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<li id="toc-Introduction,_second_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction,_second_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Introduction, second generation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction,_second_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_generation_and_after" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_generation_and_after"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Third generation and after</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_generation_and_after-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Legislation</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Off-road_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Off-road_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Off-road use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Off-road_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effectiveness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effectiveness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Effectiveness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effectiveness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Components_and_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components_and_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Components and design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Components_and_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Regulation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regulation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_awareness_and_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_awareness_and_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Public awareness and law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_awareness_and_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_vehicle_regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_vehicle_regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>International vehicle regulations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_vehicle_regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Availability_and_cost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Availability_and_cost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Availability and cost</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Availability_and_cost-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Availability and cost subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Availability_and_cost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Cost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Availability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Availability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Availability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Availability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Future</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ESC_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ESC_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>ESC products</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-ESC_products-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle ESC products subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-ESC_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Product_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Product_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Product names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Product_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-System_manufacturers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System_manufacturers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>System manufacturers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-System_manufacturers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Electronic stability control</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="نظام الثبات الإلكتروني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظام الثبات الإلكتروني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronik_stabill%C9%99%C5%9Fdirm%C9%99_proqram%C4%B1" title="Elektronik stabilləşdirmə proqramı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elektronik stabilləşdirmə proqramı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESP" title="ESP – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="ESP" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_electr%C3%B2nic_d%27estabilitat" title="Control electrònic d'estabilitat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Control electrònic d'estabilitat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronick%C3%BD_stabiliza%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_program" title="Elektronický stabilizační program – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elektronický stabilizační program" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronisk_stabilitetsprogram" title="Elektronisk stabilitetsprogram – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elektronisk stabilitetsprogram" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrdynamikregelung" title="Fahrdynamikregelung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fahrdynamikregelung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B3%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ηλεκτρονικός έλεγχος ευστάθειας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηλεκτρονικός έλεγχος ευστάθειας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_de_estabilidad" title="Control de estabilidad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Control de estabilidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronika_Stabiliga_Programo" title="Elektronika Stabiliga Programo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elektronika Stabiliga Programo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="کنترل پایداری الکترونیکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنترل پایداری الکترونیکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correcteur_%C3%A9lectronique_de_trajectoire" title="Correcteur électronique de trajectoire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Correcteur électronique de trajectoire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90_%EC%A0%9C%EC%96%B4_%EC%A3%BC%ED%96%89_%EC%95%88%EC%A0%95_%EC%9E%A5%EC%B9%98" title="전자 제어 주행 안정 장치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전자 제어 주행 안정 장치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrol_stabilitas_elektronik" title="Kontrol stabilitas elektronik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kontrol stabilitas elektronik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controllo_elettronico_della_stabilit%C3%A0" title="Controllo elettronico della stabilità – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Controllo elettronico della stabilità" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA" title="בקרת יציבות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בקרת יציבות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESC_menetstabiliz%C3%A1l%C3%B3" title="ESC menetstabilizáló – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="ESC menetstabilizáló" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawalan_kestabilan_elektronik" title="Kawalan kestabilan elektronik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kawalan kestabilan elektronik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Электрон тогтворжуулалтын програм – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Электрон тогтворжуулалтын програм" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_stability_program" title="Electronic stability program – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Electronic stability program" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%AA%E6%BB%91%E3%82%8A%E9%98%B2%E6%AD%A2%E8%A3%85%E7%BD%AE" title="横滑り防止装置 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="横滑り防止装置" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronisk_stabilitetskontroll" title="Elektronisk stabilitetskontroll – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elektronisk stabilitetskontroll" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESC_(motoryzacja)" title="ESC (motoryzacja) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="ESC (motoryzacja)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_eletr%C3%B4nico_de_estabilidade" title="Programa eletrônico de estabilidade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Programa eletrônico de estabilidade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistemul_de_control_electronic_al_stabilit%C4%83%C8%9Bii" title="Sistemul de control electronic al stabilității – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sistemul de control electronic al stabilității" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Электронная система контроля устойчивости автомобиля – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электронная система контроля устойчивости автомобиля" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronick%C3%BD_stabiliza%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_syst%C3%A9m" title="Elektronický stabilizačný systém – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Elektronický stabilizačný systém" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" 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1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: In light of advancements in the technology, more information should be added.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kontrollleuchte_ESP_2_black.