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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Composition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Composition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Base_stock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Base_stock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Base stock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Base_stock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Other components</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodegradable_hydraulic_fluids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodegradable_hydraulic_fluids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Biodegradable hydraulic fluids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodegradable_hydraulic_fluids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-wear_hydraulic_fluids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-wear_hydraulic_fluids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Anti-wear hydraulic fluids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-wear_hydraulic_fluids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brake_fluid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brake_fluid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Brake fluid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brake_fluid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_steering_fluid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_steering_fluid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Power steering fluid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_steering_fluid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aircraft_hydraulic_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aircraft_hydraulic_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Aircraft hydraulic systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aircraft_hydraulic_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Specifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Specifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mineral_oil_base" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mineral_oil_base"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1.1</span> <span>Mineral oil base</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mineral_oil_base-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-According_to_DIN_51502" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#According_to_DIN_51502"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1.1.1</span> <span>According to DIN 51502</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-According_to_DIN_51502-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-According_to_MIL_for_military_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#According_to_MIL_for_military_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1.1.2</span> <span>According to MIL for military applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-According_to_MIL_for_military_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multi_purpose_oil_UTTO/STOU" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi_purpose_oil_UTTO/STOU"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1.1.3</span> <span>Multi purpose oil UTTO/STOU</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi_purpose_oil_UTTO/STOU-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phosphate-ester_base" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phosphate-ester_base"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1.2</span> <span>Phosphate-ester base</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phosphate-ester_base-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contamination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contamination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Contamination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contamination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydraulic fluid</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84_%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A" title="سائل هيدروليكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سائل هيدروليكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidravlik_maye" title="Hidravlik maye – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hidravlik maye" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_hidr%C3%A0ulic" title="Fluid hidràulic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fluid hidràulic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulick%C3%A1_kapalina" title="Hydraulická kapalina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hydraulická kapalina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulikfl%C3%BCssigkeit" title="Hydraulikflüssigkeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hydraulikflüssigkeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCdrovedelik" title="Hüdrovedelik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hüdrovedelik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluido_oleohidr%C3%A1ulico" title="Fluido oleohidráulico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fluido oleohidráulico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="سیال هیدرولیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیال هیدرولیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluide_hydraulique" title="Fluide hydraulique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fluide hydraulique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrauli%C4%8Dki_fluid" title="Hidraulički fluid – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hidraulički fluid" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluida_hidraulik" title="Fluida hidraulik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fluida hidraulik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluido_idraulico" title="Fluido idraulico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fluido idraulico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidraulikaolaj" title="Hidraulikaolaj – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hidraulikaolaj" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Гидравликийн шингэн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гидравликийн шингэн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulische_vloeistof" title="Hydraulische vloeistof – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hydraulische vloeistof" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olej_hydrauliczny" title="Olej hydrauliczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Olej hydrauliczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluido_hidr%C3%A1ulico" title="Fluido hidráulico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fluido hidráulico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Рабочая жидкость – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рабочая жидкость" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrauli%C4%8Dki_fluid" title="Hidraulički fluid – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hidraulički fluid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrauliikka%C3%B6ljy" title="Hydrauliikkaöljy – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hydrauliikkaöljy" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrolik_s%C4%B1v%C4%B1" title="Hidrolik sıvı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hidrolik sıvı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0_%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Робоча рідина – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Робоча рідина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E5%8E%8B%E6%B6%B2" title="液压液 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="液压液" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medium to transfer power in hydraulic machinery</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_090316-N-6597H-004_Boatswain%27s_Mate_2nd_Class_George_Cabeen_empties_used_hydraulic_fluid_into_a_storage_container.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/US_Navy_090316-N-6597H-004_Boatswain%27s_Mate_2nd_Class_George_Cabeen_empties_used_hydraulic_fluid_into_a_storage_container.jpg/220px-US_Navy_090316-N-6597H-004_Boatswain%27s_Mate_2nd_Class_George_Cabeen_empties_used_hydraulic_fluid_into_a_storage_container.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/US_Navy_090316-N-6597H-004_Boatswain%27s_Mate_2nd_Class_George_Cabeen_empties_used_hydraulic_fluid_into_a_storage_container.jpg/330px-US_Navy_090316-N-6597H-004_Boatswain%27s_Mate_2nd_Class_George_Cabeen_empties_used_hydraulic_fluid_into_a_storage_container.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/US_Navy_090316-N-6597H-004_Boatswain%27s_Mate_2nd_Class_George_Cabeen_empties_used_hydraulic_fluid_into_a_storage_container.jpg/440px-US_Navy_090316-N-6597H-004_Boatswain%27s_Mate_2nd_Class_George_Cabeen_empties_used_hydraulic_fluid_into_a_storage_container.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2316" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Hydraulic fluid being poured into a storage container</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>hydraulic fluid</b> or <b>hydraulic liquid</b> is the medium by which power is transferred in <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_machinery" title="Hydraulic machinery">hydraulic machinery</a>. Common hydraulic fluids are based on <a href="/wiki/Mineral_oil" title="Mineral oil">mineral oil</a> or water.