_station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lozova station (page does not exist)">Lozova station</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8E_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_(1918%E2%80%931919)" class="extiw" title="uk:Бої за станцію Лозова (1918–1919)">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hrebinkivskaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hrebinkivskaya (page does not exist)">Hrebinkivskaya</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B9_1918_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83" class="extiw" title="uk:Гребінківській бій 1918 року">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battles_for_the_Donbas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battles for the Donbas (page does not exist)">Donbas</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81_(1918)" class="extiw" title="uk:Бої за Донбас (1918)">uk</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barvinkovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barvinkovo (page does not exist)">Barvinkovo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="uk:Бої за Барвінкове">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_for_Izyum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle for Izyum (page does not exist)">Battle for Izyum</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%86%D0%B7%D1%8E%D0%BC_(1918)" class="extiw" title="uk:Бій за Ізюм (1918)">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_for_Rodakovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle for Rodakovo (page does not exist)">Rodakovo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" class="extiw" title="ru:Бои за Родаково">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_for_Gorlovka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle for Gorlovka (page does not exist)">Gorlovka</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%83" class="extiw" title="ru:Бой за Горловку">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battles_for_Horlivka_(1918)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battles for Horlivka (1918) (page does not exist)">Battles for Horlivka (1918)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%83_(1918)" class="extiw" title="uk:Бої за Горлівку (1918)">uk</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea_Operation_(1918)" title="Crimea Operation (1918)">Crimea</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assault_on_Chongar_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assault on Chongar Bridge (page does not exist)">Assault on Chongar Bridge</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC_%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Штурм Чонгарского моста">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sivash_breakthrough&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sivash breakthrough (page does not exist)">Sivash</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Salt_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of the Salt Lake (page does not exist)">Salt Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sevastopol_(1918)" title="Battle of Sevastopol (1918)">Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatar_Uprising&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tatar Uprising (page does not exist)">Tatar Uprising</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_(1918)" class="extiw" title="uk:Повстання кримських татар (1918)">uk</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Conquest_of_Don_Host&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German Conquest of Don Host (page does not exist)">Don Host</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_landing_(operation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Red landing (operation) (page does not exist)">Red landing (operation)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_(%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="extiw" title="ru:Красный десант (операция)">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Capture_of_Rostov-on-Don&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German Capture of Rostov-on-Don (page does not exist)">Rostov-on-Don</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_Ukrainian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1918 Ukrainian coup d'état">Hetman's coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kani%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Kaniów">Kaniów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dibrivka" title="Battle of Dibrivka">Dibrivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Romanian_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Second Romanian campaign of World War I">Romanian Campaign (1918)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Naval warfare</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Baltic_Sea_1914%E2%80%931918" title="Template:Campaignbox Baltic Sea 1914–1918">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Black_Sea_naval_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Template:Campaignbox Black Sea naval campaign of World War I">Black Sea</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Peace treaties</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Peace_between_Finland_and_Germany" title="Treaty of Peace between Finland and Germany">Treaty of Peace between Finland and Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest (1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_negotiations" title="1918 Russia–Ukraine negotiations">1918 Russia–Ukraine negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(August_27,_1918)" title="Treaty of Berlin (August 27, 1918)">Treaty of Berlin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>siege of Przemyśl</b><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the longest <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">siege</a> in Europe during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, and the second largest in the entire conflict, after the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Medina" title="Siege of Medina">Siege of Medina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The siege was a crushing defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army" title="Austro-Hungarian Army">Austro-Hungarian Army</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Russian Army</a>. <a href="/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Przemyśl">Przemyśl</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress of Przemyśl">fortress</a>-town and stronghold on the <a href="/wiki/River_San" class="mw-redirect" title="River San">River San</a> in what is now southeastern <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Investment_(military)" title="Investment (military)">investment</a> of Przemyśl began on 16 September 1914 and was briefly suspended on 11 October, due to an Austro-Hungarian offensive. The siege resumed on 9 November and the Austro-Hungarian garrison surrendered on 22 March 1915, after holding out for a total of 133 days.