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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Entry_into_World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Declaration_of_jihad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declaration_of_jihad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Declaration of jihad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declaration_of_jihad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Military subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War_with_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_with_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>War with Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_with_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_with_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_with_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>War with Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_with_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Home_Front" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Home_Front"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>The Home Front</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Home_Front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_in_Eastern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_in_Eastern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>War in Eastern Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_in_Eastern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1915" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1915"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>1915</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1915-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Foreign relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1915_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1915_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>1915</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1915_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1916" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1916"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>1916</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1916-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1917" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1917"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>1917</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1917-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russian_SFSR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_SFSR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Russian SFSR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_SFSR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1918" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1918"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>1918</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1918-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Caucasus_(Armenia–Azerbaijan–Georgia)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caucasus_(Armenia–Azerbaijan–Georgia)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Caucasus (Armenia–Azerbaijan–Georgia)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caucasus_(Armenia–Azerbaijan–Georgia)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armistice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armistice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Armistice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armistice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Financial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genocide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genocide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Genocide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genocide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ottoman Empire in World War I</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89" title="الدولة العثمانية في الحرب العالمية الأولى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الدولة العثمانية في الحرب العالمية الأولى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanl%C4%B1_imperiyas%C4%B1_Birinci_d%C3%BCnya_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99sind%C9%99" title="Osmanlı imperiyası Birinci dünya müharibəsində – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Osmanlı imperiyası Birinci dünya müharibəsində" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%9E_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Асманская імперыя ў Першай сусветнай вайне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Асманская імперыя ў Першай сусветнай вайне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_otomano_durante_la_Primera_Guerra_Mundial" title="Imperio otomano durante la Primera Guerra Mundial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio otomano durante la Primera Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_ottoman_dans_la_Premi%C3%A8re_Guerre_mondiale" title="Empire ottoman dans la Première Guerre mondiale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire ottoman dans la Première Guerre mondiale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BD%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6_%D4%B1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BB%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Օսմանյան կայսրությունն Առաջին համաշխարհային պատերազմում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օսմանյան կայսրությունն Առաջին համաշխարհային պատերազմում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesultanan_Utsmaniyah_di_Perang_Dunia_I" title="Kesultanan Utsmaniyah di Perang Dunia I – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kesultanan Utsmaniyah di Perang Dunia I" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_ottomano_nella_prima_guerra_mondiale" title="Impero ottomano nella prima guerra mondiale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero ottomano nella prima guerra mondiale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%AA%27%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94" title="האימפריה העות'מאנית במלחמת העולם הראשונה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האימפריה העות'מאנית במלחמת העולם הראשונה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Отоманското Царство во Првата светска војна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Отоманското Царство во Првата светска војна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A_%D9%BE%D9%87_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DA%93%DB%8D_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87_%DA%A9%DB%90" title="عثماني سترواکي په لومړۍ نړيواله جګړه کې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="عثماني سترواکي په لومړۍ نړيواله جګړه کې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Османская империя в Первой мировой войне – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Османская империя в Первой мировой войне" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%83_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83" title="Османско царство у Првом светском рату – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Османско царство у Првом светском рату" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:History of the Ottoman Empire">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Ottoman Empire">History</a> of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1882%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of Arms of the Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Coat of Arms of the Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/125px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/188px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/250px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1906" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Timeline of the Ottoman Empire">Timeline</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1299–1453)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral)"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beylik_of_Osman" class="mw-redirect" title="Beylik of Osman">Beylik of Osman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Interregnum" title="Ottoman Interregnum">Interregnum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1402–1413)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">Classical Age</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1453–1566)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral)"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Women" title="Sultanate of Women">Sultanate of Women</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1533–1656)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Transformation</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1566–1703)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral)"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Köprülü Era">Köprülü Era</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1656–1703)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Old_Regime" title="Ottoman Old Regime">Old Regime</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1703–1789)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral)"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_Era_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip Era in the Ottoman Empire">Tulip Era</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1718–1730)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Decline & Modernization</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1789–1908)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral)"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nizam-i_Djedid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam-i Djedid">Nizam-i Djedid</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(late 18th and early 19th)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat Era</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1839–1876)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)">1st Constitutional Era</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1876–1878)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Dissolution</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1908–1922)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral)"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">2nd Constitutional Era</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1908–1920)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_during_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Empire during World War I">World War I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1914–1918)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partitioning</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1918–1922)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Ottoman_sultanate" title="Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate">Abolition of the Sultanate</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1922)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Caliphate" title="Abolition of the Caliphate">Abolition of the Caliphate</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Historiography of the Ottoman Empire">Historiography</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ghaza_thesis" title="Ghaza thesis">Ghaza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_decline_thesis" title="Ottoman decline thesis">Decline</a>)</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Template:History of the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Template talk:History of the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> was one of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, allied with the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)">Bulgaria</a>. It <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Ottoman entry into World War I">entered the war</a> on 29 October 1914 with a small <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_raid" title="Black Sea raid">surprise attack</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> coast of Russia, which prompted Russia to declare war on 2 November 1914. Ottoman forces fought the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Entente</a> in the Balkans and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern theatre of World War I</a>. The Ottoman Empire's defeat in the war in 1918 was crucial in the eventual <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">dissolution of the empire</a> in 1922. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Entry_into_World_War_I">Entry into World War I</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Entry into World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Ottoman entry into World War I">Ottoman entry into World War I</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Ottoman entry into World War I">Ottoman entry into World War I</a> was the result of two recently purchased ships of its navy, still manned by their German crews and commanded by their German admiral, carrying out the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Sea Raid">Black Sea Raid</a> on 29 October 1914. There were a number of factors that conspired to influence the Ottoman government and encourage them to enter the war. The political reasons for the Ottoman sultan's entry into the war are disputed, and the Ottoman Empire was an agricultural state in an age of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">industrial warfare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolle_2008_167_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolle_2008_167-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Finkel_2007_529_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkel_2007_529-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the economic resources of the empire were depleted by the cost of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> of 1912 and 1913. The reasons for the Ottoman action were not immediately clear.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declaration_of_jihad">Declaration of jihad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Declaration of jihad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_d%C3%A9claration_de_la_Guerre_Sainte_%C3%A0_Konstantiny%C3%A9_en_novembre_1914-_Document.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/La_d%C3%A9claration_de_la_Guerre_Sainte_%C3%A0_Konstantiny%C3%A9_en_novembre_1914-_Document.jpg/220px-La_d%C3%A9claration_de_la_Guerre_Sainte_%C3%A0_Konstantiny%C3%A9_en_novembre_1914-_Document.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="675" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/La_d%C3%A9claration_de_la_Guerre_Sainte_%C3%A0_Konstantiny%C3%A9_en_novembre_1914-_Document.jpg/330px-La_d%C3%A9claration_de_la_Guerre_Sainte_%C3%A0_Konstantiny%C3%A9_en_novembre_1914-_Document.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/La_d%C3%A9claration_de_la_Guerre_Sainte_%C3%A0_Konstantiny%C3%A9_en_novembre_1914-_Document.jpg/440px-La_d%C3%A9claration_de_la_Guerre_Sainte_%C3%A0_Konstantiny%C3%A9_en_novembre_1914-_Document.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1654" data-file-height="5074" /></a><figcaption>Declaration of war by the Ottoman Empire on the Entente</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1914_Ottoman_jihad_proclamation" title="1914 Ottoman jihad proclamation">1914 Ottoman jihad proclamation</a></div> <p>On 11 November 1914,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a>, Sultan of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman Caliphate</a>, declared <i><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></i> (meritorious struggle or effort) against the powers of the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The declaration, which called for <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> to support the Ottomans in Entente-controlled areas and for <i>jihad</i> against "all enemies of the Ottoman Empire, except the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-Lüdke_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lüdke-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was initially drafted on 11 November and first publicly read out in front of a large crowd on 14 November.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same day, a <i><a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a></i> (Islamic religious decree) to the same effect was declared by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fetva_Emini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fetva Emini (page does not exist)"><i>Fetva Emini</i></a> ("<i>fatwa</i> consultant", the Ottoman official in charge of dictating <i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">tafsir</a></i> on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sheikh-ul-Islams_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of Sheikh-ul-Islams of the Ottoman Empire">Shaykh al-Islām</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Lüdke_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lüdke-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arab tribes in Mesopotamia were initially enthusiastic about the edict. However, following British victories in the <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamian campaign</a> in 1914 and 1915, enthusiasm declined, and some chieftains like <a href="/wiki/Mudbir_al-Far%27un" title="Mudbir al-Far'un">Mudbir al-Far'un</a> adopted a more neutral, if not pro-British, stance.<sup id="cite_ref-Keiko1994_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keiko1994-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were hopes and fears that non-Turkish Muslims would side with Ottoman Turkey, but according to some historians, the appeal did not "[unite] the Muslim world",<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis-revolt_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-revolt-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gold-2003-24_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gold-2003-24-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Muslims did not turn on their non-Muslim commanders in the Allied forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Ardic-2012-192_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ardic-2012-192-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other historians point to the <a href="/wiki/1915_Singapore_Mutiny" title="1915 Singapore Mutiny">1915 Singapore Mutiny</a> and alleged that the call did have a considerable impact on Muslims around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2017 article, it was concluded that the declaration, as well as earlier jihad propaganda, had a strong impact on attaining the loyalty of Kurdish tribes, who played a major role in the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian genocide">Assyrian genocides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The war led to the end of the caliphate as the Ottoman Empire entered on the side of the war's losers and surrendered by agreeing to "viciously punitive" conditions. These were overturned by the popular war hero <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal</a>, who was also a secularist and later abolished the caliphate.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern theatre of World War I</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Ottoman entry into World War I">Ottoman entry into World War I</a> began on 29 October 1914 when it launched the Black Sea Raid against Russian ports. Following the attack, Russia declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 2 November,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2011112_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2011112-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by their allies (Britain and France) declaring war on the Ottoman Empire on 5 November 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasquez2018175_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasquez2018175-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottoman Empire started military action after three months of formal neutrality, but it had signed a secret alliance with the Central Powers in August 1914. </p><p>The great landmass of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> was between the Ottoman army's headquarters in Istanbul and many of the theatres of war. During <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a>'s reign, civilian communications had improved, but the road and rail network was not ready for war.