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<li id="toc-James_River_and_Kanawha_Canal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#James_River_and_Kanawha_Canal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>James River and Kanawha Canal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-James_River_and_Kanawha_Canal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kepone_contamination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kepone_contamination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Kepone contamination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kepone_contamination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clean-up" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clean-up"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Clean-up</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clean-up-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Watershed_and_course" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Watershed_and_course"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Watershed and course</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Watershed_and_course-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Watershed and course subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Watershed_and_course-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_tributaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_tributaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Major tributaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_tributaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Recreation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dams</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bridges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bridges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bridges</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bridges-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bridges subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bridges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Highway_bridges_below_Richmond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highway_bridges_below_Richmond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Highway bridges below Richmond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Highway_bridges_below_Richmond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Highway_bridges_at_Richmond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highway_bridges_at_Richmond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Highway bridges at Richmond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Highway_bridges_at_Richmond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Highway_bridges_west_of_Richmond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highway_bridges_west_of_Richmond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Highway bridges west of Richmond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Highway_bridges_west_of_Richmond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bicycles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bicycles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Bicycles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bicycles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-James_River_Reserve_Fleet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#James_River_Reserve_Fleet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>James River Reserve Fleet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-James_River_Reserve_Fleet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">James River</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_%C4%92a" title="James Ēa – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="James Ēa" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3" title="نهر جيمس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نهر جيمس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80" title="জেমস নদী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জেমস নদী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Джеймс (река във Вирджиния) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джеймс (река във Вирджиния)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_River_(suba_sa_Tinipong_Bansa,_Virginia)" title="James River (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Virginia) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="James River (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, Virginia)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_(p%C5%99%C3%ADtok_Chesapeake)" title="James (přítok Chesapeake) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="James (přítok Chesapeake)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_River_(Virginia)" title="James River (Virginia) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="James River (Virginia)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_River_(Chesapeake_Bay)" title="James River (Chesapeake Bay) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="James River (Chesapeake Bay)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamesi_j%C3%B5gi" title="Jamesi jõgi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jamesi jõgi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%82" title="Ποταμός Τζέιμς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ποταμός Τζέιμς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_James_(Virginia)" title="Río James (Virginia) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Río James (Virginia)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivero_James_(Virginio)" title="Rivero James (Virginio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rivero James (Virginio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_ibaia_(Virginia)" title="James ibaia (Virginia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="James ibaia (Virginia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2" title="رود جیمز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رود جیمز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_River_(Virginie)" title="James River (Virginie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="James River (Virginie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_(rivier)" title="James (rivier) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="James (rivier)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4%EA%B0%95" title="제임스강 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제임스강" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_(fiume)" title="James (fiume) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="James (fiume)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A1_(%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%A8)" title="ג'יימס (נהר) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'יימס (נהר)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEeimsas_(up%C4%97_Vird%C5%BEinijoje)" title="Džeimsas (upė Virdžinijoje) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Džeimsas (upė Virdžinijoje)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="ჯეიმსი (ვირჯინია) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯეიმსი (ვირჯინია)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3" title="نهر جيمس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نهر جيمس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_(rivier)" title="James (rivier) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="James (rivier)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BA%E5%B7%9D" title="ジェームズ川 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェームズ川" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_River_(Virginia)" title="James River (Virginia) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="James River (Virginia)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_(rzeka_w_Wirginii)" title="James (rzeka w Wirginii) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="James (rzeka w Wirginii)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_James_(Virg%C3%ADnia)" title="Rio James (Virgínia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rio James (Virgínia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Джеймс (река) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джеймс (река)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_River" title="James River – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="James River" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_(rijeka_Virginia)" title="James (rijeka Virginia) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="James (rijeka Virginia)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_River,_Virginia" title="James River, Virginia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="James River, Virginia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="แม่น้ำเจมส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แม่น้ำเจมส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_(%D1%80%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Джеймс (річка) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джеймс (річка)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2" title="دریائے جیمز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دریائے جیمز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4ng_James_(Virginia)" title="Sông James (Virginia) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sông James (Virginia)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E6%B2%B3" title="詹姆斯河 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="詹姆斯河" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=James_River&params=36_56_30_N_76_26_37_W_type:river"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°56′30″N</span> <span class="longitude">76°26′37″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.94167°N 76.44361°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.94167; -76.44361</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">River in Virginia, United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/James_River_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="James River (disambiguation)">James River (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">James River</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JamesRiverWG.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/JamesRiverWG.JPG/300px-JamesRiverWG.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/JamesRiverWG.JPG/450px-JamesRiverWG.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/JamesRiverWG.JPG/600px-JamesRiverWG.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">James River at the crossing of the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Parkway" title="Blue Ridge Parkway">Blue Ridge Parkway</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:James_River_Drainage_Basin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/James_River_Drainage_Basin.png/300px-James_River_Drainage_Basin.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/James_River_Drainage_Basin.png/450px-James_River_Drainage_Basin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/James_River_Drainage_Basin.png/600px-James_River_Drainage_Basin.png 2x" data-file-width="1482" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A map of the James River drainage basin</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Etymology</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James VI and I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Native name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><span title="Powhatan-language text"><i lang="pim">Powhatan</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Powhatan_language" title="Powhatan language">Powhatan</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Location</th></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">State</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Physical characteristics</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source</th><td class="infobox-data">Confluence of <a href="/wiki/Cowpasture_River" title="Cowpasture River">Cowpasture River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jackson_River_(Virginia)" title="Jackson River (Virginia)">Jackson River</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Gate,_Virginia" title="Iron Gate, Virginia">Iron Gate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Mountains" title="Allegheny Mountains">Allegheny Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=James_River&params=37_47_4_N_79_46_33_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°47′4″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°46′33″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.78444°N 79.77583°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.78444; -79.77583</span></span></span></a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-gnis_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnis-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">Mouth</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • location</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • coordinates</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=James_River&params=36_56_30_N_76_26_37_W_type:river"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°56′30″N</span> <span class="longitude">76°26′37″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.94167°N 76.44361°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.94167; -76.44361</span></span></span></a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-gnis_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnis-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">348 mi (560 km)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Basin size</th><td class="infobox-data">10,432 sq mi (27,020 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discharge</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • average</span></th><td class="infobox-data">6,835 cu ft/s (193.5 m<sup>3</sup>/s)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • minimum</span></th><td class="infobox-data">10 cu ft/s (0.28 m<sup>3</sup>/s)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • maximum</span></th><td class="infobox-data">313,000 cu ft/s (8,900 m<sup>3</sup>/s)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Basin features</th></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tributaries</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • left</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chickahominy_River" title="Chickahominy River">Chickahominy River</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • right</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Appomattox_River" title="Appomattox River">Appomattox River</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 250px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="250" data-zoom="6" data-overlays="["_17c9bc87412db73be06e5677c91fd12c4d05d544"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,6,a,a,270x250.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=James_River&groups=_17c9bc87412db73be06e5677c91fd12c4d05d544" width="270" height="250" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,6,a,a,270x250@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=James_River&groups=_17c9bc87412db73be06e5677c91fd12c4d05d544 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_River_hidden_by_trees_in_Lynchburg,_VA_IMG_4100.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/James_River_hidden_by_trees_in_Lynchburg%2C_VA_IMG_4100.JPG/250px-James_River_hidden_by_trees_in_Lynchburg%2C_VA_IMG_4100.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/James_River_hidden_by_trees_in_Lynchburg%2C_VA_IMG_4100.JPG/375px-James_River_hidden_by_trees_in_Lynchburg%2C_VA_IMG_4100.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/James_River_hidden_by_trees_in_Lynchburg%2C_VA_IMG_4100.JPG/500px-James_River_hidden_by_trees_in_Lynchburg%2C_VA_IMG_4100.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>The James at Percival's Island Riverwalk in <a href="/wiki/Lynchburg,_Virginia" title="Lynchburg, Virginia">Lynchburg, Virginia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>James River</b> is a river in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> that begins in the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> and flows from the confluence of the Cowpasture and Jackson Rivers in <a href="/wiki/Botetourt_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Botetourt County">Botetourt County</a> 348 miles (560 km)<sup id="cite_ref-NHD_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHD-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The river length extends to 444 miles (715 km) if the <a href="/wiki/Jackson_River_(Virginia)" title="Jackson River (Virginia)">Jackson River</a> is included, the longer of its two headwaters,<sup id="cite_ref-NHD_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHD-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is the longest river in Virginia. <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia" title="Williamsburg, Virginia">Williamsburg</a>, Virginia's first colonial capitals, and <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a>, Virginia's current capital, lie on the James River. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_River&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Virginia" title="Native American tribes in Virginia">Native Americans</a> who populated the area east of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Seaboard_Fall_Line" title="Atlantic Seaboard Fall Line">Fall Line</a> in the late 16th and early 17th centuries called the James River the <b>Powhatan River</b>, named for the <a href="/wiki/Powhatan" title="Powhatan">Powhatans</a> who occupied the area. The <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a> colonists who arrived in 1607 named it "James" after <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James I of England</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as they constructed the first permanent <a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">English settlement in the Americas</a> along the banks of the river about 35 miles (56 km) upstream from the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The navigable portion of the river was the major highway of <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">colonial Virginia</a> during its first 15 years, facilitating supply ships delivering supplies and more emigrants from England. However, for the first five years, despite hopes of discovering gold ores, these ships sent little of monetary value back to the sponsors. In 1612, businessman <a href="/wiki/John_Rolfe" title="John Rolfe">John Rolfe</a> successfully cultivated a non-native strain of <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> which proved popular in England.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon, the river became the primary means of exporting the large <a href="/wiki/Hogshead" title="Hogshead">hogsheads</a> of this <a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">cash crop</a> from an ever-growing number of <a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">plantations</a> with wharfs along its banks. This development made the proprietary efforts of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Company_of_London" title="Virginia Company of London">Virginia Company of London</a> successful financially, spurring even more development, investments and immigration. Below the falls at Richmond, many <a href="/wiki/List_of_James_River_plantations" title="List of James River plantations">James River plantations</a> had their own wharves, and additional ports and/or early railheads were located at <a href="/wiki/Warwick,_Virginia_(Chesterfield_County)" title="Warwick, Virginia (Chesterfield County)">Warwick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Hundred,_Virginia" title="Bermuda Hundred, Virginia">Bermuda Hundred</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_Point,_Virginia" title="City Point, Virginia">City Point</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claremont,_Virginia" title="Claremont, Virginia">Claremont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland,_Virginia" title="Scotland, Virginia">Scotland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smithfield,_Virginia" title="Smithfield, Virginia">Smithfield</a>, and, during the 17th century, the capital of the colony at Jamestown.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Navigation of the James River played an important role in early Virginia commerce and in the settlement of the interior, although growth of the <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colony</a> was primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Tidewater_region_of_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidewater region of Virginia">Tidewater region</a> during the first 75 years. The upper reaches of the river above the head of navigation at the fall line were explored by <a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade"> fur-trading</a> parties sent out by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Wood" title="Abraham Wood">Abraham Wood</a> during the late 17th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although ocean-going ships<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="of what size? in what eras? still possible in 2020s? (May 2021)">specify</span></a></i>]</sup> were unable to navigate beyond present-day Richmond, portage of products and navigation with smaller craft to transport crops other than tobacco was feasible. Produce from the <a href="/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)" title="Piedmont (United States)">Piedmont</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Appalachian_Valley" title="Great Appalachian Valley">Great Valley</a> regions descended the river to seaports at Richmond and <a href="/wiki/Manchester,_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester, Virginia">Manchester</a> through such port towns as <a href="/wiki/Lynchburg,_Virginia" title="Lynchburg, Virginia">Lynchburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottsville,_Virginia" title="Scottsville, Virginia">Scottsville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_Virginia" title="Columbia, Virginia"> Columbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buchanan,_Virginia" title="Buchanan, Virginia">Buchanan</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="James_River_and_Kanawha_Canal">James River and Kanawha Canal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_River&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: James River and Kanawha Canal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The James River was considered<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> a route for transport of produce from the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio Valley">Ohio Valley</a>. The <a href="/wiki/James_River_and_Kanawha_Canal" title="James River and Kanawha Canal">James River and Kanawha Canal</a> was built for this purpose, to provide a navigable portion of the <a href="/wiki/Kanawha_River" title="Kanawha River">Kanawha River</a>, a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a>. For the most mountainous section between the two points, the <a href="/wiki/James_River_and_Kanawha_Turnpike" title="James River and Kanawha Turnpike">James River and Kanawha Turnpike</a> was built to provide a portage link for wagons and stagecoaches. However, before the canal could be fully completed, in the mid-19th century, railroads emerged as a more practical technology and eclipsed canals for economical transportation, ending the canal's progress at <a href="/wiki/Eagle_Rock,_Virginia" title="Eagle Rock, Virginia">Eagle Rock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_and_Ohio_Railway" title="Chesapeake and Ohio Railway">Chesapeake and Ohio Railway</a> (C&O) was completed between Richmond and the Ohio River at the new city of <a href="/wiki/Huntington,_West_Virginia" title="Huntington, West Virginia">Huntington, West Virginia</a> by 1873, dooming the canal's economic prospects. In the late-19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Richmond_and_Alleghany_Railroad" title="Richmond and Alleghany Railroad">Richmond and Alleghany Railroad</a> was laid along the eastern portion of the canal's towpath, and became part of the C&O within 10 years. In modern times, this rail line is used primarily in transporting <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> coal to export <a href="/wiki/Coal_pier" title="Coal pier">coal piers</a> at <a href="/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia" title="Newport News, Virginia">Newport News</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kepone_contamination">Kepone contamination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_River&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Kepone contamination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 1960s and 1970s, mishandling and dumping of the insecticide <a href="/wiki/Kepone" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepone">Kepone</a> resulted in the contamination of large stretches of the James River estuary downstream of the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Signal_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied Signal Company">Allied Signal Company</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=LifeSciences_Product_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LifeSciences Product Company (page does not exist)">LifeSciences Product Company</a> plants in <a href="/wiki/Hopewell,_Virginia" title="Hopewell, Virginia">Hopewell, Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the pollution, sections of the river were considered "dead" and unfit for human use, and many businesses and restaurants along the river suffered economic losses. In December 1975 Virginia Governor <a href="/wiki/Mills_Godwin_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Mills Godwin Jr.">Mills Godwin Jr.