<sup id="cite_ref-TCD_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCD-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The siege has been referred to as "Austria-Hungary's <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 1914, Russian armies moved against both German <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a> and one of Austria-Hungary's largest provinces, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Galicia</a>, straddling the present-day border between <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. Its advance into Germany was soon repulsed but its Galician campaign was more successful. General <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Judovich_Ivanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Judovich Ivanov">Nikolai Ivanov</a> overwhelmed the Austro-Hungarian forces under <a href="/wiki/Franz_Graf_Conrad_von_H%C3%B6tzendorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Graf Conrad von Hötzendorf">Conrad von Hötzendorf</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Galicia" title="Battle of Galicia">Battle of Galicia</a>, and the whole Austrian front fell back over 160 kilometres (100 mi) to the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Przemysl_Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Przemysl Fortress">fortress at Przemyśl</a> was the only Austrian post that held out and by 28 September, was completely behind Russian lines. The Russians were now in a position to threaten the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a> industrial region of <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>, making the defense of Przemyśl of importance to the Germans as well as the Austro-Hungarians. </p><p>50 kilometres (30 mi) of new trenches were dug and 1,000 km (650 mi) of <a href="/wiki/Barbed_wire" title="Barbed wire">barbed wire</a> were used to make seven new lines of defence around the perimeter of the town. Inside the fortress, a military garrison of 127,000, as well as 18,000 civilians, were surrounded by six Russian divisions. Przemyśl reflected the nature of the Austro-Hungarian Empire – orders of the day had to be issued in fifteen languages. Austrians, Poles, Jews and Ruthenians (Ukrainians) were together in the besieged town, that was hit constantly with artillery fire, and as the toll of the dead, sick and wounded rose, and starvation threatened, so did mutual distrust and ethnic tension.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_siege">First siege</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First siege"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Przemysl_Map_WWI.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Przemysl_Map_WWI.png/220px-Przemysl_Map_WWI.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Przemysl_Map_WWI.png/330px-Przemysl_Map_WWI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Przemysl_Map_WWI.png/440px-Przemysl_Map_WWI.png 2x" data-file-width="1324" data-file-height="831" /></a><figcaption>Map of Przemysl and surrounding forts</figcaption></figure> <p>On 24 September, General <a href="/wiki/Radko_Dimitriev" title="Radko Dimitriev">Radko Dimitriev</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Third_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Third Army">Russian Third Army</a> began the <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">siege</a> of the fortress with six divisions. Dimitriev, after a brief artillery bombardment, ordered a full-scale assault on the fortress. The fortress was defended by 120,000 soldiers, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kusmanek_von_Burgneust%C3%A4dten" title="Hermann Kusmanek von Burgneustädten">Hermann Kusmanek von Burgneustädten</a>. For three days the Russians attacked and accomplished nothing at the cost of 40,000 casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-PB_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PB-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Vistula_River" title="Battle of the Vistula River">Battle of the Vistula River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svetozar_Boroevic_von_Bojna" class="mw-redirect" title="Svetozar Boroevic von Bojna">Svetozar Boroevic von Bojna</a>'s <a href="/wiki/3rd_Army_(Austria-Hungary)" title="3rd Army (Austria-Hungary)">Third Army</a> advanced towards Przemyśl. On 5 October, Russian assaults continued, under the command of General Scherbakov, including a major one on 7 October. Yet, with Austro-Hungarian forces advancing, the Russian assault was discontinued. On 9 October, a cavalry unit from the Third Army entered the besieged fortress, and the main body on 12 Oct.<sup id="cite_ref-PB_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PB-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 327–328">: 327–328 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_siege">Second siege</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second siege"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the end of October, the German and Austro-Hungarian armies were retreating west after their reversals in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Vistula_River" title="Battle of the Vistula River">Battle of the Vistula River</a>. On 4 November, civilians were ordered to leave Przemyśl. On 10 November, the second siege started.<sup id="cite_ref-PB_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PB-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 354–355">: 354–355 </span></sup> The Russian <a href="/wiki/11th_Army_(Russian_Empire)" title="11th Army (Russian Empire)">11th Army</a> (General <a href="/wiki/Andrei_N._Selivanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrei N. Selivanov">Andrei Nikolaevich Selivanov</a>) took up the siege operations. Unlike Dimitriev, Selivanov did not order any frontal assaults, and instead settled to starve the garrison into submission. By mid-December, the Russians were pounding the fortress with ceaseless artillery fire, seeking to compel the town's surrender. During the winter 1914–1915 the Habsburg armies continued to fight their way to the fortress. Months of fighting resulted in great losses, largely from <a href="/wiki/Frostbite" title="Frostbite">frostbite</a> and disease but relieving forces failed to reach the garrison at Przemyśl. </p><p>In February 1915, Boroevic led another relief effort towards Przemyśl. By the end of February, all relief efforts having been defeated, Hötzendorf informed <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kusmanek_von_Burgneust%C3%A4dten" title="Hermann Kusmanek von Burgneustädten">Hermann Kusmanek von Burgneustädten</a> that no further efforts would be made. Selivanov was given sufficient artillery to reduce the fortress. The Russians overran the northern defenses on 13 March. An improvised line of defense held up the Russian attacks long enough for Kusmanek to destroy anything left in the city that could be of use to the Russians once captured. On March 19 Kusmanek ordered an attempt to break out but his sallies were repulsed and he was forced to retreat back into the city. With nothing useful left within the city, Kusmanek had no choice but to surrender. On 22 March, the remaining garrison of 117,000 surrendered to the Russians. Among the captured were nine generals, ninety-three senior staff officers, 2,500 other officers,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothenburg1976185_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothenburg1976185-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PB2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PB2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian people">Hungarian</a> <a href="/wiki/War_poet" class="mw-redirect" title="War poet">war poet</a> <a href="/wiki/Geza_Gyoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Geza Gyoni">Geza Gyoni</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_in_Przemyśl_under_siege"><span id="Life_in_Przemy.C5.9Bl_under_siege"></span>Life in Przemyśl under siege</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Life in Przemyśl under siege"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diaries and notebooks kept by various people in the town have survived. The diary of Josef Tomann, an Austrian recruited into military service as a junior doctor, reveals the results of the activities of garrison officers: "The hospitals have been recruiting