<sup id="cite_ref-Finkel_2007_529_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkel_2007_529-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It took more than a month to reach Syria and nearly two months to reach Mesopotamia. To reach the border with Russia, the railway ran only 60 km east of Ankara, and from there, it was 35 days to <a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Erzurum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Finkel_2007_529_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkel_2007_529-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Army used <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trabzon</a> port as a logistical shortcut to the east. It took less time to arrive at any of those fronts from London than from the Ottoman War Department because of the poor condition of Ottoman supply ships. </p><p>The empire fell into disorder with the declaration of war along with Germany. On 11 November, a conspiracy was discovered in Constantinople against Germans and the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a> (CUP) in which some of the CUP leaders were shot. That followed the 12 November revolt in Adrianople against the German military mission. On 13 November, a bomb exploded in <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a>'s palace, which killed five German officers but failed to kill Enver Pasha. On 18 November there were more anti-German plots. Committees formed around the country to rid the country of those who sided with Germany. Army and navy officers protested against the assumption of authority by Germans. On 4 December, widespread riots took place throughout the country. On 13 December, an anti-war demonstration was led by women in <a href="/wiki/Konak,_%C4%B0zmir" title="Konak, İzmir">Konak</a> (Izmir) and <a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Erzurum</a>. Throughout December, the CUP dealt with mutiny among soldiers in barracks and among naval crews. The head of the German Military Mission, Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Colmar_Freiherr_von_der_Goltz" title="Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz">von der Goltz</a>, survived a conspiracy against his life.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Military power remained firmly in the hands of War Minister Enver Pasha, domestic issues (civil matters) were under Interior Minister <a href="/wiki/Talaat_Pasha" title="Talaat Pasha">Talat Pasha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Djemal_Pasha" title="Djemal Pasha">Cemal Pasha</a> had sole control over Ottoman Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolle_2008_174_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolle_2008_174-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Provincial governors ran their regions with differing degrees of autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolle_2008_174_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolle_2008_174-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An interesting case is Izmir; <a href="/wiki/Rahmi_Arslan" title="Rahmi Arslan">Rahmi Bey</a> behaved almost as if his region was a neutral zone between the warring states.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="border:0px background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:0px;" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td><div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_hu0vlym0iyxlr13uugqukceg2ggjxyv"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Siege_of_Medina" coords="490,650,559,671" title="Siege of Medina" alt="Siege of Medina" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Battle_of_al%2DSamn" coords="520,635,601,656" title="Battle of al-Samn" alt="Battle of al-Samn" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wadi_Musa" coords="518,619,604,640" title="Battle of Wadi Musa" alt="Battle of Wadi Musa" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aqaba" coords="479,604,543,624" title="Battle of Aqaba" alt="Battle of Aqaba" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Capture_of_Yanbu" coords="390,588,454,609" title="Capture of Yanbu" alt="Capture of Yanbu" /><area shape="rect" 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alt="History of the Ottoman Empire during World War I#War with Britain and France" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_during_World_War_I%23War_with_Russia" coords="322,28,460,52" title="History of the Ottoman Empire during World War I#War with Russia" alt="History of the Ottoman Empire during World War I#War with Russia" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_during_World_War_I" coords="289,9,493,33" title="History of the Ottoman Empire during World War I" alt="History of the Ottoman Empire during World War I" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_hu0vlym0iyxlr13uugqukceg2ggjxyv" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/hu0vlym0iyxlr13uugqukceg2ggjxyv.png" /></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_with_Russia">War with Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: War with Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasus Campaign">Caucasus Campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persian campaign (World War I)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WW1_TitlePicture_For_Caucasus_Campaign.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/WW1_TitlePicture_For_Caucasus_Campaign.png/220px-WW1_TitlePicture_For_Caucasus_Campaign.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/WW1_TitlePicture_For_Caucasus_Campaign.png/330px-WW1_TitlePicture_For_Caucasus_Campaign.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/WW1_TitlePicture_For_Caucasus_Campaign.png/440px-WW1_TitlePicture_For_Caucasus_Campaign.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1006" /></a><figcaption>Top: Destruction in the city of Erzurum; Left Upper: Russian forces; Left Lower: Wounded Muslim refugees; Right Upper:Ottoman forces; Right Lower: Armenian refugees</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ottoman's entrance into the war greatly increased the Triple Entente's military burdens. Russia had to fight alone on the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasus Campaign">Caucasus Campaign</a> but fought with the United Kingdom on the <a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persian Campaign</a>. Enver Pasha set off for the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Battle of Sarikamish</a> with the intention of recapturing <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kars" title="Kars">Kars</a>, overrunning Georgia and occupying north-western Persia and the oil fields. Fighting the Russians in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, however, the Ottomans lost ground, and over 100,000 soldiers, in a series of battles. 60,000 Ottoman soldiers died in the winter of 1916–17 on the Mus—Bitlis section of the front.<sup id="cite_ref-Finkel_2007_530_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkel_2007_530-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottomans preferred to keep the Caucasus militarily silent as they had to regroup reserves to retake Baghdad and Palestine from the British. 1917 and the first half of 1918 was the time for negotiations. On 5 December 1917, the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Erzincan" title="Armistice of Erzincan">armistice of Erzincan</a> (Erzincan Cease-fire Agreement) was signed between the Russians and Ottomans in Erzincan that ended the armed conflicts between Russia and Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 3 March, the Grand vizier Talat Pasha signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a>. It stipulated that Bolshevik Russia cede <a href="/wiki/Batum" class="mw-redirect" title="Batum">Batum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kars" title="Kars">Kars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ardahan" title="Ardahan">Ardahan</a>. In addition to these provisions, a secret clause was inserted which obligated the Russians to demobilize Armenian national forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Hovannisian_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hovannisian-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 14 March to April 1918 the <a href="/wiki/Trabzon_peace_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Trabzon peace conference">Trabzon peace conference</a> was held between the Ottoman Empire and the delegation of the <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Sejm" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasian Sejm">Transcaucasian Diet</a>. Enver Pasha offered to surrender all ambitions in the Caucasus in return for recognition of the Ottoman reacquisition of the east Anatolian provinces at Brest-Litovsk at the end of the negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-ottoman1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ottoman1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 5 April, the head of the Transcaucasian delegation <a href="/wiki/Akaki_Chkhenkeli" title="Akaki Chkhenkeli">Akaki Chkhenkeli</a> accepted the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk as a basis for more negotiations and wired the governing bodies urging them to accept this position.<sup id="cite_ref-ric_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ric-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mood prevailing in Tiflis was very different. Tiflis acknowledge the existence of a state of war between themselves and the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-ric_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ric-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1918, the Ottoman 3rd Army finally went on the offensive in Armenia. Opposition from Armenian forces led to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sardarapat" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sardarapat">Battle of Sardarapat</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kara_Killisse_(1918)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kara Killisse (1918)">Battle of Kara Killisse</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bash_Abaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Bash Abaran">Battle of Bash Abaran</a>. On 28 May 1918, the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_National_Council_(1917%E2%80%9318)" title="Armenian National Council (1917–18)">Armenian National Council</a> based in Tiflis declared the <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a>. The new Republic of Armenia was forced to sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Batum" title="Treaty of Batum">Treaty of Batum</a>. </p><p>In July 1918, the Ottomans faced the <a href="/wiki/Centrocaspian_Dictatorship" title="Centrocaspian Dictatorship">Centrocaspian Dictatorship</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baku" title="Battle of Baku">Battle of Baku</a>, with the goal of taking Armenian/Russian/British occupied <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:393px;max-width:393px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">War in the Caucasus and Persia</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:76px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pervaya_Armyanskaya_Drujina_1_battalion_1914.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Pervaya_Armyanskaya_Drujina_1_battalion_1914.png/131px-Pervaya_Armyanskaya_Drujina_1_battalion_1914.png" decoding="async" width="131" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Pervaya_Armyanskaya_Drujina_1_battalion_1914.png/197px-Pervaya_Armyanskaya_Drujina_1_battalion_1914.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Pervaya_Armyanskaya_Drujina_1_battalion_1914.png/262px-Pervaya_Armyanskaya_Drujina_1_battalion_1914.png 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="426" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1st battalion of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_volunteer_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian volunteer unit">Armenian volunteer unit</a>. It was under the command of the <a href="/wiki/Andranik" title="Andranik">Andranik</a> during <a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persian Campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:76px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cosacos_Artilleros_de_Terek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Cosacos_Artilleros_de_Terek.jpg/137px-Cosacos_Artilleros_de_Terek.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Cosacos_Artilleros_de_Terek.jpg/206px-Cosacos_Artilleros_de_Terek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Cosacos_Artilleros_de_Terek.jpg/274px-Cosacos_Artilleros_de_Terek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="365" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Terek_Cossacks" title="Terek Cossacks">Terek Cossacks</a> under <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Baratov" title="Nikolai Baratov">Nikolai Baratov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Army_(Russian_Empire,_1914%E2%80%931917)" title="Caucasus Army (Russian Empire, 1914–1917)">Russian Caucasus Army</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:115px;max-width:115px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:76px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:5th_Infantry_Regiment_officers_Sardarabad.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/5th_Infantry_Regiment_officers_Sardarabad.png/113px-5th_Infantry_Regiment_officers_Sardarabad.png" decoding="async" width="113" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/5th_Infantry_Regiment_officers_Sardarabad.png/170px-5th_Infantry_Regiment_officers_Sardarabad.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/5th_Infantry_Regiment_officers_Sardarabad.png/226px-5th_Infantry_Regiment_officers_Sardarabad.png 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="183" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">5th Infantry Regiment officers of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sardarabad" title="Battle of Sardarabad">Battle of Sardarabad</a></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_with_Britain">War with Britain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: War with Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamian campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai and Palestine Campaign">Sinai and Palestine Campaign</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gallipoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gallipoli">Battle of Gallipoli</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G.C._18_March_1915_Gallipoli_Campaign_Article.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/G.C._18_March_1915_Gallipoli_Campaign_Article.jpg/220px-G.C._18_March_1915_Gallipoli_Campaign_Article.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/G.C._18_March_1915_Gallipoli_Campaign_Article.jpg/330px-G.C._18_March_1915_Gallipoli_Campaign_Article.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/G.C._18_March_1915_Gallipoli_Campaign_Article.jpg/440px-G.C._18_March_1915_Gallipoli_Campaign_Article.jpg 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption>February–April 1915, The Battle of Gallipoli</figcaption></figure> <p>The British captured Basra in November 1914, and marched north into Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-Finkel_2007_530_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkel_2007_530-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Cemal_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Cemal Pasha">Ahmed Cemal Pasha</a> was ordered to gather an army in Palestine to threaten the Suez Canal. In response, the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a>—including the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_Army_Corps" title="Australian and New Zealand Army Corps">Australian and New Zealand Army Corps</a> ("ANZACs")—opened another front with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gallipoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gallipoli">Battle of Gallipoli</a>. The army led by <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Djemal_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Djemal Pasha">Ahmed Djemal Pasha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fourth_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Fourth Army (Ottoman Empire)">Fourth Army</a>) to eject the British from Egypt was stopped at the Suez canal in February 1915, and again the next summer.<sup id="cite_ref-Finkel_2007_530_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkel_2007_530-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The canal was vital to the British war effort. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/1915_locust_plague" class="mw-redirect" title="1915 locust plague">1915 locust plague</a> broke out in the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> region; the Ottoman military hospitals record the period as March–October 1915. </p><p>The expected, and feared, British invasion came not through Cilicia or northern Syria, but through the straits.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolle_2008_174_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolle_2008_174-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aim of the Dardanelles campaign was to support Russia. Most military observers recognized that the uneducated Ottoman soldier was lost without good leadership, and at Gallipoli Mustafa Kemal realized the capabilities of his men if their officers led from the front.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolle_2008_176_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolle_2008_176-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Great Britain was obliged to defend India and the southern Persian oil territory by undertaking the Mesopotamian campaign. Britain also had to protect Egypt in the Sinai-Palestine-Syria Campaign. These campaigns strained Allied resources and relieved Germany. </p><p>The repulse of British forces in Palestine in the spring of 1917 was followed by the loss of Jerusalem in December of the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-Finkel_2007_530_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkel_2007_530-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottoman authorities <a href="/wiki/1917_Jaffa_deportation" title="1917 Jaffa deportation">deported the entire civilian</a> population of <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>, pursuant to orders from Cemal Pasha on 6 April 1917. While the Muslim evacuees were allowed to return shortly after, the Jewish deportees were unable to until after the war. The events occurred simultaneously with the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a> (published on 2 November 1917) in which the British Government declared its support for the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Homeland_for_the_Jewish_people" title="Homeland for the Jewish people">homeland for the Jewish people</a> in Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ottomans were eventually defeated due to key attacks by the British general <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Allenby" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Allenby">Edmund Allenby</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:391px;max-width:391px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">War in Mesopotamia, Sinai and Palestine and Gallipoli</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:123px;max-width:123px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maude_in_Baghdad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Maude_in_Baghdad.jpg/121px-Maude_in_Baghdad.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Maude_in_Baghdad.jpg/182px-Maude_in_Baghdad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Maude_in_Baghdad.jpg/242px-Maude_in_Baghdad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2002" data-file-height="1502" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">British troops entering Baghdad March 1917</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:123px;max-width:123px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mesopotamian_campaign_6th_Army_field_HQ.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Mesopotamian_campaign_6th_Army_field_HQ.png/121px-Mesopotamian_campaign_6th_Army_field_HQ.png" decoding="async" width="121" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Mesopotamian_campaign_6th_Army_field_HQ.png/182px-Mesopotamian_campaign_6th_Army_field_HQ.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Mesopotamian_campaign_6th_Army_field_HQ.png/242px-Mesopotamian_campaign_6th_Army_field_HQ.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="263" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Sixth Army (Ottoman Empire)">6th Army</a> field HQ</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkish_trenches_at_Dead_Sea2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Turkish_trenches_at_Dead_Sea2.jpg/137px-Turkish_trenches_at_Dead_Sea2.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Turkish_trenches_at_Dead_Sea2.jpg/206px-Turkish_trenches_at_Dead_Sea2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Turkish_trenches_at_Dead_Sea2.jpg/274px-Turkish_trenches_at_Dead_Sea2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2411" data-file-height="1598" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">In 1917, Ottoman forces at the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Home_Front">The Home Front</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Home Front"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian resistance">Armenian resistance</a></div> <p>The war tested to the limit the empire's relations with its Arab population.