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<span>Selected species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monarch_butterfly_conservation_and_milkweeds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monarch_butterfly_conservation_and_milkweeds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Monarch butterfly conservation and milkweeds</span> </div> </a> <ul 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</a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="صقلاب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صقلاب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Ватачнік – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ватачнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Асклепиас – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Асклепиас" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asclepias" title="Asclepias – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Asclepias" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asclepias" title="Asclepias – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Asclepias" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asclepias" title="Asclepias – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Asclepias" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klejicha" title="Klejicha – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Klejicha" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkeplante" title="Silkeplante – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Silkeplante" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seidenpflanzen" title="Seidenpflanzen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Seidenpflanzen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asclepias" title="Asclepias – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Asclepias" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1_(%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87)" title="علف شیر (سرده) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="علف شیر (سرده)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asclepias" title="Asclepias – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Asclepias" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%80%ED%81%AC%EC%9C%84%EB%93%9C" title="밀크위드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="밀크위드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDid%C5%BAinka" title="Židźinka – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Židźinka" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigansko_perje" title="Cigansko perje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cigansko perje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asclepias" title="Asclepias – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Asclepias" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asclepias" title="Asclepias – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Asclepias" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asclepias" title="Asclepias – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Asclepias" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemalis" title="Klemalis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Klemalis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selyemk%C3%B3r%C3%B3_(n%C3%B6v%C3%A9nynemzets%C3%A9g)" title="Selyemkóró (növénynemzetség) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Selyemkóró (növénynemzetség)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="അസ്‌ക്‌ളിപ്പിയാസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അസ്‌ക്‌ളിപ്പിയാസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="صقلاب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="صقلاب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asclepias" title="Asclepias – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Asclepias" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkeurt" title="Silkeurt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Silkeurt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troje%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Trojeść – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Trojeść" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asclepias" title="Asclepias – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Asclepias" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Ваточник – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ваточник" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milkweed" title="Milkweed – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Milkweed" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkkiyrtit" title="Silkkiyrtit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Silkkiyrtit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siden%C3%B6rtssl%C3%A4ktet" title="Sidenörtssläktet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sidenörtssläktet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asclepias" title="Asclepias – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Asclepias" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Ваточник – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ваточник" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_B%C3%B4ng_tai" title="Chi Bông tai – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chi Bông tai" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asclepias" title="Asclepias – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Asclepias" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A3" title="מילכווילף – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מילכווילף" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E8%8D%89" title="乳草 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="乳草" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%88%A9%E7%AD%8B%E5%B1%9E" title="马利筋属 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Genus of flowering plants</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Milkweed" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Milkweed_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Milkweed (disambiguation)">Milkweed (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><i>Asclepias</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Danaus_plexippus_on_Asclepias_incarnata_4999.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Danaus_plexippus_on_Asclepias_incarnata_4999.jpg/220px-Danaus_plexippus_on_Asclepias_incarnata_4999.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Danaus_plexippus_on_Asclepias_incarnata_4999.jpg/330px-Danaus_plexippus_on_Asclepias_incarnata_4999.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Danaus_plexippus_on_Asclepias_incarnata_4999.jpg/440px-Danaus_plexippus_on_Asclepias_incarnata_4999.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1379" data-file-height="1034" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_incarnata" title="Asclepias incarnata">Asclepias incarnata</a></i> (swamp milkweed) flowers and a <a href="/wiki/Monarch_butterfly" title="Monarch butterfly">monarch butterfly</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Asclepias" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asterids" title="Asterids">Asterids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gentianales" title="Gentianales">Gentianales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae">Apocynaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asclepiadoideae" title="Asclepiadoideae">Asclepiadoideae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tribe: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asclepiadeae" class="mw-redirect" title="Asclepiadeae">Asclepiadeae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subtribe: </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asclepiadinae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asclepiadinae (page does not exist)">Asclepiadinae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Asclepias</i></a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a><sup id="cite_ref-GRIN_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRIN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_syriaca" title="Asclepias syriaca">Asclepias syriaca</a></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">L.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Species<sup id="cite_ref-NCBI_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCBI-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p>See <a href="/wiki/List_of_Asclepias_species" title="List of Asclepias species">List of Asclepias species</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">List</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><i>Acerates</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Elliott_(botanist)" title="Stephen Elliott (botanist)">Elliott</a></small></li> <li><i>Acerotis</i> <small>Raf.</small></li> <li><i>Acerates</i> <small>Stopp </small></li> <li><i>Anantherix</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nuttall" title="Thomas Nuttall">Nutt.</a></small></li> <li><i>Anthanotis</i> <small>Raf.</small></li> <li><i>Asclepiodella</i> <small><a href="/wiki/John_Kunkel_Small" title="John Kunkel Small">Small</a></small></li> <li><i>Asclepiodora</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">A.Gray</a></small></li> <li><i>Biventraria</i> <small>Small</small></li> <li><i>Crassa</i> <small>Ruppius</small></li> <li><i>Dassovia</i> <small>Neck.</small></li> <li><i>Odontostelma</i> <small>Rendle</small></li> <li><i>Oligoron</i> <small>Raf.</small></li> <li><i>Onistis</i> <small>Raf.</small></li> <li><i>Otanema</i> <small>Raf.</small></li> <li><i>Otaria</i> <small>Kunth</small></li> <li><i>Oxypteryx</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lee_Greene" title="Edward Lee Greene">Greene</a></small></li> <li><i>Podostemma</i> <small>Greene</small></li> <li><i>Podostigma</i> <small>Elliott</small></li> <li><i>Polyotus</i> <small>Nutt.</small></li> <li><i>Schizonotus</i> <small>A.Gray</small></li> <li><i>Solanoa</i> <small>Greene</small></li> <li><i>Solanoana</i> <small>Kuntze</small></li> <li><i>Stylandra</i> <small>Nutt.</small></li> <li><i>Trachycalymma</i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Karl_Moritz_Schumann" title="Karl Moritz Schumann">K.Schum.</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Allman_Bullock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Allman Bullock (page does not exist)">Bullock</a></small></li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Asclepias</b></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">herbaceous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perennial_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial plant">perennial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> known as <b>milkweeds</b>, named for their <a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">latex</a>, a milky substance containing <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_glycoside" title="Cardiac glycoside">cardiac glycosides</a> termed <a href="/wiki/Cardenolide" title="Cardenolide">cardenolides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exudate" title="Exudate">exuded</a> where cells are damaged.