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of equipment that might use hydraulic fluids are <a href="/wiki/Excavator" title="Excavator">excavators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Backhoe" title="Backhoe">backhoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_brake" title="Hydraulic brake">hydraulic brakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Power_steering" title="Power steering">power steering</a> systems, <a href="/wiki/Transmission_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (mechanics)"> automatic transmissions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garbage_truck" title="Garbage truck">garbage trucks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system" title="Aircraft flight control system">aircraft flight control systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">lifts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_machinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial machinery">industrial machinery</a>. </p><p>Hydraulic systems like the ones mentioned above will work most efficiently if the hydraulic fluid used has zero <a href="/wiki/Compressibility" title="Compressibility">compressibility</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions_and_properties">Functions and properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_fluid&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Functions and properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The primary function of a hydraulic fluid is to convey power. In use, however, there are other important functions of hydraulic fluid such as protection of the hydraulic machine components. The table below lists the major functions of a hydraulic fluid and the properties of a fluid that affect its ability to perform that function:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Function </th> <th>Property </th></tr> <tr> <td>Power transmission and control medium </td> <td> <ul><li>Non compressible (high <a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">bulk modulus</a>)</li> <li>Fast air release</li> <li>Low foaming tendency</li> <li>Low volatility</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Medium for heat transfer </td> <td> <ul><li>Good thermal capacity and conductivity</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sealing medium </td> <td> <ul><li>Adequate <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viscosity_index" title="Viscosity index">viscosity index</a></li> <li>Shear stability</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lubricant </td> <td> <ul><li>Viscosity for film maintenance</li> <li>Low temperature fluidity</li> <li>Thermal and oxidative stability</li> <li>Hydrolytic stability / water tolerance</li> <li>Cleanliness and filterability</li> <li>Demulsibility</li> <li>Antiwear characteristics</li> <li>Corrosion control</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pump efficiency </td> <td> <ul><li>Proper viscosity to minimize internal leakage</li> <li>High viscosity index</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Special function </td> <td> <ul><li>Fire resistance</li> <li>Friction modifications</li> <li>Radiation resistance</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Environmental impact </td> <td> <ul><li>Low toxicity when new or decomposed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">Biodegradability</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Functioning life </td> <td> <ul><li>Material compatibility</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_fluid&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Base_stock">Base stock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_fluid&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Base stock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original hydraulics fluid, dating back to the time of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Beginning in the 1920s, <a href="/wiki/Mineral_oil" title="Mineral oil">mineral oil</a> began to be used more than water as a base stock due to its inherent <a href="/wiki/Lubrication" title="Lubrication">lubrication</a> properties and ability to be used at temperatures above the <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling point</a> of water. Today most hydraulic fluids are based on mineral oil base stocks. </p><p>Natural oils such as <a href="/wiki/Rapeseed" title="Rapeseed">rapeseed</a> are used as base stocks for fluids where <a href="/wiki/Biodegradability" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodegradability">biodegradability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renewable_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable source">renewable sources</a> are considered important. </p><p>Other base stocks are used for specialty applications, such as for <a href="/wiki/Fireproofing" title="Fireproofing">fire resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyphenyl_ether#Ultra-high-vacuum_fluids" title="Polyphenyl ether">extreme temperature</a> applications. Some examples include: <a href="/wiki/Glycol_ether" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycol ether">glycol ethers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organophosphate_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Organophosphate ester">organophosphate ester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyalphaolefin" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyalphaolefin">polyalphaolefin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propylene_glycol" title="Propylene glycol">propylene glycol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Silicone_oil" title="Silicone oil">silicone oils</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/NaK" class="mw-redirect" title="NaK">NaK</a>-77, a <a href="/wiki/Eutectic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutectic">eutectic</a> alloy of <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, can be used as a hydraulic fluid in high-temperature and high-radiation environments, for temperature ranges of 10 to 1400 °F (-12 to 760 °C). Its <a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">bulk modulus</a> at 1000 °F (538 °C) is 310,000 <a href="/wiki/Pounds_per_square_inch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pounds per square inch">psi</a> (2.14 GPa), higher than of a hydraulic oil at room temperature. Its <a href="/wiki/Lubricity" title="Lubricity">lubricity</a> is poor, so positive-displacement <a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">pumps</a> are unsuitable and centrifugal pumps have to be used. The addition of <a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">caesium</a> shifts the useful temperature range to -95 to 1300 °F (−70 to 704 °C). The NaK-77 alloy was tested in hydraulic and fluidic systems for the <a href="/wiki/Supersonic_Low_Altitude_Missile" title="Supersonic Low Altitude Missile">Supersonic Low Altitude Missile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_components">Other components</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_fluid&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hydraulic fluids can contain a wide range of chemical compounds, including: <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oils</a>, <a href="/wiki/N-Butanol" class="mw-redirect" title="N-Butanol">butanol</a>, esters (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Phthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthalate">phthalates</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_phthalate" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate">DEHP</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adipic_acid#Adipate_salts_and_esters" title="Adipic acid">adipates</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_adipate" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate">bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate</a>), <a href="/wiki/Polyol#Polyols_in_polymer_chemistry" title="Polyol">polyalkylene glycols</a> (PAG), <a href="/wiki/Organophosphate" title="Organophosphate">organophosphate</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Tributylphosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tributylphosphate">tributylphosphate</a>), silicones, alkylated aromatic hydrocarbons, polyalphaolefins (PAO) (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Polyisobutene" title="Polyisobutene">polyisobutenes</a>), <a href="/wiki/Corrosion_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrosion inhibitors">corrosion inhibitors</a> (incl <a href="/wiki/Scavenger_(chemistry)" title="Scavenger (chemistry)">acid scavengers</a>), anti-<a href="/wiki/Erosion_corrosion" title="Erosion corrosion">erosion</a> additives, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodegradable_hydraulic_fluids">Biodegradable hydraulic fluids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_fluid&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Biodegradable hydraulic fluids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Environmentally sensitive applications (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Tractor#Power_take-off_systems_and_hydraulics" title="Tractor">farm tractors</a> and marine <a href="/wiki/Dredging" title="Dredging">dredging</a>) may benefit from using biodegradable hydraulic fluids based upon <a href="/wiki/Rapeseed" title="Rapeseed">rapeseed</a> <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil#Industrial" title="Vegetable oil">vegetable oil</a> when there is the risk of an <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">oil spill</a> from a ruptured oil line. Typically these oils are available as <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> 32, ISO 46, and ISO 68 specification oils. <a href="/wiki/ASTM" class="mw-redirect" title="ASTM">ASTM</a> standards ASTM-D-6006, Guide for Assessing Biodegradability of Hydraulic Fluids and ASTM-D-6046, Standard Classification of Hydraulic Fluids for Environmental Impact are relevant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-wear_hydraulic_fluids">Anti-wear hydraulic fluids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_fluid&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Anti-wear hydraulic fluids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anti-wear (AW) hydraulic oils are made from a petroleum base fluid and commonly contain the anti-wear additive <a href="/wiki/Zinc_dithiophosphate" title="Zinc dithiophosphate">Zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP)</a>. This additive works to protect the hydraulic pump. They come in multiple viscosity grades that have varying applications. For example, AW 46 hydraulic oils can be used to operate the hydraulic systems in off-road equipment such as dump trucks, excavators, and backhoes, while AW 32 hydraulic oils may be more suitable for colder weather applications like in a snow plow's pump.