<sup id="cite_ref-Finkel_2007_537_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkel_2007_537-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1915 in Syria, Cemal Pasha exercised absolute power in both military and civil affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cemal Pasha was convinced that an uprising among local Arabs was imminent.<sup id="cite_ref-Finkel_2007_537_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkel_2007_537-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leading Arabs were executed, and notable families deported to Anatolia.<sup id="cite_ref-Finkel_2007_537_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkel_2007_537-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cemal's policies did nothing to alleviate <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon">the famine that was gripping Syria</a>; it was exacerbated by a British and French blockade of the coastal ports, the requisitioning of transports, profiteering and—strikingly—Cemal's preference for spending scarce funds on public works and the restoration of historic monuments.<sup id="cite_ref-Finkel_2007_537_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkel_2007_537-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the war, Britain had been a major sponsor of Arab nationalist thought and ideology, primarily as a weapon to use against the power of the Empire. <a href="/wiki/Sharif_Hussein_ibn_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharif Hussein ibn Ali">Sharif Hussein ibn Ali</a> rebelled against the Ottoman rule during the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> of 1916. In August he was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Ali_Haidar_Pasha" title="Ali Haidar Pasha">Sharif Haydar</a>, but in October he proclaimed himself king of Arabia and in December was recognized by the British as an independent ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-Finkel_2007_537_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkel_2007_537-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was little the Empire could do to influence the course of events, other than try to prevent news of the uprising spreading to keep it from demoralizing the army or acting as propaganda for anti-Ottoman Arab factions.<sup id="cite_ref-Finkel_2007_537_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkel_2007_537-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 3 October 1918 forces of the Arab Revolt entered <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> accompanied by <a href="/wiki/British_troops" class="mw-redirect" title="British troops">British troops</a>, ending 400 years of Ottoman rule. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">Desertion</a> also became an important issue for the war effort. Low moral from a lack of supplies and the nature of the fighting meant many soldiers abandoned their posts and turned to banditry, some bands at some point controlling large swaths of land behind the front lines. In the autumn-winter of 1916, deserting troops from the Mesopotamian front took control of central Iraqi cities and expelled the bureaucrats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras202270_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras202270-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:592px;max-width:592px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Home front</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:96px;max-width:96px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:140px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lt_Col_G_Leachman_as_Bedu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Lt_Col_G_Leachman_as_Bedu.jpg/94px-Lt_Col_G_Leachman_as_Bedu.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Lt_Col_G_Leachman_as_Bedu.jpg/141px-Lt_Col_G_Leachman_as_Bedu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Lt_Col_G_Leachman_as_Bedu.jpg/188px-Lt_Col_G_Leachman_as_Bedu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="328" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Lt. Col. Gerard Leachman disguised as a Bedouin.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:243px;max-width:243px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:140px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:030Arab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/030Arab.jpg/241px-030Arab.jpg" decoding="async" width="241" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/030Arab.jpg/362px-030Arab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/030Arab.jpg/482px-030Arab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="353" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali,_Sharif_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca">Sharif of Mecca</a> carrying the <a href="/wiki/File:Arab_Revolt_flag.svg" title="File:Arab Revolt flag.svg">Arab Flag</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> of 1916–1918</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:140px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_resistance_members_from_the_Adapazari_Armenian_committee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Armenian_resistance_members_from_the_Adapazari_Armenian_committee.jpg/160px-Armenian_resistance_members_from_the_Adapazari_Armenian_committee.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Armenian_resistance_members_from_the_Adapazari_Armenian_committee.jpg/240px-Armenian_resistance_members_from_the_Adapazari_Armenian_committee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Armenian_resistance_members_from_the_Adapazari_Armenian_committee.jpg/320px-Armenian_resistance_members_from_the_Adapazari_Armenian_committee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2408" data-file-height="2108" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian resistance">Resistance</a> members from the <a href="/wiki/Adapazar%C4%B1" title="Adapazarı">Adapazarı</a> committee, 1915.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:83px;max-width:83px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:140px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_Resistance_-Mourat_-_Defense_of_Erzinjan_1916.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Armenian_Resistance_-Mourat_-_Defense_of_Erzinjan_1916.png/81px-Armenian_Resistance_-Mourat_-_Defense_of_Erzinjan_1916.png" decoding="async" width="81" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Armenian_Resistance_-Mourat_-_Defense_of_Erzinjan_1916.png/122px-Armenian_Resistance_-Mourat_-_Defense_of_Erzinjan_1916.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Armenian_Resistance_-Mourat_-_Defense_of_Erzinjan_1916.png/162px-Armenian_Resistance_-Mourat_-_Defense_of_Erzinjan_1916.png 2x" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="1562" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Murad_of_Sebastia" class="mw-redirect" title="Murad of Sebastia">Murad of Sebastia</a> and his comrades fought at Sivas during 1915</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_in_Eastern_Europe">War in Eastern Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: War in Eastern Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to support the other Central Powers, Enver Pasha sent 3 Army Corps or around 100,000 men to fight in Eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VI_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="VI Corps (Ottoman Empire)">VI Corps</a> under command of <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Hilmi_Pasha" title="Mustafa Hilmi Pasha">Mustafa Hilmi Pasha</a> participated in the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Campaign_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Campaign (World War I)">Romanian Campaign</a> between September 1916 and April 1918.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XV_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="XV Corps (Ottoman Empire)">XV Corps</a> under command of <a href="/wiki/Yakup_%C5%9Eevki_Suba%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Yakup Şevki Subaşı">Yakup Şevki Subaşı</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Cevat_%C3%87obanl%C4%B1" title="Cevat Çobanlı">Cevat Pasha</a> fought in Galicia against the Russians between August 1916 and August 1917.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XX_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="XX Corps (Ottoman Empire)">XX Corps</a> under command of <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Kerim_Pasha" title="Abdul Kerim Pasha">Abdul Kerim Pasha</a> participated in the <a href="/wiki/Salonika_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Salonika Campaign">Salonika Campaign</a> between December 1916 and May 1917. <ul><li>The Rumeli Field Detachment (reinforced 177th Infantry Regiment) remained in Macedonia until May 1918.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/National_economy_(Turkey)" title="National economy (Turkey)">National economy (Turkey)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1915">1915</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1915"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> On 10 September 1915, Interior Minister <a href="/wiki/Talat_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Talat Pasha">Talat Pasha</a> abolished the "<a href="/wiki/Capitulations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire">Capitulations</a>". On 10 September 1915 Grand Vizier <a href="/wiki/Said_Halim_Pasha" title="Said Halim Pasha">Said Halim Pasha</a> annulled (Vizier had the authority on annuls) the Capitulations, which ended the special privileges they granted to foreign nationals. The capitulation holders refused to recognize his action (unilateral action).<sup id="cite_ref-Finkel_2007_529_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkel_2007_529-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American ambassador expressed the Great Power view: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The capitulary regime, as it exists in the Empire, is not an autonomous institution of the Empire, but the result of international treaties, of diplomatic agreements and of contractual acts of various sorts. The regime, consequently, cannot be modified in any of its parts and still less suppressed in its entirety by the Ottoman Government except in consequence of an understanding with the contracting Powers.<sup id="cite_ref-Kent_1996_19_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kent_1996_19-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Morgenthau, Sr.">Henry Morgenthau, Sr.</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Beside the capitulations, there was another issue which evolved under the shadow of capitulations. The debt and financial control (revenue generation) of the empire was intertwined under single institution, which its board was constituted from Great Powers rather than Ottomans. There is no sovereignty in this design. The public debt could and did interfere in state affairs because it controlled (collected) one-quarter of state revenues.<sup id="cite_ref-Kent_1996_19_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kent_1996_19-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The debt was administered by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Public_Debt_Administration" title="Ottoman Public Debt Administration">Ottoman Public Debt Administration</a> and its power extended to the Imperial <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bank" title="Ottoman Bank">Ottoman Bank</a> (equates to modern central banks). The council had power over every financial affair. Its control extended to determine the tax on livestock in districts. <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_public_debt" title="Ottoman public debt">Ottoman public debt</a> was part of a larger scheme of political control, through which the commercial interests of the world had sought to gain advantages that may not be to Empire's interest. The immediate purpose of the abolition of capitulations and the cancellation of foreign debt repayments was to reduce the foreign stranglehold on the Ottoman economy; a second purpose – and one to which great political weight was attached – was to extirpate non-Muslims from the economy by transferring assets to Muslim Turks and encouraging their participation with government contracts and subsidies.<sup id="cite_ref-Finkel_2007_536_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkel_2007_536-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Foreign relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93German_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–German Alliance">Ottoman–German Alliance</a> was ratified on 2 August 1914, shortly following the outbreak of World War I. The alliance was created as part of a joint-cooperative effort that would strengthen and modernize the failing <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army_(1861%E2%80%931922)" title="Ottoman Army (1861–1922)">Ottoman military</a>, as well as provide Germany safe passage into neighboring <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a> colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1915_2">1915</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1915"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Agreement" title="Constantinople Agreement">Constantinople Agreement</a> on 18 March 1915 was a set of secret assurances, which Great Britain promised to give the Capital and the Dardanelles to the Russians in the event of victory.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city of Constantinople was intended to be a free port. </p><p>During 1915, British forces invalidated the Anglo-Ottoman Convention, declaring Kuwait to be an "independent sheikdom under British protectorate."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (May 2016)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1916">1916</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1916"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The French-Armenian Agreement of 27 October 1916, was reported to the interior minister, Talat Pasha, which agreement negotiations were performed with the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Boghos_Nubar" title="Boghos Nubar">Boghos Nubar</a> the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_National_Assembly" title="Armenian National Assembly">Armenian National Assembly</a> and one of the founder of the <a href="/wiki/AGBU" class="mw-redirect" title="AGBU">AGBU</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1917">1917</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1917"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1917 the Ottoman Cabinet considered maintaining relations with Washington after the United States had declared war on Germany on 6 April. But the views of the war party prevailed and they insisted on maintaining a common front with their allies. Thus, relations with America were broken on 20 April 1917.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian_SFSR">Russian SFSR</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Russian SFSR"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1917 <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> changed the realities. The war devastated not only Russian soldiers, but also the Russian economy, which was breaking down under the heightened strain of wartime demand by the end of 1915. The tsarist regime's advances for the security on its southern borders proved ruinous.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynold_2011_253_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynold_2011_253-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tsarist regime's desire to control the Eastern Anatolia and the straits (perceived as an underbelly), in the end created the conditions that brought about Russia's own downfall. Inability to use the Straits significantly disrupted the Russian supply chain, Russia might have survived without the Straits, but the strain was the tipping point for its war economy.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynold_2011_253_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynold_2011_253-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This question was left to Soviet historians: "whether a less aggressive policy toward the Ottoman Empire before the war would have caused Istanbul to maintain neutrality or whether Russia later might have induced Istanbul to leave the war,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the outcome of tsarist future would be different.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynold_2011_253_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynold_2011_253-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicholas's inept handling of his country and the war destroyed the Tsar and ended up costing him both his reign and his life. </p><p>Enver immediately instructed <a href="/wiki/Vehib_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehib Pasha">Vehib Pasha</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Third_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Third Army (Ottoman Empire)">Third Army</a>, to propose a ceasefire to Russia's Caucasus Army.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vehib cautioned withdrawing forces, as due to the politics in Russia—neither Russia's Caucasus Army nor Caucasian civil authorities could give assurances that an armistice would hold.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 November 1917 the Bolshevik Party led by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Provisional Government</a> in a violent coup plunged Russia into multitude of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">civil wars</a> between different ethnic groups. The slow dissolution of Russia's Caucasus Army relieved one form of military threat from the east but brought another one. Russia was a long time threat, but at the same time kept the civil unrest in his land at bay without spreading to Ottomans in a violent. On 3 December the Ottoman foreign minister Ahmed Nesimi Bey informed the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)">Chamber of Deputies</a> about the prospects. The Chamber discussed the possible outcomes and priorities. On 15 December <a href="/wiki/Armistice_between_Russia_and_the_Central_Powers" title="Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers">Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers</a> signed. On 18 December <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Erzincan" title="Armistice of Erzincan">Armistice of Erzincan</a> signed. The Bolsheviks' anti-imperialist formula of peace with no annexations and no indemnities was close to Ottoman position. The Bolsheviks' position brought a conflict with the Germany's aim to preserve control over the East European lands it occupied and with Bulgaria's claims on <a href="/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja</a> and parts of Serbia. In December Enver informed the Quadruple Alliance that they would like to see a restoration to pre-<a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a> borders, pointing out that only the Ottomans lost territory and that the territories at issue was inhabited primarily by Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_2011_172_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_2011_172-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the Ottomans did not push this position too hard, scared to fall back to bilateral agreements. On the other hand, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Bulgaria clearly stood behind the pulling back of the Ottoman and Russian forces from Persia,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which the Ottomans coveted control over. The ambassador to Berlin, <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Hakki_Pasha" title="Ibrahim Hakki Pasha">Ibrahim Hakki Pasha</a>, wrote: "Although Russia may be in a weakened state today, it is always an awesome enemy and it is probable that in a short time it will recover its former might and power.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_2011_172_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_2011_172-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 December 1917, the first meeting between Ottomans and the Bolsheviks, the temporary head Zeki Pasha, until <a href="/wiki/Talat_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Talat Pasha">Talat Pasha</a>'s arrival, requested of <a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a> to put an end to atrocities being committed on Russian-occupied territory by Armenian partisans. Kamenev agreed and added "an international commission should be established to oversee the return of refugees (by own consent) and deportees (by forced relocation) to Eastern Anatolia. The battle of ideals, rhetoric, and material for the fate of Eastern Anatolia opened with this dialog .<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_2011_172_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_2011_172-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> represented an enormous success for the empire.