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most species are <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxic</a> to humans and many other species, primarily due to the presence of cardenolides. However, as with many such plants, some species feed upon milkweed leaves or the nectar from their flowers. A noteworthy feeder on milkweeds is the <a href="/wiki/Monarch_butterfly" title="Monarch butterfly">monarch butterfly</a>, which uses and requires certain milkweeds as host plants for their <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar" title="Caterpillar">larvae</a>. </p><p>The <i>Asclepias</i> genus contains over 200 species distributed broadly across Africa, North America, and South America.<sup id="cite_ref-powo_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-powo-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It previously belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> Asclepiadaceae, which is now classified as the <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">subfamily</a> <a href="/wiki/Asclepiadoideae" title="Asclepiadoideae">Asclepiadoideae</a> of the dogbane family, <a href="/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae">Apocynaceae</a>. </p><p>The genus was formally described by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> in 1753,<sup id="cite_ref-ipni_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipni-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who named it after <a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a>, the Greek god of healing.<sup id="cite_ref-Quattrocchi1999_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quattrocchi1999-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flowers">Flowers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asclepias&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Flowers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monarch_Butterfly_Danaus_plexippus_Milkweed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Monarch_Butterfly_Danaus_plexippus_Milkweed.jpg/220px-Monarch_Butterfly_Danaus_plexippus_Milkweed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Monarch_Butterfly_Danaus_plexippus_Milkweed.jpg/330px-Monarch_Butterfly_Danaus_plexippus_Milkweed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Monarch_Butterfly_Danaus_plexippus_Milkweed.jpg/440px-Monarch_Butterfly_Danaus_plexippus_Milkweed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Monarch_butterfly" title="Monarch butterfly">monarch butterfly</a> on <a href="/wiki/Asclepias_incarnata" title="Asclepias incarnata">swamp milkweed</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asclepias_syriaca_seed_pod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Asclepias_syriaca_seed_pod.jpg/170px-Asclepias_syriaca_seed_pod.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Asclepias_syriaca_seed_pod.jpg/255px-Asclepias_syriaca_seed_pod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Asclepias_syriaca_seed_pod.jpg/340px-Asclepias_syriaca_seed_pod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_syriaca" title="Asclepias syriaca">Asclepias syriaca</a></i> seed pods, upper image from August and lower from December</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milkweed_sprout.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Milkweed_sprout.jpg/170px-Milkweed_sprout.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Milkweed_sprout.jpg/255px-Milkweed_sprout.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Milkweed_sprout.jpg/340px-Milkweed_sprout.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Milkweed sprout, a few days after sowing</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oleandrin-skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Oleandrin-skeletal.svg/220px-Oleandrin-skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Oleandrin-skeletal.svg/330px-Oleandrin-skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Oleandrin-skeletal.svg/440px-Oleandrin-skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="298" /></a><figcaption>Chemical structure of <a href="/wiki/Oleandrin" title="Oleandrin">oleandrin</a>, one of the cardiac glycosides</figcaption></figure> <p>Members of the genus produce some of the most complex flowers in the plant kingdom, comparable to <a href="/wiki/Orchids" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchids">orchids</a> in complexity. Five <a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">petals</a> reflex backwards revealing a <a href="/wiki/Column_(botany)" title="Column (botany)">gynostegium</a> surrounded by a five-membrane <a href="/wiki/Corona_(perianth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corona (perianth)">corona</a>. The corona is composed of a five-paired hood-and-horn structure with the hood acting as a sheath for the inner horn. Glands holding <a href="/wiki/Pollinium" title="Pollinium">pollinia</a> are found between the hoods. The size, shape and color of the horns and hoods are often important identifying characteristics for species in the genus <i>Asclepias</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">Pollination</a> in this genus is accomplished in an unusual manner. Pollen is grouped into complex structures called <a href="/wiki/Pollinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollinia">pollinia</a> (or "pollen sacs"), rather than being individual grains or tetrads, as is typical for most plants. The feet or mouthparts of flower-visiting <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wasp" title="Wasp">wasps</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterflies</a>, slip into one of the five slits in each flower formed by adjacent <a href="/wiki/Anthers" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthers">anthers</a>. The bases of the pollinia then mechanically attach to the insect, so that a pair of pollen sacs can be pulled free when the pollinator flies off, assuming the insect is large enough to produce the necessary pulling force (if not, the insect may become trapped and die).<sup id="cite_ref-Robertson_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robertson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pollination is effected by the reverse procedure, in which one of the pollinia becomes trapped within the anther slit. Large-bodied <a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">hymenopterans</a> (bees, wasps) are the most common and best pollinators, accounting for over 50% of all <i>Asclepias</i> pollination,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas <a href="/wiki/Monarch_butterfly" title="Monarch butterfly">monarch butterflies</a> are poor pollinators of milkweed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pepsis_sp_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Pepsis_sp_02.jpg/220px-Pepsis_sp_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Pepsis_sp_02.jpg/330px-Pepsis_sp_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Pepsis_sp_02.jpg/440px-Pepsis_sp_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption>Male <i><a href="/wiki/Pepsis_grossa" title="Pepsis grossa">Pepsis grossa</a></i>, a typical milkweed-pollinating wasp</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bee_on_Antelope_Horn-April_2015.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Bee_on_Antelope_Horn-April_2015.JPG/220px-Bee_on_Antelope_Horn-April_2015.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Bee_on_Antelope_Horn-April_2015.JPG/330px-Bee_on_Antelope_Horn-April_2015.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Bee_on_Antelope_Horn-April_2015.JPG/440px-Bee_on_Antelope_Horn-April_2015.JPG 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="821" /></a><figcaption>Honeybee on antelope horn (<i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_asperula" title="Asclepias asperula">Asclepias asperula</a></i>) showing pollinia attached to legs</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Wind_dispersed_milkweed_seeds.webm/220px--Wind_dispersed_milkweed_seeds.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="217" data-mwtitle="Wind_dispersed_milkweed_seeds.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Wind_dispersed_milkweed_seeds.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Wind_dispersed_milkweed_seeds.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3c/Wind_dispersed_milkweed_seeds.webm/Wind_dispersed_milkweed_seeds.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3c/Wind_dispersed_milkweed_seeds.webm/Wind_dispersed_milkweed_seeds.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3c/Wind_dispersed_milkweed_seeds.webm/Wind_dispersed_milkweed_seeds.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3c/Wind_dispersed_milkweed_seeds.webm/Wind_dispersed_milkweed_seeds.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3c/Wind_dispersed_milkweed_seeds.webm/Wind_dispersed_milkweed_seeds.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3c/Wind_dispersed_milkweed_seeds.webm/Wind_dispersed_milkweed_seeds.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_syriaca" title="Asclepias syriaca">milkweed</a> seeds dispersed by the wind.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Asclepias</i> species produce their seeds in pods termed <a href="/wiki/Follicle_(fruit)" title="Follicle (fruit)">follicles</a>. The seeds, which are arranged in overlapping rows, bear a cluster of white, silky, filament-like hairs known as the <b>coma</b><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (often referred to by other names such as <a href="/wiki/Pappus_(flower_structure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pappus (flower structure)">pappus</a>, "floss", "plume", or "silk"). The follicles ripen and split open, and the seeds, each carried by its coma, are blown by the <a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal#Wind" title="Seed dispersal">wind</a>. Some, but not all, milkweeds also reproduce by clonal (or vegetative) reproduction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_species">Selected species</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asclepias&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Selected species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a complete list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Asclepias_species" title="List of Asclepias species">List of Asclepias species</a>.</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Image</th> <th>Scientific name</th> <th>Common name</th> <th>Distribution </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asclepias-albicans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Asclepias-albicans.jpg/120px-Asclepias-albicans.