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_fluid&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because industrial hydraulic systems operate at hundreds to thousands of PSI and temperatures reaching hundreds of degrees Celsius, severe injuries and death can result from component failures and care must always be taken when performing maintenance on hydraulic systems.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fire resistance is a property available with specialized fluids. Water-glycol and polyol-ester are some of these specialized fluids that contain excellent thermal and hydrolitic properties, which aid in fire resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_fluid&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brake_fluid">Brake fluid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_fluid&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Brake fluid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Brake_fluid" title="Brake fluid">Brake fluid</a> is a subtype of hydraulic fluid with high <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling point</a>, both when new (specified by the equilibrium boiling point) and after absorption of <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a> (specified by wet boiling point). Under the heat of braking, both free water and water vapor in a braking system can boil into a compressible <a href="/wiki/Vapor" title="Vapor">vapor</a>, resulting in brake failure.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glycol-ether based fluids are <a href="/wiki/Hygroscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hygroscopic">hygroscopic</a>, and absorbed moisture will greatly reduce the boiling point over time. Mineral oil and silicone based fluids are not hygroscopic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_steering_fluid">Power steering fluid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_fluid&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Power steering fluid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Power_steering#Hydraulic_systems" title="Power steering">Power steering</a> fluid is a sub type of hydraulic fluid. Most are mineral oil or silicone based fluids, while some use <a href="/wiki/Automatic_transmission_fluid" title="Automatic transmission fluid">automatic transmission fluid</a>, made from synthetic base oil.<sup id="cite_ref-aa1car.com_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aa1car.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Automatic transmissions use fluids for their lubrication, cooling and hydraulic properties for <a href="/wiki/Viscous_coupling" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscous coupling">viscous couplings</a>. </p><p>Use of the wrong type of fluid can lead to failure of the power steering pump.<sup id="cite_ref-aa1car.com_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aa1car.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aircraft_hydraulic_systems">Aircraft hydraulic systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_fluid&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Aircraft hydraulic systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As aircraft performance increased in the mid-20th century, the amount of force required to operate mechanical <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system" title="Aircraft flight control system">flight controls</a> became excessive, and hydraulic systems were introduced to reduce pilot effort. The hydraulic actuators are controlled by valves; these in turn are operated directly by input from the aircrew (hydro-mechanical) or by computers obeying control laws (fly by wire). </p><p>Hydraulic power is used for other purposes. It can be stored in <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_accumulator" title="Hydraulic accumulator">accumulators</a> to start an <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_power_unit" title="Auxiliary power unit">auxiliary power unit</a> (APU) for self-starting the aircraft's main engines. Many aircraft equipped with the <a href="/wiki/M61_Vulcan" title="M61 Vulcan">M61</a> family of cannon use hydraulic power to drive the gun system, permitting reliable high rates of fire. </p><p>The hydraulic power itself comes from pumps driven by the engines directly, or by <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electrically-driven</a> <a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">pumps</a>. In modern commercial aircraft these are electrically-driven pumps; should all the engines fail in flight the pilot will deploy a propeller-driven <a href="/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">electric generator</a> called a <i><a href="/wiki/Ram_air_turbine" title="Ram air turbine">Ram-Air Turbine</a></i> (RAT) which is concealed under the fuselage.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This provides <a href="/wiki/Electrical_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical power">electrical power</a> for the hydraulic pumps and control systems as power is no longer available from the engines. In that system and others, electric pumps can provide both redundancy and the means of operating hydraulic systems without the engines operating, which can be very useful during maintenance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Specifications">Specifications</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_fluid&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Specifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Mineral_oil_base">Mineral oil base</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_fluid&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mineral oil base"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="According_to_DIN_51502">According to DIN 51502</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_fluid&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: According to DIN 51502"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>HL: With agents to enhance corrosion protection and age resistance. Used in hydraulic systems that do not pose any requirements as to wear protection.</li> <li>HLP: With agents to enhance corrosion protection and age resistance. Suitable for most fields of application and components.</li> <li>HLPD: As HLP but also used in systems where solid or liquid contamination need to be kept temporarily suspended.</li> <li>HVLP: With agents to enhance corrosion protection, age resistance, to reduce scuffing wear in mixed friction areas, and to improve the viscosity-temperature behavior. Used in system operated over a wide temperature range.</li> <li>HVLPD: As HVLP but also used in systems where solid or liquid contamination need to be kept temporarily suspended.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="According_to_MIL_for_military_applications">According to MIL for military applications</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_fluid&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: According to MIL for military applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Mil-PRF-5606 (originally Mil-H-5606): Mineral base, flammable, fairly low flashpoint, usable from −65 °F (−54 °C) to 275 °F (135 °C), red color, developed in the 1940s<sup id="cite_ref-shell.com_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shell.com-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>MIL-PRF-6083: Usable from −54 °C to 135 °C "where corrosion protection is required and a determination has been made that MIL-PRF-46170 (FRH) hydraulic fluid cannot be used. This includes use in recoil mechanisms and hydraulic systems for rotating weapons or aiming devices of tactical and support ordnance equipment, except combat armored vehicles/equipment which require FRH. The hydraulic fluid is also used as a preservative fluid for aircraft hydraulic systems and components where MIL-H-5606 (OHA) or MIL-PRF-87257 is used as an operational fluid."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Synthetic hydrocarbon base: These synthetic fluids are compatible with mineral-base hydraulic fluids and were developed to address the low flash point draw back of mineral based hydraulic fluids.