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Kontrollleuchte_ESP_2_black.svg/220px-Kontrollleuchte_ESP_2_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Kontrollleuchte_ESP_2_black.svg/330px-Kontrollleuchte_ESP_2_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Kontrollleuchte_ESP_2_black.svg/440px-Kontrollleuchte_ESP_2_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="80" /></a><figcaption>ESC control light</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Electronic stability control</b> (<b>ESC</b>), also referred to as <b>electronic stability program</b> (<b>ESP</b>) or <b>dynamic stability control</b> (<b>DSC</b>), is a computerized technology<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that improves a <a href="/wiki/Car_handling" class="mw-redirect" title="Car handling">vehicle's stability</a> by detecting and reducing loss of <a href="/wiki/Traction_(engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traction (engineering)">traction</a> (<a href="/wiki/Skid_(automobile)" title="Skid (automobile)">skidding</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When ESC detects loss of steering control, it automatically applies the brakes to help steer the vehicle where the driver intends to go. Braking is automatically applied to wheels individually, such as the outer front wheel to counter <a href="/wiki/Oversteer" class="mw-redirect" title="Oversteer">oversteer</a>, or the inner rear wheel to counter <a href="/wiki/Understeer" class="mw-redirect" title="Understeer">understeer</a>. Some ESC systems also reduce engine power until control is regained. ESC does not improve a vehicle's cornering performance; instead, it helps reduce the chance of the driver losing control of the vehicle. </p><p>According to the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration" title="National Highway Traffic Safety Administration">National Highway Traffic Safety Administration</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Insurance_Institute_for_Highway_Safety" title="Insurance Institute for Highway Safety">Insurance Institute for Highway Safety</a> in 2004 and 2006 respectively, one-third of fatal accidents could be prevented by the use of the technology.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Europe the electronic stability program has saved an estimated 15,000 lives. ESC has been mandatory in new cars in Canada, the US, and the European Union since 2011, 2012, and 2014, respectively. Worldwide, 82 percent of all new passenger cars feature the anti-skid system.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_stability_control&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1983, a four-wheel electronic "<a href="/wiki/Anti-lock_braking_system" title="Anti-lock braking system">Anti-Skid Control</a>" system was introduced on the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Crown" title="Toyota Crown">Toyota Crown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-toyota-global.com_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toyota-global.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1987, <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a> and Toyota<sup id="cite_ref-toyota-global.com_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toyota-global.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> introduced their first <a href="/wiki/Traction_control_system" title="Traction control system">traction control systems</a>. Traction control works by applying individual wheel braking and throttle to maintain traction under acceleration, but unlike ESC, it is not designed to aid in steering. </p><p>In 1990, Mitsubishi released the <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Diamante" title="Mitsubishi Diamante">Diamante</a> in Japan. Developed to help the driver maintain the intended line through a corner; an onboard computer monitored several vehicle operating parameters through various sensors. When too much <a href="/wiki/Throttle" title="Throttle">throttle</a> had been used when taking a curve, engine output and braking were automatically regulated to ensure the proper line through a curve and to provide the proper amount of traction under various road surface conditions. While conventional traction control systems at the time featured only a slip control function, Mitsubishi's TCL system had an active safety function, which improved course tracing performance by automatically adjusting the traction force (called "trace control"), thereby restraining the development of excessive lateral acceleration while turning. Although not a ‘proper’ modern stability control system, trace control monitors steering angle, throttle position and individual wheel speeds, although there is no <a href="/wiki/Yaw_angle" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaw angle">yaw</a> input. The TCL system's standard wheel slip control function enabled better traction on slippery surfaces or during cornering. In addition to the system's individual effect, it also worked together with the Diamante's electronically controlled suspension and <a href="/wiki/Four_wheel_steering" class="mw-redirect" title="Four wheel steering">four-wheel steering</a> to improve total handling and performance.<sup id="cite_ref-80's_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80's-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tcl_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tcl-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sigma_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sigma-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-astc_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astc-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tclpaper_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tclpaper-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-diamantereview_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diamantereview-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stability_control_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stability_control-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>BMW, working with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Bosch GmbH">Bosch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Continental_Automotive_Systems" title="Continental Automotive Systems">Continental</a>, developed a system to reduce engine <a href="/wiki/Torque" title="Torque">torque</a> to prevent loss of control and applied it to most of the BMW model line for 1992, excluding the <a href="/wiki/BMW_3_Series_(E30)" title="BMW 3 Series (E30)">E30</a> and <a href="/wiki/BMW_3_Series_(E36)" title="BMW 3 Series (E36)">E36</a>. This system could be ordered with the winter package, which came with a <a href="/wiki/Limited-slip_differential" title="Limited-slip differential">limited-slip differential</a>, heated seats, and heated mirrors. From 1987 to 1992, Mercedes-Benz and Bosch co-developed a system called <i>Elektronisches Stabilitätsprogramm</i> ("Electronic Stability Program", trademarked as ESP) to control lateral slippage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introduction,_second_generation"><span id="Introduction.2C_second_generation"></span>Introduction, second generation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_stability_control&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Introduction, second generation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1995, three automobile manufacturers introduced ESC systems. Mercedes-Benz, supplied by Bosch, was the first to implement ESP with their <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_C140" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes-Benz C140">Mercedes-Benz S 600 Coupé</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a>'s Vehicle Stability Control (VSC) system appeared on the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Crown_Majesta#Second-generation_series_S150" title="Toyota Crown Majesta">Toyota Crown Majesta</a> in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> worked with <a href="/wiki/Delphi_Automotive" class="mw-redirect" title="Delphi Automotive">Delphi Automotive</a> and introduced its version of ESC, called "StabiliTrak", in 1996 for the 1997 model year on select <a href="/wiki/Cadillac" title="Cadillac">Cadillac</a> models.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> StabiliTrak was made standard equipment on all GM SUVs and vans sold in the U.S. and Canada by 2007, except for certain commercial and fleet vehicles. While the StabiliTrak name is used on most General Motors vehicles for the U.S. market, "Electronic Stability Control" is used for GM's overseas brands, such as Opel, Holden and <a href="/wiki/Saab_Automobile" title="Saab Automobile">Saab</a>, except in the cases of Saab's <a href="/wiki/Saab_9-7X" title="Saab 9-7X">9-7X</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saab_9-4X" title="Saab 9-4X">9-4X</a> (which also use the StabiliTrak name). </p><p>The same year, Cadillac introduced an <a href="/wiki/System_integration" title="System integration">integrated</a> vehicle <a href="/wiki/Car_handling" class="mw-redirect" title="Car handling">handling</a> and software control system called the Integrated Chassis Control System (ICCS), on the <a href="/wiki/Cadillac_Eldorado" title="Cadillac Eldorado">Cadillac Eldorado</a>. It involves an omnibus computer integration of engine, traction control, Stabilitrak electronic stability control, <a href="/wiki/Steering" title="Steering">steering</a>, and adaptive <a href="/wiki/Continuously_variable_road_sensing_suspension" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuously variable road sensing suspension">continuously variable road sensing suspension</a> (CVRSS), with the intent of improving responsiveness to driver input, performance, and overall safety, similar to Toyota/<a href="/wiki/Lexus" title="Lexus">Lexus</a> Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management. </p><p>In 1997, <a href="/wiki/Audi" title="Audi">Audi</a> introduced the first series production ESP for <a href="/wiki/All-wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="All-wheel drive">all-wheel drive</a> vehicles (<a href="/wiki/Audi_A8" title="Audi A8">Audi A8</a> and <a href="/wiki/Audi_A6" title="Audi A6">Audi A6</a> with quattro (four-wheel drive system))<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. In 1998, <a href="/wiki/Volvo_Cars" title="Volvo Cars">Volvo Cars</a> began to offer their version of ESC called Dynamic Stability and Traction Control (DSTC) on the new <a href="/wiki/Volvo_S80" title="Volvo S80">Volvo S80</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, others investigated and developed their own systems. </p><p>During a <a href="/wiki/Moose_test" title="Moose test">moose test</a>, Swedish journalist Robert Collin of <i><a href="/wiki/Teknikens_V%C3%A4rld" title="Teknikens Värld">Teknikens Värld</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_rollover" title="Vehicle rollover">rolled</a> a Mercedes <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_A-Class#W168" title="Mercedes-Benz A-Class">A-Class</a> (without ESC) at 78 km/h in October 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because Mercedes Benz promoted a reputation for safety, they recalled and retrofitted 130,000 A-Class cars with firmer suspension and sportier tyres; all newly produced A- class featured ESC as standard along with the upgraded suspension and wheels. This produced a significant reduction in crashes, and the number of vehicles with ESC rose. The availability of ESC in small cars like the A-Class ignited a market trend; thus, ESC became available for all models (whether standard or as an option). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a>'s version of ESC, called AdvanceTrac, was launched in the year 2000. Ford later added <a href="/wiki/Roll_Stability_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="Roll Stability Control">Roll Stability Control</a> to AdvanceTrac<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fordrsc_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fordrsc-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was first introduced in the <a href="/wiki/Volvo_XC90" title="Volvo XC90">Volvo XC90</a> in 2003. It has been implemented in many Ford vehicles since. </p><p>Ford and Toyota announced that all their North American vehicles would be equipped with ESC standard by the end of 2009 (it was standard on Toyota <a href="/wiki/Sport_utility_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport utility vehicle">SUVs</a> as of 2004, and after the 2011 model year, all Lexus, Toyota, and <a href="/wiki/Scion_(automobile)" title="Scion (automobile)">Scion</a> vehicles had ESC; the last one to get it was the 2011 model-year <a href="/wiki/Scion_tC" title="Scion tC">Scion tC</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as of November 2010, Ford still sold models in North America without ESC.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Motors had made a similar announcement for the end of 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_generation_and_after">Third generation and after</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_stability_control&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Third generation and after"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In 2003 in Sweden the purchase rate on new cars with ESC was 15%. The Swedish road safety administration issued a strong ESC recommendation and in September 2004, 16 months later, the purchase rate was 58%. A stronger ESC recommendation was then given and in December 2004, the purchase rate on new cars had reached 69%<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by 2008 it had grown to 96%. ESC advocates around the world are promoting increased ESC use through legislation and public awareness campaigns and by 2012, most new vehicles should be equipped with ESC. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"></p><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislation">Legislation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_stability_control&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2009, the European Union decided to make ESC mandatory. Since November 1, 2011, EU <a href="/wiki/Type_Approval" class="mw-redirect" title="Type Approval">type approval</a> is only granted to models equipped with ESC. Since November 1, 2014, ESC has been required on all newly registered cars in the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration" title="National Highway Traffic Safety Administration">NHTSA</a> required all new passenger vehicles sold in the US to be equipped with ESC as of the 2012 model year, and estimated it will prevent 5,300–9,600 annual fatalities.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"></p><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concept_and_operation">Concept and operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_stability_control&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Concept and operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Directional_stability" title="Directional stability">Directional stability</a></div> <p>During normal driving, ESC continuously monitors steering and vehicle direction. It compares the driver's intended direction (determined by the measured steering wheel angle) to the vehicle's actual direction (determined through measured lateral acceleration, vehicle rotation, and individual road wheel speeds). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Normal_operation">Normal operation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_stability_control&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Normal operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ESC intervenes only when it detects a probable loss of steering control, such as when the vehicle is not going where the driver is steering.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may happen, for example, when skidding during emergency evasive swerves, understeer or oversteer during poorly judged turns on slippery roads, or <a href="/wiki/Hydroplaning_(tires)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroplaning (tires)">hydroplaning</a>. During high-performance driving, ESC can intervene when unwanted, because steering input may not always be indicative of the intended direction of travel (such as during controlled <a href="/wiki/Drifting_(motorsport)" title="Drifting (motorsport)">drifting</a>). ESC estimates the direction of the skid, and then applies the brakes to individual wheels asymmetrically in order to create torque about the vehicle's vertical axis, opposing the skid and bringing the vehicle back in line with the driver's commanded direction. Additionally, the system may reduce engine power or operate the transmission to slow the vehicle down. </p><p>ESC can function on any surface, from dry pavement to frozen lakes.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It reacts to and corrects skidding much faster and more effectively than the typical human driver, often before the driver is even aware of any imminent loss of control.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has led to some concern that ESC could allow drivers to become overconfident in their vehicle's handling and/or their own driving skills. For this reason, ESC systems typically alert the driver when they intervene, so that the driver is aware that the vehicle's handling limits have been reached. Most activate a dashboard indicator light<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and/or alert tone; some intentionally allow the vehicle's corrected course to deviate very slightly from the driver-commanded direction, even if it is possible to more precisely match it.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All ESC manufacturers emphasize that the system is not a performance enhancement nor a replacement for safe driving practices, but rather a safety technology to assist the driver in recovering from dangerous situations. ESC does not increase traction, so it does not enable faster cornering (although it can facilitate better-controlled cornering). More generally, ESC works within the limits of the vehicle's handling and available traction between the tyres and road. A reckless maneuver can still exceed these limits, resulting in loss of control. For example, during hydroplaning, the wheels that ESC would use to correct a skid may lose contact with the road surface, reducing its effectiveness. </p><p>Due to the fact that stability control can be incompatible with high-performance driving, many vehicles have an override control which allows the system to be partially or fully deactivated. In simple systems, a single button may disable all features, while more complicated setups may have a multi-position switch or may never be fully disengaged. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Off-road_use">Off-road use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_stability_control&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Off-road use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ESC systems—due to their ability to enhance vehicle stability and braking—often work to improve traction in off-road situations, in addition to their on-road duties. The effectiveness of traction control systems can vary significantly, due to the significant number of external and internal factors involved at any given time, as well as the programming and testing performed by the manufacturer. </p><p>At a rudimentary level, off-road traction varies from typical operational characteristics of on-road traction, depending on the terrain encountered. In an open differential setup, power transfer takes the path of least resistance. In slippery conditions, this means when one wheel loses traction, power will counter-productively be fed to that axle instead of the one with higher grip. ESCs focus on braking wheels that are spinning at a rate drastically different from the opposing axle. While on-road application often supplements rapidly intermittent wheel braking with a reduction of power in loss-of-traction situations, off-road use will typically require consistent (or even increased) power delivery to retain vehicle momentum while the vehicle's braking system applies intermittent braking force over a longer duration to the slipping wheel until excessive wheel-spin is no longer detected. </p><p>In intermediate level ESC systems, ABS will be disabled, or the computer will actively lock the wheels when brakes are applied. In these systems, or in vehicles without ABS, the performance in emergency braking in slippery conditions is greatly improved as grip state can change extremely rapidly and unpredictably off-road when coupled with inertia. When the brakes are applied and wheels are locked, the tyres do not have to contend with the wheel