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (May 2016)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> Minister of Foreign Affairs <a href="/wiki/Halil_Mente%C5%9Fe" title="Halil Menteşe">Halil Bey</a> announced the achievement of peace to the Chamber of Deputies. He cheered the deputies further with his prediction of the imminent signing of a third peace treaty (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">the first Ukraine</a>, second Russia, and with Romania). Halil Bey thought the Entente to cease hostilities and bring a rapid end to the war. The creation of an independent Ukraine promised to cripple Russia, and the recovery of Kars, Ardahan and Batum gave the CUP a tangible prize. Nationalism emerged at the center of the diplomatic struggle between the Central Powers and the Bolsheviks. The Empire recognized that Russia's Muslims, their co-religionists, were disorganized and dispersed could not become an organized entity in the future battles of ideals, rhetoric, and material. Thus, the Ottomans mobilized the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caucasus_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caucasus Committee (page does not exist)">Caucasus Committee</a> to make claims on behalf of the Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_2011_190_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_2011_190-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Caucasus Committee had declined Ottoman earnest requests to break from Russia and embrace independence. The Caucasian Christians was far ahead in this new world concept. Helping the Caucasian Muslims to be free, like their neighbors, would be the Ottomans' challenge.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_2011_190_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_2011_190-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1918">1918</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1918"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the overall war effort, the CUP was convinced that the empire's contribution was essential. Ottoman armies had tied down large numbers of Allied troops on multiple fronts, keeping them away from theatres in Europe where they would have been used against German and Austrian forces. Moreover, they claimed that their success at Gallipoli had been an important factor in bringing about the collapse of Russia, resulting in the revolution of April 1917. They had turned the war in favor of Germany and her allies.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hopes were initially high for the Ottomans that their losses in the Middle East might be compensated for by successes in the Caucasus Campaign. Enver Pasha maintained an optimistic stance, hid information that made the Ottoman position appear weak, and let most of the Ottoman elite believe that the war was still winnable.<sup id="cite_ref-fromkin_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fromkin-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Caucasus_(Armenia–Azerbaijan–Georgia)"><span id="Caucasus_.28Armenia.E2.80.93Azerbaijan.E2.80.93Georgia.29"></span>Caucasus (Armenia–Azerbaijan–Georgia)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Caucasus (Armenia–Azerbaijan–Georgia)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ottoman policy toward the Caucasus evolved according to the changing demands of the diplomatic and geopolitical environment.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_2011_217_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_2011_217-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principle of "self-determination" became the criterion, or at least in part, to give them a chance to stand on their feet.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_2011_221_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_2011_221-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bolsheviks did not regard national separatism in this region as a lasting force. Their expectation was whole region come under a "voluntary and honest union"<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this union bearing no resemblance to Lenin's famous description of Russia as a "prison house of peoples."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lenin's arrival to Russia was formally welcomed by <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Chkheidze" title="Nikolay Chkheidze">Nikolay Chkheidze</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Menshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Menshevik">Menshevik</a> Chairman of the Petrograd Soviet. </p><p>The Turks did not see a chance of these new states to stand against new Russia. These new Muslim states needed support to emerge as viable independent states. In order to consolidate a buffer zone with Russia (both for the Empire and these new states), however, Ottomans needed to expel the Bolsheviks from Azerbaijan and the North Caucasus before the end of war.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on 1917 negotiations, Enver concluded that Empire should not to expect much military assistance from the Muslims of the Caucasus as they were the one in need. Enver also knew the importance of Kars—<a href="/wiki/Julfa,_Azerbaijan_(city)" title="Julfa, Azerbaijan (city)">Julfa</a> railroad and the adjacent areas for this support. Goal was set forward beginning from 1918 to end of the war. </p><p>The Empire duly recognized the <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Democratic_Federative_Republic" title="Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic">Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic</a> in February 1918. This preference to remain part of Russia led Caucasian politics to the <a href="/wiki/Trebizond_Peace_Conference" title="Trebizond Peace Conference">Trebizond Peace Conference</a> to base their diplomacy on the incoherent assertion that they were an integral part of Russia but yet not bound.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_2011_217_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_2011_217-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The representatives were <a href="/wiki/Rauf_Orbay" title="Rauf Orbay">Rauf Bey</a> for the Empire, and <a href="/wiki/Akaki_Chkhenkeli" title="Akaki Chkhenkeli">Akaki Chkhenkeli</a> from the Transcaucasian delegation. </p><p>On 11 May, a new peace conference opened at <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batum</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Batum" title="Treaty of Batum">Treaty of Batum</a> was signed on 4 June 1918, in Batum between the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and three Trans-Caucasus states: <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">Azerbaijan Democratic Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Democratic Republic of Georgia</a>. </p><p>The goal was to assist the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">Azerbaijan Democratic Republic</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baku" title="Battle of Baku">Battle of Baku</a>, then turn north to assist the embattled <a href="/wiki/Mountainous_Republic_of_the_Northern_Caucasus" title="Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus">Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus</a> and then sweep southward to encircle the British in Mesopotamia and retake Baghdad.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_2011_221_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_2011_221-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British in Mesopotamia were already moving north, with forty vans (claimed to loaded with gold and silver for buying mercenary) accompanied with only a brigade, to establish a foothold. At the time Baku was under the control of the <a href="/wiki/26_Baku_Commissars" title="26 Baku Commissars">26 Baku Commissars</a> which were <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Left_SR" class="mw-redirect" title="Left SR">Left Socialist Revolutionary (SR)</a> members of the Baku <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">Soviet</a> Commune. The commune was established in the city of Baku. In this plan, they expected resistance from Bolshevik Russia and Britain, but also Germany, which opposed the extension of their influence into the Caucasus.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_2011_221_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_2011_221-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ottoman's goal to side with Muslims of Azerbaijan and MRNC managed to get Bolsheviks of Russia, Britain and Germany on the same side of a conflict box at this brief point in the history. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:591px;max-width:591px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Diplomacy with new states</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:104px;max-width:104px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:153px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikolay_(%27Karlo%27)_Chkheidze_(1864-1926),_Georgian_Menshevik_politician_(small).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Nikolay_%28%27Karlo%27%29_Chkheidze_%281864-1926%29%2C_Georgian_Menshevik_politician_%28small%29.jpg/102px-Nikolay_%28%27Karlo%27%29_Chkheidze_%281864-1926%29%2C_Georgian_Menshevik_politician_%28small%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Nikolay_%28%27Karlo%27%29_Chkheidze_%281864-1926%29%2C_Georgian_Menshevik_politician_%28small%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="225" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Chkheidze" title="Nikolay Chkheidze">Nikolay Chkheidze</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:153px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hovhannes_Katchaznouni.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Hovhannes_Katchaznouni.JPG/140px-Hovhannes_Katchaznouni.JPG" decoding="async" width="140" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Hovhannes_Katchaznouni.JPG/210px-Hovhannes_Katchaznouni.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Hovhannes_Katchaznouni.JPG/280px-Hovhannes_Katchaznouni.JPG 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Hovhannes_Katchaznouni" class="mw-redirect" title="Hovhannes Katchaznouni">Hovhannes Katchaznouni</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:125px;max-width:125px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:153px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahammad_Amin_Rasulzade_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Mahammad_Amin_Rasulzade_3.jpg/123px-Mahammad_Amin_Rasulzade_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Mahammad_Amin_Rasulzade_3.jpg/185px-Mahammad_Amin_Rasulzade_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Mahammad_Amin_Rasulzade_3.jpg/246px-Mahammad_Amin_Rasulzade_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="886" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mammad_Amin_Rasulzade" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammad Amin Rasulzade">Mammad Amin Rasulzade</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:153px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaders_of_the_Mountainous_Republic_of_the_Northern_Caucasus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Leaders_of_the_Mountainous_Republic_of_the_Northern_Caucasus.jpg/210px-Leaders_of_the_Mountainous_Republic_of_the_Northern_Caucasus.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Leaders_of_the_Mountainous_Republic_of_the_Northern_Caucasus.jpg/315px-Leaders_of_the_Mountainous_Republic_of_the_Northern_Caucasus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Leaders_of_the_Mountainous_Republic_of_the_Northern_Caucasus.jpg/420px-Leaders_of_the_Mountainous_Republic_of_the_Northern_Caucasus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="438" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Mountainous_Republic_of_the_Northern_Caucasus" title="Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus">MRNC</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Armistice">Armistice</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Armistice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Developments in Southeast Europe squashed the Ottoman government's hopes. In September 1918, the Allied forces under the command of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Franchet_d%27Esp%C3%A8rey" title="Louis Franchet d'Espèrey">Louis Franchet d'Espèrey</a> mounted a sudden offensive at the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front" title="Macedonian front">Macedonian front</a>, which proved quite successful. Bulgaria was forced to sue for peace in the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Salonica" title="Armistice of Salonica">Armistice of Salonica</a>. This development undermined both the German and Ottoman cause simultaneously—the Germans had no troops to spare to defend Austria-Hungary from the newly formed vulnerability in Southeast Europe after the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)#1918" title="Western Front (World War I)">losses it had suffered in France</a>, and the Ottomans suddenly faced having to defend Istanbul against an overland European siege without help from the Bulgarians.<sup id="cite_ref-fromkin_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fromkin-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grand Vizier <a href="/wiki/Talaat_Pasha" title="Talaat Pasha">Talaat Pasha</a> visited both <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, in September 1918, and came away with the understanding that the war was no longer winnable. With Germany likely seeking a separate peace, the Ottomans would be forced to as well. Talaat convinced the other members of the ruling CUP that they must resign, as the Allies would impose far harsher terms if they thought the people who started the war were still in power. Despite the Ottoman Empire and the United States not being at war, Talaat petitioned America to see if he could surrender to them on the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Fourteen Points</a>. The U.S. never responded, deferring to the British for advice. On 13 October, Talaat and the rest of his ministry resigned. <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Izzet_Pasha" title="Ahmed Izzet Pasha">Ahmed Izzet Pasha</a> replaced Talaat as Grand Vizier. </p><p>Two days after taking office, Ahmed Izzet Pasha sent the captured British General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Vere_Ferrers_Townshend" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Vere Ferrers Townshend">Charles Vere Ferrers Townshend</a> to the Allies to seek terms on an armistice.<sup id="cite_ref-fromkin_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fromkin-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British government, interpreted that not only should they conduct the negotiations, but should conduct them alone. There may have been a desire to cut the French out of territorial "spoils" promised to them in the <a href="/wiki/Sykes-Picot_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Sykes-Picot agreement">Sykes-Picot agreement</a>. Talaat had sent an emissary to the French as well, but that emissary had been slower to respond back. The British cabinet empowered <a href="/wiki/Somerset_Gough-Calthorpe" title="Somerset Gough-Calthorpe">Admiral Calthorpe</a> to conduct the negotiations, and to explicitly exclude the French from them.<sup id="cite_ref-fromkin_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fromkin-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The negotiations began on 27 October on <a href="/wiki/HMS_Agamemnon_(1906)" title="HMS Agamemnon (1906)">HMS <i>Agamemnon</i></a>. The British refused to admit the senior French naval officer in the area, Vice-Admiral <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Fran%C3%A7oise-Charles_Amet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Françoise-Charles Amet (page does not exist)">Jean Amet</a>, to the negotiations. The Ottoman delegation was headed by Minister of Marine Affairs <a href="/wiki/Rauf_Orbay" title="Rauf Orbay">Rauf Bey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fromkin_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fromkin-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Unknown to each other, both sides were actually quite eager to sign a deal and willing to give up their objectives to do so.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The British delegation had been given a list of 24 demands, but were told to concede on any of them save allowing the occupation of the forts on the Dardanelles and free passage through the <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a>; the British desired access to the Black Sea for the <a href="/wiki/Romania_during_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Romania during World War I">Rumanian front</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="That the British were allowed to concede on their 24 demands requires relevant citation (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> desired to make a deal quickly before the United States could step in; according to the diary of <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hankey,_1st_Baron_Hankey" title="Maurice Hankey, 1st Baron Hankey">Maurice Hankey</a>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[Lloyd George] was also very contemptuous of President Wilson and anxious to arrange the division of Empire between France, Italy, and G.B. before speaking to America. He also thought it would attract less attention to our enormous gains during the war if we swallowed our share of Empire now, and the German colonies later.<sup id="cite_ref-fromkin_44-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fromkin-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> The Ottomans, for their part, believed the war to be lost and would have accepted almost any demands placed on them.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As a result, the initial draft prepared by the British was accepted largely unchanged; the Ottomans did not know they could have pushed back on most of the clauses, and the British did not know they could have demanded even more.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Ottomans ceded the rights to the Allies to occupy "in case of disorder" any Ottoman territory, a vague and broad clause.<sup id="cite_ref-fromkin_44-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fromkin-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French were displeased with the precedent; Premier <a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Clemenceau</a> disliked the British making unilateral decisions in such an important matter.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Lloyd George countered that the French had concluded a similar armistice on short notice in Salonica, and that Great Britain and Russia had committed the vast majority of the troops in the campaigns against the Ottomans. The French agreed to accept the matter as closed. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%B0kdam,_4_Kas%C4%B1m_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/%C4%B0kdam%2C_4_Kas%C4%B1m_1918.jpg/220px-%C4%B0kdam%2C_4_Kas%C4%B1m_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/%C4%B0kdam%2C_4_Kas%C4%B1m_1918.jpg/330px-%C4%B0kdam%2C_4_Kas%C4%B1m_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/%C4%B0kdam%2C_4_Kas%C4%B1m_1918.jpg/440px-%C4%B0kdam%2C_4_Kas%C4%B1m_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="989" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0kdam" title="İkdam">İkdam</a></i> on 4 November 1918 announcing Enver, Talat, Djemal left the country.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 30 October 1918, the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a> was signed, ending Ottoman involvement in World War 1. The Ottoman public, however, was given misleadingly positive impressions of the severity of the terms of the Armistice. They thought its terms were considerably more lenient than they actually were, a source of discontent later that the Allies had betrayed the offered terms.<sup id="cite_ref-fromkin_44-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fromkin-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties">Casualties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_casualties_of_World_War_I" title="Ottoman casualties of World War I">Ottoman casualties of World War I</a>, the Ottoman Empire mobilized a total of 3 million men. It lost 325,000 killed in action, and hundreds of thousands more due to disease or other causes, other 400,000 were injured. 202,000 men were taken prisoner, mostly by the British and the Russians, and one million deserted, leaving only 323,000 men under arms at the time of the armistice.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The British Empire engaged in the conflict 2,550,000 men on the various Ottoman fronts, or 32% of its total strength;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the Russian Empire, up to 7,020,000 men in September 1916, or 19% of its forces;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Please clarify the preceding statement or statements with a good explanation from a reliable source. (March 2024)">how?