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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dialects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ophitic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ophitic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ophitic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ophitic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Geographic distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Official status</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Official_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Official status subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Official_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alphabets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Alphabets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alphabets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Archaisms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Archaisms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Archaisms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Archaisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declension_of_nouns_and_adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declension_of_nouns_and_adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Declension of nouns and adjectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declension_of_nouns_and_adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conjugation_of_verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conjugation_of_verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Conjugation of verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conjugation_of_verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexicology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexicology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Lexicology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexicology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_Ancient_Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_Ancient_Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Comparison with Ancient Greek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_Ancient_Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pontic Greek</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponties" title="Ponties – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ponties" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B7%D8%B3" title="يونانية البنطس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يونانية البنطس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griegu_p%C3%B3nticu" title="Griegu pónticu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Griegu pónticu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="پنتوس یونان دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پنتوس یونان دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Понтийски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Понтийски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresianeg_Pontos" title="Gresianeg Pontos – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gresianeg Pontos" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2ntic" title="Pòntic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pòntic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontische_Sprache" title="Pontische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pontische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ποντιακή διάλεκτος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ποντιακή διάλεκτος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griego_p%C3%B3ntico" title="Griego póntico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Griego póntico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponta_greka_lingvo" title="Ponta greka lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ponta greka lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="یونانی پونتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یونانی پونتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Pontic Greek" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontique_(langue)" title="Pontique (langue) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pontique (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ghr%C3%A9igis_Phontach" title="An Ghréigis Phontach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Ghréigis Phontach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grego_p%C3%B3ntico" title="Grego póntico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Grego póntico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B0%ED%86%A0%EC%8A%A4_%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%EC%96%B4" title="폰토스 그리스어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폰토스 그리스어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%BC" title="Պոնտիերեն բարբառ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պոնտիերեն բարբառ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontski_jezik" title="Pontski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pontski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani_Pontus" title="Bahasa Yunani Pontus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Yunani Pontus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_pontica" title="Lingua pontica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua pontica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="პონტოური ბერძნული – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პონტოური ბერძნული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Pontica" title="Lingua Pontica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Pontica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontoszi_g%C3%B6r%C3%B6g_nyelv" title="Pontoszi görög nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pontoszi görög nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Понтски дијалект – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Понтски дијалект" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%83_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="بونتيك يونانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بونتيك يونانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani_Pontus" title="Bahasa Yunani Pontus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Yunani Pontus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontisch" title="Pontisch – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pontisch" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E%E3%83%9D%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%82%B9%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="ギリシア語ポントス方言 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ギリシア語ポントス方言" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontisk_gresk" title="Pontisk gresk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pontisk gresk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_pontica" title="Lenga pontica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga pontica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_pontyjski" title="Język pontyjski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język pontyjski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BD_%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Ποντιακόν λαλίαν – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ποντιακόν λαλίαν" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_grega_p%C3%B4ntica" title="Língua grega pôntica – Portuguese" lang="pt" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_pontike_greke" title="Gjuha pontike greke – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha pontike greke" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponticu" title="Ponticu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ponticu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont%C4%8Dina" title="Pontčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pontčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the language. For the ethnic group, see <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greeks</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Pontic Greek</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">ποντιακά</span></span>, <span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">ρωμαίικα</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">originally the <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> coast; <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greeks</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">778,000 (2009–2015)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a>–<a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Pontic Greek</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariupol_Greek" title="Mariupol Greek">Mariupol Greek</a>(?),<br /></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Ophitic">Ophitic dialect</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/pnt" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:pnt">pnt</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/pont1253">pont1253</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3265">Pontic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=56-AAA-aj">56-AAA-aj</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_60-DE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/320px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/480px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/640px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Pontic Greek is classified as Definitely Endangered by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a> (2010)</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Asia_Minor_dialects.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Greek_Asia_Minor_dialects.png" decoding="async" width="242" height="212" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="212" /></a><figcaption>Anatolian Greek dialects until 1923; <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek#Demotic" title="Modern Greek">Demotic</a> in yellow. 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em; font-family:serif;""><b><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greeks</a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pontic_eagle" title="Pontic eagle"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sinopeagle.png/150px-Sinopeagle.