</a> shut down the James River to fishing for 100 miles, from <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia"> Richmond</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ban remained in effect for 13 years, until efforts to clean up the river began to show results. A decade of accumulated silt, lying above the contaminated riverbed, helped to reduce levels of the chemical.<sup id="cite_ref-Cooksey_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooksey-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clean-up">Clean-up</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_River&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Clean-up"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the 1970s, the health of the James River has improved substantially. The Chesapeake Bay Agreement of 1983, signed by the governors of Maryland, Virginia, and Pennsylvania, the mayor of the District of Columbia, and the EPA, established baseline environmental protections and promoted regional cooperation conducive to river clean-up. This original agreement has evolved as the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay_Program" title="Chesapeake Bay Program">Chesapeake Bay Program</a>. The James River Association (JRA), founded in 1976, began publishing State of the James reports in 2016. In their 2023 report, JRA concluded that the "overall grade of the State of the James has improved to a B with a score of 66% from its failing health decades ago."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Watershed_and_course">Watershed and course</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_River&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Watershed and course"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The James River drains a <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">catchment</a> comprising 10,432 square miles (27,020 km<sup>2</sup>). The watershed includes about 4% open water and an area with a population of 2.5 million people (2000). The James River forms near <a href="/wiki/Iron_Gate,_Virginia" title="Iron Gate, Virginia">Iron Gate</a> on the border between <a href="/wiki/Alleghany_County,_Virginia" title="Alleghany County, Virginia">Alleghany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Botetourt_County,_Virginia" title="Botetourt County, Virginia">Botetourt</a> counties, from the <a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">confluence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cowpasture_River" title="Cowpasture River">Cowpasture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jackson_River_(Virginia)" title="Jackson River (Virginia)">Jackson</a> rivers in the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a>. It flows into the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a>. Tidal waters extend west to Richmond at the river's <a href="/wiki/Fall_line" title="Fall line">fall line</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_navigation" title="Head of navigation">head of navigation</a>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_James_River_through_Richmond,_VA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/The_James_River_through_Richmond%2C_VA.jpg/220px-The_James_River_through_Richmond%2C_VA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/The_James_River_through_Richmond%2C_VA.jpg/330px-The_James_River_through_Richmond%2C_VA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/The_James_River_through_Richmond%2C_VA.jpg/440px-The_James_River_through_Richmond%2C_VA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>The James River through Richmond, VA</figcaption></figure> <p>Larger tributaries draining to the tidal portion include the <a href="/wiki/Appomattox_River" title="Appomattox River">Appomattox River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chickahominy_River" title="Chickahominy River">Chickahominy River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warwick_River_(Virginia)" title="Warwick River (Virginia)">Warwick River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pagan_River" title="Pagan River">Pagan River</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Nansemond_River" title="Nansemond River">Nansemond River</a>. </p><p>At its mouth near Newport News Point, the <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_River_(Virginia)" title="Elizabeth River (Virginia)">Elizabeth River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nansemond_River" title="Nansemond River">Nansemond River</a> join the James River to form the harbor area known as <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a>. Between the tip of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Peninsula" title="Virginia Peninsula">Virginia Peninsula</a> near <a href="/wiki/Old_Point_Comfort" title="Old Point Comfort">Old Point Comfort</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Willoughby_Spit" title="Willoughby Spit">Willoughby Spit</a> area of <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Hampton_Roads" title="South Hampton Roads">South Hampton Roads</a>, a channel leads from Hampton Roads into the southern portion of the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a> and out to the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> a few miles further east. Many boats pass through this river to import and export Virginia products. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_tributaries">Major tributaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_River&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Major tributaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appomattox_River" title="Appomattox River">Appomattox River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickahominy_River" title="Chickahominy River">Chickahominy River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warwick_River_(Virginia)" title="Warwick River (Virginia)">Warwick River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_River" title="Pagan River">Pagan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nansemond_River" title="Nansemond River">Nansemond River</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Looney_Creek_(James_River)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Looney Creek (James River) (page does not exist)">Looney Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowpasture_River" title="Cowpasture River">Cowpasture River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_River_(Virginia)" title="Jackson River (Virginia)">Jackson River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Creek" title="Craig Creek">Craig Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catawba_Creek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catawba Creek (page does not exist)">Catawba Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maury_River" title="Maury River">Maury River</a></li></ul> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Tributaries_of_the_James_River" title="Category:Tributaries of the James River">Category:Tributaries of the James River</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recreation">Recreation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_River&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Recreation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huntington_Beach_April_27th_072_pano01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Huntington_Beach_April_27th_072_pano01.jpg/300px-Huntington_Beach_April_27th_072_pano01.