<sup id="cite_ref-shell.com_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shell.com-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Mil-H-83282: Synthetic hydrocarbon base, higher flashpoint, self-extinguishing, backward compatible to -5606, red color, rated to −40 °F (−40 °C) degrees.</li> <li>Mil-H-87257: A development of -83282 fluid to improve its low temperature viscosity.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Multi_purpose_oil_UTTO/STOU"><span id="Multi_purpose_oil_UTTO.2FSTOU"></span>Multi purpose oil UTTO/STOU</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_fluid&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Multi purpose oil UTTO/STOU"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>UTTO: Is an abbreviation for "Universal Tractor Transmission Oil". It is a hydraulic oil that can also be used in the transmissions and wet brakes of machines like tractors.</li> <li>STOU: Is an abbreviation for "Super Tractor Oil Universal". It is a hydraulic oil that can also be used in the motor, the transmissions and wet brakes. So its main difference to the UTTO oil is that it can be used also as an motor oil.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Phosphate-ester_base">Phosphate-ester base</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_fluid&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Phosphate-ester base"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>US/NATO Military specification - MIL-H-8446</li> <li>Boeing Seattle - BMS3-11</li> <li>Boeing Long Beach - DMS2014</li> <li>Boeing Long Island - CDS5478</li> <li>Lockheed - LAC C-34-1224</li> <li>Airbus Industrie - NSA307110</li> <li>British Aerospace - BAC M.333.B</li> <li>Bombardier - BAMS 564-003</li> <li>SAE - Ac974</li> <li>SAE - AS1241</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skydrol" title="Skydrol">Skydrol</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contamination">Contamination</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_fluid&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Contamination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Special, stringent care is required when handling aircraft hydraulic fluid, as it is critical to flight safety that it stay free from contamination. It is also necessary to strictly adhere to authorized references when servicing or repairing any aircraft system. Samples from aircraft hydraulic systems are taken during heavy <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_maintenance_checks" title="Aircraft maintenance checks">aircraft maintenance checks</a> (primarily C and D checks) to check contamination.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://everyspec.com/MIL-STD/MIL-STD-1100-1299/MIL-STD-1246C_NOTICE-1_21759/">Military Spec 1246C</a> is one fluid contamination specification. </p><p>The ISO fluid contamination scale assigns a contamination category based on particle size count and distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_fluid&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The properties of HLP 32 hydraulic oil make it ideal for lubricating machine tools.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_fluid&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dexron" class="mw-redirect" title="Dexron">Dexron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_brake" title="Hydraulic brake">Hydraulic brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuse_(hydraulic)" title="Fuse (hydraulic)">Hydraulic fuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulics_International,_INC." class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulics International, INC.">Hydraulics International, INC.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropneumatic_suspension" title="Hydropneumatic suspension">Hydropneumatic suspension</a> - automobile application</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleo_strut" title="Oleo strut">Oleo strut</a> - aircraft application</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmosis" title="Osmosis">Osmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skydrol" title="Skydrol">Skydrol</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_fluid&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Givens W. and Michael P., <i>Fuels and Lubricants Handbook</i>, G. Totten ed., ASTM International, 2003, p. 373 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8031-2096-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8031-2096-6">0-8031-2096-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Placek, D., Synthetics, Mineral Oils and Bio-based Lubricants, L. ed., CRC Press, 2006, p. 519 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57444-723-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-57444-723-8">1-57444-723-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt2002" class="citation book cs1">Schmitt, Vernon R. (1 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rr-LaaEJudoC"><i>Controlled Bombs and Guided Missiles of the World War II and Cold War Eras: An Inside Story of Research and Development Programs</i></a>. Society of Automotive Engineers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780768009132" title="Special:BookSources/9780768009132"><bdi>9780768009132</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2017</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Controlled+Bombs+and+Guided+Missiles+of+the+World+War+II+and+Cold+War+Eras%3A+An+Inside+Story+of+Research+and+Development+Programs&rft.pub=Society+of+Automotive+Engineers&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft.isbn=9780768009132&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Vernon+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drr-LaaEJudoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydraulic+fluid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://petroleumservicecompany.com/blog/what-does-aw-stand-for/">What Does AW Stand For?</a> - Petroleum Service Company</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabor2022" class="citation web cs1">Labor, Carl (21 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://firesafetysupport.com/is-hydraulic-fluid-flammable/">"Is Hydraulic Fluid Flammable?"</a>. Safetyfirst<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+Hydraulic+Fluid+Flammable%3F&rft.pub=Safetyfirst&rft.date=2022-07-21&rft.aulast=Labor&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffiresafetysupport.com%2Fis-hydraulic-fluid-flammable%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydraulic+fluid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter" class="citation web cs1">Peter, Skoog. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quakerchem.com/wp-content/uploads/pdf/brochures/Skoog_PDF_Article_EPrint.pdf">"The Changing Economics of Fire-resistant Hydraulic Fluids"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Quaker Chemical Corporation<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.crownoil.co.uk&rft.atitle=Oil+You+Need+To+Know+About+Hydraulic+Oils+-+Crown+Oil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crownoil.co.uk%2Flubricants%2Fall-you-need-to-know-about-hydraulic-oil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHydraulic+fluid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lathes.co.uk/latheparts/page17.html">"Machine-tool Lubrication"</a>. <i>www.lathes.co.uk</i>.</cite><span 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when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://qclubricants.com/hydraulic_fluid.htm">Information and purchase of military specification (mil-spec) hydraulic fluid</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nfpa.com">Information about Fluid Power is also available on the National Fluid Power Association web-site nfpa.com</a></li> <li>USDA Research. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/nov98/oil1198.htm">Biodegradable Plant-Based Hydraulic Fluid</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071218210308/http://www.oiluk.net/industrial_lubricants/hydraulic_oils.html">Industrial Hydraulic Oils</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080911091142/http://www.shell.com/static/aviation-en/downloads/publications/aeroshellbook/aeroshellhydraulicfluids.pdf">Aviation hydraulic fluids</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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equation">Darcy–Weisbach equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_flow_equation" title="Groundwater flow equation">Groundwater flow equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazen%E2%80%93Williams_equation" title="Hazen–Williams equation">Hazen–Williams equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrological_optimization" title="Hydrological optimization">Hydrological optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-channel_flow" title="Open-channel flow">Open-channel flow</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manning_formula" title="Manning formula">Manning formula</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_network_analysis" title="Pipe network analysis">Pipe network analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_machinery" title="Hydraulic machinery">Machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_accumulator" title="Hydraulic accumulator">Accumulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_brake" title="Hydraulic brake">Brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic circuit">Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_cylinder" title="Hydraulic