rolling (providing no braking force) and braking repeatedly. Grip provided by the tyres is constant and as such can make full use of traction wherever it is available. This effect is enhanced where more aggressive tread patterns are present as the large tread lugs dig into the imperfections on the surface or below the substrate, as well as dragging dirt in front of the tyre to increase the rolling resistance even further. </p><p>Many newer vehicles designed for off-road duties from the factory, are equipped with Hill Descent Control systems to minimise the risk of such runaway events occurring with novice drivers and provide a more consistent and safe descent than either no ABS, or on-road orientated ABS. These systems aim to keep a fixed speed (or user selected speed) while descending, applying strategic braking or acceleration at the correct moments to ensure wheels all rotate at the same rate while applying full locking braking when required. </p><p>In some vehicles, ESC systems automatically detect whether to operate in off- or on-road mode, depending on the engagement of the 4WD system. Mitsubishi's unique Super-Select 4WD system (found in Pajero, Triton and Pajero Sport models), operates in on-road mode in 2WD as well as 4WD High-range with the centre differential unlocked. However, it automatically activates off-road traction control and disables ABS braking when shifted into 4WD High-range with centre differential locked, or 4WD Low-range with centre differential locked. Most modern vehicles with fully electronically controlled 4WD systems such as various Land Rovers and Range Rovers, also automatically switch to an off-road-orientated mode of stability and traction control once low range, or certain terrain modes are manually selected. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effectiveness">Effectiveness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_stability_control&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Effectiveness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerous studies around the world have confirmed that ESC is highly effective in helping the driver maintain control of the car, thereby saving lives and reducing the probability of occurrence and severity of crashes.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the fall of 2004, the American <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_and_Traffic_Safety_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Highway and Traffic Safety Administration">National Highway and Traffic Safety Administration</a> (NHTSA) confirmed international studies, releasing results of a field study of ESC effectiveness in the USA. The NHTSA concluded that ESC reduces crashes by 35%. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Sport_utility_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport utility vehicle">SUVs</a> with stability control are involved in 67% fewer accidents than SUVs without the system. The United States <a href="/wiki/Insurance_Institute_for_Highway_Safety" title="Insurance Institute for Highway Safety">Insurance Institute for Highway Safety</a> (IIHS) issued its own study in June 2006 showing that up to 10,000 fatal US crashes could be avoided annually if all vehicles were equipped with ESC.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IIHS study concluded that ESC reduces the likelihood of all fatal crashes by 43%, fatal single-vehicle crashes by 56%, and fatal single-vehicle rollovers by 77–80%. </p><p>ESC is described as the most important advance in auto safety by many experts,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Nicole_Nason" title="Nicole Nason">Nicole Nason</a>, administrator of the NHTSA,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cbc_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbc-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jim Guest and David Champion of Consumers Union of the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_l%27Automobile" title="Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile">Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile</a> (FIA),<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> E-Safety Aware,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Csaba Csere, former editor of Car and Driver,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Jim Gill, long time ESC proponent of Continental Automotive Systems.<sup id="cite_ref-cbc_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbc-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The European New Car Assessment Program (<a href="/wiki/Euro_NCAP" title="Euro NCAP">Euro NCAP</a>) "strongly recommends" that people buy cars fitted with stability control. The IIHS requires that a vehicle must have ESC as an available option in order for it to qualify for their <i>Top Safety Pick</i> award for occupant protection and accident avoidance.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components_and_design">Components and design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_stability_control&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Components and design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ESC incorporates yaw rate control into the anti-lock braking system (ABS). Anti-lock brakes enable ESC to slow down individual wheels. Many ESC systems also incorporate a traction control system (TCS or ASR), which senses drive-wheel slip under acceleration and individually brakes the slipping wheel or wheels and/or reduces excess engine power until control is regained. However, ESC serves a different purpose from that of ABS or traction control.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ESC system uses several <a href="/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor">sensors</a> to determine where the driver intends to travel. Other sensors indicate the actual state of the vehicle. The control algorithm compares driver input to vehicle response and decides, when necessary, to apply brakes and/or reduce throttle by the amounts calculated through the <a href="/wiki/State_space_(controls)" class="mw-redirect" title="State space (controls)">state space</a> (set of equations used to model the dynamics of the vehicle).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ESC controller can also receive data from and issue commands to other controllers on the vehicle such as an <a href="/wiki/All-wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="All-wheel drive">all-wheel drive</a> system or an <a href="/wiki/Active_suspension" title="Active suspension">active suspension</a> system to improve vehicle stability and controllability. </p><p>The sensors in an ESC system have to send data at all times in order to detect a loss of traction as soon as possible. They have to be resistant to possible forms of interference, such as <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pothole" title="Pothole">potholes</a>. The most important sensors are as follows: </p> <ul><li>A steering wheel angle sensor that determines where the driver wants to steer. This kind of sensor often uses <a href="/wiki/Magnetoresistance" title="Magnetoresistance">AMR elements</a>.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Yaw_rate_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaw rate sensor">yaw rate sensor</a> that measures the rotation rate of the car. The data from the yaw sensor is compared with the data from the steering wheel angle sensor to determine regulating action.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A lateral acceleration sensor that measures the vehicle's lateral acceleration. This is often called an <a href="/wiki/Accelerometer" title="Accelerometer">accelerometer</a>.</li> <li>Wheel speed sensors that measure wheel speed.</li></ul> <p>Other sensors can include: </p> <ul><li>A longitudinal acceleration sensor that is similar to the lateral acceleration sensor in design, but provides additional information about road pitch, as well as being another sensor for vehicle acceleration and speed.</li> <li>A roll rate sensor that is similar to the yaw rate sensor in design, but improves the fidelity of the controller's vehicle model and provides more accurate data in combination with the other sensors.</li></ul> <p>ESC uses a hydraulic modulator to assure that each wheel receives the correct brake force. A similar modulator is used in ABS. Whereas ABS reduces hydraulic pressure during braking, ESC may increase pressure in certain situations, and an active vacuum brake booster unit may be utilised in addition to the hydraulic pump to meet these demanding pressure gradients. </p><p>At the centre of the ESC system is the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_control_unit" title="Electronic control unit">electronic control unit</a> (ECU), which contains various control techniques. Often, the same ECU is used for different systems at the same time (such as ABS, traction control, or climate control). The input signals are sent through an input circuit to the digital controller. The desired vehicle state is determined based upon the steering wheel angle, its gradient, and the wheel speed. Simultaneously, the yaw sensor measures the vehicle's actual yaw rate. The controller computes the needed brake or acceleration force for each wheel and directs the valves of the hydraulic modulator. The ECU is connected with other systems via a <a href="/wiki/Controller_Area_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Controller Area Network">Controller Area Network</a> interface in order to avoid conflicting with them. </p><p>Many ESC systems have an override switch so the driver can disable ESC, which may be used on loose surfaces such as mud or sand, or if using a small <a href="/wiki/Spare_tire" title="Spare tire">spare tire</a>, which could interfere with the sensors. Some systems also offer an additional mode with raised thresholds, so that a driver can utilize the limits of their vehicle's grip with less electronic intervention. However, the ESC reactivates when the ignition is restarted. Some ESC systems that lack an off switch, such as on many recent Toyota and Lexus vehicles, can be temporarily disabled through an undocumented series of brake pedal and handbrake operations.