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Huntington_Beach_April_27th_072_pano01.jpg/450px-Huntington_Beach_April_27th_072_pano01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Huntington_Beach_April_27th_072_pano01.jpg/600px-Huntington_Beach_April_27th_072_pano01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption>James River at Huntington Park Beach in Newport News</figcaption></figure> <p>The James River contains many parks and other recreational attractions. Canoeing, fishing, kayaking, hiking, and swimming are some of the activities that people enjoy along the river during the summer. From the river's start in the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains" title="Blue Ridge Mountains">Blue Ridge Mountains</a> to <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a>, numerous rapids and pools offer fishing and whitewater rafting. The most intense whitewater stretch is a 2-mile (3 km) segment that ends in downtown Richmond where the river goes over the <a href="/wiki/Fall_line" title="Fall line">fall line</a>. This is the only place in the country where extensive class III (class IV with above average river levels) whitewater conditions exist within sight of skyscrapers. Below the fall line east of Richmond, the river is better suited for water skiing and other large boat recreation. Here the river is known for its <a href="/wiki/Blue_catfish" title="Blue catfish">blue catfish</a>, reaching average sizes of 20 to 30 pounds (9.1 to 13.6 kg), with frequent catches exceeding 50 pounds (23 kg). In the Chesapeake watershed, the James River is the last confirmed holdout for the nearly extirpated <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_sturgeon" title="Atlantic sturgeon">Atlantic sturgeon</a>. In May 2007 a survey identified 175 sturgeon remaining in the entire river, with 15 specimens exceeding 5 feet (1.5 m).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dams">Dams</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_River&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to its potential for generating mechanical power for rotating machinery such as grist mills, hydroelectric power, and as a water route for trade, many dams have been built across the James River since the time of European settlement of the region. While most of these dams have been removed or failed, several dams still exist along the upper course of the river. From the head of the river downstream to Richmond are found the following dams as identified by the current US Army Corps of Engineers National Inventory of Dams:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Cushaw_Hydroelectric_Project" title="Cushaw Hydroelectric Project">Cushaw Hydroelectric Project</a> near <a href="/wiki/Glasgow,_Virginia" title="Glasgow, Virginia">Glasgow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Big_Island,_Virginia" title="Big Island, Virginia">Big Island</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Bedford_Hydropower_Project" title="Bedford Hydropower Project">Bedford Hydropower Project</a> near Big Island.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Big_Island_Dam" title="Big Island Dam">Big Island Dam</a> near Big Island.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Coleman_Falls_Dam" title="Coleman Falls Dam">Coleman Falls Dam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Coleman_Falls,_Virginia" title="Coleman Falls, Virginia">Coleman Falls</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Holcomb_Rock_Dam" title="Holcomb Rock Dam">Holcomb Rock Dam</a> near <a href="/wiki/Lynchburg,_Virginia" title="Lynchburg, Virginia">Lynchburg</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Reusens_dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Reusens dam">Reusens Dam</a> near Lynchburg.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Scotts_Mill_Dam" title="Scotts Mill Dam">Scotts Mill Dam</a> in Lynchburg.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Bosher_Dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosher Dam">Bosher Dam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a>.</li></ul> <p>The tallest dam is the Reusens Dam, which also has the greatest hydroelectric nameplate capacity and the greatest <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">reservoir</a> capacity. At 1,617 feet, the longest dam is the Cushaw Hydroelectric Project due to the highly angled path the dam takes across the river. </p><p>While not identified in the National Inventory of Dams, a very low head weir structure is found below Bosher Dam in Richmond on either side of Williams Island. Known as the "Z-Dam" for its zigzag course on the south side of the island, the current structure was built in 1932 and serves to direct water into Richmond's water treatment facility on the north bank. The less than 5 feet tall dam does not serve any power or navigation purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bridges">Bridges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_River&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bridges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlantic_coastline_trestle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Atlantic_coastline_trestle.jpg/220px-Atlantic_coastline_trestle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Atlantic_coastline_trestle.jpg/330px-Atlantic_coastline_trestle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Atlantic_coastline_trestle.jpg/440px-Atlantic_coastline_trestle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>ACL Railroad crossing at the falls in Richmond.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amtrak_Across_the_James.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Amtrak_Across_the_James.jpg/220px-Amtrak_Across_the_James.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Amtrak_Across_the_James.jpg/330px-Amtrak_Across_the_James.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Amtrak_Across_the_James.jpg/440px-Amtrak_Across_the_James.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2967" data-file-height="1808" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Regional" title="Northeast Regional">Northeast Regional</a></i> crosses near Lynchburg.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boulevard_Bridge_Richmond_VA_Alistar_Harris.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Boulevard_Bridge_Richmond_VA_Alistar_Harris.JPG/220px-Boulevard_Bridge_Richmond_VA_Alistar_Harris.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Boulevard_Bridge_Richmond_VA_Alistar_Harris.JPG/330px-Boulevard_Bridge_Richmond_VA_Alistar_Harris.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Boulevard_Bridge_Richmond_VA_Alistar_Harris.JPG/440px-Boulevard_Bridge_Richmond_VA_Alistar_Harris.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4607" data-file-height="1664" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boulevard_Bridge" title="Boulevard Bridge">Boulevard Bridge</a> in Richmond</figcaption></figure> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_crossings_of_the_James_River_(Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of crossings of the James River (Virginia)">List of crossings of the James River (Virginia)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Highway_bridges_below_Richmond">Highway bridges below Richmond</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_River&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Highway bridges below Richmond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a> area, the river is as much as 5 miles (8.0 km) wide at points. Due to ocean-going shipping upriver as far as the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Richmond_(Virginia)" title="Port of Richmond (Virginia)">Port of Richmond</a>, a combination of <a href="/wiki/Ferryboat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferryboat">ferryboats</a>, high <a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">bridges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bridge-tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridge-tunnel">bridge-tunnels</a> are used for highway traffic. Crossings east to west include: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads_Bridge-Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel">Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Interstate_64_in_Virginia" title="Interstate 