cylinder">Cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_drive_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic drive system">Drive system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_manifold" title="Hydraulic manifold">Manifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_motor" title="Hydraulic motor">Motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_power_network" title="Hydraulic power network">Power network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_press" title="Hydraulic press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_pump" title="Hydraulic pump">Pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_ram" title="Hydraulic ram">Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_rescue_tools" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic rescue tools">Rescue tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_seal" title="Hydraulic seal">Seal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public networks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Hydraulic_Power_Company" title="Liverpool Hydraulic Power Company">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Hydraulic_Power_Company" title="London Hydraulic Power Company">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Hydraulic_Power" title="Manchester Hydraulic Power">Manchester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aircraft-related_templates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed 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title="Airframe">Airframe</a> structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aft_pressure_bulkhead" title="Aft pressure bulkhead">Aft pressure bulkhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabane_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabane strut">Cabane strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_canopy" title="Aircraft canopy">Canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_arrestor" title="Crack arrestor">Crack arrestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruciform_tail" title="Cruciform tail">Cruciform tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_dope" title="Aircraft dope">Dope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empennage" title="Empennage">Empennage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fabric_covering" title="Aircraft fabric covering">Fabric covering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fairing" title="Aircraft fairing">Fairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_wires" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying wires">Flying wires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former" title="Former">Former</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">Fuselage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardpoint" title="Hardpoint">Hardpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplane_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Interplane strut">Interplane strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Jury strut">Jury strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading_edge" title="Leading edge">Leading edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Lift strut">Lift strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longeron" title="Longeron">Longeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacelle" title="Nacelle">Nacelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rib_(aeronautics)" title="Rib (aeronautics)">Rib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spar_(aeronautics)" title="Spar (aeronautics)">Spar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilizer_(aeronautics)" title="Stabilizer (aeronautics)">Stabilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stressed_skin" title="Stressed skin">Stressed skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strut" title="Strut">Strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-tail" title="T-tail">T-tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailplane" title="Tailplane">Tailplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailing_edge" title="Trailing edge">Trailing edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_tail#Variations" title="Twin tail">Triple tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_tail" title="Twin tail">Twin tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-tail" title="V-tail">V-tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer" title="Vertical stabilizer">Vertical stabilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_root" title="Wing root">Wing root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_tip" title="Wing tip">Wing tip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingbox" title="Wingbox">Wingbox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system" title="Aircraft flight control system">Flight controls</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aileron" title="Aileron">Aileron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_brake_(aeronautics)" title="Air brake (aeronautics)">Airbrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system#Artificial_feel_devices" title="Aircraft flight control system">Artificial feel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopilot" title="Autopilot">Autopilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canard_(aeronautics)" title="Canard (aeronautics)">Canard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_stick" title="Centre stick">Centre stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deceleron" title="Deceleron">Deceleron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_brake" title="Dive brake">Dive brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_control_(aviation)" title="Dual control (aviation)">Dual control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro-hydraulic_actuator" title="Electro-hydraulic actuator">Electro-hydraulic actuator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator_(aeronautics)" title="Elevator (aeronautics)">Elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevon" title="Elevon">Elevon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaperon" title="Flaperon">Flaperon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_control_modes" title="Flight control modes">Flight control modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly-by-wire" title="Fly-by-wire">Fly-by-wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gust_lock" title="Gust lock">Gust lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOTAS" title="HOTAS">HOTAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder#Aircraft_rudders" title="Rudder">Rudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder_pedal" title="Rudder pedal">Rudder pedals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servo_tab" title="Servo tab">Servo tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side-stick" title="Side-stick">Side-stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoiler_(aeronautics)" title="Spoiler (aeronautics)">Spoiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoileron" title="Spoileron">Spoileron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilator" title="Stabilator">Stabilator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_pusher" title="Stick pusher">Stick pusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_shaker" title="Stick shaker">Stick shaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trim_tab" title="Trim tab">Trim tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_warping" title="Wing warping">Wing warping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_damper" title="Yaw damper">Yaw damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoke_(aeronautics)" title="Yoke (aeronautics)">Yoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">Aerodynamic</a> and <a href="/wiki/High-lift_device" title="High-lift device">high-lift</a><br />devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-53_Active_Aeroelastic_Wing" title="Boeing X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing">Active Aeroelastic Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_compliant_wing" title="Adaptive compliant wing">Adaptive compliant wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-shock_body" title="Anti-shock body">Anti-shock body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blown_flap" title="Blown flap">Blown flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_wing" title="Channel wing">Channel wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension#Dogtooth_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">Dog-tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag-reducing_aerospike" title="Drag-reducing aerospike">Drag-reducing aerospike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flap_(aeronautics)" title="Flap (aeronautics)">Flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouge_flap" title="Gouge flap">Gouge flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurney_flap" title="Gurney flap">Gurney flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krueger_flap" title="Krueger flap">Krueger flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_cuff" title="Leading-edge cuff">Leading-edge cuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_droop_flap" title="Leading-edge droop flap">Leading-edge droop flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">LEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slat" title="Leading-edge