teenage girls as nurses. They get 120 crowns a month and free meals. They are, with very few exceptions, utterly useless. Their main job is to satisfy the lust of the gentlemen officers and, rather shamefully, of a number of doctors, too … New officers are coming in almost daily with cases of <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gonorrhea" title="Gonorrhea">gonorrhea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chancroid" title="Chancroid">soft chancre</a>. The poor girls and women feel so flattered when they get chatted up by one of these pestilent pigs in their spotless uniforms, with their shiny boots and buttons." Other accounts reveal the pervasive presence of starvation and disease, including <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>, and the diary of Helena Jablonska, a middle-aged, quite wealthy Polish woman, reveals class and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> and racial tensions in the town; " The Jewish women in basements rip you off the worst", and on March 18, 1915 – "The Jews are taking their shop signs down in a hurry, so that no one can tell who owns what. … They've all got so rich off the backs of those poor soldiers, and now of course they all want to run away!" When the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a> finally took the city in March, the Tsarist soldiers unleashed a violent <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogrom</a> against the Jewish population of the city. Jablonska noted: "The <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> waited until the Jews set off to the <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> for their prayers before setting upon them with whips. There is such lamenting and despair. Some Jews are hiding in cellars, but they'll get to them there too."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balloon_flight_Przemysl_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Balloon_flight_Przemysl_1915.jpg/220px-Balloon_flight_Przemysl_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Balloon_flight_Przemysl_1915.jpg/330px-Balloon_flight_Przemysl_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Balloon_flight_Przemysl_1915.jpg/440px-Balloon_flight_Przemysl_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1021" data-file-height="661" /></a><figcaption>Censored balloon mail from Przemysl to Vienna</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mail_communications">Mail communications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mail communications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Airmail" title="Airmail">Airmail</a> flights from Przemyśl during both sieges when airmail postcards, mostly <a href="/wiki/Military_mail" title="Military mail">military mail</a>, were flown from the besieged city on twenty-seven flights. Following a forced landing, mail from one flight was confiscated by the Russians and sent to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> for <a href="/wiki/Postal_censorship" title="Postal censorship">postal censorship</a> and onward transmission. Balloon mail, on some manned but mainly unmanned paper balloons, was also carried out of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pigeon_mail" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigeon mail">Pigeon mail</a> was also used to send messages out of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Results">Results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Przemysl_monument2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Przemysl_monument2.jpg/220px-Przemysl_monument2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Przemysl_monument2.jpg/330px-Przemysl_monument2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Przemysl_monument2.jpg/440px-Przemysl_monument2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="753" /></a><figcaption>Statue commemorating the siege of Przemyśl in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On March 9, 1915, Russian troops captured 9 Austrian generals in the Przemysl fortress: Infantry General <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kusmanek_von_Burgneust%C3%A4dten" title="Hermann Kusmanek von Burgneustädten">Hermann Kusmanek von Burgneustädten</a> Field Marshal-Lieutenants Karl Weizendorfer, Arpad Tamasha von Fogaras, Wilhelm Nickl and Major Generals Rudolf Zeide, Alfred Weber, George Komm, Arthur Kaltnecker and Friedrich Kloiber. The commandant of the fortress, G. Kusmanek, became the highest-ranking general of the German bloc among those who were captured by the Russians.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fall of Przemyśl led many to believe that Russia would now launch a major offensive into <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a>. This anticipated offensive never came, but the loss of Przemyśl was a serious blow to Austro-Hungarian morale. A further blow to Austria-Hungary was the fact that Przemyśl was only supposed to be garrisoned by 50,000, yet over 110,000 Austro-Hungarians surrendered with the fortress, a much more significant loss. The Russians held Przemyśl until the summer of 1915 when the <a href="/wiki/Gorlice%E2%80%93Tarn%C3%B3w_offensive" title="Gorlice–Tarnów offensive">Gorlice–Tarnów offensive</a> pushed back the Russian front in Galicia. Przemyśl stayed in Austro-Hungarian hands until October 1918, at which point Eastern Galicia left the Austro-Hungarian Empire and became part of the newly created independent state of Poland. The Austro-Hungarian army never recovered from its losses in the winter of 1914–1915 and the Habsburgs would rely henceforth on German assistance both in their sector of the Eastern Front and in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile Austro-Hungarian attempts to relieve the fortress ended catastrophically as the poorly supplied and outnumbered imperial forces attempted offensive after offensive through the Carpathian Mountains. Casualties for January to April 1915, in the Carpathians, were officially reported as 800,000, mostly due to weather and disease rather than combat. Russian casualties were nearly as high, but easier to replace, and balanced out more by the surrender of 117,000 Austro-Hungarian troops at the end of the siege.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All told, the siege and the attempts to relieve it cost the Austro-Hungarian army over a million casualties and inflicted on it significant damage from which it would never recover. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">She did not take direct part in the siege and guarded the rear of the 11th Army</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Oblężenie twierdza Przemyśl</i>; <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Belagerung von Premissel</i>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Перемы́шльская осада</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-TCD-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TCD_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TCD_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDowling2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Dowling, Timothy C. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KTq2BQAAQBAJ&q=Przemy%C5%9Bl%2C+Siege+1914"><i>Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond</i></a>. Przemyśl, Siege of (September 24, 1914 – March 22, 1915). Vol. 2 volumes. ABC-CLIO. pp. 170, <span class="nowrap">681–</span>682, 913. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-948-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-948-6"><bdi>978-1-59884-948-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+at+War%3A+From+the+Mongol+Conquest+to+Afghanistan%2C+Chechnya%2C+and+Beyond&rft.series=Przemy%C5%9Bl%2C+Siege+of+%28September+24%2C+1914+%E2%80%93+March+22%2C+1915%29&rft.pages=170%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E681-%3C%2Fspan%3E682%2C+913&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-948-6&rft.aulast=Dowling&rft.aufirst=Timothy+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKTq2BQAAQBAJ%26q%3DPrzemy%25C5%259Bl%252C%2BSiege%2B1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Przemy%C5%9Bl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hsz1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hsz1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hsz1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huszadikszazad.hu/1915-aprilis/politika/przemysl-leltara">"Przemysl leltára"</a> [account of Przemyśl] (in Hungarian). Budapest, Hungary: Huszadik század. April 1915<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Przemysl+lelt%C3%A1ra&rft.place=Budapest%2C+Hungary&rft.pub=Huszadik+sz%C3%A1zad&rft.date=1915-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huszadikszazad.hu%2F1915-aprilis%2Fpolitika%2Fprzemysl-leltara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Przemy%C5%9Bl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hsz2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hsz2_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huszadikszazad.hu/1914-oktober/politika/przemyslt-teljesen-felszabaditottuk">"Przemyslt teljesen felszabadítottuk"</a> [Przemyśl has been fully liberated] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Huszadik század. October 1914<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Przemyslt+teljesen+felszabad%C3%ADtottuk&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pub=Huszadik+sz%C3%A1zad&rft.date=1914-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huszadikszazad.hu%2F1914-oktober%2Fpolitika%2Fprzemyslt-teljesen-felszabaditottuk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Przemy%C5%9Bl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPalmerWallis2003" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Svetlana; Wallis, Sarah (2003). <i>A War in Words</i>. Simon & Schuster. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-4831-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-4831-7"><bdi>0-7432-4831-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+War+in+Words&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7432-4831-7&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Svetlana&rft.au=Wallis%2C+Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Przemy%C5%9Bl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatson2020" class="citation web cs1">Watson, Alexander (2020-07-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/world-war-i-stalingrad-siege-przemysl-alexander-watson-phd">"World War I's Stalingrad: The Siege of Przemyśl and Europe's Bloodlands"</a>. <i>The National WWII Museum | New Orleans</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+WWII+Museum+%7C+New+Orleans&rft.atitle=World+War+I%27s+Stalingrad%3A+The+Siege+of+Przemy%C5%9Bl+and+Europe%27s+Bloodlands&rft.date=2020-07-22&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalww2museum.org%2Fwar%2Farticles%2Fworld-war-i-stalingrad-siege-przemysl-alexander-watson-phd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Przemy%C5%9Bl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilson2023" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Peter H. (2023). <i>Iron and Blood: A Military History of the German-Speaking Peoples since 1500</i> (1st ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 535. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-98762-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-98762-3"><bdi>978-0-674-98762-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+and+Blood%3A+A+Military+History+of+the+German-Speaking+Peoples+since+1500&rft.pages=535&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-674-98762-3&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Przemy%C5%9Bl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A War in Words</i>, p. 70, Svetlana Palmer & Sarah Wallis, Simon & Schuster, 2003 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PB-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PB_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PB_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PB_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFButtar2016" class="citation book cs1">Buttar, Prit (2016). <i>Collision of Empires, The War on the Eastern Front in 1914</i>. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">272–</span>274. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-1318-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-1318-3"><bdi>978-1-4728-1318-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collision+of+Empires%2C+The+War+on+the+Eastern+Front+in+1914&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E272-%3C%2Fspan%3E274&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-1318-3&rft.aulast=Buttar&rft.aufirst=Prit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Przemy%C5%9Bl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERothenburg1976185-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothenburg1976185_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRothenburg1976">Rothenburg 1976</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PB2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PB2_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFButtar2017" class="citation book cs1">Buttar, Prit (2017). <i>Germany Ascendant, The Eastern Front 1915</i>. Oxford: Osprey. pp. <span class="nowrap">57–</span>61, <span class="nowrap">138–</span>144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-1937-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-1937-6"><bdi>978-1-4728-1937-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+Ascendant%2C+The+Eastern+Front+1915&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E61%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E138-%3C%2Fspan%3E144&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-1937-6&rft.aulast=Buttar&rft.aufirst=Prit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Przemy%C5%9Bl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A War in Words, pp. 87–88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKupiec-Weglinski2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kupiec-Weglinski, Jerry (December 2009). "The Siege Of Przemysl 1914–15". <i>Airpost Journal</i>. <b>80</b> (12). Mineola, NY: American Air Mail Society: <span class="nowrap">494–</span>509. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0739-0939">0739-0939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Airpost+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Siege+Of+Przemysl+1914%E2%80%9315&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E494-%3C%2Fspan%3E509&rft.date=2009-12&rft.issn=0739-0939&rft.aulast=Kupiec-Weglinski&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Przemy%C5%9Bl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1914/11/29/archives/pigeon-post-from-przemysl-we-are-doing-very-well-says-message-to.html">"Pigeon Post From Przemysl; "We Are Doing Very Well," Says Message to Vienna"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>, p. 2, 1914-11-29</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pigeon+Post+From+Przemysl%3B+%22We+Are+Doing+Very+Well%2C%22+Says+Message+to+Vienna&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1914-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1914%2F11%2F29%2Farchives%2Fpigeon-post-from-przemysl-we-are-doing-very-well-says-message-to.