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sinopeagle.png/225px-Sinopeagle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Sinopeagle.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="279" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_culture" title="Pontic Greek culture">Pontic culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_cuisine" title="Pontic Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_music" title="Pontic Greek music">Music</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pontic_lyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic lyra">lyra</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_folk_dance" title="Pontic Greek folk dance">Folk dance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serra_(dance)" title="Serra (dance)">serra</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_culture#Traditional_clothing" title="Pontic Greek culture">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_culture#Art" title="Pontic Greek culture">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_culture#Architecture" title="Pontic Greek culture">Architecture</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> Languages and dialects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romeika</a> (including <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Dialects">Oflidika</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> History</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Black Sea colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Kingdom of Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridatic_Wars" title="Mithridatic Wars">Mithridatic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Anatolia#Roman_period" title="Classical Anatolia">Roman Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Trebizond_(1461)" title="Siege of Trebizond (1461)">Fall of Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">Population exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Turkey" title="Greeks in Turkey">Modern Turkey</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> Religion</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Greeks" title="Caucasus Greeks">Caucasus Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Greeks">Crimean Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urums" title="Urums">Urums</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> Persecution</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_genocide" title="Pontic Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasya_trials" title="Amasya trials">Amasya trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_battalions_(Turkey)" title="Labour battalions (Turkey)"><i>Amele taburları</i></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pontic_Greeks" title="Template:Pontic Greeks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pontic_Greeks" title="Template talk:Pontic Greeks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pontic_Greeks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pontic Greeks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pontic Greek</b> (<a href="/wiki/Pontic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic language">Pontic</a>: <span lang="pnt">Ρωμαίικα</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Pontic-language romanization"><i lang="pnt-Latn">Rhomaiika</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Ποντιακά</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">Pontiaka</i></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Rumca</i> or <i>Romeika</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek" title="Varieties of Modern Greek">variety of Modern Greek</a> indigenous to the <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a> region on the southern shores of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, northeastern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, and the Eastern Turkish and <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> region. An endangered <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a> variety,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pontic Greek is spoken by about 778,000 people worldwide, who are known as <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic</a> or Pontian Greeks.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like nearly all of Greek varieties spoken today, the linguistic lineage of Pontic Greek stems from the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a>, itself based on <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a>–<a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic Greek</a>, which later developed into the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Greek">Byzantine Greek</a> of the Middle Ages. Following its geographic isolation from the rest of the Greek–speaking world, Pontic continued to develop separately along with other Anatolian Greek dialects, like <a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek" title="Cappadocian Greek">Cappadocian</a>, from the 11th century onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Pontic Greek is not completely mutually intelligible with the standard <a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">Demotic Greek</a> spoken in mainland Greece today.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Popov_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Popov-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pontic also contains influences from <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a> (namely <a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>. </p><p>Today, Pontians live predominantly in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Greece" title="Northern Greece">Northern Greece</a>, following the <a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey</a>. Out of their total population, around 200,000–300,000 are considered active Pontic speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pontic Greek is also spoken in Turkey, Russia, Georgia, Armenia, and Kazakhstan, as well as by the Pontic diaspora. It remains spoken in pockets of the <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a> region, mostly by <a href="/wiki/Greek_Muslims#Greek_Muslims_of_Pontus_and_the_Caucasus" title="Greek Muslims">Pontic Greek Muslims</a> in the eastern districts of <a href="/wiki/Trabzon_Province" title="Trabzon Province">Trabzon Province</a>. Pontic is primarily written in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek script</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> script is sporadically used in Turkey, while the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> alphabet is rarely used in Russia and former Soviet countries.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greek&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pontic Greek is classified as an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a> branch.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greek&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, the speakers of Pontic Greek referred to their language as <span title="Pontic-language text"><i lang="pnt">Romeika</i></span>, also spelled in Latin as <span title="Pontic-language text"><i lang="pnt">Romeyka</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Pontic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic language">Pontic</a>: <span lang="pnt">Ρωμαίικα</span>); a historical and colloquial term also used for the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> language as a whole. Originating in <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> times, the term reflects the identification of the Greek–speaking <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine subjects</a> as <i><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Greeks#Romans_(Ῥωμαῖοι)" title="Names of the Greeks">Rhomaioi</a></i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ῥωμαῖοι</span></span>) and the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a> language as <i>Rhomaikḗ</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ῥωμαική</span></span>). The term "Pontic" originated in scholarly usage, but it has been adopted as a mark of identity by Pontic Greeks living in Greece, where the language is commonly called <span title="Pontic-language text"><i lang="pnt-Latn">Pontiaká</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Ποντιακά</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pontians also refer to their language as <span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">Ποντιακόν λαλίαν</span></span> <i>Pontiakón lalían</i> (<span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Pontic speech</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) and at times as <span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">Λαζικά</span></span> <i>Laziká</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Source needed for "Lazika" (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The variety is also called <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Ποντιακή διάλεκτος</span></span> <i>Pontiakḗ diálektos</i> (<span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Pontic dialect</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) in standard modern Greek. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, there is no special name for Pontic Greek; it is called <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Rumca</i></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈɾumd͡ʒa]</span>), derived from the Turkish word <i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BBm#Ottoman_usage" class="mw-redirect" title="Rûm">Rum</a></i>, denoting Byzantine Greeks.