</span></a></i>]</sup> France, 50,000 men, mainly to the Dardanelles, and Italy, 70,000 men in Libya against a pro-Ottoman rebellion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In total, both sides, Ottomans and Allies, lost 1,400,000 men.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Without the Ottoman entry into the war, it is likely that the Allied victory would have been faster.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial">Financial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Financial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The financial losses are also huge with an expense of 398.5 million Ottoman Lira, the equivalent of 9.09 billion gold francs of the time: the Empire was practically bankrupt in 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genocide">Genocide</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Genocide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian genocide">Assyrian genocide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a></div> <p>During WWI the Ottoman Empire engaged in a genocide against local ethnicities in its territory. The Armenian genocide,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as the Armenian Holocaust,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Government_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Government (Ottoman Empire)">Ottoman government</a>'s systematic extermination of 1.5 million <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, mostly Ottoman citizens within the Ottoman Empire and its successor state, the <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-huffingtonpost.com_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huffingtonpost.com-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The starting date is conventionally held to be 24 April 1915, the day that Ottoman authorities rounded up, arrested, and deported <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Armenian_intellectuals_on_24_April_1915" title="Deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915">235 to 270 Armenian intellectuals and community leaders</a> from <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Constantinople</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, the majority of whom were eventually murdered. </p><p>The genocide was carried out during and after World War I and implemented in two phases: the wholesale killing of the able-bodied male population through massacre and subjection of army conscripts to forced labour, followed by the deportation of women, children, the elderly, and the infirm on <a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">death marches</a> leading to the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian desert">Syrian desert</a>. Driven forward by military escorts, the deportees were deprived of food and water and subjected to periodic robbery, rape, and massacre.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> and Christian ethnic groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Ottoman Greeks</a> were similarly targeted for extermination by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Government_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Government (Ottoman Empire)">Ottoman government</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian genocide">Assyrian genocide</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a>, and their treatment is considered by some historians to be part of the same genocidal policy.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jones2010_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2010-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most <a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">Armenian diaspora</a> communities around the world came into being as a direct result of the genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin">Raphael Lemkin</a> was explicitly moved by the Armenian annihilation to define systematic and premeditated exterminations within legal parameters and to coin the word <i><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a></i> in 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Armenian genocide is acknowledged to have been one of the first modern genocides,<sup id="cite_ref-24.04.1998_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24.04.1998-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ferguson_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IAGS_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAGS-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because scholars point to the organized manner in which the killings were carried out in order to eliminate the Armenians, and it is the second most-studied case of genocide after the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nazi_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nazi-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Successor_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Successor state">successor state</a> of the Ottoman Empire, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">denies</a> the word <i>genocide</i> as an accurate term for the mass killings of Armenians that began under Ottoman rule in 1915. It has in recent years been faced with repeated calls to recognize them as genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To date, 29 countries have <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_recognition" title="Armenian genocide recognition">officially recognized the mass killings as genocide</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as have most genocide scholars and historians.<sup id="cite_ref-Monroe2012_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monroe2012-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frey2009_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frey2009-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Using the <a href="/wiki/Rumi_calendar" title="Rumi calendar">Rumi calendar</a>, the declaration was dated 29 Teşrin-i Evvel 1330.<sup id="cite_ref-LoCLaw_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoCLaw-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sazonov's commitment to a two-front war and disregard for Yudenich's warnings to seek peace with the Ottomans had overstretched Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynold_2011_253_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynold_2011_253-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The reference "voluntary and honest union" realized with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/11th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="11th Army (Soviet Union)">11th Red Army</a> had its virtually unopposed advance to the region on 29 November 1920.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hovhannes Katchaznouni was in city of Van until 1914. He was on the Armenian delegation that conducted peace talks at Trabzon and Batoum negotiations with the Empire.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Yanıkdağ, Yücel: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/ottoman_empiremiddle_east">Ottoman Empire/Middle East</a>, in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home/">1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a>.</li> <li>Yasamee, Feroze: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/war_aims_and_war_aims_discussions_ottoman_empire">War Aims and War Aims Discussions (Ottoman Empire)</a>, in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home/">1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a>.</li> <li>Maksudyan, Nazan: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/civilian_and_military_power_ottoman_empire">Civilian and Military Power (Ottoman Empire)</a>, in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home/">1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a>.</li> <li>Moreau, Odile: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/pre-war_military_planning_ottoman_empire">Pre-war Military Planning (Ottoman Empire)</a>, in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home/">1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a>.</li> <li>Baş, Mehmet Fatih: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/war_losses_ottoman_empiremiddle_east">War Losses (Ottoman Empire/Middle East)</a>, in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home/">1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Nicolle_2008_167-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nicolle_2008_167_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicolle2008">Nicolle 2008</a>, p. 167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finkel_2007_529-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Finkel_2007_529_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finkel_2007_529_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finkel_2007_529_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finkel_2007_529_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinkel2007">Finkel 2007</a>, p. 529</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Balci, Ali, et al. "War Decision and Neoclassical Realism: The Entry of the Ottoman Empire into the First World War." War in History (2018), <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0968344518789707">10.1177/0968344518789707</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LoCLaw-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LoCLaw_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maint.loc.gov/law/help/digitized-books/world-war-i-declarations/foreign.php">"World War I: Declarations of War from Around the Globe"</a>. <i>Law Library of Congress</i>. 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Ottoman Origins of the 1914 Jihad"</a>. <i>War in History</i>. <b>18</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">184–</span>199. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0968344510393596">10.1177/0968344510393596</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0968-3445">0968-3445</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26098597">26098597</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159652479">159652479</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=War+in+History&rft.atitle=%27Holy+War+Made+in+Germany%27%3F+Ottoman+Origins+of+the+1914+Jihad&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E184-%3C%2Fspan%3E199&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=0968-3445&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159652479%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26098597%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0968344510393596&rft.aulast=Aksakal&rft.aufirst=Mustafa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26098597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lüdke-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lüdke_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lüdke_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLüdke2018" class="citation web cs1">Lüdke, Tilman (17 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/jihad_holy_war_ottoman_empire">"Jihad, Holy War (Ottoman Empire)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_the_First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="International Encyclopedia of the First World War">International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politics%2C+Religion+%26+Ideology&rft.atitle=Racial+Profiling%27+Revisited%3A+The+1915+Indian+Sepoy+Mutiny+in+Singapore+and+the+Impact+of+Profiling+on+Religious+and+Ethnic+Minorities&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F21567689.2011.564404&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144958370%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=A.+Noor&rft.aufirst=Farish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDangoor2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dangoor, Jonathan (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35357714">"" No need to exaggerate " – the 1914 Ottoman Jihad declaration in genocide historiography, M.A Thesis in Holocaust and Genocide Studies"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%26quot%3B+No+need+to+exaggerate+%26quot%3B+%E2%80%93+the+1914+Ottoman+Jihad+declaration+in+genocide+historiography%2C+M.A+Thesis+in+Holocaust+and+Genocide+Studies&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Dangoor&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F35357714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heaven+on+Earth%3A+A+Journey+Through+Shari%27a+Law+from+the+Deserts+of+Ancient+Arabia&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0099523277&rft.aulast=Kadri&rft.aufirst=Sadakat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DztCRZOhJ10wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2011112-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2011112_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcMeekin2011">McMeekin 2011</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasquez2018175-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasquez2018175_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVasquez2018">Vasquez 2018</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicolle_2008_174-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nicolle_2008_174_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicolle_2008_174_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicolle_2008_174_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicolle2008">Nicolle 2008</a>, p. 174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicolle2008">Nicolle 2008</a>, p. 178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finkel_2007_530-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Finkel_2007_530_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finkel_2007_530_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finkel_2007_530_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finkel_2007_530_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinkel2007">Finkel 2007</a>, p. 530</span> 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German Intervention on Behalf of the "Yishuv", 1917 , <i>Jewish Social Studies</i>, Vol. 33, pp. 23–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finkel_2007_537-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Finkel_2007_537_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finkel_2007_537_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finkel_2007_537_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finkel_2007_537_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finkel_2007_537_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finkel_2007_537_27-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinkel2007">Finkel 2007</a>, p. 537</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinkel2007">Finkel 2007</a>, p. 531</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTanielian2017" class="citation book cs1">Tanielian, Melanie S. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=28143"><i>The Charity of War: Famine, Humanitarian Aid, and World War I in the Middle East</i></a>. Stanford: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0240-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0240-3"><bdi>978-1-5036-0240-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Charity+of+War%3A+Famine%2C+Humanitarian+Aid%2C+and+World+War+I+in+the+Middle+East&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-0240-3&rft.aulast=Tanielian&rft.aufirst=Melanie+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sup.org%2Fbooks%2Ftitle%2F%3Fid%3D28143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras202270-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras202270_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGingeras2022">Gingeras 2022</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.turkeyswar.com/campaigns/europe.html">[1]</a> turkeyswar, Campaigns, Eastern Europe.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kent_1996_19-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kent_1996_19_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kent_1996_19_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKent1996">Kent 1996</a>, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finkel_2007_536-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Finkel_2007_536_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinkel2007">Finkel 2007</a>, pp. 536</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank G. Weber, <i>Eagles on the Crescent: Germany, Austria, and the diplomacy of the Turkish alliance, 1914–1918</i> (Cornell University Press, 1970).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Greenwood Encyclopedia of International Relations: A-E</i>, Ed. Cathal J. Nolan, (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002), 350.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynold_2011_253-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reynold_2011_253_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynold_2011_253_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynold_2011_253_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynold_2011_253_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds2011">Reynolds 2011</a>, p. 253</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds2011">Reynolds 2011</a>, p. 170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds2011">Reynolds 2011</a>, p. 171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds_2011_172-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_2011_172_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_2011_172_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_2011_172_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds2011">Reynolds 2011</a>, p. 172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds2011">Reynolds 2011</a>, p. 173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds_2011_190-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_2011_190_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_2011_190_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds2011">Reynolds 2011</a>, p. 190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKent1996">Kent 1996</a>, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fromkin-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fromkin_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fromkin_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fromkin_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fromkin_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fromkin_44-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fromkin_44-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fromkin_44-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fromkin_44-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFFromkin2009">Fromkin 2009</a>, pp. 360–373)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds_2011_217-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_2011_217_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_2011_217_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds2011">Reynolds 2011</a>, p. 217</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds_2011_221-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_2011_221_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_2011_221_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_2011_221_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds2011">Reynolds 2011</a>, p. 221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds2011">Reynolds 2011</a>, p. 192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds2011">Reynolds 2011</a>, p. 218</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suraiya Faroqhi, <i>The Cambridge History of Turkey</i>, vol.4, Resat Kasaba, 2008, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suraiya Faroqhi, <i>The Cambridge History of Turkey</i>, vol.4, Resat Kasaba, 2008, p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Armenian Genocide</i> (affirmation), The International Association of Genocide Scholars, <q>That this assembly of the Association of Genocide Scholars in its conference held in Montreal, 11–3 June 1997, reaffirms that the mass murder of Armenians in Turkey in 1915 is a case of genocide which conforms to the statutes of the United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide. It further condemns the denial of the Armenian genocide by the Turkish government and its official and unofficial agents and supporters.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenian+Genocide&rft.pub=The+International+Association+of+Genocide+Scholars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFisk2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fisk" title="Robert Fisk">Fisk, Robert</a> (14 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/fisk/robert-fisk-let-me-denounce-genocide-from-the-dock-6231049.html">"Let me denounce genocide from the dock"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140124204800/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/fisk/robert-fisk-let-me-denounce-genocide-from-the-dock-420011.