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Asclepias-albicans.jpg/180px-Asclepias-albicans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Asclepias-albicans.jpg/240px-Asclepias-albicans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="327" /></a></span></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_albicans" title="Asclepias albicans">Asclepias albicans</a></i></td> <td>Whitestem milkweed</td> <td>Native to the <a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonoran</a> deserts </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asclepias_amplexicaulis_Arkansas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Asclepias_amplexicaulis_Arkansas.jpg/120px-Asclepias_amplexicaulis_Arkansas.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Asclepias_amplexicaulis_Arkansas.jpg/180px-Asclepias_amplexicaulis_Arkansas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Asclepias_amplexicaulis_Arkansas.jpg/240px-Asclepias_amplexicaulis_Arkansas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_amplexicaulis" title="Asclepias amplexicaulis">Asclepias amplexicaulis</a></i></td> <td>Blunt-leaved milkweed</td> <td>Native to central and eastern <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asclepias_asperula_-_Antelope_Horns.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Asclepias_asperula_-_Antelope_Horns.jpg/120px-Asclepias_asperula_-_Antelope_Horns.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Asclepias_asperula_-_Antelope_Horns.jpg/180px-Asclepias_asperula_-_Antelope_Horns.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Asclepias_asperula_-_Antelope_Horns.jpg/240px-Asclepias_asperula_-_Antelope_Horns.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a></span></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_asperula" title="Asclepias asperula">Asclepias asperula</a></i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_asperula" title="Asclepias asperula">Antelope horns</a></td> <td>Native to <a href="/wiki/American_southwest" class="mw-redirect" title="American southwest">American southwest</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asclepias_sp._flowers_(Marshal_Hedin).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Asclepias_sp._flowers_%28Marshal_Hedin%29.jpg/120px-Asclepias_sp._flowers_%28Marshal_Hedin%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Asclepias_sp._flowers_%28Marshal_Hedin%29.jpg/180px-Asclepias_sp._flowers_%28Marshal_Hedin%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Asclepias_sp._flowers_%28Marshal_Hedin%29.jpg/240px-Asclepias_sp._flowers_%28Marshal_Hedin%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a></span></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_californica" title="Asclepias californica">Asclepias californica</a></i></td> <td>California milkweed</td> <td>Native to central and southern <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asclepias_cordifolia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Asclepias_cordifolia.JPG/120px-Asclepias_cordifolia.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Asclepias_cordifolia.JPG/180px-Asclepias_cordifolia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Asclepias_cordifolia.JPG/240px-Asclepias_cordifolia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1833" data-file-height="2715" /></a></span></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_cordifolia" title="Asclepias cordifolia">Asclepias cordifolia</a></i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_cordifolia" title="Asclepias cordifolia">Heart-leaf milkweed</a></td> <td>Native to the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Nevada (U.S.)">Sierra Nevada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascade Range</a> up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft). </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asclepiascryptoceras.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Asclepiascryptoceras.jpg/120px-Asclepiascryptoceras.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Asclepiascryptoceras.jpg/180px-Asclepiascryptoceras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Asclepiascryptoceras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="215" /></a></span></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_cryptoceras" title="Asclepias cryptoceras">Asclepias cryptoceras</a></i></td> <td>Pallid milkweed</td> <td>Native to the western United States. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asclepias_curassavica_(Mexican_Butterfly_Weed)_W_IMG_1570.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Asclepias_curassavica_%28Mexican_Butterfly_Weed%29_W_IMG_1570.jpg/120px-Asclepias_curassavica_%28Mexican_Butterfly_Weed%29_W_IMG_1570.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Asclepias_curassavica_%28Mexican_Butterfly_Weed%29_W_IMG_1570.jpg/180px-Asclepias_curassavica_%28Mexican_Butterfly_Weed%29_W_IMG_1570.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Asclepias_curassavica_%28Mexican_Butterfly_Weed%29_W_IMG_1570.jpg/240px-Asclepias_curassavica_%28Mexican_Butterfly_Weed%29_W_IMG_1570.jpg 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_curassavica" title="Asclepias curassavica">Asclepias curassavica</a></i></td> <td>Scarlet milkweed, tropical milkweed, bloodflower, bastard ipecacuanha</td> <td>Native to the American tropics, introduced to other continents </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asclepias_curtissii_(Curtiss_milkweed_)_(5771618293).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Asclepias_curtissii_%28Curtiss_milkweed_%29_%285771618293%29.jpg/120px-Asclepias_curtissii_%28Curtiss_milkweed_%29_%285771618293%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Asclepias_curtissii_%28Curtiss_milkweed_%29_%285771618293%29.jpg/180px-Asclepias_curtissii_%28Curtiss_milkweed_%29_%285771618293%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Asclepias_curtissii_%28Curtiss_milkweed_%29_%285771618293%29.jpg/240px-Asclepias_curtissii_%28Curtiss_milkweed_%29_%285771618293%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_curtissii" title="Asclepias curtissii">Asclepias curtissii</a></i></td> <td>Curtiss's milkweed</td> <td>Endemic to sandy areas of <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asclepiaseriocarpa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Asclepiaseriocarpa.jpg/120px-Asclepiaseriocarpa.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Asclepiaseriocarpa.jpg/180px-Asclepiaseriocarpa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Asclepiaseriocarpa.jpg/240px-Asclepiaseriocarpa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="525" /></a></span></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_eriocarpa" title="Asclepias eriocarpa">Asclepias eriocarpa</a></i></td> <td>Woollypod milkweed</td> <td>Native to California, <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asclepias_erosa_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Asclepias_erosa_5.jpg/120px-Asclepias_erosa_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Asclepias_erosa_5.jpg/180px-Asclepias_erosa_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Asclepias_erosa_5.jpg/240px-Asclepias_erosa_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="851" /></a></span></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_erosa" title="Asclepias erosa">Asclepias erosa</a></i></td> <td>Desert milkweed</td> <td>Native to California, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, and Baja California </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asclepias_exaltata_(2985661678).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Asclepias_exaltata_%282985661678%29.jpg/120px-Asclepias_exaltata_%282985661678%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Asclepias_exaltata_%282985661678%29.jpg/180px-Asclepias_exaltata_%282985661678%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Asclepias_exaltata_%282985661678%29.jpg/240px-Asclepias_exaltata_%282985661678%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_exaltata" title="Asclepias exaltata">Asclepias exaltata</a></i></td> <td>Poke milkweed</td> <td>Native to eastern <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asclepias_fascicularis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Asclepias_fascicularis.jpg/120px-Asclepias_fascicularis.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Asclepias_fascicularis.jpg/180px-Asclepias_fascicularis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Asclepias_fascicularis.jpg/240px-Asclepias_fascicularis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_fascicularis" title="Asclepias fascicularis">Asclepias fascicularis</a></i></td> <td>Narrow-leaf milkweed</td> <td>Native to <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asclepias_hirtella_arkansas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Asclepias_hirtella_arkansas.jpg/120px-Asclepias_hirtella_arkansas.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Asclepias_hirtella_arkansas.jpg/180px-Asclepias_hirtella_arkansas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Asclepias_hirtella_arkansas.jpg/240px-Asclepias_hirtella_arkansas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3696" data-file-height="4620" /></a></span></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_hirtella" title="Asclepias hirtella">Asclepias hirtella</a></i></td> <td>Tall green milkweed </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asclepias_humistrata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asclepias_humistrata.jpg/120px-Asclepias_humistrata.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asclepias_humistrata.jpg/180px-Asclepias_humistrata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asclepias_humistrata.jpg/240px-Asclepias_humistrata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_humistrata" title="Asclepias humistrata">Asclepias humistrata</a></i></td> <td>Sandhill milkweed</td> <td>Native to southeastern United States </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Swamp_Milkweed_Asclepias_incarnata_Flowers_Closeup_2800px.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Swamp_Milkweed_Asclepias_incarnata_Flowers_Closeup_2800px.jpg/120px-Swamp_Milkweed_Asclepias_incarnata_Flowers_Closeup_2800px.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Swamp_Milkweed_Asclepias_incarnata_Flowers_Closeup_2800px.jpg/180px-Swamp_Milkweed_Asclepias_incarnata_Flowers_Closeup_2800px.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Swamp_Milkweed_Asclepias_incarnata_Flowers_Closeup_2800px.jpg/240px-Swamp_Milkweed_Asclepias_incarnata_Flowers_Closeup_2800px.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_incarnata" title="Asclepias incarnata">Asclepias incarnata</a></i></td> <td>Swamp milkweed</td> <td>Native to wetlands of North America </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asclepias_lanceolata_plant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Asclepias_lanceolata_plant.jpg/120px-Asclepias_lanceolata_plant.