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Özkan_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Özkan-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nowadays, Pontic speakers living in Turkey call their language <span title="Pontic-language text"><i lang="pnt">Romeyka</i></span>, <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Urumce</i></span>, <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Rumca</i></span> or <span title="Pontic-language text"><i lang="pnt">Rumcika</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Özkan_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Özkan-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greek&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similar to most modern Greek dialects, Pontic Greek is mainly derived from Koine Greek, which was spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> times between the 4th century BC and the 4th century AD. Following the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk invasion of Asia Minor</a> during the 11th century AD, Pontus became isolated from many of the regions of the Byzantine Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pontians remained somewhat isolated from the mainland Greeks, causing Pontic Greek to develop separately and distinctly from the rest of the mainland Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the language has also been influenced by the nearby Persian, <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Caucasian</a>, and Turkish languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greek&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Greek linguist <a href="/wiki/Manolis_Triantafyllidis" title="Manolis Triantafyllidis">Manolis Triantafyllidis</a> has divided the Pontic of Turkey into two groups: </p> <ul><li>the Western group (<i>Oinountiac</i> or <span title="Pontic-language text"><i lang="pnt">Niotika</i></span>) around <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cnye" title="Ünye">Oenoe</a> (Turkish Ünye);</li> <li>the Eastern group, which is again subdivided into: <ul><li>the coastal subgroup (<i>Trapezountiac</i>) around <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trebizond</a> (Ancient Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc">Trapezous</i></span>) and</li> <li>the inland subgroup (<i>Chaldiot</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Chaldia" title="Chaldia">Chaldia</a> (around <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9Fhane" title="Gümüşhane">Argyroupolis</a> (Gümüşhane) and Kanin in Pontic), its vicinity (<a href="/wiki/Kelkit" title="Kelkit">Kelkit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayburt" title="Bayburt">Baibourt</a>, etc.), and around <a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Kotyora</a> (Ordu).</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Speakers of Chaldiot were the most numerous. In phonology, some varieties of Pontic are reported to demonstrate <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>, a well-known feature of Turkish (Mirambel 1965). </p><p>Outside Turkey one can distinguish: </p> <ul><li>the Northern group (<a href="/wiki/Mariupol_Greek" title="Mariupol Greek">Mariupol Greek</a> or <span title="Pontic-language text"><i lang="pnt">Rumeíka</i></span>), originally spoken in <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>, but now principally in <a href="/wiki/Mariupol" title="Mariupol">Mariupol</a>, where the majority of Crimean Pontic Greeks of the Rumaiic subgroup now live. Other Pontic Greeks speak <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a> as their mother tongue, and are classified as "<a href="/wiki/Urums" title="Urums">Urums</a>". There are approximately half a dozen dialects of Crimean (Mariupolitan) Pontic Greek spoken.</li> <li>Soviet Rumaiic, a Soviet variant of the Pontic Greek language spoken by the Pontic Greek population of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ophitic">Ophitic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greek&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ophitic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Of,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Of, Turkey">Of valley</a> who had converted to Islam in the 17th century <a href="/wiki/Greek_Muslims" title="Greek Muslims">remained in Turkey</a> and have partly retained the Pontic language until today.<sup id="cite_ref-Mackridge_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackridge-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Asan_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asan-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Özkan_2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Özkan_2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_cost_of_language_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_cost_of_language-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their dialect, which forms part of the Trapezountiac subgroup, is called "Ophitic" by linguists, but speakers generally call it <span title="Pontic-language text"><i lang="pnt">Romeika</i></span>. As few as 5,000 people are reported to speak it.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Independent_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Independent-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are however estimates that show the real number of the speakers as considerably higher.<sup id="cite_ref-Özkan_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Özkan-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speakers of Ophitic/Romeyka are concentrated in the eastern districts of Trabzon province: <a href="/wiki/%C3%87aykara" title="Çaykara">Çaykara</a> (Katohor), <a href="/wiki/Dernekpazar%C4%B1" title="Dernekpazarı">Dernekpazarı</a> (Kondu), <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCrmene" title="Sürmene">Sürmene</a> (Sourmena) and <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCba%C5%9F%C4%B1,_Trabzon" title="Köprübaşı, Trabzon">Köprübaşı</a> (Göneşera). Although less widespread, it is still spoken in some remote villages of the Of district itself. It is also spoken in the western <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0kizdere" title="İkizdere">İkizdere</a> (Dipotamos) district of Rize province. Historically the dialect was spoken in a wider area, stretching further east to the port town of <a href="/wiki/Pazar,_Rize" title="Pazar, Rize">Pazar</a> (Athina). </p><p>Ophitic has retained the <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a>, which is present in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> but has been lost in other variants of Modern Greek (except <a href="/wiki/Italiot_Greek" title="Italiot Greek">Italiot Greek</a>); it has therefore been characterized as "archaic" or <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic conservatism">conservative</a> (even in relation to other Pontic dialects) and as the living language that is closest to Ancient Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Independent_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Independent-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because a majority of the population of these districts converted to Islam during the 17th to 19th centuries, some Arabic and Turkish loanwords have been adopted in the language. According to Vahit Tursun, writer of the Romeika-Turkish dictionary, loanwords from the neighboring Laz speakers of Rize province are strikingly absent in the Romeika vocabulary of Trabzon natives. </p><p>A very similar dialect is spoken by descendants of <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> from the Of valley (especially from <a href="/wiki/Dernekpazar%C4%B1" title="Dernekpazarı">Kondu</a>) now living in Greece in the village of <a href="/wiki/Nea_Trapezounta,_Pieria" title="Nea Trapezounta, Pieria">Nea Trapezounta, Pieria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Macedonia" title="Central Macedonia">Central Macedonia</a>, with about 400 speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-urlwww.latsis-foundation.org_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlwww.latsis-foundation.org-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Revythiadou_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revythiadou-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greek&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though Pontic was originally spoken on the southern shores of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, from the 18th and 19th century and on substantial numbers migrated into the northern and eastern shores, into the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. Pontic is still spoken by large numbers of people in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, mainly in <a href="/wiki/Mariupol" title="Mariupol">Mariupol</a>, but also in other parts of Ukraine such as the <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donetsk" title="Donetsk">Donetsk</a> region, in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (around <a href="/wiki/Stavropol" title="Stavropol">Stavropol</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>. The language enjoyed some use as a literary medium in the 1930s, including a school grammar (Topkharas 1998 [1932]). </p><p>Though many were displaced as a result of <a href="/wiki/Russia%27s_2022_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine">Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine</a>, as of 2024 the majority of Mariupol's Greeks have opted to remain in the city and its adjacent villages.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_genocide" title="Pontic Greek genocide">massacres of the 1910s</a>, the majority of speakers remaining in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> were subject to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a> <a href="/wiki/Exchange_of_populations_between_Greece_and_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchange of populations between Greece and Turkey">population exchange</a>, and were resettled in Greece (mainly northern Greece). A second wave of migration occurred in the early 1990s, this time from countries of the <a href="/wiki/Former_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Former Soviet Union">former Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-7391-0565-5_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-7391-0565-5-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In urban areas in Greece the language is no longer spoken in daily life but in villages and towns with more homogeneous Pontic population, located mostly in the northern part of country, the language is still in active daily usage. Many radio stations broadcast in the Pontic language, and many associations exist for its safeguard. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>: 400,000 speakers, mostly in <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Macedonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Macedonia_and_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="East Macedonia and Thrace">East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Macedonia" title="Central Macedonia">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="West Macedonia">West</a>) and in <a href="/wiki/Attica_(region)" title="Attica (region)">Attica</a><sup id="cite_ref-e17_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e17-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>: Unknown (certainly more than 5,000), mostly in eastern <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Sea Region">Black Sea Region</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a><sup id="cite_ref-UCambridge_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCambridge-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-e17_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e17-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Of-dialectical region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Of,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Of, Turkey">Of</a>: multiple villages</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87aykara" title="Çaykara">Çaykara</a>: (24–70 villages)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dernekpazar%C4%B1" title="Dernekpazarı">Dernekpazarı</a>: (13 villages)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCba%C5%9F%C4%B1,_Trabzon" title="Köprübaşı, Trabzon">Köprübaşı</a>: (5 villages)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCrmene" title="Sürmene">Sürmene</a>: (31 villages)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rize</a>: (21 villages, mostly in <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0kizdere" title="İkizdere">İkizdere</a> district)</li></ul></li> <li>To the west of Trabzon: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%A7ka" title="Maçka">Maçka</a>: A handful of villages, settled from the Of-Çaykara region</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonya,_Turkey" title="Tonya, Turkey">Tonya</a>: (17 villages)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be%C5%9Fikd%C3%BCz%C3%BC" title="Beşikdüzü">Beşikdüzü</a>: 1 village</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Giresun</a>: (3 villages in <a href="/wiki/Bulancak" title="Bulancak">Bulancak</a> district)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9Fhane" title="Gümüşhane">Gümüşhane</a>: Sparsely in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Torul-ardasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torul-ardasa (page does not exist)">Torul-ardasa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ya%C4%9Fl%C4%B1dere-kromni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yağlıdere-kromni (page does not exist)">Yağlıdere-kromni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dumanl%C4%B1" title="Dumanlı">Dumanlı</a></li></ul></li> <li>Caucasus region <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kars" title="Kars">Kars</a>: Multiple villages and provincial capital.</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Official_status">Official status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greek&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Official status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greek&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Greece, Pontic has no official status, like all other Greek dialects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greek&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, Pontic Greek was the <i>de facto</i> language of the Greek minority in the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>, although in the <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Πανσυνδεσμιακή Σύσκεψη</span></span> (<span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el">Pansyndesmiakí Sýskepsi</i></span>, All-Union Conference) of 1926, organised by the Greek–Soviet <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a>, it was decided that <a href="/wiki/Dimotiki" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimotiki">Demotic</a> should be the official language of the community.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later revival of Greek identity in the Soviet Union and post-Communist Russia saw a renewed division on the issue of <a href="/wiki/Mariupol_Greek" title="Mariupol Greek">Rumaiic</a> versus Demotic. A new attempt to preserve a sense of ethnic Rumaiic identity started in the mid-1980s. The Ukrainian scholar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andriy_Biletsky_(linguist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andriy Biletsky (linguist) (page does not exist)">Andriy Biletsky</a> created a new Slavonic alphabet, but though a number of writers and poets make use of this alphabet, the population of the region rarely uses it.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greek&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The language has a rich oral tradition and folklore and Pontic songs are particularly popular in Greece. There is also some limited production of modern literature in Pontic, including <a href="/wiki/Poetry_collections" class="mw-redirect" title="Poetry collections">poetry collections</a> (among the most renowned writers is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kostas_Diamantidis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kostas Diamantidis (page does not exist)">Kostas Diamantidis</a>), novels, and translated <a href="/wiki/Asterix" title="Asterix">Asterix</a> <a href="/wiki/Comic_album" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic album">comic albums</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The youth often speak standard Greek as their first language. The use of Pontic has been maintained more by speakers in North America than it has in Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alphabets">Alphabets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greek&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Alphabets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pontic, in Greece, is written in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>, with diacritics: <span style="font-size:115%"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σ̌ ζ̌ ξ̌ ψ̌</span></span></span> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʒ<span class="wrap"> </span>kʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>pʃ/</span>, <span style="font-size:115%"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">α̈ ο̈</span></span></span> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[æ<span class="wrap"> </span>ø]</span> (phonological <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ia<span class="wrap"> </span>io/</span>). Pontic, in Turkey, is written in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> following Turkish conventions. In Russia, it is written in the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. In early Soviet times, Pontic was written in the Greek alphabet phonetically, as shown below, using digraphs instead of diacritics; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[æ<span class="wrap"> </span>ø]</span> were written out as <span style="font-size:115%"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ια</span></span></span>, <span style="font-size:115%"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ιο</span></span></span>. The <a class="external text" href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/">Pontic Wikipedia</a> uses Greek script: it has adopted εα, εο for these vowels, to avoid clashes with Modern Greek ια, ιο, and uses digraphs from the Soviet system instead of diacritics, but otherwise follows historical orthography. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Greek<br />alphabet</th> <th>Turkish<br />alphabet </th> <th>Latin-English<br />alphabet</th> <th>Cyrillic<br />alphabet </th> <th>IPA </th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td>Α α</td> <td>A a</td> <td>A a</td> <td>А а</td> <td><span style="font-size:120%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a>]</span></span></td> <td>ρωμαίικ<b>α</b>, romeyik<b>a</b>, romejik<b>a</b>, ромейик<b>а</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Β β</td> <td>V v</td> <td>Bb/Vv/Ww</td> <td>В в</td> <td><span style="font-size:120%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>]</span></span></td> <td>κατη<b>β</b>αίνω, kati<b>v</b>eno, kati<b>b</b>ënô, кати<b>в</b>ено </td></tr> <tr> <td>Γ γ</td> <td>Ğ ğ</td> <td>G g</td> <td>Г г</td> <td><span style="font-size:120%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>]</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_fricative" title="Voiced palatal fricative">ʝ</a>]</span></span></td> <td><b>γ</b>ανεύω, <b>ğ</b>anevo, <b>g</b>aneyô, <b>г</b>анево </td></tr> <tr> <td>Δ δ</td> <td>DH dh</td> <td>D d</td> <td>Д д</td> <td><span style="font-size:120%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>]</span></span></td> <td><b>δ</b>όντι, <b>dh</b>onti, <b>d</b>ónti, <b>д</b>онти </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ε ε</td> <td>E e</td> <td>E e</td> <td>Е е</td> <td><span style="font-size:120%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a>]</span></span></td> <td><b>ε</b>γάπεσα, <b>e</b>ğapesa, <b>e</b>gápesa, <b>е</b>гапеса </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ζ ζ</td> <td>Z z</td> <td>Z z</td> <td>З з</td> <td><span style="font-size:120%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]</span></span></td> <td><b>ζ</b>αντός, <b>z</b>antos, <b>z</b>antóſ, <b>з</b>антос </td></tr> <tr> <td>Θ θ</td> <td>TH th</td> <td>Þ þ</td> <td>С с, Ф ф, Т т</td> <td><span style="font-size:120%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>]</span></span></td> <td><b>θ</b>έκω, <b>th</b>eko, <b>þ</b>ékô, <b>т</b>еко </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ι ι</td> <td>İ i</td> <td>I i</td> <td>И и</td> <td><span style="font-size:120%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</span></span></td> <td>οσπ<b>ι</b>τόπον, osp<b>i</b>topon, osp<b>i</b>tópon, осп<b>и</b>топон </td></tr> <tr> <td>Κ κ</td> <td>K k</td> <td>K k</td> <td>К к</td> <td><span style="font-size:120%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>]</span></span></td> <td><b>κ</b>αλάτσ̌εμαν, <b>k</b>alaçeman, <b>k</b>alácheman, <b>к</b>алачеман </td></tr> <tr> <td>Λ λ</td> <td>L l</td> <td>L l</td> <td>Л л</td> <td><span style="font-size:120%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>]</span></span></td> <td><b>λ</b>αλία, <b>l</b>alia, <b>l</b>alía, <b>л</b>алиа </td></tr> <tr> <td>Μ μ</td> <td>M m</td> <td>M m</td> <td>М м</td> <td><span style="font-size:120%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>]</span></span></td> <td><b>μ</b>άνα, <b>m</b>ana, <b>m</b>ána, <b>м</b>ана </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ν ν</td> <td>N n</td> <td>N n</td> <td>Н н</td> <td><span style="font-size:120%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>]</span></span></td> <td>ολίγο<b>ν</b>, oliğо<b>n</b>, olígo<b>n</b>, олиго<b>н</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ο ο</td> <td>O o</td> <td>O o</td> <td>О о</td> <td><span style="font-size:120%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a>]</span></span></td> <td>τ'εμέτερ<b>ο</b>ν, themeter<b>o</b>n, þeméter<b>o</b>n, ҭеметер<b>о</b>н </td></tr> <tr> <td>Π π</td> <td>P p</td> <td>Pp</td> <td>П п</td> <td><span style="font-size:120%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>]</span></span></td> <td>εγά<b>π</b>εσα, eğa<b>p</b>esa, egá<b>p</b>esa, ега<b>п</b>еса </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ρ ρ</td> <td>R r</td> <td>R r</td> <td>Р р</td> <td><span style="font-size:120%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>]</span></span></td> <td><b>ρ</b>ωμαίικα, <b>r</b>omeyika, <b>r</b>omejika, <b>р</b>омейка </td></tr> <tr> <td>Σ ς</td> <td>S s</td> <td>S s</td> <td>С с</td> <td><span style="font-size:120%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</span></span></td> <td>α<b>σ</b>παλώ, a<b>s</b>palo, a<b>s</b>palō, а<b>с</b>пalо </td></tr> <tr> <td>Χ̌ χ̌</td> <td>Ş ş</td> <td>SH sh</td> <td>Ш ш</td> <td><span style="font-size:120%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>]</span></span></td> <td><b>χ̌</b>έριν, <b>ş</b>erin, <b>sh</b>érin, <b>ш</b>ерин </td></tr> <tr> <td>Τ τ</td> <td>T t</td> <td>T t</td> <td>Т т</td> <td><span style="font-size:120%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>]</span></span></td> <td>νόσ<b>τ</b>ιμεσσα, nos<b>t</b>imesa, nós<b>t</b>imesa, нос<b>т</b>имеса </td></tr> <tr> <td>ΤΖ̌ τζ̌</td> <td>C c</td> <td>C c</td> <td>Ц ц</td> <td><span style="font-size:120%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>]</span></span></td> <td>κεμεν<b>τζ̌ </b>έ, kemen<b>c</b>e, kemen<b>c</b>é, кemen<b>ц</b>е </td></tr> <tr> <td>ΤΣ τς</td> <td>Ç ç</td> <td>CH ch</td> <td>Ч ч</td> <td><span style="font-size:120%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>]</span></span></td> <td>μανί<b>τσ</b>α, mani<b>ç</b>a, maní<b>ch</b>a, мани<b>ч</b>а </td></tr> <tr> <td>Υ υ</td> <td>U u</td> <td>Uu/Yy</td> <td>У у</td> <td><span style="font-size:120%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>]</span></span></td> <td><b>υ</b>ίαν, <b>u</b>ian, <b>u</b>ían, <b>у</b>и́aн </td></tr> <tr> <td>Φ φ</td> <td>F f</td> <td>F f</td> <td>Ф ф</td> <td><span style="font-size:120%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>]</span></span></td> <td>έμορ<b>φ</b>α, emor<b>f</b>a, émop<b>f</b>a,.эмор<b>ф</b>а </td></tr> <tr> <td>Χ χ</td> <td>Hh, KHkh</td> <td>Hh/Xx</td> <td>Х х</td> <td><span style="font-size:120%"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>]</span></span></td> <td><b>χ</b>άσον, <b>h</b>ason, <b>h</b>áson, <b>х</b>асон </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaisms">Archaisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greek&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Archaisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pontic_Greek" title="Special:EditPage/Pontic Greek">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The following are features of Pontic Greek which have been retained from early forms of Greek, in contrast to the developments of Modern Greek. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonology">Phonology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greek&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The vowel "η" sometimes merged with "ε" rather than "ι" (κέπιν = κήπιον, κλέφτες = κλέπτης, συνέλικος = συνήλικος, νύφε = νύ(μ)φη, έγκα = ἤνεγκον, έτον = ἦτον, έκουσα = ἤκουσα etc.).</li> <li>The vowel "ω" merged with "o" even in those cases where Koine Greek received it as "ου" (ζωμίν = ζουμί, καρβώνι, ρωθώνι etc.).</li> <li>Preservation of the <a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a> consonant pair "<span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">σπ</span></span>" instead of Koine "<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">σφ</span></span>" <span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">(σποντύλιν, σπίγγω, σπιντόνα)</span></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declension_of_nouns_and_adjectives">Declension of nouns and adjectives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greek&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Declension of nouns and adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Preservation of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Nominative" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative">nominative</a> suffix "<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-ν</span></span>" in neuter diminutive nouns from Ancient Greek "-<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ίον</span></span>" (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">παιδίον, χωρίον</span></span>; Pontic <span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">παιδίν, χωρίν</span></span>).</li> <li>Preservation of the termination of feminine compound adjectives in <span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">-ος (η άλαλος, η άνοστος, η έμορφος).</span></span></li> <li>The declension of masculine nouns from singular, nominative termination "<span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">-ον</span></span>" to <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a> <span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">"-ονος" (ο νέον → τη νέονος, ο πάππον → τη πάππονος, ο λύκον → τη λύκονος, ο Τούρκον → τη Τούρκονος etc.).</span></span></li> <li>The ancient accenting of nouns in <a href="/wiki/Vocative" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocative">vocative</a> form: <span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">άδελφε, Νίκολα, Μάρια.</span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conjugation_of_verbs">Conjugation of verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greek&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Conjugation of verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The second <a href="/wiki/Aorist" title="Aorist">aorist</a> form in <span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">-ον (ανάμνον, μείνον, κόψον, πίσον, ράψον, σβήσον).</span></span></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Middle_voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle voice">middle voice</a> verb termination in <span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">-ούμαι (ανακατούμαι, σκοτούμαι, στεφανούμαι)</span></span>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive voice</a> aorist termination in <span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">-θα</span></span> (anc. <span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">-θην</span></span>): <span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">εγαπέθα, εκοιμέθα, εστάθα</span></span> etc.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a> form of passive aorist in <span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">-θετε</span></span> (anc <span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">-θητι): εγαπέθετε, εκοιμέθετε, εστάθετε.</span></span></li> <li>The sporadic use of <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitives</a> <span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">(εποθανείναι, μαθείναι, κόψ'ναι, ράψ'ναι, χαρίσ'ναι, αγαπέθειν, κοιμεθείν).</span></span></li> <li>Pontic <span title="Pontic-language text"><i lang="pnt">en</i></span> ("is") from Koine idiomatic form <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc">enesti</i></span></i> (standard Ancient Greek <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc">esti</i></span></i>), compare the Biblical form <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc">eni</i></span> ("there is"), Modern Greek <i>ine</i> (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">είναι</span></span>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lexicology">Lexicology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greek&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Lexicology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The sporadic use of <span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">ας</span></span> in the place of <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">να</span></span>: <span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">δός με ας τρόω.</span></span></li> <li>Pontic <span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">τεμέτερον</span></span> (<span title="Pontic-language text"><i lang="pnt">temeteron</i></span>; "ours") from Ancient Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τῶν ἡμετέρων (ton hemeteron)</span></span> in contrast to Modern Greek <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">των […] μας (ton […] mas.)