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Let+me+denounce+genocide+from+the+dock&rft.date=2006-10-14&rft.aulast=Fisk&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fvoices%2Fcommentators%2Ffisk%2Frobert-fisk-let-me-denounce-genocide-from-the-dock-6231049.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2015/04/23/world/armenian-mass-killings/index.html">"8 facts about the Armenian genocide 100 years ago"</a>. CNN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=8+facts+about+the+Armenian+genocide+100+years+ago&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2015%2F04%2F23%2Fworld%2Farmenian-mass-killings%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-huffingtonpost.com-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-huffingtonpost.com_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/04/23/armenian-genocide-controversy_n_7121008.html">"100 Years Ago, 1.5 Million Armenians Were Systematically Killed. Today, It's Still Not A 'Genocide.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Huffington Post</i>. 23 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=100+Years+Ago%2C+1.5+Million+Armenians+Were+Systematically+Killed.+Today%2C+It%27s+Still+Not+A+%27Genocide.%27&rft.date=2015-04-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2015%2F04%2F23%2Farmenian-genocide-controversy_n_7121008.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKieserSchaller2002" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kieser, Hans-Lukas; Schaller, Dominik J. (2002), <i>Der Völkermord an den Armeniern und die Shoah</i> [<i>The Armenian genocide and the Shoah</i>] (in German), Chronos, p. 114, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-0340-0561-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-0340-0561-X"><bdi>3-0340-0561-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+V%C3%B6lkermord+an+den+Armeniern+und+die+Shoah&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Chronos&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=3-0340-0561-X&rft.aulast=Kieser&rft.aufirst=Hans-Lukas&rft.au=Schaller%2C+Dominik+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalker1980" class="citation cs2">Walker, Christopher J. (1980), <i>Armenia: The Survival of A Nation</i>, London: Croom Helm, pp. <span class="nowrap">200–</span>3</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia%3A+The+Survival+of+A+Nation&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E200-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pub=Croom+Helm&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Christopher+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBryceToynbee2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/James_Bryce,_1st_Viscount_Bryce" title="James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce">Bryce, Viscount James</a>; Toynbee, Arnold (2000), Sarafian, Ara (ed.), <i>The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, 1915–1916: Documents Presented to Viscount Grey of Falloden</i> (uncensored ed.), Princeton, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">NJ</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gomidas_Institute" title="Gomidas Institute">Gomidas Institute</a>, pp. <span class="nowrap">635–</span>49, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9535191-5-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-9535191-5-5"><bdi>0-9535191-5-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Treatment+of+Armenians+in+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1915%E2%80%931916%3A+Documents+Presented+to+Viscount+Grey+of+Falloden&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E635-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.edition=uncensored&rft.pub=Gomidas+Institute&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-9535191-5-5&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=Viscount+James&rft.au=Toynbee%2C+Arnold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchallerZimmerer2008" class="citation journal cs1">Schaller, Dominik J; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction". <i>Journal of Genocide Research</i>. <b>10</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">7–</span>14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623520801950820">10.1080/14623520801950820</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:71515470">71515470</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=Late+Ottoman+genocides%3A+the+dissolution+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+Young+Turkish+population+and+extermination+policies+%E2%80%93+introduction&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623520801950820&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A71515470%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schaller&rft.aufirst=Dominik+J&rft.au=Zimmerer%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones2010-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jones2010_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones2010" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Adam (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BqdVudSuTRIC&pg=PA171"><i>Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. <span class="nowrap">171–</span>172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-84696-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-84696-4"><bdi>978-0-203-84696-4</bdi></a>. <q>A resolution was placed before the IAGS membership to recognize the Greek and Assyrian/Chaldean components of the Ottoman genocide against Christians, alongside the Armenian strand of the genocide (which the IAGS has already formally acknowledged). The result, passed emphatically in December 2007 despite not inconsiderable opposition, was a resolution which I co-drafted, reading as follows:...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide%3A+A+Comprehensive+Introduction&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E171-%3C%2Fspan%3E172&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-203-84696-4&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBqdVudSuTRIC%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocurrents.info/place/russia-ukraine-and-caucasus/caucasus-series/the-many-armenian-diasporas-then-and-now">"The Many Armenian Diasporas, Then and Now"</a>. <i>GeoCurrents</i>. 7 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GeoCurrents&rft.atitle=The+Many+Armenian+Diasporas%2C+Then+and+Now&rft.date=2012-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocurrents.info%2Fplace%2Frussia-ukraine-and-caucasus%2Fcaucasus-series%2Fthe-many-armenian-diasporas-then-and-now&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Totally Unofficial: The Autobiography of Raphael Lemkin</i>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 2013. pp. <span class="nowrap">19–</span>20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Totally+Unofficial%3A+The+Autobiography+of+Raphael+Lemkin&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24.04.1998-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24.04.1998_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armenian-genocide.org/Affirmation.153/current_category.7/affirmation_detail.html">"Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly Resolution"</a>. Armenian genocide<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Council+of+Europe+Parliamentary+Assembly+Resolution&rft.pub=Armenian+genocide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armenian-genocide.org%2FAffirmation.153%2Fcurrent_category.7%2Faffirmation_detail.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferguson-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Ferguson, Niall</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warofworldtwenti00nial/page/177"><i>The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West</i></a>. New York: Penguin Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warofworldtwenti00nial/page/177">177</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59420-100-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-59420-100-5"><bdi>1-59420-100-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+World%3A+Twentieth-Century+Conflict+and+the+Descent+of+the+West&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-59420-100-5&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarofworldtwenti00nial%2Fpage%2F177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IAGS-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IAGS_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genocidewatch.org/images/Turkey-_13Jun05ErdoganletterAmericanHistoricalAssociation.pdf">"A Letter from The International Association of Genocide Scholars"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Genocide Watch. 13 June 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Letter+from+The+International+Association+of+Genocide+Scholars&rft.date=2005-06-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genocidewatch.org%2Fimages%2FTurkey-_13Jun05ErdoganletterAmericanHistoricalAssociation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nazi-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nazi_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRummel1998" class="citation cs2">Rummel, RJ (1 April 1998), "The Holocaust in Comparative and Historical Perspective", <i>The Journal of Social Issues</i>, <b>3</b> (2)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Social+Issues&rft.atitle=The+Holocaust+in+Comparative+and+Historical+Perspective&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1998-04-01&rft.aulast=Rummel&rft.aufirst=RJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/4/24/for-turks-acknowledging-an-armenian-genocide-undermines-national-identity.html">"For Turkey, denying an Armenian genocide is a question of identity"</a>. <i>america.aljazeera.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=america.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=For+Turkey%2C+denying+an+Armenian+genocide+is+a+question+of+identity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famerica.aljazeera.com%2Farticles%2F2015%2F4%2F24%2Ffor-turks-acknowledging-an-armenian-genocide-undermines-national-identity.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150627225707/http://parliament.am/news.php?cat_id=2&NewsID=7281&year=2015&month=03&day=11&lang=eng">"National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia – Official Web Site – parliament.am"</a>. <i>parliament.am</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parliament.am/news.php?cat_id=2&NewsID=7281&year=2015&month=03&day=11&lang=eng">the original</a> on 27 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=parliament.am&rft.atitle=National+Assembly+of+the+Republic+of+Armenia+%E2%80%93+Official+Web+Site+%E2%80%93+parliament.am&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fparliament.am%2Fnews.php%3Fcat_id%3D2%26NewsID%3D7281%26year%3D2015%26month%3D03%26day%3D11%26lang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monroe2012-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Monroe2012_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRenwick_Monroe2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kristen_Monroe" title="Kristen Monroe">Renwick Monroe, Kristen</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jfWCEiDUVo0C&pg=PA13"><i>Ethics in an Age of Terror and Genocide: Identity and Moral Choice</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15143-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15143-4"><bdi>978-0-691-15143-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethics+in+an+Age+of+Terror+and+Genocide%3A+Identity+and+Moral+Choice&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15143-4&rft.aulast=Renwick+Monroe&rft.aufirst=Kristen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjfWCEiDUVo0C%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLoytomaki2014" class="citation book cs1">Loytomaki, Stiina (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NJ_AAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31"><i>Law and the Politics of Memory: Confronting the Past</i></a>. Routledge. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-00736-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-00736-1"><bdi>978-1-136-00736-1</bdi></a>. <q>To date, more than 20 countries in the world have officially recognized the events as genocide and most historians and genocide scholars accept this view.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+and+the+Politics+of+Memory%3A+Confronting+the+Past&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-136-00736-1&rft.aulast=Loytomaki&rft.aufirst=Stiina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNJ_AAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frey2009-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frey2009_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrey2009" class="citation book cs1">Frey, Rebecca Joyce (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m569AfPJkB4C&pg=PA83"><i>Genocide and International Justice</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7310-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7310-8"><bdi>978-0-8160-7310-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+and+International+Justice&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7310-8&rft.aulast=Frey&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+Joyce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm569AfPJkB4C%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Akın, Yiğit (2018). <i>When the</i> <i>War Came Home: The Ottomans' Great War and the Devastation of an Empire</i>. Stanford University Press.</li> <li>Anderson, M.S. <i>The Eastern question, 1774–1923: A study in international relations</i> (1966) pp 310–52.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFErickson2001" class="citation book cs1">Erickson, Edward J. (2001). <i>Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War</i>. Westport, CT: Greenwood.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ordered+to+Die%3A+A+History+of+the+Ottoman+Army+in+the+First+World+War&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFromkin2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Fromkin" title="David Fromkin">Fromkin, David</a> (2009). <i><a href="/wiki/A_Peace_to_End_All_Peace:_The_Fall_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_and_the_Creation_of_the_Modern_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East">A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East</a></i>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8809-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8809-0"><bdi>978-0-8050-8809-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Peace+to+End+All+Peace%3A+The+Fall+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+the+Creation+of+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-8809-0&rft.aulast=Fromkin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFinkel2007" class="citation book cs1">Finkel, Caroline (2007). <i>Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire</i>. Basic Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osman%27s+Dream%3A+The+History+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGaunt2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Gaunt" title="David Gaunt">Gaunt, David</a> (2006). <i>Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia During World War I</i>. Gorgias Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">62–</span>64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-301-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-301-0"><bdi>978-1-59333-301-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Massacres%2C+Resistance%2C+Protectors%3A+Muslim-Christian+Relations+in+Eastern+Anatolia+During+World+War+I&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E62-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59333-301-0&rft.aulast=Gaunt&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGingeras2022" class="citation book cs1">Gingeras, Ryan (2022). <i>The Last Days of the Ottoman Empire</i>. Great Britain: Penguin Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-44432-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-44432-0"><bdi>978-0-241-44432-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Days+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-241-44432-0&rft.aulast=Gingeras&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKent1996" class="citation book cs1">Kent, Marian (1996). <i>The Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0714641545" title="Special:BookSources/0714641545"><bdi>0714641545</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Powers+and+the+End+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0714641545&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Marian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcMeekin2011" class="citation book cs1">McMeekin, Sean (2011). <i>The Russian Origins of the First World War</i>. Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Origins+of+the+First+World+War&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=McMeekin&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNicolle2008" class="citation book cs1">Nicolle, David (2008). <i>The Ottomans: Empire of Faith</i>. Thalamus Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1902886114" title="Special:BookSources/978-1902886114"><bdi>978-1902886114</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottomans%3A+Empire+of+Faith&rft.pub=Thalamus+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1902886114&rft.aulast=Nicolle&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Francesco Pongiluppi (2015). <i>The Energetic Issue as a Key Factor of the Fall of the Ottoman Empire</i>. in "The First World War: Analysis and Interpretation" (ed. by Biagini and Motta), Vol. 2., Newcastle, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp. 453–464.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2011" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Michael A. (2011). <i>Shattering Empires: The Clash and Collapse of the Ottoman and Russian Empires 1908–1918</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 324. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521149167" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521149167"><bdi>978-0521149167</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shattering+Empires%3A+The+Clash+and+Collapse+of+the+Ottoman+and+Russian+Empires+1908%E2%80%931918&rft.pages=324&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0521149167&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rogin, Eugene. <i>The Fall of the Ottomans: The Great War in the Middle East</i> (Basic Books, 2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miwsr.com/2015/downloads/2015-092.pdf">online review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShaw1977" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Ezel Kural (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofottoman00stan"><i>History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey</i></a>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-21280-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-21280-4"><bdi>0-521-21280-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+Modern+Turkey&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-521-21280-4&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Ezel+Kural&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofottoman00stan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSlight2019" class="citation book cs1">Slight, John (30 January 2019). "Reactions to the Ottoman jihad fatwa in the British Empire, 1914–18". <i>The Great War in the Middle East</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-18904-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-18904-8"><bdi>978-1-315-18904-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reactions+to+the+Ottoman+jihad+fatwa+in+the+British+Empire%2C+1914%E2%80%9318&rft.btitle=The+Great+War+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019-01-30&rft.isbn=978-1-315-18904-8&rft.aulast=Slight&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZürcher,_Erik-Jan2016" class="citation book cs1">Zürcher, Erik-Jan, ed. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/38575/9789087282394%20Zürcher.pdf"><i>Jihad and Islam in World War I: Studies on the Ottoman Jihad on the Centenary of Snouck Gurgronje's "Holy War Made in Germany"</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Leiden University Press">Leiden University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8728-239-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-8728-239-4"><bdi>978-90-8728-239-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad+and+Islam+in+World+War+I%3A+Studies+on+the+Ottoman+Jihad+on+the+Centenary+of+Snouck+Gurgronje%27s+%22Holy+War+Made+in+Germany%22&rft.pub=Leiden+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-90-8728-239-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenaccess.leidenuniv.nl%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1887%2F38575%2F9789087282394%2520Z%C3%BCrcher.