64 in Virginia">I-64</a>)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Monitor-Merrimac_Memorial_Bridge-Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Monitor-Merrimac Memorial Bridge-Tunnel">Monitor-Merrimac Memorial Bridge-Tunnel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Interstate_664" title="Interstate 664">I-664</a>)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/James_River_Bridge" title="James River Bridge">James River Bridge</a> (<a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_17" title="U.S. Route 17">US 17</a>/ <a href="/wiki/US_258" class="mw-redirect" title="US 258">US 258</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_32" title="Virginia State Route 32">VA 32</a>)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Jamestown_Ferry" title="Jamestown Ferry">Jamestown Ferry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_31" title="Virginia State Route 31">VA 31</a>) (toll-free)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison_Memorial_Bridge" title="Benjamin Harrison Memorial Bridge">Benjamin Harrison Memorial Bridge</a> near <a href="/wiki/Hopewell,_Virginia" title="Hopewell, Virginia">Hopewell</a>. This is a <a href="/wiki/Drawbridge" title="Drawbridge">drawbridge</a> on <a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_106" title="Virginia State Route 106">VA 106</a> / <a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_156" title="Virginia State Route 156">VA 156</a> which replaced ferry service in 1966. It was the site of a major collision of a ship in 1977.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Varina-Enon_Bridge" title="Varina-Enon Bridge">Varina-Enon Bridge</a> is a high <a href="/wiki/Cable-stayed_bridge" title="Cable-stayed bridge">cable-stayed bridge</a> carrying <a href="/wiki/Interstate_295_(Virginia)" title="Interstate 295 (Virginia)">I-295</a> which was the second of its type in the U.S. when it was completed.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Veterans_Memorial_Bridge_(Richmond)" title="Vietnam Veterans Memorial Bridge (Richmond)">Vietnam Veterans Memorial Bridge</a> carries the <a href="/wiki/Pocahontas_Parkway" class="mw-redirect" title="Pocahontas Parkway">Pocahontas Parkway</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_Route_895_(Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Route 895 (Virginia)">State Route 895</a>) via a high-level bridge to connect to <a href="/wiki/State_Route_150_(Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Route 150 (Virginia)">State Route 150</a> at <a href="/wiki/Interstate_95_in_Virginia" title="Interstate 95 in Virginia">Interstate 95</a>.</li></ul> <p>The SR 895 high-level crossing is the last bridge east of the Deepwater Port of Richmond and head of ocean-going navigation at the <a href="/wiki/Fall_line" title="Fall line">fall line</a> of the James River. West of this point, potential flooding is more of an engineering concern than clearance for watercraft. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Highway_bridges_at_Richmond">Highway bridges at Richmond</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_River&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Highway bridges at Richmond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is a list of extant highway bridges across the James River with one or both ends within the City of Richmond. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_95_James_River_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 95 James River Bridge">Interstate 95 James River Bridge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Interstate_95_in_Virginia" title="Interstate 95 in Virginia">I-95</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayo_Bridge" title="Mayo Bridge">Mayo Bridge</a> (<a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_360" title="U.S. Route 360">US-360</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Bridge_(Virginia)" title="Manchester Bridge (Virginia)">Manchester Bridge</a> (<a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_60_in_Virginia" title="U.S. Route 60 in Virginia">US-60</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_Memorial_Bridge" title="Robert E. Lee Memorial Bridge">Robert E. Lee Memorial Bridge</a> (<a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_1_in_Virginia" title="U.S. Route 1 in Virginia">US-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_301_in_Virginia" title="U.S. Route 301 in Virginia">US-301</a> and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Bicycle_Route_1" title="U.S. Bicycle Route 1">U.S. Bicycle Route 1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulevard_Bridge" title="Boulevard Bridge">Boulevard Bridge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_161" title="Virginia State Route 161">VA-161</a>) (toll bridge, restricted weights)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powhite_Parkway_Bridge" title="Powhite Parkway Bridge">Powhite Parkway Bridge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Powhite_Parkway" class="mw-redirect" title="Powhite Parkway">Powhite Parkway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_76" title="Virginia State Route 76">VA-76</a>) (toll bridge)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenot_Memorial_Bridge" title="Huguenot Memorial Bridge">Huguenot Memorial Bridge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_147" title="Virginia State Route 147">VA-147</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_E._Willey_Bridge" title="Edward E. Willey Bridge">Edward E. Willey Bridge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_150" title="Virginia State Route 150">VA-150</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Highway_bridges_west_of_Richmond">Highway bridges west of Richmond</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_River&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Highway bridges west of Richmond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is a partial, incomplete list of extant highway bridges across the James River west of Richmond. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_Veterans_Memorial_Bridge_(Virginia)" title="World War II Veterans Memorial Bridge (Virginia)">World War II Veterans Memorial Bridge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_288" title="Virginia State Route 288">SR 288</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_522_(Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 522 (Virginia)">U.S. Route 522</a> near <a href="/wiki/Maidens,_Virginia" title="Maidens, Virginia">Maidens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_45" title="Virginia State Route 45">State Route 45</a> near <a href="/wiki/Cartersville,_Cumberland_County,_Virginia" title="Cartersville, Cumberland County, Virginia">Cartersville</a></li> <li>Columbia Road (Route 690) near <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_Virginia" title="Columbia, Virginia">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_15" title="U.S. Route 15">U.S. Route 15</a> near <a href="/wiki/Bremo_Bluff,_Virginia" title="Bremo Bluff, Virginia">Bremo Bluff</a></li> <li>State Route 602 at <a href="/wiki/Howardsville,_Albemarle_County,_Virginia" title="Howardsville, Albemarle County, Virginia">Howardsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_20" title="Virginia State Route 20">State Route 20</a> near <a href="/wiki/Scottsville,_Virginia" title="Scottsville, Virginia">Scottsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_56" title="Virginia State Route 56">State Route 56</a> near <a href="/wiki/Wingina,_Virginia" title="Wingina, Virginia">Wingina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_60_in_Virginia" title="U.S. Route 60 in Virginia">U.S. Route 60</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bent_Creek,_Virginia" title="Bent Creek, Virginia">Bent Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monacan_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monacan Bridge (page does not exist)">Monacan Bridge</a> (<a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_29_(Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 29 (Virginia)">U.S. Route 29</a> east of <a href="/wiki/Lynchburg,_Virginia" title="Lynchburg, Virginia">Lynchburg</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Glass_Memorial_Bridge" title="Carter