</span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_with_Ancient_Greek">Comparison with Ancient Greek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greek&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Comparison with Ancient Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>1. Attachment of the /e/ sound to the ancient infinitive suffix <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">–εῖν, -ειν</span></span> (in Trapezountiac Pontic)</dt></dl> <dl><dd><table> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Pontic</b></td> <td><b>Ancient</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">ειπείνε</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">εἰπεῖν</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">παθείνε</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">παθεῖν</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">αποθανείνε</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀποθανεῖν</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">πιείνε</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πιεῖν</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">ειδείνε</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">εἰδεῖν</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">φυείνε</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">φυγεῖν</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">ευρείνε</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">εὑρεῖν</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">καμείνε</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">καμεῖν</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">φαείνε</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">φαγεῖν</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">μαθείνε</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μαθεῖν</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">ερθέανε</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐλθεῖν</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">μενείνε</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μένειν</span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dt>2. Preservation of the Ancient infinitive suffix <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-ῆναι</span></span></dt></dl> <dl><dd><table> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Pontic</b></td> <td><b>Ancient</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">ανεβήναι</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀναβῆναι</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">κατεβήναι</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">καταβῆναι</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">εμπήναι</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐμβῆναι</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">εβγήναι</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐκβῆναι</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">επιδεαβήναι</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀποδιαβῆναι</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">κοιμεθήναι</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κοιμηθῆναι</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">χτυπεθήναι</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κτυπηθῆναι</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">ευρεθήναι</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">εὑρεθῆναι</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">βρασήναι</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">βραχῆναι</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">ραήναι</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ῥαγῆναι</span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dt>3. Ancient <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_grammar#Aorist_tense" title="Ancient Greek grammar">first aorist</a> infinitive suffix -αι has been replaced by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_grammar#Aorist_tense" title="Ancient Greek grammar">second aorist</a> suffix -ειν</dt></dl> <dl><dd><table> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Pontic</b></td> <td><b>Ancient</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">κράξειν</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κράξαι</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">μεθύσειν</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μεθύσαι</span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dt>4. Attachment of the /e/ sound to the ancient aorist infinitive suffix <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">–ειν</span></span></dt> <dd><span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">ράψεινε, κράξεινε, μεθύσεινε, καλέσεινε, λαλήσεινε, κτυπήσεινε, καθίσεινε</span></span></dd></dl> <dl><dt>5. Same aorist suffix <span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">–κα (–κα</span></span> was also the regular perfect suffix)</dt></dl> <dl><dd><table> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Pontic</b></td> <td><b>Ancient</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">εδώκα</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἔδωκα</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">εντώκα</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐνέδωκα</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">εποίκα</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐποίηκα</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">εφήκα</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀφῆκα</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">εθήκα</span></span></td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἔθηκα</span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dt>6. Ancient Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="grc-Latn">–ein</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">(-εῖν)</span></span> infinitive > Pontic Greek <span title="Pontic-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="pnt-Latn">–eane</span></span> <span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">(-έανε)</span></span> infinitive</dt></dl> <dl><dd><table> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Pontic</b></td> <td><b>Ancient</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Pontic-language text"><span lang="pnt">ερθέανε</span></span></td> <td>ἐλθεῖν </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greek&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariupolitan_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariupolitan Greek">Mariupolitan Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Greeks" title="Caucasus Greeks">Caucasus Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek" title="Cappadocian Greek">Cappadocian Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiot_Greek" title="Italiot Greek">Italiot Greek</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greek&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFArmostisVoniatiDrososTafiadis2022" class="citation journal cs1">Armostis, Spyros; Voniati, Louiza; Drosos, Konstantinos; Tafiadis, Dionysios (2022). "Trapezountian Pontic Greek in Etoloakarnania". Illustrations of the IPA. <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. <b>52</b> (2): 328–340. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100320000201">10.1017/S0025100320000201</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Trapezountian+Pontic+Greek+in+Etoloakarnania&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=328-340&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100320000201&rft.aulast=Armostis&rft.aufirst=Spyros&rft.au=Voniati%2C+Louiza&rft.au=Drosos%2C+Konstantinos&rft.au=Tafiadis%2C+Dionysios&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greek" class="Z3988"></span>, with supplementary sound recordings.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greek&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Greek pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[roˈmeika]</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Greek pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[pondiaˈka]</a></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180412082135/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pnt/21">"Pontic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pnt/21">the original</a> on April 12, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Pontic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fpnt%2F21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210202103915/https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/against-all-odds-archaic-greek-in-a-modern-world">"Against all odds: archaic Greek in a modern world | University of Cambridge"</a>. July 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/against-all-odds-archaic-greek-in-a-modern-world">the original</a> on February 2, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Against+all+odds%3A+archaic+Greek+in+a+modern+world+%26%23124%3B+University+of+Cambridge&rft.date=2010-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cam.ac.uk%2Fresearch%2Fnews%2Fagainst-all-odds-archaic-greek-in-a-modern-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmostisVoniatiDrososTafiadis2020" class="citation journal cs1">Armostis, Spyros; Voniati, Louiza; Drosos, Konstantinos; Tafiadis, Dionysos (2020). "Trapezountian Pontic Greek in Etoloakarnania". <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. <b>52</b> (2): 328–340. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100320000201">10.1017/S0025100320000201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Trapezountian+Pontic+Greek+in+Etoloakarnania&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=328-340&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100320000201&rft.aulast=Armostis&rft.aufirst=Spyros&rft.au=Voniati%2C+Louiza&rft.au=Drosos%2C+Konstantinos&rft.au=Tafiadis%2C+Dionysos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTursun2023" class="citation book cs1">Tursun, Vahit (2023). <i>Romeika (Karadeniz Rumcası): edebiyat - gramer bilgileri ve ağızlar arasi karşılaştırma</i>. Töz araştırma-inceleme (1. Baskı ed.). 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Istanbul: Belge Yayınları. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-344-220-3" title="Special:BookSources/975-344-220-3"><bdi>975-344-220-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pontos+K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr%C3%BC&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Belge+Yay%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=975-344-220-3&rft.aulast=Asan&rft.aufirst=Omer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Özkan_2-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Özkan_2_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖzkan2013" class="citation book cs1">Özkan, H. (2013). 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Lienau, C. pp. 115–137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-934017-15-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-934017-15-3"><bdi>978-3-934017-15-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslimisch-Pontisch+und+die+Sprachgemeinschaft+des+Pontisch-Griechischen+im+heutigen+Trabzon&rft.series=Choregia+%E2%80%93+M%C3%BCnstersche+Griechenland-Studien&rft.pages=115-137&rft.pub=Lienau%2C+C&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-934017-15-3&rft.aulast=%C3%96zkan&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_cost_of_language-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_cost_of_language_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130411004931/http://www.karalahana.com/english/cost-of-language.htm">"The cost of language, Pontiaka trebizond Greek"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Romeika+-+Pontic+Greek+%28tr%29&rft.pub=Karalahana.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.karalahana.com%2Fkaradeniz%2Flinguistik%2Fromeika.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UCambridge-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UCambridge_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101023832/https://www.cam.ac.uk/news/endangered-language-opens-window-on-to-past">"News and Events: Endangered language opens window on to past"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>. 2011-01-04. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/news/endangered-language-opens-window-on-to-past">the original</a> on January 1, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=News+and+Events%3A+Endangered+language+opens+window+on+to+past&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft.date=2011-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cam.ac.uk%2Fnews%2Fendangered-language-opens-window-on-to-past&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080312215323/http://www.karalahana.com/makaleler/dilbilim/pontusca%20turkce%20sozluk.html">"Pontic Greek (Trabzon Of dialect) - Turkish Dictionary (tr)"</a>. Karalahana.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.karalahana.com/makaleler/dilbilim/pontusca%20turkce%20sozluk.html">the original</a> on 2008-03-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pontic+Greek+%28Trabzon+Of+dialect%29+-+Turkish+Dictionary+%28tr%29&rft.pub=Karalahana.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.karalahana.com%2Fmakaleler%2Fdilbilim%2Fpontusca%2520turkce%2520sozluk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721084020/http://www.elemedu.upatras.gr/eriande/synedria/synedrio3/praltika%2011/malkidis-karatzas.htm">"OPSEIS TIS EKPAIDEUSIS KAI TIS KOINONIAS TON ELLINON" <bdi lang="el">ΟΨΕΙΣ ΤΗΣ ΕΚΠΑΙΔΕΥΣΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΗΣ ΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΑΣ ΤΩΝ ΕΛΛΗΝΩΝ</bdi></a> [ASPECTS OF THE EDUCATION AND SOCIETY OF THE GREEKS] (in Greek). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elemedu.upatras.gr/eriande/synedria/synedrio3/praltika%2011/malkidis-karatzas.htm">the original</a> on 2011-07-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OPSEIS+TIS+EKPAIDEUSIS+KAI+TIS+KOINONIAS+TON+ELLINON+%CE%9F%CE%A8%CE%95%CE%99%CE%A3+%CE%A4%CE%97%CE%A3+%CE%95%CE%9A%CE%A0%CE%91%CE%99%CE%94%CE%95%CE%A5%CE%A3%CE%97%CE%A3+%CE%9A%CE%91%CE%99+%CE%A4%CE%97%CE%A3+%CE%9A%CE%9F%CE%99%CE%9D%CE%A9%CE%9D%CE%99%CE%91%CE%A3+%CE%A4%CE%A9%CE%9D+%CE%95%CE%9B%CE%9B%CE%97%CE%9D%CE%A9%CE%9D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elemedu.upatras.gr%2Feriande%2Fsynedria%2Fsynedrio3%2Fpraltika%252011%2Fmalkidis-karatzas.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APontic+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Survey carried out in 2001–2004, organized by St. Petersburg State University</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asterix.com/encyclopedia/translations/asterix-in-pontic-greek.html">Asterix in Pontic Greek</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121005053203/http://asterix.com/encyclopedia/translations/asterix-in-pontic-greek.html">Archived</a> 2012-10-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greek&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Berikashvili, Svetlana. 2017. Morphological aspects of Pontic Greek spoken in Georgia. LINCOM GmbH. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3862888528" title="Special:BookSources/978-3862888528">978-3862888528</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zhan_%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk" title="Özhan Öztürk">Özhan Öztürk</a>, Karadeniz: Ansiklopedik Sözlük. 2 Cilt. Heyamola Yayıncılık. İstanbul, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-6121-00-9" title="Special:BookSources/975-6121-00-9">975-6121-00-9</a></li> <li>Τομπαΐδης, Δ.Ε. 1988. Η Ποντιακή Διάλεκτος. Αθήνα: Αρχείον Πόντου. (Tompaidis, D.E. 1988. The Pontic Dialect. Athens: Archeion Pontou.)</li> <li>Τομπαΐδης, Δ.Ε. ϗ Συμεωνίδης, Χ.Π. 2002. Συμπλήρωμα στο Ιστορικόν Λεξικόν της Ποντικής Διαλέκτου του Α.Α. Παπαδόπουλου. Αθήνα: Αρχείον Πόντου. (Tompaidis, D.E. and Simeonidis, C.P. 2002. Additions to the Historical Lexicon of the Pontic Dialect of A.A. Papadopoulos. Athens: Archeion Pontou.)</li> <li>Παπαδόπουλος, Α.Α. 1955. Ιστορική Γραμματική της Ποντικής Διαλέκτου. Αθήνα: Επιτροπή Ποντιακών Μελετών. (Papadopoulos, A.A. 1955. Historical Grammar of the Pontic Dialect. Athens: Committee for Pontian Studies.)</li> <li>Παπαδόπουλος, Α.Α. 1958–61. Ιστορικόν Λεξικόν της Ποντικής Διαλέκτου. 2 τόμ. Αθήνα: Μυρτίδης. (Papadopoulos, A.A. 1958–61. Historical Lexicon of the Pontic Dialect. 2 volumes. Athens: Mirtidis.)</li> <li>Οικονομίδης, Δ.Η. 1958. Γραμματική της Ελληνικής Διαλέκτου του Πόντου. Αθήνα: Ακαδημία Αθηνών. (Oikonomidis, D.I. 1958. Grammar of the Greek Dialect of Pontos. Athens: Athens Academy.)</li> <li>Τοπχαράς, Κονσταντίνος. 1998 [1932]. Η Γραμματική της Ποντιακής: Ι Γραματικι τι Ρομεικυ τι Ποντεικυ τι Γλοςας. Θεσσαλονίκη: Αφοί Κυριακίδη. (Topcharas, K. 1998 [1932]. The Grammar of Pontic. Thessaloniki: Afoi Kiriakidi.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontic_Greek&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="pnt:"> Pontic edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pontic" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pontic">Pontic</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Janse" title="Mark Janse">Mark Janse</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060225174417/http://www.benjamins.com/jbp/series/JGL/3/art/0008a.pdf">Aspects of Pontic grammar</a>", a Review Article of Drettas (1997). The <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholarly paper">paper</a> summarizes the high points of the book.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211007085814/https://www0.epm.gr/epm.gr/">Committee for Pontian Studies (Επιτροπή Ποντιακών Μελετών)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080611151243/http://www.karalahana.com/english/omer_asan.htm">Trebizond Greek: A language without a tongue</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130411004931/http://www.karalahana.com/english/cost-of-language.htm">Pontic Greek: A cost of a language</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200926214341/https://pontosworld.com/index.php/dialect/overview/284-the-pontic-dialect">The Pontic Dialect</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210518224916/https://www.argonautai-komninoi.gr/index.php">Argonautai Komninoi Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110234221/https://pontosworld.com/index.php/dialect/dictionary">Pontic Greek - English Dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091009104633/http://www.karalahana.com/english/development-of-the-pontic-greek-dialect.html">Development of the Pontic Greek Dialect</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oeaw.ac.at/vlach/collections/greek-varieties/pontic-greek">Austrian Academy of Sciences: Vanishing Languages and Cultural Heritage - Pontic Greek video collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UcAYP4irSyQ">Archaic Greek in a modern world</a> video from Cambridge University, on YouTube</li> <li>Hakan Özkan (Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180311021424/http://www.ifea-istanbul.net/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=3898:hakan-%C3%B6zkan-the-language-of-the-mountains-the-rumca-dialect-of-s%C3%BCrmene-08-12-2010&Itemid=315">The language of the mountains - the Rumca dialect of Sürmene</a> (Conference, 8 December 2010)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_language" title="Template:Greek language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_language" title="Template talk:Greek language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Greek_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origin and genealogy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Greek_substrate" title="Pre-Greek substrate">Pre-Greek substrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greek" title="History of Greek">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2900</span>–1600 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span>–1100 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–300 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span>–AD 330)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 330</span>–1453)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> (since 1453)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Central <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>East <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>West <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li>Northwest <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_Doric_Greek" title="Achaean Doric Greek">Achaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Hellenistic