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Asclepias_lanceolata_plant.jpg/180px-Asclepias_lanceolata_plant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Asclepias_lanceolata_plant.jpg/240px-Asclepias_lanceolata_plant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_lanceolata" title="Asclepias lanceolata">Asclepias lanceolata</a></i></td> <td>Lanceolate milkweed (Cedar Hill milkweed)</td> <td>Native to coastal plain of eastern United States from <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> to <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asclepias_linaria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Asclepias_linaria.jpg/120px-Asclepias_linaria.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Asclepias_linaria.jpg/180px-Asclepias_linaria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Asclepias_linaria.jpg/240px-Asclepias_linaria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1932" /></a></span></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_linaria" title="Asclepias linaria">Asclepias linaria</a></i></td> <td>Pine needle milkweed</td> <td>Native to Mojave and Sonoran deserts </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asclepiasmeadii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Asclepiasmeadii.jpg/120px-Asclepiasmeadii.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Asclepiasmeadii.jpg/180px-Asclepiasmeadii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Asclepiasmeadii.jpg/240px-Asclepiasmeadii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="769" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_meadii" title="Asclepias meadii">Asclepias meadii</a></i></td> <td>Mead's milkweed</td> <td>Native to midwestern United States </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asclepias_nyctaginifolia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Asclepias_nyctaginifolia.jpg/120px-Asclepias_nyctaginifolia.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Asclepias_nyctaginifolia.jpg/180px-Asclepias_nyctaginifolia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Asclepias_nyctaginifolia.jpg/240px-Asclepias_nyctaginifolia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_nyctaginifolia" title="Asclepias nyctaginifolia">Asclepias nyctaginifolia</a></i></td> <td>Mojave milkweed</td> <td>native to the American southwest </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Purple_Milkweed_Asclepias_purpurascens_Head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Purple_Milkweed_Asclepias_purpurascens_Head.jpg/120px-Purple_Milkweed_Asclepias_purpurascens_Head.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Purple_Milkweed_Asclepias_purpurascens_Head.jpg/180px-Purple_Milkweed_Asclepias_purpurascens_Head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Purple_Milkweed_Asclepias_purpurascens_Head.jpg/240px-Purple_Milkweed_Asclepias_purpurascens_Head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2226" data-file-height="1886" /></a></span></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_purpurascens" title="Asclepias purpurascens">Asclepias purpurascens</a></i></td> <td>Purple milkweed</td> <td>Native to eastern, southern, and midwestern United States </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Closeup_of_Asclepias_prostrata_in_flower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Closeup_of_Asclepias_prostrata_in_flower.jpg/120px-Closeup_of_Asclepias_prostrata_in_flower.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Closeup_of_Asclepias_prostrata_in_flower.jpg/180px-Closeup_of_Asclepias_prostrata_in_flower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Closeup_of_Asclepias_prostrata_in_flower.jpg/240px-Closeup_of_Asclepias_prostrata_in_flower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_prostrata" title="Asclepias prostrata">Asclepias prostrata</a></i></td> <td>Prostrate milkweed</td> <td>Native to Texas and northern Mexico </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asclepias_quadrifolia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Asclepias_quadrifolia.jpg/120px-Asclepias_quadrifolia.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Asclepias_quadrifolia.jpg/180px-Asclepias_quadrifolia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Asclepias_quadrifolia.jpg/240px-Asclepias_quadrifolia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3705" data-file-height="3705" /></a></span></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_quadrifolia" title="Asclepias quadrifolia">Asclepias quadrifolia</a></i></td> <td>Four-leaved milkweed</td> <td>Native to eastern United States and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BB-3386_Asclepias_rubra.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/BB-3386_Asclepias_rubra.png/120px-BB-3386_Asclepias_rubra.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/BB-3386_Asclepias_rubra.png/180px-BB-3386_Asclepias_rubra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/BB-3386_Asclepias_rubra.png/240px-BB-3386_Asclepias_rubra.png 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="1221" /></a></span></td> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asclepias_rubra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asclepias rubra (page does not exist)">Asclepias rubra</a></i></td> <td>Red milkweed </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asclepias_solanoana.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Asclepias_solanoana.jpeg/120px-Asclepias_solanoana.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Asclepias_solanoana.jpeg/180px-Asclepias_solanoana.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Asclepias_solanoana.jpeg/240px-Asclepias_solanoana.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_solanoana" title="Asclepias solanoana">Asclepias solanoana</a></i></td> <td>Serpentine milkweed</td> <td>Native to <a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">northern California</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:R27182818_milkweed_img_0312.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/R27182818_milkweed_img_0312.jpg/120px-R27182818_milkweed_img_0312.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/R27182818_milkweed_img_0312.jpg/180px-R27182818_milkweed_img_0312.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/R27182818_milkweed_img_0312.jpg/240px-R27182818_milkweed_img_0312.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_speciosa" title="Asclepias speciosa">Asclepias speciosa</a></i></td> <td>Showy milkweed</td> <td>Native to western United States and Canada </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asclepias_subulata_flowers_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Asclepias_subulata_flowers_2.jpg/120px-Asclepias_subulata_flowers_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Asclepias_subulata_flowers_2.jpg/180px-Asclepias_subulata_flowers_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Asclepias_subulata_flowers_2.jpg/240px-Asclepias_subulata_flowers_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1523" /></a></span></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_subulata" title="Asclepias subulata">Asclepias subulata</a></i></td> <td>Rush milkweed</td> <td>Native to southwestern North America </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asclepias_subverticillata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Asclepias_subverticillata.jpg/120px-Asclepias_subverticillata.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Asclepias_subverticillata.jpg/180px-Asclepias_subverticillata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Asclepias_subverticillata.jpg/240px-Asclepias_subverticillata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="189" /></a></span></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_subverticillata" title="Asclepias subverticillata">Asclepias subverticillata</a></i></td> <td>Horsetail milkweed<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asclepias_sullivantii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Asclepias_sullivantii.jpg/120px-Asclepias_sullivantii.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Asclepias_sullivantii.jpg/180px-Asclepias_sullivantii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Asclepias_sullivantii.jpg/240px-Asclepias_sullivantii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_sullivantii" title="Asclepias sullivantii">Asclepias sullivantii</a></i></td> <td>Sullivant's milkweed</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_milkweed-tracy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Common_milkweed-tracy.jpg/120px-Common_milkweed-tracy.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Common_milkweed-tracy.jpg/180px-Common_milkweed-tracy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Common_milkweed-tracy.jpg/240px-Common_milkweed-tracy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="644" /></a></span></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_syriaca" title="Asclepias syriaca">Asclepias syriaca</a></i></td> <td>Common milkweed</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asclepias_texana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Asclepias_texana.jpg/120px-Asclepias_texana.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Asclepias_texana.jpg/180px-Asclepias_texana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Asclepias_texana.jpg/240px-Asclepias_texana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3576" data-file-height="2912" /></a></span></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_texana" title="Asclepias texana">Asclepias texana</a></i></td> <td>Texas milkweed</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Butterfly_Weed_Asclepias_tuberosa_Umbel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Butterfly_Weed_Asclepias_tuberosa_Umbel.jpg/120px-Butterfly_Weed_Asclepias_tuberosa_Umbel.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Butterfly_Weed_Asclepias_tuberosa_Umbel.jpg/180px-Butterfly_Weed_Asclepias_tuberosa_Umbel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Butterfly_Weed_Asclepias_tuberosa_Umbel.jpg/240px-Butterfly_Weed_Asclepias_tuberosa_Umbel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2311" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_tuberosa" title="Asclepias tuberosa">Asclepias tuberosa</a></i></td> <td>Butterfly weed, pleurisy root</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asclepias_uncialis_lg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Asclepias_uncialis_lg.jpg/120px-Asclepias_uncialis_lg.