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVasquez2018" class="citation book cs1">Vasquez, John A. (2018). <i>Contagion and War: Lessons from the First World War</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contagion+and+War%3A+Lessons+from+the+First+World+War&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Vasquez&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttoman+Empire+in+World+War+I" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_I23289" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_I" title="Template:World War I"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_I" title="Template talk:World War I"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_I" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War I"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_I23289" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_I" title="Outline of World War I">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_of_World_War_I" title="List of military engagements of World War I">Military engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Economic history of World War I">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_geography_in_World_War_I" title="Role of geography in World War I">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of World War I">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_I" title="Home front during World War I">Home fronts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_memorials" title="World War I memorials">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_I" title="Opposition to World War I">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_in_popular_culture" title="World War I in popular culture">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_World_War_I" title="Propaganda in World War I">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_puppet_states" title="List of World War I puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_I" title="Technology during World War I">Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Theatres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="European theatre of World War I">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_theatre" title="Balkans theatre">Balkans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_front_(World_War_I)" title="Italian front (World War I)">Italian Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai and Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Hejaz & Levant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/African_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="African theatre of World War I">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">South West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun_campaign" title="Kamerun campaign">Kamerun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togoland_campaign" title="Togoland campaign">Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I" title="Military operations in North Africa during World War I">North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I">Asian and Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_German_Samoa" title="Occupation of German Samoa">German Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_occupation_of_German_New_Guinea" title="Allied occupation of German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U-boat_campaign" title="U-boat campaign">U-boat campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I">North Atlantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_in_the_Mediterranean_during_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I">Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Principal<br />participants</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_I" title="Allied leaders of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_I" title="Belgium in World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_during_World_War_I" title="Brazil during World War I">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_during_World_War_I" title="China during World War I">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army_in_World_War_I" title="French Army in World War I">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_during_World_War_I" title="Greece during World War I">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro#World_War_I" title="History of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I" title="Portugal during World War I">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia in the First World War">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1894%E2%80%931917)#Russia_at_war,_1914–1916" title="History of Russia (1894–1917)">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia#Serbia_in_World_War_I_(1914–1918)" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_in_World_War_I" title="Siam in World War I">Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_Central_Powers_of_World_War_I" title="Leaders of the Central Powers of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria-Hungary_during_World_War_I" title="History of Austria-Hungary during World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I" title="Bulgaria during World War I">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi Campaign">Senussi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritz Rebellion">South African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Darfur" title="Sultanate of Darfur">Darfur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I" title="Timeline of World War I">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Pre-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> (1870–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> (1880–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">Tangier Crisis</a> (1905–06)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a> (1908–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> (1911–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> (1912–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a> (1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I" title="Causes of World War I">Origins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_causes_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of the causes of World War I">Historiography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Sarajevo assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_riots_in_Sarajevo" title="Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo">Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frontiers" title="Battle of the Frontiers">Battle of the Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cer" title="Battle of Cer">Battle of Cer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Galicia" title="Battle of Galicia">Battle of Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_East_Prussia_(1914)" title="Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914)">Russian invasion of East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg" title="Battle of Tannenberg">Battle of Tannenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Siege of Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="First Battle of the Masurian Lakes">First Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Couronn%C3%A9" title="Battle of Grand Couronné">Battle of Grand Couronné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">First Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Siege of Przemyśl">Siege of Przemyśl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_Sea" title="Race to the Sea">Race to the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres" title="First Battle of Ypres">First Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_raid" title="Black Sea raid">Black Sea raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolubara" title="Battle of Kolubara">Battle of Kolubara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Battle of Sarikamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1915</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes">Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81om%C5%BCa" title="Battle of Łomża">Battle of Łomża</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania" title="Sinking of the RMS Lusitania">Sinking of the RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Battle of Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Artois" title="Second Battle of Artois">Second Battle of Artois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_Isonzo" title="Battles of the Isonzo">Battles of the Isonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlice%E2%80%93Tarn%C3%B3w_offensive" title="Gorlice–Tarnów offensive">Gorlice–Tarnów offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Russia)" title="Great Retreat (Russia)">Great Retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Narew_Offensive" title="Bug–Narew Offensive">Bug-Narew Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novogeorgievsk" title="Siege of Novogeorgievsk">Siege of Novogeorgievsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Bug_offensive" title="Vistula–Bug offensive">Vistula–Bug offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Champagne" title="Second Battle of Champagne">Second Battle of Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_offensive_(1915)" title="Kosovo offensive (1915)">Kosovo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kut" title="Siege of Kut">Siege of Kut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loos" title="Battle of Loos">Battle of Loos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1916</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_offensive" title="Erzurum offensive">Erzurum offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Battle of Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Naroch_offensive" title="Lake Naroch offensive">Lake Naroch offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Asiago" title="Battle of Asiago">Battle of Asiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_day_on_the_Somme" title="First day on the Somme">first day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_offensive" title="Brusilov offensive">Brusilov offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baranovichi_offensive" title="Baranovichi offensive">Baranovichi offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Romani" title="Battle of Romani">Battle of Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastir_offensive" title="Monastir offensive">Monastir offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Transylvania" title="Battle of Transylvania">Battle of Transylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917)" title="Fall of Baghdad (1917)">Capture of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimmermann_telegram" title="Zimmermann telegram">Zimmermann telegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" title="Battle of Arras (1917)">Second battle of Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_battle_of_the_Aisne" class="mw-redirect" title="Second battle of the Aisne">Second battle of the Aisne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerensky_offensive" title="Kerensky offensive">Kerensky offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărăști">Battle of Mărăști</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99e%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărășești">Battle of Mărășești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Oituz" title="Third Battle of Oituz">Third Battle of Oituz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto" title="Battle of Caporetto">Battle of Caporetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Palestine_offensive" title="Southern Palestine offensive">Southern Palestine offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Malmaison" title="Battle of La Malmaison">Battle of La Malmaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1917)">Battle of Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Foc%C8%99ani" title="Armistice of Focșani">Armistice of Focșani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_between_Russia_and_the_Central_Powers" title="Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers">Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1918</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag" title="Operation Faustschlag">Operation Faustschlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeebrugge_Raid" title="Zeebrugge Raid">Zeebrugge Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goychay" title="Battle of Goychay">Battle of Goychay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Piave_River" title="Second Battle of the Piave River">Second Battle of the Piave River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="Second Battle of the Marne">Second Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardar_offensive" title="Vardar offensive">Vardar offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">Battle of Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Transjordan_attack" title="Third Transjordan attack">Third Transjordan attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse%E2%80%93Argonne_offensive" title="Meuse–Argonne offensive">Meuse–Argonne offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto" title="Battle of Vittorio Veneto">Battle of Vittorio Veneto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Salonica" title="Armistice of Salonica">Armistice of Salonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Villa_Giusti" title="Armistice of Villa Giusti">Armistice of Villa Giusti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Romanian_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Second Romanian campaign of World War I">Second Romanian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice with Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollettino_della_Vittoria_Navale" title="Bollettino della Vittoria Navale">Naval Victory Bulletin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Belgrade" title="Armistice of Belgrade">Armistice of Belgrade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Co-belligerent conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland campaign</a> (1900–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> (1910–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_rebellion" title="Muscat rebellion">Muscat rebellion</a> (1913–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War</a> (1914–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_during_World_War_I" title="Kurdish rebellions during World War I">Kurdish rebellions</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovambo_Uprising" title="Ovambo Uprising">Ovambo Uprising</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan_rebellion" title="Kelantan rebellion">Kelantan rebellion</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_campaign" title="Senussi campaign">Senussi campaign</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta-Bani_War" title="Volta-Bani War">Volta-Bani War</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Protection_War" title="National Protection War">National Protection War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> (1916–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Central Asian Revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur_(1916)" title="Invasion of Darfur (1916)">Invasion of Darfur</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaocen_revolt" title="Kaocen revolt">Kaocen revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a> (1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Post-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani War</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armeno-Georgian War</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_and_interventions_in_Hungary_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)">Revolutions and interventions in Hungary</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland Uprising</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Lithuanian Wars of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution" title="1919 Egyptian revolution">Egyptian Revolution</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian War</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence">Anglo-Turkish War</a> (1918–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a> (1918–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a> (1919–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a> (1920)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_War" title="Vlora War">Vlora War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Soviet–Georgian War</a> (1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_World_War_I" title="Aviation in World War I">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_I" title="Strategic bombing during World War I">Strategic bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I" title="Chemical weapons in World War I">Chemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_cryptography" title="World War I cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_I" title="Horses in World War I">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics_in_World_War_I" title="Logistics in World War I">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoys_in_World_War_I" title="Convoys in World War I">Convoy system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Conscription493" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Conscription</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_conscription_in_Australia" title="World War I conscription in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seferberlik" title="Seferberlik">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruitment_to_the_British_Army_during_World_War_I" title="Recruitment to the British Army during World War I">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1918" title="Conscription Crisis of 1918">Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_Act_of_1917" title="Selective Service Act of 1917">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_casualties" title="World War I casualties">Casualties</a> /<br />Civilian impact</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>British casualties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_parliamentarians_who_died_in_the_First_World_War" title="List of British parliamentarians who died in the First World War">Parliamentarians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_casualties_of_World_War_I" title="Ottoman casualties of World War I">Ottoman casualties</a></li> <li>Sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rugby_union_players_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of international rugby union players killed in World War I">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympians_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of Olympians killed in World War I">Olympians</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Disease</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1899%E2%80%931923_cholera_pandemic" title="1899–1923 cholera pandemic">1899–1923 cholera pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_typhus_and_relapsing_fever_epidemic_in_Serbia" title="1915 typhus and relapsing fever epidemic in Serbia">1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_occupation_of_Serbia" title="Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia">Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia</a></li> <li>Bulgarian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Albania" title="Bulgarian occupation of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Serbia_(World_War_I)" title="Bulgarian occupation of Serbia (World War I)">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li>German occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of north-east France during World War I">Northeast France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">Ober Ost</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">Occupied Enemy Territory Administration</a></li> <li>Russian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Eastern_Galicia_(1914%E2%80%931915)" title="Russian occupation of Eastern Galicia (1914–1915)">Eastern Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Western_Armenia" title="Occupation of Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Prisoners of war in World War I">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Germans <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Italian prisoners of war in World War I">Italians</a></li> <li>POW locations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_Canada" title="List of World War I prisoner-of-war camps in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_prisoners_of_war_in_Germany" title="World War I prisoners of war in Germany">Germany</a> / <a href="/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_I" title="German prisoner-of-war camps in World War I">camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war_camps_in_Switzerland_during_World_War_I" title="Prisoner of war camps in Switzerland during World War I">Switzerland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_World_War_I" title="Refugees of World War I">Refugees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Belgian