Koine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek" title="Varieties of Modern Greek">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">Demotic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa">Katharevousa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek" title="Cappadocian Greek">Cappadocian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Misthi,_Cappadocia#Misthiotica_dialect" title="Misthi, Cappadocia">Misthiotika</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Greek" title="Cretan Greek">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Greek" title="Cypriot Greek">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himariote_dialect" title="Himariote dialect">Himariote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Greek_dialect" title="Istanbul Greek dialect">Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiot_Greek" title="Italiot Greek">Italiot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calabrian_Greek" title="Calabrian Greek">Greco/Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griko_language" title="Griko language">Griko/Apulian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maniots#Maniot_dialect" title="Maniots">Maniot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariupol_Greek" title="Mariupol Greek">Mariupolitan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romano-Greek language">Romano-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakonian_language" title="Tsakonian language">Tsakonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Australian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Australian dialect">Greco-Australian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_phonology" title="Ancient Greek phonology">Ancient</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_accent" title="Ancient Greek accent">accent</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_Ancient_Greek_in_teaching" title="Pronunciation of Ancient Greek in teaching">teaching</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_phonology" title="Koine Greek phonology">Koine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_phonology" title="Modern Greek phonology">Standard Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grammar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_grammar" title="Ancient Greek grammar">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_grammar" title="Koine Greek grammar">Koine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_grammar" title="Modern Greek grammar">Standard Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Greek" title="Cyrillization of Greek">Cyrillization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">Romanization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeklish" title="Greeklish">Greeklish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_literature" title="Modern Greek literature">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Promotion and study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Foundation_for_Culture" title="Hellenic Foundation for Culture">Hellenic Foundation for Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_Greek_Language" title="Center for the Greek Language">Center for the Greek Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Language_and_Speech_Processing" title="Institute for Language and Speech Processing">Institute for Language and Speech Processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eteocretan_language" title="Eteocretan language">Eteocretan language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eteocypriot_language" title="Eteocypriot language">Eteocypriot language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language_question" title="Greek language question">Greek language question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_exonyms" title="Greek exonyms">Exonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_morphemes_used_in_English" title="List of Greek morphemes used in English">Morphemes in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love" title="Greek words for love">Terms of endearment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_phrases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Greek phrases">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan language</a></li> <li><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%97%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1_%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%82" class="extiw" title="el:Παγκόσμια Ημέρα Ελληνικής Γλώσσας">Greek Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_language" title="Trojan language">Trojan language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Ancient_Greek_dictionaries" title="Comparison of Ancient Greek dictionaries">Comparison of Ancient Greek dictionaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Georgia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Template:Languages of Georgia (country)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Template talk:Languages of Georgia (country)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Georgia (country)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Georgia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Georgia (country)">Languages of Georgia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhazian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bats_language" title="Bats language">Bats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pontic Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Sign_Language" title="Georgian Sign Language">Georgian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Greece" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Greece" title="Template:Languages of Greece"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Greece" title="Template talk:Languages of Greece"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Greece" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Greece"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Greece" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Greece" title="Languages of Greece">Languages of Greece</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greek varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Greek" title="Cretan Greek">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek" title="Cappadocian Greek">Cappadocian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maniots#Maniot_dialect" title="Maniots">Maniot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romano-Greek language">Romano-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakonian_language" title="Tsakonian language">Tsakonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Sign_Language" title="Greek Sign Language">Greek Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvanitika" title="Arvanitika">Arvanitika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_speakers_of_Greek_Macedonia" title="Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia">Macedonian Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomak_language" title="Pomak language">Pomak Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Romani" title="Balkan Romani">Balkan Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlax_Romani_language" title="Vlax Romani language">Vlax Romani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Turkey" title="Template:Languages of Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Turkey" title="Template talk:Languages of Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkey" title="Languages of Turkey">Languages of Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognized minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine Arabic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romeika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac/Assyrian/Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaza_language" title="Zaza language">Zaza(ki)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Sign_Language" title="Turkish Sign Language">Turkish Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardin_Sign_Language" title="Mardin Sign Language">Mardin Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Taurus_Sign_Language" title="Central Taurus Sign Language">Central Taurus Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Whistle languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_bird_language" title="Turkish bird language">Turkish bird language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/48px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/64px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_dialects" title="Ukrainian dialects">dialects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_dialects" title="Crimean Tatar dialects">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language_in_Ukraine" title="Belarusian language in Ukraine">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zipser_German" title="Zipser German">Zipser</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mariupol_Greek" title="Mariupol Greek">Ruméika</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_subdialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Lwów subdialect">Lviv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Borderlands_dialect" title="Southern Borderlands dialect">Southern Kresy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian language in Ukraine">Romanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_language" title="Moldovan language">Moldovan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_Ukraine" title="Russian language in Ukraine">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unrecognized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Romani" title="Carpathian Romani">Carpathian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlax_Romani" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlax Romani">Vlax</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gammalsvenska" title="Gammalsvenska">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Sign_Language" title="Ukrainian Sign Language">Ukrainian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list 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