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Asclepias_uncialis_lg.jpg/180px-Asclepias_uncialis_lg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Asclepias_uncialis_lg.jpg/240px-Asclepias_uncialis_lg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_uncialis" title="Asclepias uncialis">Asclepias uncialis</a></i></td> <td>Wheel milkweed</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asclepias_variegata_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Asclepias_variegata_2.jpg/120px-Asclepias_variegata_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Asclepias_variegata_2.jpg/180px-Asclepias_variegata_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Asclepias_variegata_2.jpg/240px-Asclepias_variegata_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3613" data-file-height="5422" /></a></span></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_variegata" title="Asclepias variegata">Asclepias variegata</a></i></td> <td>White milkweed</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asclepias_verticillata_Arkansas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Asclepias_verticillata_Arkansas.jpg/120px-Asclepias_verticillata_Arkansas.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Asclepias_verticillata_Arkansas.jpg/180px-Asclepias_verticillata_Arkansas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Asclepias_verticillata_Arkansas.jpg/240px-Asclepias_verticillata_Arkansas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_verticillata" title="Asclepias verticillata">Asclepias verticillata</a></i></td> <td>Whorled milkweed</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asclepias_viridiflora_Arkansas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Asclepias_viridiflora_Arkansas.jpg/120px-Asclepias_viridiflora_Arkansas.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Asclepias_viridiflora_Arkansas.jpg/180px-Asclepias_viridiflora_Arkansas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Asclepias_viridiflora_Arkansas.jpg/240px-Asclepias_viridiflora_Arkansas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_viridiflora" title="Asclepias viridiflora">Asclepias viridiflora</a></i></td> <td>Green milkweed</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asclepias_viridis_Arkansas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asclepias_viridis_Arkansas.jpg/120px-Asclepias_viridis_Arkansas.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asclepias_viridis_Arkansas.jpg/180px-Asclepias_viridis_Arkansas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asclepias_viridis_Arkansas.jpg/240px-Asclepias_viridis_Arkansas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4439" data-file-height="2959" /></a></span></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_viridis" title="Asclepias viridis">Asclepias viridis</a></i></td> <td>Green antelopehorn, spider milkweed</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asclepias_welshii_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Asclepias_welshii_1.jpg/120px-Asclepias_welshii_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Asclepias_welshii_1.jpg/180px-Asclepias_welshii_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Asclepias_welshii_1.jpg/240px-Asclepias_welshii_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_welshii" title="Asclepias welshii">Asclepias welshii</a></i></td> <td>Welsh's milkweed</td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>There are also 12 species of <i>Asclepias</i> in South America, among them: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asclepias_barjoniifolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asclepias barjoniifolia (page does not exist)">A. barjoniifolia</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asclepias_boliviensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asclepias boliviensis (page does not exist)">A. boliviensis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_curassavica" title="Asclepias curassavica">A. curassavica</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asclepias_mellodora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asclepias mellodora (page does not exist)">A. mellodora</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asclepias_candida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asclepias candida (page does not exist)">A. candida</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asclepias_flava&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asclepias flava (page does not exist)">A. flava</a></i>, and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asclepias_pilgeriana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asclepias pilgeriana (page does not exist)">A. pilgeriana</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asclepias&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Milkweeds are an important <a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">nectar</a> source for native <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wasp" title="Wasp">wasps</a>, and other nectar-seeking insects, though non-native <a href="/wiki/Western_honey_bee" title="Western honey bee">honey bees</a> commonly get trapped in the stigmatic slits and die.<sup id="cite_ref-Robertson_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robertson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milkweeds are also the larval food source for <a href="/wiki/Monarch_(butterfly)" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarch (butterfly)">monarch butterflies</a> and their relatives, as well as a variety of other herbivorous insects (including numerous <a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">beetles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moth" title="Moth">moths</a>, and <a href="/wiki/True_bug" class="mw-redirect" title="True bug">true bugs</a>) specialized to feed on the plants despite their <a href="/wiki/Plant_defense_against_herbivory" title="Plant defense against herbivory">chemical defenses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Milkweeds use three primary <a href="/wiki/Plant_defense_against_herbivory" title="Plant defense against herbivory">defenses to limit damage caused by caterpillars</a>: hairs on the leaves (<a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">trichomes</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cardenolide" title="Cardenolide">cardenolide</a> toxins, and <a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">latex</a> fluids.<sup id="cite_ref-Agrawal-et-al-2015_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agrawal-et-al-2015-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data from a <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> study indicate that, generally, more recently evolved milkweed species ("derived" in botany parlance) use these preventive strategies less but grow faster than older species, potentially regrowing faster than caterpillars can consume them.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Agrawal-Fishbein-2008_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agrawal-Fishbein-2008-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Callis-Duehl-et-al-2016_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Callis-Duehl-et-al-2016-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research indicates that the very high <a href="/wiki/Cardenolide" title="Cardenolide">cardenolide</a> content of <i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_linaria" title="Asclepias linaria">Asclepias linaria</a></i> reduces the impact of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ophryocystis_elektroscirrha" title="Ophryocystis elektroscirrha">Ophryocystis elektroscirrha</a></i> (OE) parasite on the monarch butterfly, <i><a href="/wiki/Danaus_plexippus" class="mw-redirect" title="Danaus plexippus">Danaus plexippus</a></i>. The OE parasite causes holes to form in the wings of fully developed monarch butterflies. This causes weakened endurance and an inability to migrate. The parasite only infects monarchs when they are larvae and caterpillars, but the detriment is when they are in their butterfly form.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, some species of <i>Asclepias</i> are extremely poor sources of cardenolides, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_fascicularis" title="Asclepias fascicularis">Asclepias fascicularis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_tuberosa" title="Asclepias tuberosa">Asclepias tuberosa</a></i>, and <i>Asclepias angustifolia</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monarch_butterfly_conservation_and_milkweeds">Monarch butterfly conservation and milkweeds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asclepias&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Monarch butterfly conservation and milkweeds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The leaves of <i>Asclepias</i> species are a food source for <a href="/wiki/Monarch_butterfly" title="Monarch butterfly">monarch butterfly</a> larvae and some other <a href="/wiki/Milkweed_butterfly" class="mw-redirect" title="Milkweed butterfly">milkweed butterflies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These plants are often used in <a href="/wiki/Butterfly_gardening" title="Butterfly gardening">butterfly gardening</a> and monarch waystations in an effort to help increase the dwindling monarch population.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, some milkweed species are not suitable for butterfly gardens and monarch waystations. For example, <i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_curassavica" title="Asclepias curassavica">A. curassavica</a></i>, or tropical milkweed, is often planted as an ornamental in butterfly gardens outside of its native range of <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>. Year-round plantings of this species in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> are controversial and criticised, as they may lead to new overwintering sites along the U.S. Gulf Coast and the consequent year-round breeding of monarchs.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is thought to adversely affect migration patterns, and to cause a dramatic build-up of the dangerous parasite, <i><a href="/wiki/Ophryocystis_elektroscirrha" title="Ophryocystis elektroscirrha">Ophryocystis elektroscirrha</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New research also has shown that monarch larvae reared on tropical milkweed show reduced migratory development (reproductive diapause), and when migratory adults are exposed to tropical milkweed, it stimulates reproductive tissue growth.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of this, it is most often suggested to grow milkweeds that are native to the geographical area they are planted in to prevent negative impacts on monarch butterflies.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Monarch caterpillars do not favor butterfly weed (<i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_tuberosa" title="Asclepias tuberosa">A. tuberosa</a></i>), perhaps because the leaves of that milkweed species contain very little <a href="/wiki/Cardenolide" title="Cardenolide">cardenolide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some other milkweeds may have similar characteristics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asclepias&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Milkweeds are not grown commercially in large scale, but the plants have had many uses throughout human history.