Glass Memorial Bridge">Carter Glass Memorial Bridge</a> (<a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_29_Business_(Lynchburg,_Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 29 Business (Lynchburg, Virginia)">U.S. Route 29 Business</a> at Lynchburg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lynch_Memorial_Bridge" title="John Lynch Memorial Bridge">John Lynch Memorial Bridge</a> (Lynchburg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Parkway" title="Blue Ridge Parkway">Blue Ridge Parkway</a> near <a href="/wiki/Big_Island,_Virginia" title="Big Island, Virginia">Big Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_501_(Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 501 (Virginia)">U.S. Route 501</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Snowden,_Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Snowden, Virginia (page does not exist)">Snowden</a></li> <li>State Route 759 at <a href="/wiki/Natural_Bridge_Station,_Virginia" title="Natural Bridge Station, Virginia">Natural Bridge Station</a></li> <li>State Route 614 at <a href="/wiki/Arcadia,_Botetourt_County,_Virginia" title="Arcadia, Botetourt County, Virginia">Arcadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_11_(Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 11 (Virginia)">U.S. Route 11</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_43" title="Virginia State Route 43">State Route 43</a> and <a href="/wiki/U.S._Bicycle_Route_76" title="U.S. Bicycle Route 76">U.S. Bicycle Route 76</a> at <a href="/wiki/Buchanan,_Virginia" title="Buchanan, Virginia">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_81_(Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 81 (Virginia)">Interstate 81</a> at Buchanan</li> <li>State Route 630 at <a href="/wiki/Springwood,_Virginia" title="Springwood, Virginia">Springwood</a></li> <li>James Street at <a href="/wiki/Eagle_Rock,_Virginia" title="Eagle Rock, Virginia">Eagle Rock</a> connecting <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_220_(Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 220 (Virginia)">U.S. Route 220</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_43" title="Virginia State Route 43">State Route 43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_220_(Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 220 (Virginia)">U.S. Route 220</a> near Eagle Rock</li> <li>Bridge Street at <a href="/wiki/Glen_Wilton,_Virginia" title="Glen Wilton, Virginia">Glen Wilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_220_(Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 220 (Virginia)">U.S. Route 220</a> near <a href="/wiki/Iron_Gate,_Virginia" title="Iron Gate, Virginia">Iron Gate</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bicycles">Bicycles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_River&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bicycles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Monitor-Merrimac_Memorial_Bridge-Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Monitor-Merrimac Memorial Bridge-Tunnel">Monitor-Merrimac Memorial Bridge-Tunnel</a> prohibits bicycles, but bicyclists may take the <a href="/wiki/Jamestown_Ferry" title="Jamestown Ferry">Jamestown Ferry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a fatal accident on the <a href="/wiki/Boulevard_Bridge" title="Boulevard Bridge">Boulevard Bridge</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, the City of Richmond requires bicycles to travel on the sidewalk for the length of the bridge. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="James_River_Reserve_Fleet">James River Reserve Fleet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_River&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: James River Reserve Fleet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NDRF_James_River_1990_DN-SC-91-01118.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/NDRF_James_River_1990_DN-SC-91-01118.JPG/300px-NDRF_James_River_1990_DN-SC-91-01118.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/NDRF_James_River_1990_DN-SC-91-01118.JPG/450px-NDRF_James_River_1990_DN-SC-91-01118.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/NDRF_James_River_1990_DN-SC-91-01118.JPG/600px-NDRF_James_River_1990_DN-SC-91-01118.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2014" /></a><figcaption>Part of the James River Fleet</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/James_River_Reserve_Fleet" title="James River Reserve Fleet">James River Reserve Fleet</a> is the anchorage (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=James_River&params=37.120393_N_76.646469_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°07′13″N</span> <span class="longitude">76°38′47″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.120393°N 76.646469°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.120393; -76.646469</span></span></span></a></span></span>) for a large portion of the <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Reserve_Fleet" title="National Defense Reserve Fleet">National Defense Reserve Fleet</a>, called the "James River fleet" or the "ghost fleet", consisting of "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mothball#Verb" class="extiw" title="wikt:mothball">mothballed</a>" ships, mostly merchant vessels, that can be activated within 20 to 120 days to provide shipping for the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> during national emergencies, either military or non-military, such as commercial shipping crises.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fleet is managed by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Transportation">U.S. Department of Transportation</a>'s <a href="/wiki/United_States_Maritime_Administration" title="United States Maritime Administration">Maritime Administration</a> and is based in Fort Eustis, Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a different entity from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_reserve_fleets" title="United States Navy reserve fleets">United States Navy reserve fleets</a>, which consist largely of warships. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_River&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Virginia" title="List of rivers of Virginia">List of rivers of Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_River_bateau" title="James River bateau">James River bateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_River_Squadron" title="James River Squadron">James River Squadron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_James" title="Army of the James">Army of the James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Reserve_Fleet,_Norfolk" title="Atlantic Reserve Fleet, Norfolk">Atlantic Reserve Fleet, Norfolk</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_River&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-gnis-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gnis_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gnis_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1488853">"James River"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=James+River&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey%2C+United+States+Department+of+the+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedits.nationalmap.gov%2Fapps%2Fgaz-domestic%2Fpublic%2Fsearch%2Fnames%2F1488853&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2009/pdfs/02037500.2009.pdf">USGS data</a>, accessed February 14, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NHD-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NHD_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHD_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/">The National Map</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120329155652/http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/">Archived</a> March 29, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed April 1, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/James-River-Virginia">"James River | Virginia, Map, History, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. March 5, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Off. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ/page/n167">168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Certain+Place+Names+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Govt.