slat">Slats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slot" title="Leading-edge slot">Slot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stall_strips" title="Stall strips">Stall strips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strake_(aeronautics)" title="Strake (aeronautics)">Strake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-sweep_wing" title="Variable-sweep wing">Variable-sweep wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortex_generator" title="Vortex generator">Vortex generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortilon" title="Vortilon">Vortilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_fence" title="Wing fence">Wing fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingtip_device" title="Wingtip device">Winglet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">Avionic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flight_instruments" title="Flight instruments">flight<br />instrument</a> systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_collision_avoidance_system" title="Airborne collision avoidance system">ACAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_boom" title="Air data boom">Air data boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_computer" title="Air data computer">Air data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_periscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft periscope">Aircraft periscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airspeed_indicator" title="Airspeed indicator">Airspeed indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altimeter" title="Altimeter">Altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciator_panel" title="Annunciator panel">Annunciator panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrodome_(aeronautics)" title="Astrodome (aeronautics)">Astrodome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_indicator" title="Attitude indicator">Attitude indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Course_deviation_indicator" title="Course deviation indicator">Course deviation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_flight_instrument_system" title="Electronic flight instrument system">EFIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine-indicating_and_crew-alerting_system" title="Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system">EICAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_management_system" title="Flight management system">Flight management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_cockpit" title="Glass cockpit">Glass cockpit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-up_display" title="Head-up display">Head-up display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heading_indicator" title="Heading indicator">Heading indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_situation_indicator" title="Horizontal situation indicator">Horizontal situation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">INS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_standby_instrument_system" title="Integrated standby instrument system">ISIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-function_display" title="Multi-function display">Multi-function display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitot%E2%80%93static_system" title="Pitot–static system">Pitot–static system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar_altimeter" title="Radar altimeter">Radar altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision_avoidance_system" title="Traffic collision avoidance system">TCAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transponder_(aeronautics)" title="Transponder (aeronautics)">Transponder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_and_slip_indicator" title="Turn and slip indicator">Turn and slip indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variometer" title="Variometer">Variometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_string" title="Yaw string">Yaw string</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">Propulsion</a> controls,<br /> devices and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fuel_system" title="Aircraft fuel system">fuel systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autothrottle" title="Autothrottle">Autothrottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_tank" title="Drop tank">Drop tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FADEC" title="FADEC">FADEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_tank#Aircraft" title="Fuel tank">Fuel tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascolator" title="Gascolator">Gascolator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet_cone" title="Inlet cone">Inlet cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intake_ramp" title="Intake ramp">Intake ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_cowling" title="NACA cowling">NACA cowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_duct" title="NACA duct">NACA duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sealing_fuel_tank" title="Self-sealing fuel tank">Self-sealing fuel tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splitter_plate_(aeronautics)" title="Splitter plate (aeronautics)">Splitter plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throttle" title="Throttle">Throttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_lever" title="Thrust lever">Thrust lever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_reversal" title="Thrust reversal">Thrust reversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townend_ring" title="Townend ring">Townend ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_emergency_power" title="War emergency power">War emergency power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_wing" title="Wet wing">Wet wing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">Landing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arresting_gear" title="Arresting gear">arresting gear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_tire" title="Aircraft tire">Aircraft tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailhook" title="Tailhook">Arrestor hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobrake" title="Autobrake">Autobrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_landing_gear" title="Conventional landing gear">Conventional landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drogue_parachute" title="Drogue parachute">Drogue parachute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">Landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear_extender" title="Landing gear extender">Landing gear extender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleo_strut" title="Oleo strut">Oleo strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricycle_landing_gear" title="Tricycle landing gear">Tricycle landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_tire" title="Tundra tire">Tundra tire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Escape systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ejection_seat" title="Ejection seat">Ejection seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_crew_capsule" title="Escape crew capsule">Escape crew capsule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_lavatory" title="Aircraft lavatory">Aircraft lavatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_power_unit" title="Auxiliary power unit">Auxiliary power unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_air" title="Bleed air">Bleed air system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deicing_boot" title="Deicing boot">Deicing boot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_oxygen_system" title="Emergency oxygen system">Emergency oxygen system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_control_system" title="Environmental control system">Environmental control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_recorder" title="Flight recorder">Flight recorder</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Aircraft_hydraulic_systems">Hydraulic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_protection_system" title="Ice protection system">Ice protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-flight_entertainment" title="In-flight entertainment">In-flight entertainment system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_lights" title="Landing lights">Landing lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_light" title="Navigation light">Navigation light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_service_unit" title="Passenger service unit">Passenger service unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_air_turbine" title="Ram air turbine">Ram air turbine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aircraft_piston_engine_components,_systems_and_terminology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aircraft_piston_engine_components" title="Template:Aircraft piston engine components"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aircraft_piston_engine_components" title="Template talk:Aircraft piston engine components"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aircraft_piston_engine_components" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aircraft piston engine components"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aircraft_piston_engine_components,_systems_and_terminology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">Aircraft</a> <a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">piston