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milkweeds have a long history of medicinal, every day, and military use. The <a href="/wiki/Omaha_people" title="Omaha people">Omaha</a> people from <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee">Menomin</a> from <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> and upper <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Dakota</a> from <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ponca" title="Ponca">Ponca</a> people from <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>, traditionally used common milkweed (<i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_syriaca" title="Asclepias syriaca">A. syriaca</a></i>) for medicinal purposes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bast_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Bast fiber">bast fibers</a> of some species can be used for rope. The <a href="/wiki/Miwok" title="Miwok">Miwok</a> people of northern <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> used heart-leaf milkweed (<i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_cordifolia" title="Asclepias cordifolia">A. cordifolia</a></i>) for its stems, which they dried and used for cords, strings and ropes.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fine, silky fluff attached to milkweed seeds, which allows them to be distributed long distances on the wind, is known as floss. Milkweed floss is incredibly difficult to spin due to how short and smooth the filaments are, but blending it with as little as 25% wool or other fiber can produce workable yarn.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study of the insulative properties of various materials found that milkweed floss was outperformed by other materials in terms of insulation, loft, and lumpiness, but it scored well when mixed with down feathers.<sup id="cite_ref-TRJ1991_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TRJ1991-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The milkweed filaments from the coma (the "floss") are hollow and coated with wax, and have good insulation qualities. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, more than 5,000 t (5,500 short tons) of milkweed floss was collected in the US as a substitute for <a href="/wiki/Ceiba_pentandra" title="Ceiba pentandra">kapok</a> in life jackets.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milkweed is grown commercially as a <a href="/wiki/Hypoallergenic" title="Hypoallergenic">hypoallergenic</a> filling for pillows<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as insulation for winter coats.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using milkweed floss for these purposes could provide a plant-based alternative to down and promote the growth of milkweed in areas where it has declined, though there is some concern that the environmental impacts could be negative if <a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">monoculture</a> is used.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Asclepias</i> is also known as "Silk of America"<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is a strand of common milkweed (<i>A. syriaca</i>) gathered mainly in the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">Saint Lawrence River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. Milkweed floss can be used in <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">thermal insulation</a> and acoustic insulation. The floss is also highly buoyant and water-repellent, but absorbs oil readily.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to its oil-absorbing properties, it can be used for oil spill cleanup.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milkweed-in-seed2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Milkweed-in-seed2.jpg/170px-Milkweed-in-seed2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Milkweed-in-seed2.jpg/255px-Milkweed-in-seed2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Milkweed-in-seed2.jpg/340px-Milkweed-in-seed2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Seeds of <i><a href="/wiki/Asclepias_syriaca" title="Asclepias syriaca">Asclepias syriaca</a></i> (Common Milkweed)</figcaption></figure> <p>Milkweed <a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">latex</a> contains about two percent latex, and during World War II both <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and the US attempted to use it as a source of <a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">natural rubber</a>, although no record of large-scale success has been found.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many milkweed species also contain <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_glycoside" title="Cardiac glycoside">cardiac glycoside</a> poisons that inhibit animal cells from maintaining a proper <a href="/wiki/Na%2B/K%2B-ATPase" class="mw-redirect" title="Na+/K+-ATPase">K<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentration gradient</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, many peoples of South America and Africa used arrows poisoned with these glycosides to fight and hunt more effectively. Some milkweeds are toxic enough to cause death when animals consume large quantities of the plant. Some milkweeds also cause mild <a href="/wiki/Dermatitis" title="Dermatitis">dermatitis</a> in some who come in contact with them. Nonetheless, some species can be made edible if properly processed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asclepias&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-GRIN-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GRIN_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?1031">"Taxon: <i>Asclepias</i> L."</a> <i>Germplasm Resources Information Network</i>. United States Department of Agriculture. 13 March 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Germplasm+Resources+Information+Network&rft.atitle=Taxon%3A+Asclepias+L.&rft.date=2003-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ars-grin.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnpgs%2Fhtml%2Fgenus.pl%3F1031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsclepias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCBI-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NCBI_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=21199&lvl=3&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock">"Asclepias"</a>. <i>NCBI taxonomy</i>. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCBI+taxonomy&rft.atitle=Asclepias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2FTaxonomy%2FBrowser%2Fwwwtax.cgi%3Fmode%3DTree%26id%3D21199%26lvl%3D3%26keep%3D1%26srchmode%3D1%26unlock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsclepias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30005968-2">"Asclepias L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science"</a>. <i>Plants of the World Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plants+of+the+World+Online&rft.atitle=Asclepias+L.+%7C+Plants+of+the+World+Online+%7C+Kew+Science&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpowo.science.kew.org%2Ftaxon%2Furn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A30005968-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsclepias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghRastogi1970" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, B.; Rastogi, R. P. (1970). "Cardenolides-glycosides and genins". <i><a href="/wiki/Phytochemistry_(journal)" title="Phytochemistry (journal)">Phytochemistry</a></i>. <b>9</b> (2): 315–331. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970PChem...9..315S">1970PChem...9..315S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0031-9422%2800%2985141-9">10.1016/s0031-9422(00)85141-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phytochemistry&rft.atitle=Cardenolides-glycosides+and+genins&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=315-331&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0031-9422%2800%2985141-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1970PChem...9..315S&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Rastogi%2C+R.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsclepias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgrawal2017" class="citation book cs1">Agrawal, Anurag (7 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PAhpDQAAQBAJ"><i>Monarchs and Milkweed: A Migrating Butterfly, a Poisonous Plant, and Their Remarkable Story of Coevolution</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8476-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8476-6"><bdi>978-1-4008-8476-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monarchs+and+Milkweed%3A+A+Migrating+Butterfly%2C+a+Poisonous+Plant%2C+and+Their+Remarkable+Story+of+Coevolution&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017-03-07&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-8476-6&rft.aulast=Agrawal&rft.aufirst=Anurag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPAhpDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsclepias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgrawalPetschenkaBinghamWeber2012" class="citation journal cs1">Agrawal, Anurag A.; Petschenka, Georg; Bingham, Robin A.; Weber, Marjorie G.; Rasmann, Sergio (1 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2011.04049.x">"Toxic cardenolides: chemical ecology and coevolution of specialized plant–herbivore interactions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Phytologist" title="New Phytologist">New Phytologist</a></i>. <b>194</b> (1): 28–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2011.04049.x">10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.04049.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-8137">1469-8137</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22292897">22292897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Phytologist&rft.atitle=Toxic+cardenolides%3A+chemical+ecology+and+coevolution+of+specialized+plant%E2%80%93herbivore+interactions&rft.volume=194&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=28-45&rft.date=2012-04-01&rft.issn=1469-8137&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22292897&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2011.04049.x&rft.aulast=Agrawal&rft.aufirst=Anurag+A.&rft.au=Petschenka%2C+Georg&rft.au=Bingham%2C+Robin+A.&rft.au=Weber%2C+Marjorie+G.&rft.au=Rasmann%2C+Sergio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1469-8137.2011.04049.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsclepias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-powo-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-powo_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30005968-2">"<i>Asclepias</i> L."