+Print.+Off.&rft.date=1905&rft.au=Gannett%2C+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYorktownUs" class="citation web cs1">Yorktown, Mailing Address: P. O. Box 210; Us, VA 23690 Phone: 757 898–2410 Contact. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/jame/learn/historyculture/a-short-history-of-jamestown.htm">"A Short History of Jamestown - Historic Jamestowne Part of Colonial National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)"</a>. <i>www.nps.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Franklin Special to The New York (February 16, 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1977/02/16/archives/james-river-fishing-ban-partially-lifted.html">"James River Fishing Ban Partially Lifted"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=James+River+Fishing+Ban+Partially+Lifted&rft.date=1977-02-16&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Times&rft.aufirst=Ben+A.+Franklin+Special+to+The+New+York&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1977%2F02%2F16%2Farchives%2Fjames-river-fishing-ban-partially-lifted.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cooksey-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cooksey_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140520042033/http://www.richmondmagazine.com/articles/whats-in-the-water-11-09-2008.html">Jack Cooksey, "What's in the Water?"</a>, <i>Richmond Magazine</i>, June 2007, accessed 13 June 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thejamesriver.org/about-the-james-river/state-of-the-james/">"State of the James | James River Association"</a>. <i>thejamesriver.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thejamesriver.org&rft.atitle=State+of+the+James+%7C+James+River+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthejamesriver.org%2Fabout-the-james-river%2Fstate-of-the-james%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Blankenship, Alliance for the Chesapeake Bay, "Bay Journal", September 2007, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">US Army Corps of Engineers National Inventory of Dams; <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://nid.usace.army.mil/">http://nid.usace.army.mil/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190901173737/http://nid.usace.army.mil/">Archived</a> September 1, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams Island Now Part of James River Park; www.richmond.com/outdoors/james-river/article_129b5338-486d-11e2-84d8-0019bb30f31a.html; retrieved August 29, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiggan2011" class="citation news cs1">Riggan, Philip (December 27, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.richmond.com/outdoors/article_3a398939-ae9b-5acc-ace3-330cf2937d40.html">"Where am I RVA? Z-Dam on the James"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Where+am+I+RVA%3F+Z-Dam+on+the+James&rft.date=2011-12-27&rft.aulast=Riggan&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richmond.com%2Foutdoors%2Farticle_3a398939-ae9b-5acc-ace3-330cf2937d40.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virginiadot.org/programs/bk-info.asp">"Crossing the Waters"</a>. Virginia Department of Transportation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crossing+the+Waters&rft.pub=Virginia+Department+of+Transportation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.virginiadot.org%2Fprograms%2Fbk-info.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo51273">"Future of the James River "Ghost Fleet": Hearing before the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred Eighth Congress, First Session, July 7, 2003"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Future+of+the+James+River+%22Ghost+Fleet%22%3A+Hearing+before+the+Committee+on+Commerce%2C+Science%2C+and+Transportation%2C+United+States+Senate%2C+One+Hundred+Eighth+Congress%2C+First+Session%2C+July+7%2C+2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpurl.fdlp.gov%2FGPO%2Fgpo51273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maritime.dot.gov/history/vessels-maritime-administration/james-river-reserve-fleet">"James River Reserve Fleet | MARAD"</a>. <i>www.maritime.dot.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.maritime.dot.gov&rft.atitle=James+River+Reserve+Fleet+%7C+MARAD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maritime.dot.gov%2Fhistory%2Fvessels-maritime-administration%2Fjames-river-reserve-fleet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+River" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_River&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:James_River_(Virginia)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:James River (Virginia)">James River (Virginia)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bordergroves.com/canal_lives">Online exhibition of the James River & Kanawha Canal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416221400/http://www.bordergroves.com/canal_lives/">Archived</a> April 16, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vcu.edu/engweb/home/james.html">Heritage of the James River</a>, talk by Ann Woodlief at James River Symposium, 1995</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamesriverassociation.org">James River Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopediavirginia.org/James_River_During_the_Civil_War">James River During the Civil War in <i>Encyclopedia Virginia</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catesby_ap_Roger_Jones" title="Catesby ap Roger Jones">Catesby ap Roger Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Fox" title="Gustavus Fox">Gustavus Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mallory" title="Stephen Mallory">Stephen Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Forrest" title="French Forrest">French Forrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ericsson" title="John Ericsson">John Ericsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_N._Stodder" title="Louis N. Stodder">Louis N. Stodder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor"><b>USS <i>Monitor</i></b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_Virginia" title="CSS Virginia"><b>CSS <i>Virginia</i></b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Congress_(1841)" title="USS Congress (1841)">USS <i>Congress</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Cumberland_(1842)" title="USS Cumberland (1842)">USS <i>Cumberland</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Zouave_(1861)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Zouave (1861)">USS <i>Zouave</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Roanoke_(1855)" title="USS Roanoke (1855)">USS <i>Roanoke</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Minnesota_(1855)" title="USS Minnesota (1855)">USS <i>Minnesota</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_St._Lawrence_(1848)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS St. Lawrence (1848)">USS <i>St. Lawrence</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_Beaufort" title="CSS Beaufort">CSS <i>Beaufort</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_Raleigh_(1861)" title="CSS Raleigh (1861)">CSS <i>Raleigh</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_Patrick_Henry" title="CSS Patrick Henry">CSS <i>Patrick Henry</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_Jamestown" title="CSS Jamestown">CSS <i>Jamestown</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidewater_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidewater region">Tidewater</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_River_(Virginia)" title="Elizabeth River (Virginia)">Elizabeth River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Monroe" title="Fort Monroe">Fort Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewell%27s_Point" title="Sewell's Point">Sewell's Point</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422487#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422487#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422487#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no97002669">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529244905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10038819">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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