engine</a> components, systems and terminology</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">Piston engines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mechanical<br />components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camshaft" title="Camshaft">Camshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecting_rod" title="Connecting rod">Connecting rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankpin" title="Crankpin">Crankpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankshaft" title="Crankshaft">Crankshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(engine)" title="Cylinder (engine)">Cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cylinder_head" title="Cylinder head">Cylinder head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudgeon_pin" title="Gudgeon pin">Gudgeon pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_tappet" title="Hydraulic tappet">Hydraulic tappet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_bearing" title="Main bearing">Main bearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obturator_ring" title="Obturator ring">Obturator ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_pump_(internal_combustion_engine)" title="Oil pump (internal combustion engine)">Oil pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piston" title="Piston">Piston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piston_ring" title="Piston ring">Piston ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppet_valve" title="Poppet valve">Poppet valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_valve_engine" title="Overhead valve engine">Pushrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocker_arm" title="Rocker arm">Rocker arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeve_valve" title="Sleeve valve">Sleeve valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tappet" title="Tappet">Tappet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electrical<br />components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternator_(automotive)" title="Alternator (automotive)">Alternator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacitor_discharge_ignition" title="Capacitor discharge ignition">Capacitor discharge ignition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_ignition" title="Dual ignition">Dual ignition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_injection" title="Fuel injection">Electronic fuel injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">Generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignition_system" title="Ignition system">Ignition system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignition_magneto" title="Ignition magneto">Magneto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_plug" title="Spark plug">Spark plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starter_(engine)" title="Starter (engine)">Starter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air-cooled_engine" title="Air-cooled engine">Air-cooled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine_starting" title="Aircraft engine starting">Aircraft engine starting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bore_(engine)" title="Bore (engine)">Bore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_ratio" title="Compression ratio">Compression ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_centre_(engineering)" title="Dead centre (engineering)">Dead centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine_displacement" title="Engine displacement">Engine displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-stroke_engine" title="Four-stroke engine">Four-stroke engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">Horsepower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignition_timing" title="Ignition timing">Ignition timing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifold_vacuum" title="Manifold vacuum">Manifold pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_effective_pressure" title="Mean effective pressure">Mean effective pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturally_aspirated_engine" title="Naturally aspirated engine">Naturally aspirated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnome_Monosoupape" title="Gnome Monosoupape">Monosoupape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_camshaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead camshaft">Overhead camshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_valve_engine" title="Overhead valve engine">Overhead valve engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_engine" title="Rotary engine">Rotary engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_cooling" title="Shock cooling">Shock cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_(engine)" title="Stroke (engine)">Stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_between_overhauls" title="Time between overhauls">Time between overhauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-stroke_engine" title="Two-stroke engine">Two-stroke engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valve_timing" title="Valve timing">Valve timing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volumetric_efficiency" title="Volumetric efficiency">Volumetric efficiency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Propeller_(aeronautics)" title="Propeller (aeronautics)">Propellers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Propeller_governor" class="mw-redirect" title="Propeller governor">Propeller governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propeller_speed_reduction_unit" title="Propeller speed reduction unit">Propeller speed reduction unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinner_(aeronautics)" title="Spinner (aeronautics)">Spinner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autofeather" title="Autofeather">Autofeather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_pitch" title="Blade pitch">Blade pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant-speed_propeller" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant-speed propeller">Constant-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contra-rotating_propellers" title="Contra-rotating propellers">Contra-rotating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-rotating_propellers" title="Counter-rotating propellers">Counter-rotating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scimitar_propeller" title="Scimitar propeller">Scimitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-blade_propeller" title="Single-blade propeller">Single-blade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-pitch_propeller_(aeronautics)" title="Variable-pitch propeller (aeronautics)">Variable-pitch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engine instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciator_panel" title="Annunciator panel">Annunciator panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_flight_instrument_system" title="Electronic flight instrument system">EFIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine-indicating_and_crew-alerting_system" title="Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system">EICAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_data_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight data recorder">Flight data recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_cockpit" title="Glass cockpit">Glass cockpit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbs_meter" title="Hobbs meter">Hobbs meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachometer" title="Tachometer">Tachometer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine_controls" title="Aircraft engine controls">Engine controls</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carburetor_heat" title="Carburetor heat">Carburetor heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throttle" title="Throttle">Throttle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fuel_system" title="Aircraft fuel system">Fuel</a> and induction<br />system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avgas" title="Avgas">Avgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carburetor" title="Carburetor">Carburetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_injection" title="Fuel injection">Fuel injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascolator" title="Gascolator">Gascolator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet_manifold" title="Inlet manifold">Inlet manifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercooler" title="Intercooler">Intercooler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_carburetor" title="Pressure carburetor">Pressure carburetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercharger" title="Supercharger">Supercharger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbocharger" title="Turbocharger">Turbocharger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Updraft_carburetor" title="Updraft carburetor">Updraft carburetor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_power_unit" title="Auxiliary power unit">Auxiliary power unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffman_engine_starter" title="Coffman engine starter">Coffman starter</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Aircraft_hydraulic_systems">Hydraulic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_protection_system" title="Ice protection system">Ice protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recoil_start" class="mw-redirect" title="Recoil