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Przemy%C5%9Bl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.app/sTzuTESBNM98mjwi9">Из истории генеральских потерь Германского блока</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A War in Words</i>, p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tucker, Spencer. <i>World War I: A Student Encyclopedia</i>. ABC-CLIO Publishing. 2005. p. 349.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDowling2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Dowling, Timothy C. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KTq2BQAAQBAJ&q=Przemy%C5%9Bl%2C+Siege+1914"><i>Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond</i></a>. Przemyśl, Siege of (September 24, 1914 – March 22, 1915). Vol. 2 volumes. ABC-CLIO. pp. 170, <span class="nowrap">681–</span>682, 913. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-948-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-948-6"><bdi>978-1-59884-948-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+at+War%3A+From+the+Mongol+Conquest+to+Afghanistan%2C+Chechnya%2C+and+Beyond&rft.series=Przemy%C5%9Bl%2C+Siege+of+%28September+24%2C+1914+%E2%80%93+March+22%2C+1915%29&rft.pages=170%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E681-%3C%2Fspan%3E682%2C+913&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-948-6&rft.aulast=Dowling&rft.aufirst=Timothy+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKTq2BQAAQBAJ%26q%3DPrzemy%25C5%259Bl%252C%2BSiege%2B1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Przemy%C5%9Bl" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRothenburg1976" class="citation book cs1">Rothenburg, G. (1976). <i>The Army of Francis Joseph</i>. West Lafayette, Ind: Purdue University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-911198-41-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-911198-41-6"><bdi>978-0-911198-41-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Army+of+Francis+Joseph&rft.place=West+Lafayette%2C+Ind&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-911198-41-6&rft.aulast=Rothenburg&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Przemy%C5%9Bl" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTucker2002" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer (2002) [1997]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UP2HAgAAQBAJ&q=1914+Galicia"><i>The Great War, 1914–1918</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1134817495" title="Special:BookSources/1134817495"><bdi>1134817495</bdi></a> – via Goggle Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+War%2C+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1134817495&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUP2HAgAAQBAJ%26q%3D1914%2BGalicia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Przemy%C5%9Bl" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTunstall2016" class="citation book cs1">Tunstall, Graydon A. (2016). <i>Written in Blood: The Battles for Fortress Przemysl in WWI</i>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253021977" title="Special:BookSources/9780253021977"><bdi>9780253021977</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Written+in+Blood%3A+The+Battles+for+Fortress+Przemysl+in+WWI&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780253021977&rft.aulast=Tunstall&rft.aufirst=Graydon+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Przemy%C5%9Bl" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatson2019" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Alexander (2019). <i>The Fortress: The Great Siege of Przemysl</i>. London: Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780241309063" title="Special:BookSources/9780241309063"><bdi>9780241309063</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fortress%3A+The+Great+Siege+of+Przemysl&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780241309063&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Przemy%C5%9Bl" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issforum.org/essays/51-przemysl">online review in H-DIPLO</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatson2020" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Alexander (2020). <i>The Fortress: The Siege of Przemysl and the Making of Europe's Bloodlands</i>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5416-9732-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5416-9732-4"><bdi>978-1-5416-9732-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fortress%3A+The+Siege+of+Przemysl+and+the+Making+of+Europe%27s+Bloodlands&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-5416-9732-4&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Przemy%C5%9Bl" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i5NCUtJklHI"><span class="plainlinks">Fall of Przemysl (1915)</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091127065453/http://www.greatwardifferent.com/Great_War/Przemysl/Przemysl_British_02.htm">The Siege of Przemysl – A Sketch from a British War-Correspondent.</a> Wayback capture.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_I23289" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_I" title="Template:World War I"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_I" title="Template talk:World War I"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_I" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War I"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_I23289" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_I" title="Outline of World War I">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_of_World_War_I" title="List of military engagements of World War I">Military engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Economic history of World War I">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_geography_in_World_War_I" title="Role of geography in World War I">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of World War I">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_I" title="Home front during World War I">Home fronts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_memorials" title="World War I memorials">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_I" title="Opposition to World War I">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_in_popular_culture" title="World War I in popular culture">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_World_War_I" title="Propaganda in World War I">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_puppet_states" title="List of World War I puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_I" title="Technology during World War I">Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Theatres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="European theatre of World War I">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_theatre" title="Balkans theatre">Balkans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_front_(World_War_I)" title="Italian front (World War I)">Italian Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai and Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Hejaz & Levant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/African_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="African theatre of World War I">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">South West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun_campaign" title="Kamerun campaign">Kamerun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togoland_campaign" title="Togoland campaign">Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I" title="Military operations in North Africa during World War I">North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I">Asian and Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_German_Samoa" title="Occupation of German Samoa">German Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_occupation_of_German_New_Guinea" title="Allied