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, unplugging a wheel speed sensor is another method of disabling most ESC systems. The ESC implementation on newer Ford vehicles cannot be completely disabled, even through the use of the "off switch". The ESC will automatically reactivate at highway speeds, and below such speeds if it detects a skid with the brake pedal depressed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_stability_control&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_awareness_and_law">Public awareness and law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_stability_control&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Public awareness and law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While Sweden used public awareness campaigns to promote ESC use,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others implemented or proposed legislation. </p><p>The Canadian province of Quebec was the first jurisdiction to implement an ESC law, making it compulsory for carriers of dangerous goods (without data recorders) in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States followed, with the <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration" title="National Highway Traffic Safety Administration">National Highway Traffic Safety Administration</a> implementing FMVSS 126, which requires ESC for all passenger vehicles under 10,000 pounds (4536 kg). The regulation phased in starting with 55% of 2009 models (effective 1 September 2008), 75% of 2010 models, 95% of 2011 models, and all 2012 and later models.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The standard endorses the use of the Sine with Dwell test.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015 NHTSA finalized updated regulations requiring ESC for truck tractors and certain buses.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canada required all new passenger vehicles to have ESC from 1 September 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Australian government announced on 23 June 2009 that ESC would be compulsory from 1 November 2011 for all new passenger vehicles sold in Australia, and for all new vehicles from November 2013, however the State Government of Victoria preceded this unilaterally on Jan 1 2011, much as they had done seatbelts 40 years before.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The New Zealand government followed suit in February 2014 making it compulsory on all new vehicles from 1 July 2015 with a staggered roll-out to all used-import passenger vehicles by 1 January 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The European Parliament has also called for the accelerated introduction of ESC.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The European Commission has confirmed a proposal for the mandatory introduction of ESC on all new cars and commercial vehicle models sold in the EU from 2012, with all new cars being equipped by 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Argentina requires all new normal cars to have ESC since 1 January 2022,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for all new normal vehicles from January 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-escall_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-escall-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chile requires all new cars to have ESC from August 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-escall_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-escall-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brazil has required all new cars to have ESC from 1 January 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_vehicle_regulations">International vehicle regulations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_stability_control&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: International vehicle regulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Europe" title="United Nations Economic Commission for Europe">United Nations Economic Commission for Europe</a> has passed a Global Technical Regulation to harmonize ESC standards.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Global Technical Regulation No. 8 ELECTRONIC STABILITY CONTROL SYSTEMS was sponsored by the United States of America,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is based on Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard FMVSS 126. </p><p>In Unece countries, approval is based on UN Regulation 140: Electronic Stability Control (ESC) Systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Availability_and_cost">Availability and cost</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_stability_control&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Availability and cost"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cost">Cost</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_stability_control&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cost"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ESC is built on top of an anti-lock brake system, and all ESC-equipped vehicles are fitted with traction control. ESC components include a yaw rate sensor, a lateral acceleration sensor, a steering wheel sensor, and an upgraded integrated control unit. In the US, federal regulations have required that ESC be installed as a standard feature on all passenger cars and light trucks as of the 2012 model year.<sup id="cite_ref-Sullivan_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sullivan-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to NHTSA research, <a href="/wiki/Anti-lock_braking_system" title="Anti-lock braking system">ABS</a> in 2005 cost an estimated <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>368; ESC cost a further US$111. The retail price of ESC varies; as a stand-alone option it retails for as little as US$250.<sup id="cite_ref-usatoday.com_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usatoday.com-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ESC was once rarely offered as a sole option, and was generally not available for aftermarket installation. Instead, it was frequently bundled with other features or more expensive trims, so the cost of a package that included ESC was several thousand dollars. Nonetheless, ESC is considered highly cost-effective<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may pay for itself in reduced insurance premiums.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Availability">Availability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_stability_control&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Availability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Availability of ESC in passenger vehicles has varied between manufacturers and countries. In 2007, ESC was available in roughly 50% of new North American models compared to about 75% in Sweden. However, consumer awareness affects buying patterns, so that roughly 45% of vehicles sold in North America and the UK were purchased with ESC,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contrasting with 78–96% in other European countries such as Germany, Denmark, and Sweden. While few vehicles had ESC prior to 2004, increased awareness has increased the number of vehicles with ESC on the used car market. </p><p>ESC is available on cars, SUVs and pickup trucks from all major automakers. Luxury cars, sports cars, SUVs, and crossovers are usually equipped with ESC. Midsize cars have also been gradually catching on, though the 2008 model years of the <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Altima" title="Nissan Altima">Nissan Altima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ford_Fusion_(Americas)" title="Ford Fusion (Americas)">Ford Fusion</a> only offered ESC on their V6 engine-equipped cars; however, some midsize cars, such as the <a href="/wiki/Honda_Accord_(North_America_eighth_generation)" title="Honda Accord (North America eighth generation)">Honda Accord</a>, had it as standard by then. While traction control is usually included with ESC, there were vehicles such as the 2008 <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Malibu" title="Chevrolet Malibu">Chevrolet Malibu</a> LS, 2008 <a href="/wiki/Mazda6" title="Mazda6">Mazda6</a>, and 2007 <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_MKZ" title="Lincoln MKZ">Lincoln MKZ</a> that had traction control but not ESC. ESC was rare among subcompact cars in 2008.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The 2009 <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Corolla" title="Toyota Corolla">Toyota Corolla</a> in the United States (but not Canada) had stability control as a $250 option on all trims below that of the XRS, which had it as standard.<sup id="cite_ref-usatoday.com_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usatoday.com-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Canada, for the 2010 Mazda3, ESC was an option on the midrange GS trim as part of its <a href="/wiki/Sunroof" title="Sunroof">sunroof</a> package, and is standard on the top-of-the-line GT version.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2009 Ford Focus had ESC as an option for the S and SE models, and it was standard on the SEL and SES models<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the UK, even mass-market <a href="/wiki/Supermini" class="mw-redirect" title="Supermini">superminis</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Fiesta" title="Ford Fiesta">Ford Fiesta Mk.6</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Polo_Mk5" title="Volkswagen Polo Mk5">VW Polo Mk.5</a> came with ESC as standard. </p><p>Elaborate ESC and ESP systems (including Roll Stability Control<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) are available for many commercial vehicles,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including transport trucks, trailers, and buses from manufacturers such as <a href="/wiki/Daimler_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimler AG">Daimler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scania_AB" title="Scania AB">Scania</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Prevost_Car" class="mw-redirect" title="Prevost Car">Prevost</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Truck" title="Truck">heavy trucks</a> the ESC and ESP functions must be realized as part of the pneumatic brake system.