start">Recoil start</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jet_engines_and_aircraft_gas_turbines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aircraft_gas_turbine_engine_components" title="Template:Aircraft gas turbine engine components"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aircraft_gas_turbine_engine_components" title="Template talk:Aircraft gas turbine engine components"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aircraft_gas_turbine_engine_components" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aircraft gas turbine engine components"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jet_engines_and_aircraft_gas_turbines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">Jet engines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">aircraft</a> <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">gas turbines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">Gas turbines</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Jet_propulsion" title="Jet propulsion">jet propulsion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_turborocket" title="Air turborocket">Air turborocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsejet" title="Pulsejet">Pulsejet</a>/<a href="/wiki/Valveless_pulsejet" title="Valveless pulsejet">Valveless pulsejet</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gluhareff_Pressure_Jet" title="Gluhareff Pressure Jet">Gluhareff Pressure Jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_detonation_engine" title="Pulse detonation engine">Pulse detonation engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propfan" title="Propfan">Propfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">Turbofan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet">Turbojet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turboprop" title="Turboprop">Turboprop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turboshaft" title="Turboshaft">Turboshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramjet" title="Ramjet">Ramjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramjet" title="Scramjet">Scramjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shcramjet" title="Shcramjet">Shcramjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">Rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_detonation_engine" title="Rotating detonation engine">Rotating detonation engine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mechanical<br /> components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessory_drive" title="Accessory drive">Accessory drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Components_of_jet_engines#Air_intakes" title="Components of jet engines">Air intake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afterburner" title="Afterburner">Afterburner (reheat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axial_compressor" title="Axial compressor">Axial compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_compressor" title="Centrifugal compressor">Centrifugal compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustor" title="Combustor">Combustor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_speed_drive" title="Constant speed drive">Constant speed drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeller" title="Impeller">Impeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nose_bullet" title="Nose bullet">Nose bullet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propelling_nozzle" title="Propelling nozzle">Propelling nozzle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbine_blade" title="Turbine blade">Turbine blade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine_starting" title="Aircraft engine starting">Aircraft engine starting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_air" title="Bleed air">Bleed air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayton_cycle" title="Brayton cycle">Brayton cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bypass_ratio" title="Bypass ratio">Bypass ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressor_stall" title="Compressor stall">Compressor stall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine_pressure_ratio" title="Engine pressure ratio">Engine pressure ratio (EPR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flameout" title="Flameout">Flameout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_engine_performance" title="Jet engine performance">Jet engine performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overall_pressure_ratio" title="Overall pressure ratio">Overall pressure ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propulsive_efficiency" title="Propulsive efficiency">Propulsive efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">Specific impulse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust" title="Thrust">Thrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_lapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrust lapse">Thrust lapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_specific_fuel_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrust specific fuel consumption">Thrust specific fuel consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_to_weight_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrust to weight ratio">Thrust to weight ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_cycle_engine" title="Variable cycle engine">Variable cycle engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windmill_restart" class="mw-redirect" title="Windmill restart">Windmill restart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Propeller_(aeronautics)" title="Propeller (aeronautics)">Propellers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Propeller_governor" class="mw-redirect" title="Propeller governor">Propeller governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propeller_speed_reduction_unit" title="Propeller speed reduction unit">Propeller speed reduction unit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autofeather" title="Autofeather">Autofeather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_pitch" title="Blade pitch">Blade pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant-speed_propeller" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant-speed propeller">Constant-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contra-rotating_propellers" title="Contra-rotating propellers">Contra-rotating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-rotating_propellers" title="Counter-rotating propellers">Counter-rotating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprotor" title="Proprotor">Proprotor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scimitar_propeller" title="Scimitar propeller">Scimitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-pitch_propeller_(aeronautics)" title="Variable-pitch propeller (aeronautics)">Variable-pitch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engine<br /> instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciator_panel" title="Annunciator panel">Annunciator panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_centralised_aircraft_monitor" title="Electronic centralised aircraft monitor">Electronic centralised aircraft monitor (ECAM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_flight_instrument_system" title="Electronic flight instrument system">Electronic flight instrument system (EFIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine-indicating_and_crew-alerting_system" title="Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system">Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system (EICAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_data_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight data recorder">Flight data recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_cockpit" title="Glass cockpit">Glass cockpit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine_controls" title="Aircraft engine controls">Engine controls</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autothrottle" title="Autothrottle">Autothrottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FADEC" title="FADEC">Full Authority Digital Engine/Electronics (FADEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_lever" title="Thrust lever">Thrust lever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_reversal" title="Thrust reversal">Thrust reversal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fuel_system" title="Aircraft fuel system">Fuel</a> and induction<br /> systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flame_holder" title="Flame holder">Flame holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_fuel" title="Jet fuel">Jet fuel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air-start_system" title="Air-start system">Air-start system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_power_unit" title="Auxiliary power unit">Auxiliary power unit (APU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_air" title="Bleed air">Bleed air system</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Aircraft_hydraulic_systems">Hydraulic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_protection_system" title="Ice protection system">Ice protection system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_fluid&oldid=1240152522">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_fluid&oldid=1240152522</a>"</div></div> <div 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