occupation of German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U-boat_campaign" title="U-boat campaign">U-boat campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I">North Atlantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_in_the_Mediterranean_during_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I">Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Principal<br />participants</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_I" title="Allied leaders of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_I" title="Belgium in World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_during_World_War_I" title="Brazil during World War I">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_during_World_War_I" title="China during World War I">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army_in_World_War_I" title="French Army in World War I">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_during_World_War_I" title="Greece during World War I">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro#World_War_I" title="History of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I" title="Portugal during World War I">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia in the First World War">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1894%E2%80%931917)#Russia_at_war,_1914–1916" title="History of Russia (1894–1917)">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia#Serbia_in_World_War_I_(1914–1918)" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_in_World_War_I" title="Siam in World War I">Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_Central_Powers_of_World_War_I" title="Leaders of the Central Powers of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria-Hungary_during_World_War_I" title="History of Austria-Hungary during World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I" title="Bulgaria during World War I">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi Campaign">Senussi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritz Rebellion">South African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Darfur" title="Sultanate of Darfur">Darfur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I" title="Timeline of World War I">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Pre-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> (1870–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> (1880–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">Tangier Crisis</a> (1905–06)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a> (1908–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> (1911–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> (1912–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a> (1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I" title="Causes of World War I">Origins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_causes_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of the causes of World War I">Historiography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Sarajevo assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_riots_in_Sarajevo" title="Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo">Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frontiers" title="Battle of the Frontiers">Battle of the Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cer" title="Battle of Cer">Battle of Cer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Galicia" title="Battle of Galicia">Battle of Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_East_Prussia_(1914)" title="Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914)">Russian invasion of East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg" title="Battle of Tannenberg">Battle of Tannenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Siege of Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="First Battle of the Masurian Lakes">First Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Couronn%C3%A9" title="Battle of Grand Couronné">Battle of Grand Couronné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">First Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Siege of Przemyśl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_Sea" title="Race to the Sea">Race to the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres" title="First Battle of Ypres">First Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_raid" title="Black Sea raid">Black Sea raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolubara" title="Battle of Kolubara">Battle of Kolubara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Battle of Sarikamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1915</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes">Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81om%C5%BCa" title="Battle of Łomża">Battle of Łomża</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania" title="Sinking of the RMS Lusitania">Sinking of the RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Battle of Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Artois" title="Second Battle of Artois">Second Battle of Artois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_Isonzo" title="Battles of the Isonzo">Battles of the Isonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlice%E2%80%93Tarn%C3%B3w_offensive" title="Gorlice–Tarnów offensive">Gorlice–Tarnów offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Russia)" title="Great Retreat (Russia)">Great Retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Narew_Offensive" title="Bug–Narew Offensive">Bug-Narew Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novogeorgievsk" title="Siege of Novogeorgievsk">Siege of Novogeorgievsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Bug_offensive" title="Vistula–Bug offensive">Vistula–Bug offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Champagne" title="Second Battle of Champagne">Second Battle of Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_offensive_(1915)" title="Kosovo offensive (1915)">Kosovo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kut" title="Siege of Kut">Siege of Kut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loos" title="Battle of Loos">Battle of Loos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1916</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_offensive" title="Erzurum offensive">Erzurum offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Battle of Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Naroch_offensive" title="Lake Naroch offensive">Lake Naroch offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Asiago" title="Battle of Asiago">Battle of Asiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_day_on_the_Somme" title="First day on the Somme">first day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_offensive" title="Brusilov offensive">Brusilov offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baranovichi_offensive" title="Baranovichi offensive">Baranovichi offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Romani" title="Battle of Romani">Battle of Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastir_offensive" title="Monastir offensive">Monastir offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Transylvania" title="Battle of Transylvania">Battle of Transylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917)" title="Fall of Baghdad (1917)">Capture of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimmermann_telegram" title="Zimmermann telegram">Zimmermann telegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" title="Battle of Arras (1917)">Second battle of Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_battle_of_the_Aisne" class="mw-redirect" title="Second