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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Forb</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1_(%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%8A)" title="نبات مزهر (غير خشبي) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نبات مزهر (غير خشبي)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbija" title="Forbija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Forbija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B2rbia" title="Fòrbia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fòrbia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbia" title="Forbia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Forbia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87_%DA%AF%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D9%87" title="گیاه گل‌ده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گیاه گل‌ده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phorbe" title="Phorbe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Phorbe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EC%97%BD%EC%B4%88%EB%B3%B8" title="광엽초본 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="광엽초본" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ნაირბალახეული – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნაირბალახეული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Разнотравье – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Разнотравье" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forb" title="Forb – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Forb" data-language-autonym="Simple English" 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class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Herbaceous, broad-leaved flowering plant</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Forbs" redirects here. For the former football player, see <a href="/wiki/Forbs_(footballer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Forbs (footballer)">Forbs (footballer)</a>. For the American business magazine, see <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_sunflower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/A_sunflower.jpg/200px-A_sunflower.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/A_sunflower.jpg/300px-A_sunflower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/A_sunflower.jpg/400px-A_sunflower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sunflower" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunflower">Sunflower</a> (<i>Helianthus annuus</i>), a large forb</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>forb</b> or <b>phorb</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbaceous">herbaceous</a> <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plant</a> that is not a <a href="/wiki/Graminoid" title="Graminoid">graminoid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">grass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyperaceae" title="Cyperaceae">sedge</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Juncaceae" title="Juncaceae">rush</a>). The term is used in <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a> and in vegetation <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a> especially in relation to <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grasslands</a><sup id="cite_ref-isbn1-60692-024-3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn1-60692-024-3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Understory" title="Understory">understory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, these are <a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">eudicots</a> without woody stems. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forb&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word "forb" is derived from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">phorbḗ</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">φορβή</span></span>), meaning "<a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">pasture</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">fodder</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-398-06179-3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-398-06179-3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-isbn1-84356-026-7_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn1-84356-026-7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hellenic spelling "phorb" is sometimes used, and in older usage this sometimes includes <a href="/wiki/Graminid" class="mw-redirect" title="Graminid">graminids</a> and other plants currently not regarded as forbs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Guilds">Guilds</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forb&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Guilds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Forbs are members of a <a href="/wiki/Guild_(ecology)" title="Guild (ecology)">guild</a>—a group of plant species with broadly similar growth forms.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In certain contexts in ecology, guild membership may often be more important than the <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomic</a> relationships between organisms. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asclepiascommon.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Asclepiascommon.JPG/200px-Asclepiascommon.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Asclepiascommon.JPG/300px-Asclepiascommon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Asclepiascommon.JPG/400px-Asclepiascommon.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1380" data-file-height="1190" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Milkweed" class="mw-redirect" title="Milkweed">Milkweed</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_informal_classification">In informal classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forb&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In informal classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to its use in ecology, the term "forb" may be used for subdividing popular guides to <a href="/wiki/Wildflower" title="Wildflower">wildflowers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> distinguishing them from other categories such as grasses, sedges, <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrubs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">trees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some examples of forbs are <a href="/wiki/Clover" title="Clover">clovers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunflower" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunflower">sunflowers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daylily" title="Daylily">daylilies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asclepias" title="Asclepias">milkweed</a>. </p><p><b>Forb Adaptation Zones:</b> Kale and turnip are examples of forb adaptations distributed over much of Europe, southern Oceania, northern Asia, and northern North America. In cooler climates, these crops are grown year-round, while in warmer climates, they are used as winter forage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forb&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy" title="Linnaean taxonomy">Linnaean taxonomy</a> <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> names are given.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i> <a href="/wiki/Acanthaceae" title="Acanthaceae">Acanthaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aizoaceae" title="Aizoaceae">Aizoaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amaranthaceae" title="Amaranthaceae">Amaranthaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apiaceae" title="Apiaceae">Apiaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae">Apocynaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asclepiadaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Asclepiadaceae">Asclepiadaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balsaminaceae" title="Balsaminaceae">Balsaminaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Begoniaceae" title="Begoniaceae">Begoniaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boraginaceae" title="Boraginaceae">Boraginaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brassicaceae" title="Brassicaceae">Brassicaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buxaceae" title="Buxaceae">Buxaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campanulaceae" title="Campanulaceae">Campanulaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cannabaceae" title="Cannabaceae">Cannabaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caryophyllaceae" title="Caryophyllaceae">Caryophyllaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chenopodiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chenopodiaceae">Chenopodiaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clusiaceae" title="Clusiaceae">Clusiaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Convolvulaceae" title="Convolvulaceae">Convolvulaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crassulaceae" title="Crassulaceae">Crassulaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cucurbitaceae" title="Cucurbitaceae">Cucurbitaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuscutaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuscutaceae">Cuscutaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dipsacaceae" title="Dipsacaceae">Dipsacaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ericaceae" title="Ericaceae">Ericaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euphorbiaceae" title="Euphorbiaceae">Euphorbiaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gentianaceae" title="Gentianaceae">Gentianaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geraniaceae" title="Geraniaceae">Geraniaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gunneraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunneraceae">Gunneraceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haloragaceae" title="Haloragaceae">Haloragaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrophyllaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophyllaceae">Hydrophyllaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamiaceae" title="Lamiaceae">Lamiaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lentibulariaceae" title="Lentibulariaceae">Lentibulariaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limnanthaceae" title="Limnanthaceae">Limnanthaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linaceae" title="Linaceae">Linaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lythraceae" title="Lythraceae">Lythraceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malvaceae" title="Malvaceae">Malvaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moraceae" title="Moraceae">Moraceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nyctaginaceae" title="Nyctaginaceae">Nyctaginaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onagraceae" title="Onagraceae">Onagraceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orobanchaceae" title="Orobanchaceae">Orobanchaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxalidaceae" title="Oxalidaceae">Oxalidaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papaveraceae" title="Papaveraceae">Papaveraceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phytolaccaceae" title="Phytolaccaceae">Phytolaccaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plantaginaceae" title="Plantaginaceae">Plantaginaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plumbaginaceae" title="Plumbaginaceae">Plumbaginaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polemoniaceae" title="Polemoniaceae">Polemoniaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polygonaceae" title="Polygonaceae">Polygonaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portulacaceae" title="Portulacaceae">Portulacaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primulaceae" title="Primulaceae">Primulaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ranunculaceae" title="Ranunculaceae">Ranunculaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resedaceae" title="Resedaceae">Resedaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosaceae" title="Rosaceae">Rosaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubiaceae" title="Rubiaceae">Rubiaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scrophulariaceae" title="Scrophulariaceae">Scrophulariaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">Solanaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thymelaeaceae" title="Thymelaeaceae">Thymelaeaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urticaceae" title="Urticaceae">Urticaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valerianaceae" title="Valerianaceae">Valerianaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verbenaceae" title="Verbenaceae">Verbenaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Violaceae" title="Violaceae">Violaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zygophyllaceae" title="Zygophyllaceae">Zygophyllaceae</a> </i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forb&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicotyledon" title="Dicotyledon">Dicotyledon</a> – Historical grouping of flowering plants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">Herbaceous plant</a> – Plant that has no persistent woody stem above ground</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">Overgrazing</a> – When plants are grazed for extended periods without sufficient recovery time</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapestry_lawn" title="Tapestry lawn">Tapestry lawn</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forb&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-isbn1-60692-024-3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbn1-60692-024-3_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchröder,_Hans2009" class="citation book cs1">Schröder, Hans (2009). <i>Grasslands: Ecology, Management and Restoration</i>. Commack, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60692-024-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60692-024-4"><bdi>978-1-60692-024-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grasslands%3A+Ecology%2C+Management+and+Restoration&rft.place=Commack%2C+N.Y&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60692-024-4&rft.au=Schr%C3%B6der%2C+Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220308061955/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/plantmaterials/newsroom/feature/?cid=stelprdb1044923">"Native Understory Forbs and Grasses"</a>. <i>www.nrcs.usda.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/plantmaterials/newsroom/feature/?cid=stelprdb1044923">the original</a> on 2022-03-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nrcs.usda.gov&rft.atitle=Native+Understory+Forbs+and+Grasses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrcs.usda.gov%2Fwps%2Fportal%2Fnrcs%2Fdetail%2Fplantmaterials%2Fnewsroom%2Ffeature%2F%3Fcid%3Dstelprdb1044923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-398-06179-3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-398-06179-3_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaeger,_Edmund_C.1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Jaeger" title="Edmund Jaeger">Jaeger, Edmund C.</a> (1959). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sourcebookofbiol0000jaeg"><i>A source-book of biological names and terms</i></a></span>. Springfield, Ill: Thomas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-398-06179-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-398-06179-3"><bdi>0-398-06179-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+source-book+of+biological+names+and+terms&rft.place=Springfield%2C+Ill&rft.pub=Thomas&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=0-398-06179-3&rft.au=Jaeger%2C+Edmund+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsourcebookofbiol0000jaeg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn1-84356-026-7-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbn1-84356-026-7_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott,_Robert_PickettHenry,_George2007" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Robert Pickett; Henry, George (2007). <i>Liddell and Scott's Greek-English Lexicon, Abridged: Original Edition, republished in larger and clearer typeface</i>. Simon Wallenburg Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84356-026-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84356-026-5"><bdi>978-1-84356-026-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liddell+and+Scott%27s+Greek-English+Lexicon%2C+Abridged%3A+Original+Edition%2C+republished+in+larger+and+clearer+typeface&rft.pub=Simon+Wallenburg+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84356-026-5&rft.au=Scott%2C+Robert+Pickett&rft.au=Henry%2C+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoxburgh" class="citation book cs1">Roxburgh, Stephen. <i>A Demonstration of Guild Based Assembly Rules for a Plant Community and Determination of Intrinsic Guilds</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Demonstration+of+Guild+Based+Assembly+Rules+for+a+Plant+Community+and+Determination+of+Intrinsic+Guilds&rft.aulast=Roxburgh&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://graniteseed.com/seed/wildflowers-forbs/">"Wildflower seeds and forbs"</a>. <i>graniteseed.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=graniteseed.com&rft.atitle=Wildflower+seeds+and+forbs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgraniteseed.com%2Fseed%2Fwildflowers-forbs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forages.oregonstate.edu/nfgc/eo/onlineforagecurriculum/instructormaterials/availabletopics/plantid/differences">"Describe the major differences between the plant families used as forages"</a>. <i>Forage Information System</i>. 2009-05-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forage+Information+System&rft.atitle=Describe+the+major+differences+between+the+plant+families+used+as+forages.&rft.date=2009-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforages.oregonstate.edu%2Fnfgc%2Feo%2Fonlineforagecurriculum%2Finstructormaterials%2Favailabletopics%2Fplantid%2Fdifferences&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/herbs.cfm">"Invasive Plant Atlas"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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