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typical component and system suppliers are e.g. <a href="/wiki/Bendix_Corporation" title="Bendix Corporation">Bendix</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Air_Brake_Company" title="Westinghouse Air Brake Company">WABCO</a>,.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ESC is also available on some motor homes. </p><p>The <i>ChooseESC!</i> campaign,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> run by the EU's <i>eSafetyAware!</i> project,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provides a global perspective on ESC. One <i>ChooseESC!</i> publication shows the availability of ESC in EU member countries. </p><p>In the US, the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety website<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shows availability of ESC in individual US models and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration website<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lists US models with ESC. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/NRMA" title="NRMA">NRMA</a> shows the availability of ESC in Australian models.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future">Future</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_stability_control&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Future"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Just as ESC is founded on the anti-lock braking system (ABS), ESC is the foundation for new advances such as Roll Stability Control<sup id="cite_ref-fordrsc_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fordrsc-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or active rollover protection that works in the vertical plane much like ESC works in the horizontal plane. When RSC detects impending rollover (usually on transport trucks<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or SUVs<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), RSC applies brakes, reduces throttle, induces understeer, and/or slows down the vehicle. </p><p>The computing power of ESC facilitates the networking of active and passive safety systems, addressing other causes of crashes. For example, sensors may detect when a vehicle is following too closely and slow down the vehicle, straighten up seat backs, and tighten seat belts, avoiding and/or preparing for a crash. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ESC_products">ESC products</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_stability_control&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: ESC products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Product_names">Product names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_stability_control&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Product names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Electronic stability control (ESC) is the generic term recognised by the <a href="/wiki/European_Automobile_Manufacturers_Association" title="European Automobile Manufacturers Association">European Automobile Manufacturers Association</a> (ACEA), the North American <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Automotive_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Automotive Engineers">Society of Automotive Engineers</a> (SAE), the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Automobile_Manufacturers_Association" title="Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association">Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association</a>, and other worldwide authorities. However, vehicle manufacturers may use a variety of different trade names for ESC:<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acura" title="Acura">Acura</a>: <b>Vehicle Stability Assist (VSA)</b> (formerly <b>CSL 4-Drive TCS</b>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfa_Romeo" title="Alfa Romeo">Alfa Romeo</a>: <b>Vehicle Dynamic Control (VDC)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audi" title="Audi">Audi</a>: <b>Electronic Stability Program (ESP)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bentley" title="Bentley">Bentley</a>: <b>Electronic Stability Program (ESP)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a>: Co engineering partner and inventor with Robert BOSCH GmbH and Continental (TEVES) <b>Dynamic Stability Control (DSC)</b> (including Dynamic Traction Control)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugatti" title="Bugatti">Bugatti</a>: <b>Electronic Stability Program (ESP)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buick" title="Buick">Buick</a>: <b>StabiliTrak</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadillac" title="Cadillac">Cadillac</a>: <b>StabiliTrak</b> and <b>StabiliTrak3.0 with Active Front Steering (AFS)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chery" title="Chery">Chery</a>: <b>Electronic Stability Program</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevrolet" title="Chevrolet">Chevrolet</a>: <b>StabiliTrak</b> and <b>Active Handling</b> (Corvette & Camaro only)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a>: <b>Electronic Stability Program (ESP)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn" title="Citroën">Citroën</a>: <b>Electronic Stability Program (ESP)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daihatsu" title="Daihatsu">Daihatsu</a>: <b>Vehicle Stability Control (VSC)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodge" title="Dodge">Dodge</a>: <b>Electronic Stability Program (ESP)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daimler_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimler AG">Daimler</a>: <b>Electronic Stability Program (ESP)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiat" title="Fiat">Fiat</a>: <b>Electronic Stability Control (ESC)</b> and <b>Vehicle Dynamic Control (VDC)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrari" title="Ferrari">Ferrari</a>: <b>Controllo Stabilità (CST)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a>: <b>AdvanceTrac with Roll Stability Control (RSC)</b> and <b>Interactive Vehicle Dynamics (IVD)</b> and <b>Electronic Stability Program (ESP)</b>; <b>Dynamic Stability Control (DSC)</b> (Australia only)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a>: <b>StabiliTrak</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a>: <b>Vehicle Stability Assist (VSA)</b> (formerly <b>CSL 4-Drive TCS</b>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holden" title="Holden">Holden</a>: <b>Electronic Stability Program (ESP)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Company" title="Hyundai Motor Company">Hyundai</a>: <b>Electronic Stability Program (ESP)</b>, <b>Electronic Stability Control (ESC)</b> and <b>Vehicle Stability Assist (VSA)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiniti" title="Infiniti">Infiniti</a>: <b>Vehicle Dynamics Control (VDC)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isuzu" title="Isuzu">Isuzu</a>: <b>Electronic Vehicle Stability Control (EVSC)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar_(car)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaguar (car)">Jaguar</a>: <b>Dynamic Stability Control (DSC)</b>, and <b>Automatic Stability Control (ASC)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeep" title="Jeep">Jeep</a>: <b>Electronic Stability Program (ESP)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kia_Motors" class="mw-redirect" title="Kia Motors">Kia</a>: <b>Electronic Stability Control (ESC)</b> and <b>Electronic Stability Program (ESP)</b> and <b>Vehicle Stability Assist (VSA)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamborghini" title="Lamborghini">Lamborghini</a>: <b>Electronic Stability Program (ESP)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Rover" title="Land Rover">Land Rover</a>: <b>Dynamic Stability Control (DSC)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexus" title="Lexus">Lexus</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Dynamics_Integrated_Management" title="Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management">Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management</a> (VDIM)</b> with <b>Vehicle Stability Control (VSC)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxgen" title="Luxgen">Luxgen</a>: <b>Electronic Stability Control (ESC)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Motor_Company" title="Lincoln Motor Company">Lincoln</a>: <b>AdvanceTrac</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maserati" title="Maserati">Maserati</a>: <b>Maserati Stability Program (MSP)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazda" title="Mazda">Mazda</a>: <b>Dynamic Stability Control (DSC)</b> (including Dynamic Traction Control)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a> (co-inventor) with Robert BOSCH GmbH: <b>Electronic Stability Program (ESP)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(automobile)" title="Mercury (automobile)">Mercury</a>: <b>AdvanceTrac</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_(marque)" title="Mini (marque)">Mini</a>: <b>Dynamic Stability Control</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi" title="Mitsubishi">Mitsubishi</a>: <b>Active Skid and Traction Control MULTIMODE</b> and <b>Active Stability Control (ASC)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan</a>: <b>Vehicle Dynamics Control (VDC)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldsmobile" title="Oldsmobile">Oldsmobile</a>: <b>Precision Control System (PCS)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opel" title="Opel">Opel</a>: <b>Electronic Stability Program (ESP)</b> and <b>Trailer Stability Program (TSP)</b><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peugeot" title="Peugeot">Peugeot</a>: <b>Electronic Stability Program (ESP)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_(automobile)" title="Pontiac (automobile)">Pontiac</a>: <b>StabiliTrak</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche" title="Porsche">Porsche</a>: <b>Porsche Stability Management (PSM)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROTON_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="PROTON Holdings">Proton</a>: <b>Electronic Stability Control (ESC)</b> or <b>Vehicle Dynamics Control (VDC)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renault" title="Renault">Renault</a>: <b>Electronic Stability Program (ESP)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rover_Group" title="Rover Group">Rover Group</a>: <b>Dynamic Stability Control (DSC)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_Automobile" title="Saab Automobile">Saab</a>: <b>Electronic Stability Program (ESP)</b> or <b>StabiliTrak</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Corporation" title="Saturn Corporation">Saturn</a>: <b>StabiliTrak </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scania_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scania (company)">Scania</a>: <b>Electronic Stability Program (ESP)</b><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEAT" title="SEAT">SEAT</a>: <b>Electronic Stability Program (ESP)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Auto" title="Škoda Auto">Škoda</a>: <b>Electronic Stability Program (ESP)</b> and <b>Electronic Stability Control (ESC)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_(marque)" title="Smart (marque)">Smart</a>: <b>Electronic Stability Program (ESP)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subaru" title="Subaru">Subaru</a>: <b>Vehicle Dynamics Control (VDC)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzuki" title="Suzuki">Suzuki</a>: <b>Electronic Stability Program (ESP)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tata_Motors" title="Tata Motors">Tata</a>: <b>Electronic Stability Programme (ESP)</b> (not to be confused with Corner Stability Control and Brake Sway Control)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a>: <b>Vehicle Stability Control (VSC)</b> and <b>Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management (VDIM)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_Motors" class="mw-redirect" title="Tesla Motors">Tesla</a>: <b>Electronic Stability Control (ESC)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Motors" title="Vauxhall Motors">Vauxhall</a>: <b>Electronic Stability Program (ESP)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volvo_Cars" title="Volvo Cars">Volvo</a>: <b>Dynamic Stability and Traction Control (DSTC)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a>: <b>Electronic Stability Program (ESP)</b></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="System_manufacturers">System manufacturers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_stability_control&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: System manufacturers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ESC system manufacturers include: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ul><li>Fujitsu Ten Ltd.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Robert Bosch GmbH</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aisin_Seiki_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Aisin Seiki Co.">Aisin Advics</a><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Bendix Corporation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Automotive_Systems" title="Continental Automotive Systems">Continental Automotive Systems</a></li> <li>BeijingWest Industries</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitachi,_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Hitachi, Ltd.">Hitachi</a></li> <li>ITT Automotive, since 1982 part of <a href="/wiki/Continental_AG" title="Continental AG">Continental AG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Electric" title="Johnson Electric">Johnson Electric</a><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mando Corporation</li> <li>Veoneer Nissin Brake Systems (former Nissin Kogyo, which owned 49% of the company). Japanese offices now part of <a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi Astemo</a>, US offices now part of <a href="/wiki/ZF_Friedrichshafen" title="ZF Friedrichshafen">ZF</a>.</li> <li>Teves, now part of <a href="/wiki/Continental_AG" title="Continental AG">Continental AG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRW_Inc." title="TRW Inc.">TRW</a>, now part of <a href="/wiki/ZF_Friedrichshafen" title="ZF Friedrichshafen">ZF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WABCO_Vehicle_Control_Systems" title="WABCO Vehicle Control Systems">WABCO</a><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Mobis" title="Hyundai Mobis">Hyundai Mobis</a></li> <li>Knorr-Bremse<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Itelma<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_stability_control&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[A. T. van Zanten, "Bosch ESP Systems: 5 years of Experience", SAE 2000-01-1633]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[E. K. Liebemann, K. Meder, J. Schuh and G. Nenninger, "Safety and Performance Enhancement: the Bosch Electronic Stability Control (ESP)." SAE 2004-21-0060.]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-13609388">"BBC video on how anti-skid stability control systems work at 50mph"</a>. Bbc.co.uk. 2011-06-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+video+on+how+anti-skid+stability+control+systems+work+at+50mph&rft.pub=Bbc.co.uk&rft.date=2011-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-13609388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+stability+control" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130525140543/http://www.iihs.org/news/rss/pr061306.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Electronic stability control could prevent nearly one-third of all fatal crashes and reduce rollover risk by as much as 80%; effect is found on single- and multiple-vehicle crashes," IIHS News release, 2006"</a>. Iihs.org. 2006-06-13. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iihs.org/news/rss/pr061306.html">the original</a> on 2013-05-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Electronic+stability+control+could+prevent+nearly+one-third+of+all+fatal+crashes+and+reduce+rollover+risk+by+as+much+as+80%25%3B+effect+is+found+on+single-+and+multiple-vehicle+crashes%2C%22+IIHS+News+release%2C+2006&rft.pub=Iihs.org&rft.date=2006-06-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iihs.org%2Fnews%2Frss%2Fpr061306.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+stability+control" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090511132005/http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/rules/regrev/evaluate/809790.html">"Jennifer N. Dang, "PRELIMINARY RESULTS ANALYZING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ELECTRONIC STABILITY CONTROL(ESC) SYSTEMS," DOT HS 809 790, 2004"</a>. Nhtsa.dot.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/rules/regrev/evaluate/809790.html">the original</a> on 2009-05-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Itelma+is+ready+to+supply+ABS+and+ESC+units+to+all+car+factories+in+Russia&rft.date=2023-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprimefeed.com%2Flatest-news%2Fitelma-is-ready-to-supply-abs-and-esc-units-to-all-car-factories-in-russia-rossiyskaya-gazeta%2F402912%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+stability+control" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_stability_control&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080612134719/http://www.bosch-escential.com/us/language1/index.html">Bosch ESC Information</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ChooseESC.eu/">ChooseESC! a combined initiative</a> from the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>, eSafetyAware, and <a href="/wiki/Euro_NCAP" title="Euro NCAP">Euro NCAP</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100111175448/http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/portal/site/nhtsa/menuitem.012c081c5966f0ca3253ab10cba046a0">NHTSA on ESC including US Regulation and list of US vehicles with ESC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071210000736/http://www.tc.gc.ca/roadsafety/tp/tp14651/vs200701/menu.htm">Transport Canada on ESC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130329013557/http://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/Home/SafetyAndRules/SaferVehicles/BuyingASafeCar/ElectronicStabilityControl.htm">Australia (Victoria) on ESC</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automobile_handling" title="Automobile handling">Car handling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_mass" title="Center of mass">Center of mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downforce" title="Downforce">Downforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drifting_(motorsport)" title="Drifting (motorsport)">Drifting</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electronic Stability Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishtailing" title="Fishtailing">Fishtailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inboard_brake" title="Inboard brake">Inboard brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Understeer_and_oversteer" title="Understeer and oversteer">Oversteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steering" title="Steering">Steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspension (vehicle)">Suspension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">Tire / Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transaxle" title="Transaxle">Transaxle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Understeer_and_oversteer" title="Understeer and oversteer">Understeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsprung_mass" title="Unsprung mass">Unsprung mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_dynamics" title="Vehicle dynamics">Vehicle dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_transfer" title="Weight transfer">Weight transfer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spring_(device)" title="Spring (device)">Spring</a> types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coil_spring" title="Coil spring">Coil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_spring" title="Leaf spring">Leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_suspension" title="Air suspension">Pneumatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torsion_spring" title="Torsion spring">Torsion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Car_suspension" title="Car suspension">Suspension</a> types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_axle" title="Beam axle">Beam axle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Dion_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="De Dion tube">De Dion tube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semi-independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twist-beam_rear_suspension" title="Twist-beam rear suspension">Twist beam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Independent_suspension" title="Independent suspension">Independent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_wishbone_suspension" title="Double wishbone suspension">Double wishbone</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Jaguar_independent_rear_suspension" title="Jaguar independent rear suspension">Jaguar IRS</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubonnet_suspension" title="Dubonnet suspension">Dubonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacPherson_strut" title="MacPherson strut">MacPherson strut</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Chapman_strut" title="Chapman strut">Chapman strut</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-link_suspension" title="Multi-link suspension">Multi-link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sliding_pillar_suspension" title="Sliding pillar suspension">Sliding pillar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_axle" title="Swing axle">Swing axle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailing_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Trailing arm">Trailing arm</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Semi-trailing_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-trailing arm">Semi-trailing arm</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chassis_control_system" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chassis_control_systems" title="Template:Chassis control systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chassis_control_systems" title="Template talk:Chassis control systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chassis_control_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chassis control systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chassis_control_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rolling_chassis" title="Rolling chassis">Chassis</a> control system</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">Automobile</a> series</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suspension_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspension (vehicle)">Suspension</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-roll_bar" title="Anti-roll bar">Anti-roll bar (sway bar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axle" title="Axle">Axle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axle_track" title="Axle track">Axle track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_axle" title="Beam axle">Beam axle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camber_angle" title="Camber angle">Camber angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automobile_handling" title="Automobile handling">Car handling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coil_spring" title="Coil spring">Coil spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Dion_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="De Dion tube">De Dion tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_wishbone_suspension" title="Double wishbone suspension">Double wishbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrolastic" title="Hydrolastic">Hydrolastic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hydrolastic#Hydragas" title="Hydrolastic">Hydragas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropneumatic_suspension" title="Hydropneumatic suspension">Hydropneumatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_suspension" title="Independent suspension">Independent suspension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_spring" title="Leaf spring">Leaf spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_axle" title="Beam axle">Live axle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacPherson_strut" title="MacPherson strut">MacPherson strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-link_suspension" title="Multi-link suspension">Multi-link suspension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhard_rod" title="Panhard rod">Panhard rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_absorber" title="Shock absorber">Shock absorber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_axle" title="Swing axle">Swing axle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe_(automotive)" title="Toe (automotive)">Toe angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torsion_bar_suspension" title="Torsion bar suspension">Torsion bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailing_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Trailing arm">Trailing arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsprung_mass" title="Unsprung mass">Unsprung mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watt%27s_linkage" title="Watt's linkage">Watt's linkage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_alignment" title="Wheel alignment">Wheel alignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelbase" title="Wheelbase">Wheelbase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Steering" title="Steering">Steering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ackermann_steering_geometry" title="Ackermann steering geometry">Ackermann steering geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caster_angle" title="Caster angle">Caster angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingpin_(automotive_part)" title="Kingpin (automotive part)">Kingpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Understeer_and_oversteer" title="Understeer and oversteer">Oversteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_steering" title="Power steering">Power steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rack_and_pinion" title="Rack and pinion">Rack and pinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torque_steering" class="mw-redirect" title="Torque steering">Torque steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Understeer_and_oversteer" title="Understeer and oversteer">Understeer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brake" title="Brake">Brakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collision_avoidance_system" title="Collision avoidance system">Automatic braking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-lock_braking_system" title="Anti-lock braking system">Anti-lock braking system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_rollover_protection" title="Active rollover protection">Active rollover protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brake_bleeding" title="Brake bleeding">Brake bleeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brake_fade" title="Brake fade">Brake fade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brake_fluid" title="Brake fluid">Brake fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brake_lining" title="Brake lining">Brake lining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_braking_system" title="Combined braking system">Combined braking system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_brake" title="Disc brake">Disc brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_brake" title="Drum brake">Drum brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_park_brake" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric park brake">Electric park brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_brakeforce_distribution" title="Electronic brakeforce distribution">Electronic brakeforce distribution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electronic stability control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine_braking" title="Engine braking">Engine braking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_brake" title="Hydraulic brake">Hydraulic brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fluid" title="Hydraulic fluid">Hydraulic fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inboard_brake" title="Inboard brake">Inboard brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parking_brake" title="Parking brake">Parking brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regenerative_brake" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerative brake">Regenerative brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_servo" title="Vacuum servo">Vacuum servo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Roadwheels</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">Tires (Tyres)</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alloy_wheel" title="Alloy wheel">Alloy wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custom_wheel" title="Custom wheel">Custom wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drive_wheel" title="Drive wheel">Drive wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubcap" title="Hubcap">Hubcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_tires" title="Outline of tires">Outline of tires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostyle_wheel" title="Rostyle wheel">Rostyle wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinner_(wheel)" title="Spinner (wheel)">Spinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewall_tire" title="Whitewall tire">Whitewall tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_wheel" title="Wire wheel">Wire wheels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" 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