battle of the Aisne">Second battle of the Aisne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerensky_offensive" title="Kerensky offensive">Kerensky offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărăști">Battle of Mărăști</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99e%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărășești">Battle of Mărășești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Oituz" title="Third Battle of Oituz">Third Battle of Oituz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto" title="Battle of Caporetto">Battle of Caporetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Palestine_offensive" title="Southern Palestine offensive">Southern Palestine offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Malmaison" title="Battle of La Malmaison">Battle of La Malmaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1917)">Battle of Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Foc%C8%99ani" title="Armistice of Focșani">Armistice of Focșani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_between_Russia_and_the_Central_Powers" title="Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers">Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1918</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag" title="Operation Faustschlag">Operation Faustschlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeebrugge_Raid" title="Zeebrugge Raid">Zeebrugge Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goychay" title="Battle of Goychay">Battle of Goychay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Piave_River" title="Second Battle of the Piave River">Second Battle of the Piave River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="Second Battle of the Marne">Second Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardar_offensive" title="Vardar offensive">Vardar offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">Battle of Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Transjordan_attack" title="Third Transjordan attack">Third Transjordan attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse%E2%80%93Argonne_offensive" title="Meuse–Argonne offensive">Meuse–Argonne offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto" title="Battle of Vittorio Veneto">Battle of Vittorio Veneto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Salonica" title="Armistice of Salonica">Armistice of Salonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Villa_Giusti" title="Armistice of Villa Giusti">Armistice of Villa Giusti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Romanian_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Second Romanian campaign of World War I">Second Romanian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice with Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollettino_della_Vittoria_Navale" title="Bollettino della Vittoria Navale">Naval Victory Bulletin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Belgrade" title="Armistice of Belgrade">Armistice of Belgrade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Co-belligerent conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland campaign</a> (1900–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> (1910–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_rebellion" title="Muscat rebellion">Muscat rebellion</a> (1913–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War</a> (1914–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_during_World_War_I" title="Kurdish rebellions during World War I">Kurdish rebellions</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovambo_Uprising" title="Ovambo Uprising">Ovambo Uprising</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan_rebellion" title="Kelantan rebellion">Kelantan rebellion</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_campaign" title="Senussi campaign">Senussi campaign</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta-Bani_War" title="Volta-Bani War">Volta-Bani War</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Protection_War" title="National Protection War">National Protection War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> (1916–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Central Asian Revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur_(1916)" title="Invasion of Darfur (1916)">Invasion of Darfur</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaocen_revolt" title="Kaocen revolt">Kaocen revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a> (1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Post-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani War</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armeno-Georgian War</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_and_interventions_in_Hungary_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)">Revolutions and interventions in Hungary</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland Uprising</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Lithuanian Wars of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution" title="1919 Egyptian revolution">Egyptian Revolution</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian War</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence">Anglo-Turkish War</a> (1918–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a> (1918–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a> (1919–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a> (1920)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_War" title="Vlora War">Vlora War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Soviet–Georgian War</a> (1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_World_War_I" title="Aviation in World War I">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_I" title="Strategic bombing during World War I">Strategic bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I" title="Chemical weapons in World War I">Chemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_cryptography" title="World War I cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_I" title="Horses in World War I">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics_in_World_War_I" title="Logistics in World War I">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoys_in_World_War_I" title="Convoys in World War I">Convoy system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Conscription493" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Conscription</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_conscription_in_Australia" title="World War I conscription in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seferberlik" title="Seferberlik">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruitment_to_the_British_Army_during_World_War_I" title="Recruitment to the British Army during World War I">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1918" title="Conscription Crisis of 1918">Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_Act_of_1917" title="Selective Service Act of 1917">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_casualties" title="World War I casualties">Casualties</a> /<br />Civilian impact</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>British casualties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_parliamentarians_who_died_in_the_First_World_War" title="List of British parliamentarians who died in the First World War">Parliamentarians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_casualties_of_World_War_I" title="Ottoman casualties of World War I">Ottoman casualties</a></li> <li>Sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rugby_union_players_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of