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">Plants of the World Online</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanical_Gardens,_Kew" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plants+of+the+World+Online&rft.atitle=Asclepias+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpowo.science.kew.org%2Ftaxon%2Furn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A30005968-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsclepias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ipni-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ipni_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beta.ipni.org/n/30005968-2">"<i>Asclepias</i>"</a>. <i>ipni.org</i>. International Plant Names Index<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ipni.org&rft.atitle=Asclepias&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbeta.ipni.org%2Fn%2F30005968-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsclepias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quattrocchi1999-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Quattrocchi1999_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuattrocchi1999" class="citation book cs1">Quattrocchi, Umberto (29 November 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A68qyOyhOdkC&pg=PA211"><i>CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-2673-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-2673-7"><bdi>0-8493-2673-7</bdi></a>. <q>Latin <i>asclepias</i> and Greek <i>asklepias</i> for the common swallowwort; Asclepius, Greek god of medicine, the worship of Asclepius was centered in Epidaurus. See W.K.C. Guthrie, <i>The Greeks and Their Gods</i>, 1950; Carl Linnaeus, <i>Species Plantarum</i>. 214. 1753 and <i>Genera Plantarum</i>. Ed. 5. 102. 1754.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+World+Dictionary+of+Plant+Names%3A+Common+Names%2C+Scientific+Names%2C+Eponyms%2C+Synonyms%2C+and+Etymology&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1999-11-29&rft.isbn=0-8493-2673-7&rft.aulast=Quattrocchi&rft.aufirst=Umberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA68qyOyhOdkC%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsclepias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://orbisec.com/milkweed-flower-morphology-and-terminology/">http://orbisec.com/milkweed-flower-morphology-and-terminology/</a> Milkweed Flower Morphology</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robertson-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robertson_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robertson_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robertson, C. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2017</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Blogger_(service)" title="Blogger (service)">Blogger</a>. <q>It is the least favored by monarch caterpillars though because it has very little toxin (cardiac glycosides) in its leaves, but other butterflies and adult monarchs love it as a nectar source.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Capital+Naturalist&rft.atitle=Monarch+Way+Stations&rft.date=2017-01-03&rft.aulast=Abugattas&rft.aufirst=Alonzo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcapitalnaturalist.blogspot.com%2F2017%2F01%2Fmonarch-way-stations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsclepias" class="Z3988"></span>.<br />(3) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.co.becker.mn.us/dept/soil_water/PDFs/flowers_grasses/Butterfly%20Weed.pdf">"Butterfly Weed: Asclepias tuberosa"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Becker_County,_Minnesota" title="Becker County, Minnesota">Becker County, Minnesota</a>: Becker Soil and Water Conservation District. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200911011945/https://www.co.becker.mn.us/dept/soil_water/PDFs/flowers_grasses/Butterfly%20Weed.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2020</span>. <q>Unlike other milkweeds, this plant has a clear sap, and the level of toxic cardiac glycosides is consistently low (although other toxic compounds may be present).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Butterfly+Weed%3A+Asclepias+tuberosa&rft.place=Becker+County%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=Becker+Soil+and+Water+Conservation+District&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.co.becker.mn.us%2Fdept%2Fsoil_water%2FPDFs%2Fflowers_grasses%2FButterfly%2520Weed.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsclepias" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2019" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Glen A (2019). <i>Milkweed of the United States, including Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands</i>. 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E.; Stitt, R. S. (May 1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://handle.nal.usda.gov/10113/CAT86200466"><i>The desert milkweed (Asclepias subulata) as a possible source of rubber</i></a> (Technical report). United States Department of Agriculture. 73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+desert+milkweed+%28Asclepias+subulata%29+as+a+possible+source+of+rubber&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Agriculture&rft.date=1935-05&rft.aulast=Beckett&rft.aufirst=R.+E.&rft.au=Stitt%2C+R.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhandle.nal.usda.gov%2F10113%2FCAT86200466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsclepias" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverittLonardLittle2007" class="citation book cs1">Everitt, J. H.; Lonard, R. L.; Little, C. R. (2007). <i>Weeds in South Texas and Northern Mexico</i>. Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89672-614-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89672-614-7"><bdi>978-0-89672-614-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weeds+in+South+Texas+and+Northern+Mexico&rft.place=Lubbock&rft.pub=Texas+Tech+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-89672-614-7&rft.aulast=Everitt&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rft.au=Lonard%2C+R.+L.&rft.au=Little%2C+C.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsclepias" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asclepias&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1993/v2-428.html">Milkweed test-cultivated for the insulation value of floss</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Asclepias_syriaca.html">Milkweed in <i>Handbook of Energy Crops</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wiu.edu/AltCrops/milkweed.htm">Common milkweed production research at Western Illinois University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070302042416/http://herbarium.uvsc.edu/Virtual/search.asp?s=genus&p=1&n=1386&t=Asclepias">UVSC Herbarium — Asclepias</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_state_flowers" title="Template talk:US state flowers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_state_flowers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US state flowers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_flowers_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_flowers" title="List of U.S. state and territory flowers">State flowers of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">AL</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Camellia_japonica" title="Camellia japonica">Camellia</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hydrangea_quercifolia" title="Hydrangea quercifolia">Oak-leaf hydrangea</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">AK</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Myosotis_alpestris" title="Myosotis alpestris">Forget-me-not</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">AZ</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Saguaro" title="Saguaro">Saguaro cactus blossom</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">AR</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Malus" title="Malus">Apple blossom</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">CA</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Eschscholzia_californica" title="Eschscholzia californica">California poppy</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">CO</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Aquilegia_coerulea" title="Aquilegia coerulea">Rocky Mountain columbine</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">CT</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Kalmia_latifolia" title="Kalmia latifolia">Mountain laurel</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mirabilis_jalapa" title="Mirabilis jalapa">Mirabilis jalapa</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">CH</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">DE</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Peach" title="Peach">Peach blossom</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">FL</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">Orange blossom</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Coreopsis" title="Coreopsis">Tickseed</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">GA</a></b> <i><a href="/wiki/Azalea" title="Azalea">Azalea</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rosa_laevigata" title="Rosa laevigata">Cherokee rose</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">FE</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">HI</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_hibiscus" title="Hawaiian hibiscus">Hawaiian hibiscus</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">ID</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Philadelphus_lewisii" title="Philadelphus lewisii">Syringa, mock orange</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">IL</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Viola_(plant)" title="Viola (plant)">Violet</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Milkweed</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">IN</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Peony" title="Peony">Peony</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">IA</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Rosa_arkansana" title="Rosa arkansana">Wild prairie rose</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">KS</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Common_sunflower" title="Common sunflower">Sunflower</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">KY</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Solidago_gigantea" title="Solidago gigantea">Goldenrod</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">LA</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Magnolia" title="Magnolia">Magnolia</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Iris_giganticaerulea" title="Iris giganticaerulea">Louisiana