refugees <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_the_Netherlands_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in the Netherlands during the First World War">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in Britain during the First World War">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_I" title="War crimes in World War I">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Allied blockades <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Blockade of the Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)" title="Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)">Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_from_East_Prussia_during_World_War_I" title="Deportations from East Prussia during World War I">Deportations from East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Kalisz" title="Destruction of Kalisz">Destruction of Kalisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Dinant" title="Sack of Dinant">Sack of Dinant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Belgium" title="Rape of Belgium">Rape of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_World_War_I" title="Massacres of Albanians in World War I">Massacres of Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Ukrainian_Canadians" title="Internment of Ukrainian Canadians">Internment of Ukrainian Canadians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Diplomatic history of World War I">Diplomacy</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Entry into the war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_entry_into_World_War_I" title="French entry into World War I">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_entry_into_World_War_I" title="German entry into World War I">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Ottoman entry into World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Russian entry into World War I">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_entry_into_World_War_I" title="British entry into World War I">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_I" title="Declarations of war during World War I">Declarations of war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/To_my_peoples" title="To my peoples">Austria-Hungary against Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_upon_Germany_(1914)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war upon Germany (1914)">UK against Germany</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Declaration_of_jihad">Ottomans against the Triple Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1917)" title="United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)">USA against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Austria-Hungary" title="United States declaration of war on Austria-Hungary">USA against Austria-Hungary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Agreement" title="Constantinople Agreement">Constantinople Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">Treaty of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Protocol" title="Damascus Protocol">Damascus Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Germany_treaty_(1915)" title="Bulgaria–Germany treaty (1915)">Bulgaria–Germany treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Darin" title="Treaty of Darin">Treaty of Darin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sazonov%E2%80%93Pal%C3%A9ologue_Agreement" title="Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement">Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Economy_Pact" title="Paris Economy Pact">Paris Economy Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1916)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1916)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_of_Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne" title="Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne">Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Peace treaties</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modus_vivendi_of_Acroma" title="Modus vivendi of Acroma">Modus vivendi of Acroma</a></li> <li>Treaties of Brest-Litovsk <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Russia–Central Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Ukraine–Central Powers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of St. Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">Treaty of Neuilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_a_Suspect_in_Sarajevo" title="Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo">Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutilated_victory" title="Mutilated victory">Mutilated victory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Virgin" title="The Golden Virgin">The Golden Virgin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/They_shall_not_pass" title="They shall not pass">They shall not pass</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_I" title="Category:World War I">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ottoman_Empire323" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ottoman_Empire_topics" title="Template:Ottoman Empire topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ottoman_Empire_topics" title="Template talk:Ottoman Empire topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman_Empire_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman Empire topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ottoman_Empire323" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Ottoman Empire">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osman%27s_Dream" title="Osman's Dream">Osman's Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaza_thesis" title="Ghaza thesis">Ghaza thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Interregnum" title="Ottoman Interregnum">Interregnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Constantinople</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">Classical Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Women" title="Sultanate of Women">Sultanate of Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Transformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_decline_thesis" title="Ottoman decline thesis">Decline thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_era" title="Köprülü era">Köprülü</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Old_Regime" title="Ottoman Old Regime">Stagnation and reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip period">Tulip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Decline and modernization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">1st Constitutional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Dissolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">2nd Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Ottoman_sultanate" title="Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate">Abolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Ottoman Muslims</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ottoman Empire)">Foreign Affairs Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_relations" title="Ottoman–Safavid relations">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ottoman Empire–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_treaties_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of treaties of the Ottoman Empire">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of wars involving the Ottoman Empire">Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_constitution_of_1876" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman constitution of 1876">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_National_Constitution" title="Armenian National Constitution">Armenian Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_electoral_law" title="Ottoman electoral law">Electoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_family_law" title="Ottoman family law">Family law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCstur" title="Düstur">Düstur</a></li></ul></li> <li>Civil codes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecelle" title="Mecelle">Mecelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_Office_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Translation Office (Ottoman Empire)">Translation Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State_organisation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State organisation of the Ottoman Empire">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House of Osman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">Ottoman dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">List of Ottoman sultans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_claim_to_Roman_succession" title="Ottoman claim to Roman succession">Roman succession claim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custodian_of_the_Two_Holy_Mosques" title="Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques">Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Imperial_Harem" title="Ottoman Imperial Harem">Imperial Harem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valide_sultan" title="Valide sultan">Valide sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haseki_sultan" title="Haseki sultan">Haseki sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kad%C4%B1n_(title)" title="Kadın (title)">Kadınefendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikbal_(title)" title="Ikbal (title)">Hanımefendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mothers_of_the_Ottoman_sultans" title="List of mothers of the Ottoman sultans">List of Ottoman sultans' mothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_consorts_of_the_Ottoman_sultans" class="mw-redirect" title="List of consorts of the Ottoman sultans">List of Ottoman sultans' consorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizlar_Agha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kizlar Agha">Kizlar Agha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ender%C3%BBn" title="Enderûn">Inner Palace Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapi_Agha" title="Kapi Agha">Kapi Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_School" title="Palace School">Palace Schools</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central (<a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Porte</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Council_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Imperial Council (Ottoman Empire)">Imperial Council</a> <br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(classic period)</i></span> </div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_Grand_Viziers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ottoman Grand Viziers">Grand Vizier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">Viziers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazasker" title="Kazasker">Kazaskers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_Ministers_of_Finance" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ottoman Ministers of Finance">Defterdars/Ministers of Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%9Fanc%C4%B1" title="Nişancı">Nişancı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reis_%C3%BCl-K%C3%BCttab" title="Reis ül-Küttab">Reis ül-Küttab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragoman_of_the_Porte" title="Dragoman of the Porte">Dragoman of the Porte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir%C3%BBn" title="Birûn">Outer Palace Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Government_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Government (Ottoman Empire)">Imperial Government</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(reform and constitutional period)</i></span> </div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire">Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Senate of the Ottoman Empire">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)">Chamber of Deputies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">Millets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Islam in the Ottoman Empire">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_al-Isl%C4%81m" title="Shaykh al-Islām">Shaykh al-Islām</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Christianity in the Ottoman Empire">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rum_Millet" class="mw-redirect" title="Rum Millet">Rūm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullah_millet" title="Ullah millet">Ullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Millet" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian Millet">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_millet" title="Armenian millet">Armenian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakham_Bashi" title="Hakham Bashi">Hakham Bashi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provincial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eyalet" title="Eyalet">Eyalets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">Beylerbeys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilayet" title="Vilayet">Vilayets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak" title="Sanjak">Sanjaks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanjakbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanjakbey">Sanjakbeys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutasarr%C4%B1f" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutasarrıf">Mutasarrifates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaza" title="Kaza">Kazas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kadiluk" title="Kadiluk">Kadiluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_and_tributary_states_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire">Vassal and tributary states</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Military of the Ottoman Empire">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Army</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_army_in_the_15th%E2%80%9319th_centuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman army in the 15th–19th centuries">Classic period army</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">Janissaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agha_of_the_Janissaries" title="Agha of the Janissaries">Agha of the Janissaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Divisions_of_Cavalry" title="Six Divisions of Cavalry">Six Divisions of Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timariots" title="Timariots">Timariots</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_military_reforms" title="Ottoman military reforms">Reform period</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Nizam-i_Djedid_Army" title="Nizam-i Djedid Army">Nizam-i Djedid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekban-i_Djedid_Army" title="Sekban-i Djedid Army">Sekban-i Djedid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asakir-i_Mansure-i_Muhammediye" title="Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye">Mansure Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidieh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamidieh">Hamidieh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army_(1861%E2%80%931922)" title="Ottoman Army (1861–1922)">Modernized army</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapudan_Pasha" title="Kapudan Pasha">Kapudan Pasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kapudan_Pashas" title="List of Kapudan Pashas">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragoman_of_the_Fleet" title="Dragoman of the Fleet">Dragoman of the Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Arsenal" title="Imperial Arsenal">Imperial Arsenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ottoman_Empire_admirals" title="Category:Ottoman Empire admirals">Admirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_involving_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Naval battles involving the Ottoman Empire">Naval battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_ships_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Naval ships of the Ottoman Empire">Ships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Aviation_Squadrons" title="Ottoman Aviation Squadrons">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Conscription in the Ottoman Empire">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_weapons" title="Ottoman weapons">Weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Economic history of the Ottoman Empire">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By era <ul><li>Enlargement</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socioeconomics_of_the_Ottoman_reformation_era&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socioeconomics of the Ottoman reformation era (page does not exist)">Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_agriculture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ottoman agriculture (page does not exist)">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bank" title="Ottoman Bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_currency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ottoman currency (page does not exist)">Currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ak%C3%A7e" title="Akçe">Akçe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para_(currency)" title="Para (currency)">Para</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultani" title="Sultani">Sultani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuru%C5%9F" title="Kuruş">Kuruş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_lira" title="Ottoman lira">Lira</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Science and technology in the Ottoman Empire">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Taxation in the Ottoman Empire">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the Ottoman Empire">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Society of the Ottoman Empire">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Social structure of the Ottoman Empire">Social structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottomanism" title="Ottomanism">Ottomanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_court" title="Ottoman court">Ottoman court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Languages of the Ottoman Empire">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Slavery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Culture of the Ottoman Empire">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mosques_commissioned_by_the_Ottoman_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosques commissioned by the Ottoman dynasty">Mosques</a></li></ul></li> <li>Art <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">Illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_music" title="Ottoman music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karag%C3%B6z_and_Hacivat" title="Karagöz and Hacivat">Shadow play</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_clothing" title="Ottoman clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prose_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Prose of the Ottoman Empire">Prose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_poetry" title="Ottoman poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Education in the Ottoman Empire">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of schools in the Ottoman Empire">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_education_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenian education in the Ottoman Empire">of Armenians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Media of the Ottoman Empire">Media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Demographics of the Ottoman Empire">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Women in the Ottoman Empire">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire#Religion" title="Ottoman Empire">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Islam in the Ottoman Empire">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Christianity in the Ottoman Empire">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in the Ottoman Empire">Judaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_anthems_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Imperial anthems of the Ottoman Empire">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Coat of arms of the Ottoman Empire">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Flags of the Ottoman Empire">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_and_crescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Star and crescent">Star and crescent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Outline of the Ottoman Empire">Outline</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Bibliography of the Ottoman Empire">Bibliography</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Ottoman Empire">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I&oldid=1276493892">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I&oldid=1276493892</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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