international rugby union players killed in World War I">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympians_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of Olympians killed in World War I">Olympians</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Disease</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1899%E2%80%931923_cholera_pandemic" title="1899–1923 cholera pandemic">1899–1923 cholera pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_typhus_and_relapsing_fever_epidemic_in_Serbia" title="1915 typhus and relapsing fever epidemic in Serbia">1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_occupation_of_Serbia" title="Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia">Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia</a></li> <li>Bulgarian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Albania" title="Bulgarian occupation of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Serbia_(World_War_I)" title="Bulgarian occupation of Serbia (World War I)">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li>German occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of north-east France during World War I">Northeast France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">Ober Ost</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">Occupied Enemy Territory Administration</a></li> <li>Russian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Eastern_Galicia_(1914%E2%80%931915)" title="Russian occupation of Eastern Galicia (1914–1915)">Eastern Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Western_Armenia" title="Occupation of Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Prisoners of war in World War I">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Germans <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Italian prisoners of war in World War I">Italians</a></li> <li>POW locations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_Canada" title="List of World War I prisoner-of-war camps in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_prisoners_of_war_in_Germany" title="World War I prisoners of war in Germany">Germany</a> / <a href="/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_I" title="German prisoner-of-war camps in World War I">camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war_camps_in_Switzerland_during_World_War_I" title="Prisoner of war camps in Switzerland during World War I">Switzerland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_World_War_I" title="Refugees of World War I">Refugees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Belgian refugees <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_the_Netherlands_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in the Netherlands during the First World War">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in Britain during the First World War">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_I" title="War crimes in World War I">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Allied blockades <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Blockade of the Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)" title="Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)">Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_from_East_Prussia_during_World_War_I" title="Deportations from East Prussia during World War I">Deportations from East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Kalisz" title="Destruction of Kalisz">Destruction of Kalisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Dinant" title="Sack of Dinant">Sack of Dinant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Belgium" title="Rape of Belgium">Rape of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_World_War_I" title="Massacres of Albanians in World War I">Massacres of Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Ukrainian_Canadians" title="Internment of Ukrainian Canadians">Internment of Ukrainian Canadians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Diplomatic history of World War I">Diplomacy</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Entry into the war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_entry_into_World_War_I" title="French entry into World War I">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_entry_into_World_War_I" title="German entry into World War I">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Ottoman entry into World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Russian entry into World War I">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_entry_into_World_War_I" title="British entry into World War I">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_I" title="Declarations of war during World War I">Declarations of war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/To_my_peoples" title="To my peoples">Austria-Hungary against Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_upon_Germany_(1914)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war upon Germany (1914)">UK against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I#Declaration_of_jihad" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottomans against the Triple Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1917)" title="United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)">USA against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Austria-Hungary" title="United States declaration of war on Austria-Hungary">USA against Austria-Hungary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Agreement" title="Constantinople Agreement">Constantinople Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">Treaty of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Protocol" title="Damascus Protocol">Damascus Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Germany_treaty_(1915)" title="Bulgaria–Germany treaty (1915)">Bulgaria–Germany treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Darin" title="Treaty of Darin">Treaty of Darin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sazonov%E2%80%93Pal%C3%A9ologue_Agreement" title="Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement">Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Economy_Pact" title="Paris Economy Pact">Paris Economy Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1916)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1916)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_of_Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne" title="Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne">Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Peace treaties</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modus_vivendi_of_Acroma" title="Modus vivendi of Acroma">Modus vivendi of Acroma</a></li> <li>Treaties of Brest-Litovsk <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Russia–Central Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Ukraine–Central Powers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of St. Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">Treaty of Neuilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_a_Suspect_in_Sarajevo" title="Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo">Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutilated_victory" title="Mutilated victory">Mutilated victory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Virgin" title="The Golden Virgin">The Golden Virgin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/They_shall_not_pass" title="They shall not pass">They shall not pass</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_I" title="Category:World War I">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox505" 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