iris</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">ME</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Pinus_strobus" title="Pinus strobus">White pine cone and tassel</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">MD</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Rudbeckia_hirta" title="Rudbeckia hirta">Black-eyed susan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">MA</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Epigaea_repens" title="Epigaea repens">Mayflower</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">MI</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Malus" title="Malus">Apple blossom</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Iris_lacustris" title="Iris lacustris">Dwarf lake iris</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">MN</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Cypripedium_reginae" title="Cypripedium reginae">Pink and white lady's slipper</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">MS</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Magnolia" title="Magnolia">Magnolia</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Coreopsis" title="Coreopsis">Tickseed</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">MO</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Crataegus" title="Crataegus">Hawthorn</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">MT</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Bitterroot" title="Bitterroot">Bitterroot</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">NE</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Solidago_gigantea" title="Solidago gigantea">Goldenrod</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">NV</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Artemisia_tridentata" title="Artemisia tridentata">Sagebrush</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">NH</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Syringa_vulgaris" title="Syringa vulgaris">Purple lilac</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cypripedium_acaule" title="Cypripedium acaule">Pink lady's slipper</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">NJ</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Viola_sororia" title="Viola sororia">Violet</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">NM</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Yucca" title="Yucca">Yucca flower</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">NY</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">Rose</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">NC</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Cornus_florida" title="Cornus florida">Flowering dogwood</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lilium_michauxii" title="Lilium michauxii">Carolina lily</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">ND</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Rosa_arkansana" title="Rosa arkansana">Wild prairie rose</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">OH</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Dianthus_caryophyllus" title="Dianthus caryophyllus">Scarlet carnation</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Trillium_grandiflorum" title="Trillium grandiflorum">Large white trillium</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">OK</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Rosa_%27Oklahoma%27" title="Rosa 'Oklahoma'">Oklahoma rose</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gaillardia_pulchella" title="Gaillardia pulchella">Indian blanket</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Phoradendron_leucarpum" title="Phoradendron leucarpum">Mistletoe</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">FE</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">OR</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Mahonia_aquifolium" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahonia aquifolium">Oregon grape</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">PA</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Kalmia_latifolia" title="Kalmia latifolia">Mountain laurel</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Securigera_varia" title="Securigera varia">Penngift crown vetch</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">BC</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">RI</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Viola_(plant)" title="Viola (plant)">Violet</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">SC</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Gelsemium_sempervirens" title="Gelsemium sempervirens">Yellow jessamine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Solidago_altissima" title="Solidago altissima">Goldenrod</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">SD</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Pulsatilla_nuttalliana" title="Pulsatilla nuttalliana">Pasque flower</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">TN</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Iris_(plant)" title="Iris (plant)">Iris</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Passiflora_incarnata" title="Passiflora incarnata">Purple passionflower</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Echinacea_tennesseensis" title="Echinacea tennesseensis">Tennessee coneflower</a></i> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">TX</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Bluebonnet_(plant)" title="Bluebonnet (plant)">Bluebonnet sp.</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">UT</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Calochortus_nuttallii" title="Calochortus nuttallii">Sego lily</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">VT</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Trifolium_pratense" title="Trifolium pratense">Red clover</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">VA</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Cornus_florida" title="Cornus florida">American dogwood</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">WA</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Rhododendron_macrophyllum" title="Rhododendron macrophyllum">Coast rhododendron</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">WV</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Rhododendron_maximum" title="Rhododendron maximum">Rhododendron</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">WI</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Viola_sororia" title="Viola sororia">Wood violet</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">WY</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Castilleja_linariifolia" title="Castilleja linariifolia">Indian paintbrush</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">AS</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Pandanus_tectorius" title="Pandanus tectorius">Paogo (Ulafala)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">GU</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Bougainvillea_spectabilis" title="Bougainvillea spectabilis">Bougainvillea spectabilis</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">MP</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Plumeria" title="Plumeria">Flores mayo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">PR</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Thespesia_grandiflora" title="Thespesia grandiflora">Maga</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">VI</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Tecoma_stans" title="Tecoma stans">Yellow elder</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.4em; line-height:1.3em;"><div><i>Italics</i>: state wildflower <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">WF</span></span>, state children's flower <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">CH</span></span>, state floral emblem <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">FE</span></span>, beautification and conservation <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">BC</span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Asclepias</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162153" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q162153">Q162153</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Asclepias" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Asclepias">Asclepias</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/188345">188345</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/103158">103158</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/33PC">33PC</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/State_Herbarium_of_South_Australia" title="State Herbarium of South Australia">eFloraSA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/cgi-bin/speciesfacts_display.cgi?form=speciesfacts&name=Asclepias">Asclepias</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/70995">70995</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1ASCG">1ASCG</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/FloraBase" title="FloraBase">FloraBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/21940">21940</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=102770">102770</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">FoAO2</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Asclepias">Asclepias</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=102770">102770</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3170229">3170229</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=1031">1031</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/47906">47906</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/30005968-2">30005968-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1038013">1038013</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=30240">30240</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0021196569">NHMSYS0021196569</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=21199">21199</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/cb6f3ca5-75b5-4432-83b7-cec813a535fc">cb6f3ca5-75b5-4432-83b7-cec813a535fc</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=583848">583848</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/ASCLE">ASCLE</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A30005968-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30005968-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/40020570">40020570</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/864">864</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/0eef07b1-86af-4c83-86b3-36d5968eb141">0eef07b1-86af-4c83-86b3-36d5968eb141</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000003243">wfo-4000003243</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=415083">415083</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox 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